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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fattizzi_Distintivi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fattizzi Distintivi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fattizzi_Distintivi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomija_u_Morfoloġija_tal-Mammiferi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomija_u_Morfoloġija_tal-Mammiferi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomija u Morfoloġija tal-Mammiferi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomija_u_Morfoloġija_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Anatomija u Morfoloġija tal-Mammiferi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomija_u_Morfoloġija_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistema_Skeletrika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_Skeletrika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sistema Skeletrika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_Skeletrika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_Respiratorja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_Respiratorja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sistema Respiratorja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_Respiratorja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_Ċirkulatorja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_Ċirkulatorja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sistema Ċirkulatorja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_Ċirkulatorja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_Nervuża" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_Nervuża"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sistema Nervuża</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_Nervuża-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_Integumentarja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_Integumentarja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sistema Integumentarja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_Integumentarja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_Riproduttiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_Riproduttiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sistema Riproduttiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_Riproduttiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisjoloġija_tal-Mammiferi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisjoloġija_tal-Mammiferi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fisjoloġija tal-Mammiferi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fisjoloġija_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Fisjoloġija tal-Mammiferi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fisjoloġija_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endotermija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endotermija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Endotermija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endotermija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelliġenza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelliġenza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Intelliġenza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelliġenza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struttura_soċjali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struttura_soċjali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Struttura soċjali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struttura_soċjali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokomozzjoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokomozzjoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lokomozzjoni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokomozzjoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestri_jew_fuq_l-art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestri_jew_fuq_l-art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Terrestri jew fuq l-art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestri_jew_fuq_l-art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kursorjali/Ġerrejja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kursorjali/Ġerrejja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.1</span> <span>Kursorjali/Ġerrejja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kursorjali/Ġerrejja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saltatorjali_(Rikoċetali)_jew_Qabbiżija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saltatorjali_(Rikoċetali)_jew_Qabbiżija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.2</span> <span>Saltatorjali (Rikoċetali) jew Qabbiżija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saltatorjali_(Rikoċetali)_jew_Qabbiżija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graviportali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graviportali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1.3</span> <span>Graviportali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graviportali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossorjali_jew_taħt_l-art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossorjali_jew_taħt_l-art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Fossorjali jew taħt l-art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossorjali_jew_taħt_l-art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skansorjali_jew_tixbit_mal-irdum_u_fis-siġar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skansorjali_jew_tixbit_mal-irdum_u_fis-siġar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Skansorjali jew tixbit mal-irdum u fis-siġar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skansorjali_jew_tixbit_mal-irdum_u_fis-siġar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rdumija/tixbit_mal-irdum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rdumija/tixbit_mal-irdum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3.1</span> <span>Rdumija/tixbit mal-irdum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rdumija/tixbit_mal-irdum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit_fis-siġar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit_fis-siġar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3.2</span> <span>Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit fis-siġar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit_fis-siġar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akkwatika_jew_fl-ilma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akkwatika_jew_fl-ilma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Akkwatika jew fl-ilma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akkwatika_jew_fl-ilma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ajrubatika_jew_fl-ajru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajrubatika_jew_fl-ajru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Ajrubatika jew fl-ajru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajrubatika_jew_fl-ajru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tajran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tajran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5.1</span> <span>Tajran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tajran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5.2</span> <span>Planar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dieta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dieta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dieta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dieta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storja_tal-Evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storja_tal-Evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Storja tal-Evoluzzjoni tal-Mammiferi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storja_tal-Evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Storja tal-Evoluzzjoni tal-Mammiferi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storja_tal-Evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stadji_prinċipali_fl-evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadji_prinċipali_fl-evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stadji prinċipali fl-evoluzzjoni tal-Mammiferi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadji_prinċipali_fl-evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L-Ewwel_apparenza_tal-fattizzi_tipiċi_tal-Mammiferi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L-Ewwel_apparenza_tal-fattizzi_tipiċi_tal-Mammiferi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>L-Ewwel apparenza tal-fattizzi tipiċi tal-Mammiferi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L-Ewwel_apparenza_tal-fattizzi_tipiċi_tal-Mammiferi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifikazzjoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Klassifikazzjoni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klassifikazzjoni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uri jew aħbi s-sottosezzjoni Klassifikazzjoni</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni_fit-Testi_tal-Kotba_Standardizzati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifikazzjoni_fit-Testi_tal-Kotba_Standardizzati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Klassifikazzjoni fit-Testi tal-Kotba Standardizzati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni_fit-Testi_tal-Kotba_Standardizzati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni_ta'_McKenna/Bell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifikazzjoni_ta'_McKenna/Bell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Klassifikazzjoni ta' McKenna/Bell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni_ta'_McKenna/Bell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni_Molekulari_tal-Mammiferi_Plaċentati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifikazzjoni_Molekulari_tal-Mammiferi_Plaċentati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Klassifikazzjoni Molekulari tal-Mammiferi Plaċentati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassifikazzjoni_Molekulari_tal-Mammiferi_Plaċentati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_ta'_klassifikazzjoni_użata_f'artikli_relatati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_ta'_klassifikazzjoni_użata_f'artikli_relatati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sistema ta' klassifikazzjoni użata f'artikli relatati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_ta'_klassifikazzjoni_użata_f'artikli_relatati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referenzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblijografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblijografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Biblijografija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblijografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ħoloq_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ħoloq_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ħoloq esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ħoloq_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kontenut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aħbi jew uri l-werrej" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aħbi jew uri l-werrej</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mammiferu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Żur artiklu f'lingwa differenti. Disponibbli fi 210 lingwi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210 lingwi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier – Afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soogdier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Ġermaniż tal-Iżvizzera" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż tal-Iżvizzera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A1%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%A2" title="ጡት አጥቢ – Amhariku" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጡት አጥቢ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhariku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Aragoniż" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syced%C4%93or" title="Sycedēor – Ingliż Antik" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sycedēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Ingliż Antik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनपायी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्तनपायी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ثدييات – Għarbi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثدييات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Għarbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܕܝܬܐ – Aramajk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܕܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramajk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بزوليات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بزوليات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ثدييات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثدييات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী – Assamiż" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1uri" title="Ñuñuri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ñuñuri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99m%C9%99lil%C9%99r" title="Məməlilər – Ażerbajġani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məməlilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Ażerbajġani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ممه‌لیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ممه‌لیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һөтимәрҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөтимәрҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Baliniż" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Baliniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoviecha" title="Spoviecha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spoviecha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvier%C4%93" title="Žvierē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žvierē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalya" title="Mamalya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mamalya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Млекакормячыя – Belarussu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Млекакормячыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сысуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сысуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бозайници – Bulgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бозайници" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="मैमल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैमल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80" title="স্তন্যপায়ী – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তন্যপায়ী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འུ་འཐུང་སྲོག་ཆགས། – Tibetjan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འུ་འཐུང་སྲོག་ཆགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronneg" title="Bronneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bronneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisari" title="Sisari – Bożnijaku" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sisari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bożnijaku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хүхэтэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүхэтэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfers" title="Mamífers – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mamífers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B4-%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Buô-ṳ̄ dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Buô-ṳ̄ dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamipero" title="Mamipero – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mamipero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%BA%E1%8E%B9%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎺᎹᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎺᎹᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گوانداران – Kurd Ċentrali" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوانداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurd Ċentrali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferu" title="Mammiferu – Korsiku" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mammiferu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeliler" title="Memeliler – Tork tal-Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Memeliler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tork tal-Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savci" title="Savci – Ċek" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Savci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ċek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сĕтпе ӳсекенсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕтпе ӳсекенсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Daniż" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%8Bk%C9%94bigu" title="Biŋkɔbigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biŋkɔbigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Ġermaniż" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1%C3%A7ey%C4%B1ni" title="Çıçeyıni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çıçeyıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycaki" title="Cycaki – Sorbjan Komuni" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Cycaki" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbjan Komuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3dziviwo" title="Lãdziviwo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Lãdziviwo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Θηλαστικό – Grieg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θηλαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Ingliż" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingliż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamuloj" title="Mamuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mamuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Spanjol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanjol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imetajad" title="Imetajad – Estonjan" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Imetajad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaztun" title="Ugaztun – Bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ugaztun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferu" title="Mamíferu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mamíferu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پستانداران – Persjan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پستانداران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nis%C3%A4kk%C3%A4%C3%A4t" title="Nisäkkäät – Finlandiż" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nisäkkäät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imet%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Imetäjä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Imetäjä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAgdj%C3%B3r" title="Súgdjór – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Súgdjór" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère – Franċiż" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mammifère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Franċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8ro" title="Mamifèro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mamifèro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetjdiarten" title="Tetjdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tetjdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBchdieren" title="Sûchdieren – Frisian tal-Punent" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûchdieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian tal-Punent" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamach" title="Mamach – Irlandiż" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mamach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmif%C3%A8" title="Manmifè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Manmifè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Galliku Skoċċiż" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Galliku Skoċċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos – Galiċjan" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mamíferos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galiċjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okamb%C3%BAva" title="Okambúva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okambúva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheeintagh" title="Sheeintagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheeintagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dt-nen_thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Sṳ̍t-nen thung-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̍t-nen thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יונקים – Ebrajk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrajk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तनधारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisavci" title="Sisavci – Kroat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sisavci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycaki" title="Cycaki – Sorbjan ta’ Fuq" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Cycaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbjan ta’ Fuq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8" title="Mamifè – Creole ta’ Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mamifè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creole ta’ Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eml%C5%91s%C3%B6k" title="Emlősök – Ungeriż" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emlősök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungeriż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կաթնասուններ – Armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթնասուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferos" title="Mammiferos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mammiferos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Indoneżjan" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneżjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammiferes" title="Mammiferes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mammiferes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дакхадийнаташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дакхадийнаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifero" title="Mamifero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mamifero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spend%C3%BDr" title="Spendýr – Iżlandiż" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spendýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iżlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Taljan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Taljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%93%B1%E1%92%83%E1%91%8E" title="ᐱᓱᒃᑎ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᓱᒃᑎ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" title="哺乳類 – Ġappuniż" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="哺乳類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Ġappuniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mabru" title="mabru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mabru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Ġavaniż" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Ġavaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ძუძუმწოვრები – Ġorġjan" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძუძუმწოვრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Ġorġjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsu%E1%B9%ADad" title="Timsuṭad – Kabuljan" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timsuṭad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabuljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D3%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="ШэрыпӀхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ШэрыпӀхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B_h%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9B_%C3%B1%C9%A9n%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mabele" title="Nyama ya mabele – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nyama ya mabele" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сүтқоректілер – Każak" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүтқоректілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Każak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C" title="ថនិកសត្វ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថនិកសត្វ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಸ್ತನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ತನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%A0%EB%A5%98" title="포유류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포유류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%A7%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Нимӧтчиссез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Нимӧтчиссез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%84%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مۄمَل جانور – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مۄمَل جانور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guhandar" title="Guhandar – Kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guhandar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronnvil" title="Bronnvil – Korniku" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bronnvil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%87%D2%AF" title="Сүт эмүүчү – Kirgiż" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүт эмүүчү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamend%C3%A9ieren" title="Mamendéieren – Lussemburgiż" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mamendéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lussemburgiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Некхъвадайбур – Leżgjan" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Некхъвадайбур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Leżgjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mamal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdiere" title="Zoogdiere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zoogdiere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mab%C9%9B%CC%81l%C9%9B" title="Nyama ya mabɛ́lɛ – Lingaljan" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mabɛ́lɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນ້ຳນົມ – Laosjan" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນ້ຳນົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laosjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDinduoliai" title="Žinduoliai – Litwan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žinduoliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABd%C4%ABt%C4%81ji" title="Zīdītāji – Latvjan" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīdītāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी प्राणी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्तनधारी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лофцта потяйхтне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лофцта потяйхтне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biby_mampinono" title="Biby mampinono – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biby mampinono" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Шӧр пукшышо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӧр пукшышо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakangote" title="Whakangote – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whakangote" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang_manyusuan" title="Binatang manyusuan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Binatang manyusuan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Цицачи – Maċedonjan" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цицачи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Maċedonjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="സസ്തനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്തനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөхтөн – Mongoljan" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөхтөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoljan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सस्तन प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सस्तन प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Шӹшер качшы вольыквлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӹшер качшы вольыквлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ – Burmiż" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နို့တိုက်သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاله‌دارون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاله‌دارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammifere" title="Mammifere – Naplitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mammifere" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6gdeerten" title="Söögdeerten – Ġermaniż Komuni" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Söögdeerten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Ġermaniż Komuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdeers" title="Zoogdeers – Sassonu Komuni" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zoogdeers" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sassonu Komuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="स्तनधारी प्राणी – Nepaliż" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्तनधारी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaliż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdieren" title="Zoogdieren – Olandiż" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoogdieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Olandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Ninorsk Norveġiż" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Ninorsk Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr – Bokmal Norveġiż" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pattedyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norveġiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammif%C3%A9the" title="Mammiféthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mammiféthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidi%C5%82_Daazdo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Da%CA%BCa%C5%82t%CA%BCo%CA%BC%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bidił Daazdoígíí dóó Daʼałtʼoʼígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bidił Daazdoígíí dóó Daʼałtʼoʼígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Oċċitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oċċitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosiiftoota" title="Hoosiiftoota – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hoosiiftoota" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%80" title="ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æхсырæйхæсджытæ – Ossettiku" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсырæйхæсджытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossettiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਥਣਧਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਣਧਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ugetiere" title="Säugetiere – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Säugetiere" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssaki" title="Ssaki – Pollakk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ssaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pollakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ACfer" title="Mamìfer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mamìfer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DD%A8_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تھݨ دار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھݨ دار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تى لرونكى ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تى لرونكى ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos – Portugiż" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamíferos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1uq" title="Ñuñuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñuñuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals" title="Mammals – Romanz" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mammals" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romanz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamifer" title="Mamifer – Rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mamifer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Млекопитающие – Russu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Млекопитающие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%97" title="Ссавцї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ссавцї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="सस्तनः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सस्तनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыыл – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Sqalli" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sqalli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Skoċċiż" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skoċċiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مماليا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مماليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisavac" title="Sisavac – Serbo-Kroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sisavac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="ක්‍ෂීරපායි සත්තු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍ෂීරපායි සත්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mammal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicavce" title="Cicavce – Slovakk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cicavce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesalci" title="Sesalci – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sesalci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamele" title="Mamele – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Mamele" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njom%C3%A2tteijeeh" title="Njomâtteijeeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Njomâtteijeeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzinoyamwisa" title="Dzinoyamwisa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzinoyamwisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naasley" title="Naasley – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Naasley" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjitari" title="Gjitari – Albaniż" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjitari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сисари – Serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сисари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suugedierte" title="Suugedierte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suugedierte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Sundaniż" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundaniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4ggdjur" title="Däggdjur – Żvediż" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Däggdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Żvediż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mamalia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyckocze" title="Cyckocze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cyckocze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paycucuay" title="paycucuay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paycucuay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="பாலூட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலூட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="క్షీరదాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్షీరదాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferu" title="Mamíferu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Mamíferu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ширхӯрон – Taġik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ширхӯрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Taġik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vetrina"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม – Tajlandiż" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalya" title="Mamalya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mamalya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamel" title="Mamel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mamel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeliler" title="Memeliler – Tork" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memeliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tork" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Имезүчеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Имезүчеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сүт чемиштиг амытаннар – Tuvinjan" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сүт чемиштиг амытаннар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96" title="Ссавці – Ukren" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ссавці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukren" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ممالیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ممالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut_emizuvchilar" title="Sut emizuvchilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sut emizuvchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C3%ACfari" title="Mamìfari – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mamìfari" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imetai%C5%BEivatad" title="Imetaiživatad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Imetaiživatad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_Th%C3%BA" title="Lớp Thú – Vjetnamiż" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Thú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vjetnamiż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogb%C3%AAestn" title="Zoogbêestn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zoogbêestn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCganim" title="Süganim – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Süganim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_%C3%A5s_tetes" title="Biesse ås tetes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse ås tetes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalia" title="Mammalia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mammalia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳動物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%97%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Үсын теҗәлтенер – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Үсын теҗәлтенер" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბჟაშუმუეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟაშუმუეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="זויגער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זויגער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko_af%E1%BB%8Dm%C3%BAb%E1%BB%8D%CC%81m%E1%BB%8D" title="Ẹranko afọmúbọ́mọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko afọmúbọ́mọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz_nyamhcij" title="Doenghduz nyamhcij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz nyamhcij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogdieren" title="Zoogdieren – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zoogdieren" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物 – Ċiniż" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哺乳动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Ċiniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C4%AB-leng_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳動物 – Kantoniż" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哺乳動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantoniż" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiNcelisi" title="IsiNcelisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiNcelisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Immodifika l-ħoloq interlingwi" class="wbc-editpage">Immodifika l-ħoloq</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mexxi għall-ġenb</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">aħbi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Minn Wikipedija, l-enċiklopedija l-ħielsa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)">Mammiferi<br /><small>Firxa tal-fossili: Tard fit-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Triassiku</a> - Reċenti</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg/310px-Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg/465px-Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg/620px-Panthera_tigris_sumatran_subspecies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigra (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tigra</a> (<i>Panthera tigris</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)"><a href="/wiki/Klassifikazzjoni_bijolo%C4%A1ika" title="Klassifikazzjoni bijoloġika">Klassifikazzjoni xjentifika</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Renju: </td> <td><span class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Annimal" title="Annimal">Animalia</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><span class="phylum"><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sottophylum: </td> <td><span class="subphylum"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Vertebrata</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Klassi: </td> <td><span class="taxoclass"><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)">Ordnijiet </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>(ordnijiet estinti esklużi) </p> <ul><li>Sottoklassi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Prototheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Monotremata</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sottoklassi <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> <ul><li>Infraklassi <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diprotodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diprotodontia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Diprotodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notoryctemorphia" title="Notoryctemorphia">Notoryctemorphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infraklassi <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrosoricida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrosoricida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Afrosoricida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artiodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Artiodactyla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnivora (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Carnivora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetacea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cetacea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chiroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cingulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cingulata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinaceomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinaceomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Erinaceomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perissodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perissodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Perissodactyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilosa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pilosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primate (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodentia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Rodentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandentia" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soricomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Soricomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubulidentata" title="Tubulidentata">Tubulidentata</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Il-<b>Mammiferi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">klassi</a> <b>Mammalia</b>) huma <a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">klassi bijoloġika</a> ta' <a href="/wiki/Annimal" title="Annimal">annimali</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebrati</a>, ikkaratterizzati bil-preżenza ta' glandoli tal-għaraq (inklużi dawk il-glandoli tal-għaraq li fin-nisa huma mmodifikati b'tali mod li jipproduċu l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A6alib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ħalib (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ħalib</a>, 'l hekk imsejjħa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glandoli_mammarji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glandoli mammarji (il-paġna ma teżistix)">glandoli mammarji</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xag%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xagħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">xagħar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suf (il-paġna ma teżistix)">suf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">pil</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fer (il-paġna ma teżistix)">fer</a>), tliet għadmiet fil-widna nofsanija (li huma wżati fis-smigħ), u b'parti fil-moħħ imsejħa in-neokortiċi. </p><p>Il-mammiferi kollha minbarra il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> minflok n, iwelldu iż-żgħar tagħhom mal-ewwel ħajjin u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Plaċentati</a>. li huma l-akbar grupp fil-klassi Mammalia, tul it-tqala jew il-ġestazzjoni tagħhom jagħmlu użu minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Benta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċenta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċenta</a>. </p><p>Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-mammiferi għandhom ukoll snien speċjalizzati u moħħ li jirregola is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_Endotermika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema Endotermika (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sistema endotermika</a> (din hija s-sistema li tirregola it-temperatura tal-ġisem u b' hekk il-mammiferi jissejħu annimali ta' demmhom sħun) u s-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_%C4%8Airkolatorja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema Ċirkolatorja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sistema ċirkolatorja</a>, li tinkludi <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">qalb</a> maqsuma f' 4 kavitajiet. </p><p>Mammiferi hemm 'il fuq minn 5,500 <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> (inkluż il-<a href="/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem">bniedem</a> li jagħmel parti mill-ordni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primates (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Primates</a>). Id-daqs tagħhom ivarja minn dak tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Farfett_il-lejl_imnie%C4%A7er_il-qa%C5%BCqu%C5%BC_ta%27_Kitti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farfett il-lejl imnieħer il-qażquż ta' Kitti (il-paġna ma teżistix)">farfett il-lejl imnieħer il-qażquż ta' Kitti</a> li ma jikbirx aktar minn 40 millimetru u dan huwa meqjus bħala l-iżgħar jew wieħed mill-iżgħar mammiferi ħajjin, għall-akbar mammiferu u l-akbar annimal li qatt eżista fid-dinja, l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baliena_ka%C4%A7la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baliena kaħla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">baliena kaħla</a> li kapaċi tilħaq it-tul ta' 33 metru. Dawn il-mammiferi qegħdin imqassmin bejn wieħed u ieħor f' 1,200 <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0eneru" class="mw-redirect" title="Ġeneru">ġeneru</a>, f' 153 <a href="/wiki/Familja" class="mw-redirect" title="Familja">familja</a> u f' 29 <a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordni</a><sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, għalkemm dan ivarja minn klassifikazzjoni għal oħra u tagħmel differenza kbira ma' liema <a href="/wiki/Klassifikazzjoni_xjentifika" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassifikazzjoni xjentifika">skema</a> wieħed jimxi. </p><p>Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-mammiferi jagħmlu parti mill-grupp tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> jew kif jissejħu ukoll <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">ewterjani</a>. L-akbar 6 <a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordnijiet</a> f' din is-<a href="/wiki/Sottoklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoklassi">sottoklassi</a> huma, ir-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodentia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Rodenzja</a> (il-mammiferi gerriema, bħall-iskojjatli, il-kastori, il-ġrieden u l-firien), il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kiroptera</a> (il-mammiferi li jtiru tajran ta' veru bħal-friefet il-lejl u l-volpijiet tal-ajru), il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primates (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Primati</a> (il-mammiferi primati bħal-galaguni, il-lemuri, it-tarsieri, ix-xadini tad-dinja l-ġdida bħal-marmosetti u t-tamarini, ix-xadini tad-dinja il-qadima bħal-mandrilli u l-makakki u x-xadini antropomorfi jew xadini bla-denb bħal-gibbuni, l-orangutani, il-gorilli, iċ-ċimpanzè il-bonobo u l-bniedem), is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soricomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sorikomorfa</a> (il-mammiferi insettivori bħal-ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil, is-solenodonti, it-talpi u t-tażmani), iċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetartiodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetartiodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ċetarzjodaktila</a> (il-mammiferi tad-dwiefer biż-żewġ bħaċ-ċriev, in-nagħaġ, il-mogħoż u l-baqar, flimkien maċ-ċetaċi bħal-baleni, d-dniefel u l-foċeni) u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnivora (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Karnivora</a> (il-mammiferi il-jieklu l-laħam bħal-klieb, il-qtates, l-orsijiet, il-panda ż-żgħir, il-bumerini u l-iljuni tal-baħar),. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filo%C4%A1enetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filoġenetika (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Filoġenetikament</a> il-klassi Mammalia tiġi definita bħala d-dixxendenti kollha tal-antenat komuni l-aktar reċenti tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">prototerjani</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> (eż. l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekidna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekidna (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ekidni</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">platipi</a>) u <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">terjani</a> (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali</a> jew <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">metaterjani</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> jew <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">ewterjani</a>). Dan ifisser li wħud mill-gruppi estinti tal-mammiferi m'humiex membri tal-klassi Mammalia, avolja l-parti l-kbira ta' dawn għandhom il-karatteristiċi kollha li tradizzjonalment kienu jikklassifikawhom bħala mammiferi. Normalment dawn il-"mammiferi" llum il-ġurnata saru jiġu kklassifikati bħala parti mil-klad bla rank imsejjaħ <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammaliaformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammaliaformes (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mammaliaformes</a></b>. </p><p>Il-linja tad-dixxendenza tal-mammiferi iddiverġiet minn dik tas-sawropsidi lejn it-tmiem tal-perjodu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboniferu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboniferu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Karboniferu</a>. Is-sawropsidi komplew evolvew fir-rettili u fl-għasafar moderni tal-ġurnata tal-lum, filwaqt li mil-fergħa tas-sinapsidi li ddiverġiet minn dik tas-sawropsidi evolvew il-mammiferi. L-ewwel mammiferi veri dehru għall-ewwel darba fil-perjodu <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ġurassiku</a>. L-ordnijiet tal-mammiferi moderni dehru fl-epoki tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeo%C4%8Ben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoċen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Palaeoċen</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eo%C4%8Ben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoċen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Eoċen</a> tal-perijodu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeo%C4%A1en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoġen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Palaeoġen</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Echidna_burningwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Echidna_burningwell.jpg/310px-Echidna_burningwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Echidna_burningwell.jpg/465px-Echidna_burningwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Echidna_burningwell.jpg/620px-Echidna_burningwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekidna_tal-munqar_qasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekidna tal-munqar qasir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ekidna tal-munqar qasir</a> (<i>Tachyglossus aculeatus</i>) hija speċi ta' mammiferu li tagħmel parti mis-sottoklassi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Prototheria</a> li huma magħrufin ukoll bħala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu_monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammiferu monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">mammiferi monotremati</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Red-Kangaroo-5legs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Red-Kangaroo-5legs.jpg/310px-Red-Kangaroo-5legs.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Red-Kangaroo-5legs.jpg/465px-Red-Kangaroo-5legs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Red-Kangaroo-5legs.jpg/620px-Red-Kangaroo-5legs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangar%C3%B9_a%C4%A7mar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangarù aħmar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kangarù aħmar</a> (<i>Macropus rufus</i>) huwa speċi ta' mammiferu li jagħmel parti mis-sottoklassi <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">infraklassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a> magħrufin ukoll bħala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu_marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammiferu marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">mammiferi marsupjali</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fattizzi_Distintivi">Fattizzi Distintivi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Fattizzi Distintivi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Fattizzi Distintivi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L-i<a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> tal-mammiferi ħajjin tal-llum il-ġurnata, jistgħu jiġu iddentifikati mil-presenza tal-glandoli tal-għaraq, inklużi dawk speċjalizzati li fin-nisa jirriproduċu l-ħalib. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg/250px-Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>It-3 għadmiet tipiċi fil-widna nofsanija tal-mammiferi</figcaption></figure> <p>Madankollu, hemm bżonn ta' fattizzi oħra biex wieħed jikklassifika il-fossili, peress li dawn il-glandoli huma maghmulin minn tessut jew materjal organiku artab u m' humiex viżibli fil-fossili. Il-Paleontoloġisti jużaw fattizz distintiv maqsum bejn il-mammiferi ħajjin kollha saħansitra il-monotremi, iżda li m' huwiex preżenti fl' ebda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sinapsidu</a> ta' minn kmieni fil-bidu tat-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trijassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trijassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trijassiku</a>: fis-smiegħ il-mammiferi jużaw 2 għadmiet partikolari li l-antenati tagħhom kienu jużawhom biex jieklu. Is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sinapsidi</a> tal-bidu nett kellhom il-ġog tax-xeddaq maghmul mill-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artikolarja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artikolarja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">artikolarja</a> (għadma żgħira fin-naħa ta' wara tax-xedaq ta' isfel) u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwadrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwadrata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kwadrata</a> (għadma żgħira oħra fin-naħa ta' wara tax-xedaq ta' fuq). Il-maġġor parti tar-rettili u tas-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinapsidi</a> mhux mammiferi jużaw din is-sistema inklużi il-gremxul, il-kukkudrilli, d-dinosawri (u d-dixxendenti tagħhom l-għasafar), u t-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">terapsidi</a> ("rettili" qieshom mammiferi). Il-Mammiferi għandhom il-ġog tax-xedaq kemmxejn differenti, għaldaqstant, dan huwa ffurmat mid-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentarja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentarja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dentarja</a> biss (l-ghadma tax-xedaq ta' isfel li fiha hemm is-snien) u mill-iskwamosali (għadma żgħira oħra tal-kranju). Fil-mammiferi iż-2 għadmiet imsejħa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwadrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwadrata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kwadrata</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artikolarja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artikolarja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">artikolarja</a> saru l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inkwina_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inkwina (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">inkwina</a> <i><b>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inkwina_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inkwina (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">incus</a>"</b></i> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martell_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martell (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">martell</a> <i><b>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martell_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martell (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">malleus</a>"</b></i> fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Widna_nofsanija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Widna nofsanija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">widna nofsanija</a>. Nota: <b>"sinapsidi mhux mammiferi"</b> hawn fuq timplika li l-<b>mammiferi</b> huma sottogrupp tas-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinapsidi</a>, u dan huwa eżattament x' tgħid li huma l-kladistika. </p><p>Il-mammiferi għandhom ukoll <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondila_o%C4%8B%C4%8Bipitali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondila oċċipitali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kondila oċċipitali</a> doppja: huma għandhom 2 għoqiedi mghadma qieshom pumi fil-bażi tal-kranju li jidħlu eżatt fl-għola vertebra tal-għonq, filwaqt li l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebrati</a> 'l oħra għandhom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondila_o%C4%8B%C4%8Bipitali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondila oċċipitali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kondila oċċipitali</a> waħda. Il-Paleontoloġisti jużaw biss il-ġok tax-xedaq u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Widna_nofsanija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Widna nofsanija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">widna nofsanija</a> bħala kriterju jew prinċipju biex jidentifikaw il-mammiferi fossili, biex tiġi evitata konfużjoni żejda meta jinsab fossilu b' wieħed mil-fattizzi biss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomija_u_Morfoloġija_tal-Mammiferi"><span id="Anatomija_u_Morfolo.C4.A1ija_tal-Mammiferi"></span>Anatomija u Morfoloġija tal-Mammiferi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Anatomija u Morfoloġija tal-Mammiferi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Anatomija u Morfoloġija tal-Mammiferi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_Skeletrika">Sistema Skeletrika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sistema Skeletrika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema Skeletrika"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-mammiferi għandhom 7 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebri_%C4%8Bervikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebri ċervikali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebri ċervikali</a> (vertebri tal-għonq), inklużi il-friefet il-lejl, ġiraffi, ġrieden u l-bniedem. Ftit eċċezjonijiet huma l-<a href="/wiki/Lamantin" title="Lamantin">lamantini</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7a%C5%BC%C5%BCien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għażżien (il-paġna ma teżistix)">għażżenin</a> jew kif inhuma maghrufin ukoll il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bradipi</a> ta' żewġt iswaba li għandhom 6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebri_%C4%8Bervikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebri ċervikali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebri ċervikali</a> u dawk ta' 3 iswaba li għandhom 9 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebri_%C4%8Bervikali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebri ċervikali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebri ċervikali</a>. </p><p>Il-mammiferi għandhom ukoll 3 għadmiet f'kull widna (l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inkwina_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inkwina (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">inkwina</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martell_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martell (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">martell</a> u l-i<a href="/w/index.php?title=Staffa_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staffa (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">staffa</a>) u għadma 1 biss fuq kull naħa tax-xedaq t'isfel tal-ħalq id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentarja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentarja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dentarja</a>, l-bqija tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrati (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebrati</a> kollha l-oħra li għandhom il-widnejn għandhom għadma 1 biss f'kull widna u minn tal-inqas 3 għadmiet oħra fuq kull naħa tax-xedaq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_Respiratorja">Sistema Respiratorja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sistema Respiratorja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema Respiratorja"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-pulmuni tal-mammiferi, magħmulin minn tessut qiesu sponża u miksi bit-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessut_epiteljali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tessut epiteljali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tessut epiteljali</a>. Dan tal-aħħar għandu l-għamla ta' xehda tal-għasel u t-total tal-erja tas-superfiċi tiegħu hija hafn' akbar minn dik tal-erja superfiċali tal-pulmuni infishom minn naħa ta' barra. L-għamla tal-pulmuni tal-bniedem huma tipikament minn dan it-tip ta' pulmun. </p><p>Id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijaframma_(anatomija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijaframma (anatomija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dijaframma</a> fil-qiegħ tat-toraċi huwa l-muskolu prinċipali li jmexxi n-nifs. Il-kontrazzjoni tad-dijaframma tiġbed l' isfel il-qiegħ tal-kavita fejn qiegħed magħluq il-pulmun. L-arja b' hekk tidħol vija il-kavitajiet orali (mil-ħalq) u nasali (mil-imnieħer): minn hemm tibqa sejra vija l-larinġi għal fit-trakea, li tinferaq fi bronki. Ir-rilassament tad-dijaframma għandu l-effett oppost u waqt nifs normali din tmur lura f' posta passivament. Matul l-eżerċizju fisiku, d-dijaframma ż-żid il-kontrazzjonijiet (tinġibed u tirrilassa) biex l-arja tkun tista tidħol u toħroġ b' mod aktar mgħaġġel u b' aktar saħħa. Il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qafas_tas-sider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qafas tas-sider (il-paġna ma teżistix)">qafas tas-sider</a> inifsu sa ċertu punt jista jiċċkien u jespandi ukoll, dan permezz ta' muskoli repiratorji u aċċessorji oħrajn. Dan it-tip ta' pulmun mgħaruf bħala <b>pulmun minfaħ</b> dan ġej mix-xebħ mal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minfa%C4%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minfaħ (il-paġna ma teżistix)">minfaħ</a> tal-ħaddid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_Ċirkulatorja"><span id="Sistema_.C4.8Airkulatorja"></span>Sistema Ċirkulatorja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sistema Ċirkulatorja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema Ċirkulatorja"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/250px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/375px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/500px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Il-qalb b' 4 kavitajiet tipikament tal-mammiferi</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-<a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">qalb</a> tal-mammiferi hija maqsuma f' 4 kavitajiet: l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atriju_tal-lemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atriju tal-lemin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">atriju tal-lemin</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventrikolu_tal-lemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventrikolu tal-lemin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ventrikolu tal-lemin</a>, l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atriju_tax-xellug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atriju tax-xellug (il-paġna ma teżistix)">atriju tax-xellug</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventrioklu_tax-xellug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventrioklu tax-xellug (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ventrioklu tax-xellug</a>. </p><p>L-atriji huma l-kavitajiet li jirċievu id-<a href="/wiki/Demm" title="Demm">demm</a> u l-ventrikoli huma l-kavitajiet li jippompjaw id-demm għal <a href="/wiki/Pulmun" title="Pulmun">pulmuni</a> u l-ġisem. </p><p>Fid-daqs il-ventrikoli huma akbar mill-atriji u l-ħitan tagħhom huma eħxen, għax hemm bżonn ta' muskoli akbar biex id-demm jiġi ippompjat b' saħħa biżżejjed minn ġewwa l-qalb għal madwar il-ġisem u l-pulmuni. </p><p>Id-demm deossiġenat mil-ġisem jidħol fl-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atriju_tal-lemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atriju tal-lemin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">atriju tal-lemin</a>, dan jiġi ppompjat fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventrikolu_tal-lemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventrikolu tal-lemin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ventrikolu tal-lemin</a>. Il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventrikolu_tal-lemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventrikolu tal-lemin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ventrikolu tal-lemin</a> jippompja d-demm fil-pulmuni, fejn id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijossidu_tal-karbonju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijossidu tal-karbonju (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dijossidu tal-karbonju</a> jintefa 'l barra u minfloku jiġi assorbit l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossi%C4%A1nu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossiġnu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ossiġnu</a>. </p><p>Mil-pulmuni, id-demm ossiġenat jidħol fl-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atriju_tax-xellug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atriju tax-xellug (il-paġna ma teżistix)">atriju tax-xellug</a>, fejn minn hemm jiġi ppompjat fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventrikolu_tax-xellug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ventrikolu tax-xellug (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ventrikolu tax-xellug</a> ('l akbar u 'l aktar b'saħħtu mill-4 kavitajiet), minn hawn jinfirex mal-ġisem kollu inkluża l-<a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">qalb</a> inifisha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_Nervuża"><span id="Sistema_Nervu.C5.BCa"></span>Sistema Nervuża</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sistema Nervuża" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema Nervuża"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L-imħuħ tal-mammiferi kollha għandhom in-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neokorti%C4%8Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neokortiċi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">neokortiċi</a>, din hija parti jew reġjun tal-moħħ li tinsab esklużivament fil-moħħ tal-<b>mammiferi</b> biss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_Integumentarja">Sistema Integumentarja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sistema Integumentarja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema Integumentarja"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Mandril.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mandril.jpg/250px-Mandril.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mandril.jpg/375px-Mandril.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mandril.jpg/500px-Mandril.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandrill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mandrill</a> (<i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>) huwa wieħed mil' ftit speċi ta' mammiferi li għandu tonalitajiet ta' blu f' ġismu b' mod naturali</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-mammiferi għandhom <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0ilda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġilda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sistema integumentarja</a> li tikkonsisti minn 3 saffi: is-saff ta' barra jissejjaħ l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidermide (il-paġna ma teżistix)">epidermide</a>, is-saff nofsani jissejjaħ id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Derma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derma (il-paġna ma teżistix)">derma</a> u s-saff ta' taħt jissejjaħ l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipoderma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipoderma (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ipoderma</a>. Din il-karatteristika m' hijiex unikament tal-mammiferi, għax tinsab fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebrati</a> kollha. </p><p>L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidermide (il-paġna ma teżistix)">epidermide</a> normalment tkun ħoxna bejn 10 u 30 ċellula; il-funzjoni prinċipali tal-epidermide hija li tipprovdi saff bħala protezzjoni li ma' jagħddix ilma minnu. Filwaqt li ċ-ċelluli tan-naħa ta' barra l-ħin kollu jmutu u jintilfu, ċ-ċelluli tal-qiegħ kostantement jinqassmu u jimbuttaw il-fuq. Is-saff nofsani, 'l hekk imsejjaħ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derma (il-paġna ma teżistix)">derma</a>, huwa bejn 15 u 40 darba eħxen mill-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidermide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidermide (il-paġna ma teżistix)">epidermide</a>. Id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Derma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derma (il-paġna ma teżistix)">derma</a> magħmula minn ħafna komponenti differenti bħal strutturi mgħadma u kanali tad-demm. L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipoderma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipoderma (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ipoderma</a> huwa saff magħmul minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessut_adipus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tessut adipus (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tessut adipus</a>. Il-funzjoni prinċipali ta' dan is-saff huwa li jaħżen il-lipidi (xaħam) u jipprovdi lqugħ artab u insulazzjoni. Il-ħxuna ta' dan is-saff ivarja ħafna minn speċi għal oħra. </p><p>Għalkemm il-mammiferi u annimali oħra għandhom dawk li jissejjħu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cilia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">cilia</a> li superfiċjalment jixbħu ix-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xag%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xagħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">xagħar</a>, 'l ebda annimal ieħor minnbarra l-mammiferi m' ghandhom ix-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xag%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xagħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">xagħar</a> veru. Din hija karatteristika definittiva u unikament ta' din il-klassi ta' vertebrati. Għalkemm uħud mil-mammiferi għandhom ftit li xejn xagħar, ħlief f' partijiet mistura ta' ġisimhom, meta jkun hemm eżaminazzjoni fir-reqqa din il-karatteristika tidher biċ-ċar. </p><p>Dan ix-xagħar fl' ebda speċi ta' mammiferu magħruf xjentifikament ma' jieħu lewn naturali ta' blu jew aħdar, għalkemm il-ġilda f' uħud miċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aeta%C4%8Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċetaċi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ċetaċi</a> u fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandrill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">mandrilli</a> għandha tonalitajiet ta' blu. Fost il' ħafna mammiferi li jiġu deskritti bħala <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> bil-pil, fer jew xagħar blu fil-każi kollha magħrufa nstab li kienu dejjem tonalitajiet differenti ta' griż. L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7a%C5%BC%C5%BCien_ta%27_%C5%BCew%C4%A1_swaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għażżien ta' żewġ swaba (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Għażżien ta' żewġ swaba</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ors_polari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ors polari (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ors polari</a> jista jagħti l-każ li l-fer tagħhom ikun ikanġi fl-aħdar, iżda dan il-kulur m' huwa xejn ħlief l-alga li tikber madwar ix-xagħar u l-pil tagħhom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_Riproduttiva">Sistema Riproduttiva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sistema Riproduttiva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema Riproduttiva"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Mam0006.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mam0006.png/250px-Mam0006.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mam0006.png/375px-Mam0006.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mam0006.png/500px-Mam0006.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>L-apparat uroġenitali fin-nisa tal-mammiferi Prototerjani, Metaterjani u Ewterjani.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-maġġor parti tal-mammiferi jwelldu l-wild tagħhom ħaj u dan jissejjaħ viviparija, iżda mhux kollha, uħud minnhom għadhom ibidu l-bajd u dawn huma l-ispeċi kollha tal-ordni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Monotremata</a> (jew f' xi klassifikazzjonijiet l-ispeċi kollha tal-ordnijiet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platipoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platipoda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Platipoda</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachyglossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachyglossa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Takiglossa</a>) għadhom ibidu l-bajd. Speċi waħda partikolari fost dawn il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> 'l hekk imsejjaħ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">platipu</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornitorinku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornitorinku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ornitorinku</a> (li huwa l-uniku <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> fl-ordni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platypoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platypoda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Platipoda</a>), jippreżenta fiħ determinazzjoni sesswali unika, li taħt ċertu aspetti tixbaħ dik tal-għasafar. It-twelid ta' wild ħaj jew il-viviparija huwa effettwat ukoll minn speċi oħrajn li m' humiex mammiferi, bħal klieb il-baħar ta' rashom martell u uħud mill-ispeċi ta' sriep u gremxul u b'hekk din m' hijiex meqjusa bħala karatteristika ewlennija tal-mammiferi biss. </p><p>Il-mammiferi għandhom ukoll il-glandoli tal-għaraq, fattizz distintiv li jinstab fihom biss. Uħud minn dawn il-glandoli evolvew b' tali mod li jipproduċu l-ħalib (dawn jissejħu glandoli mammarji), likwidu abjad li jservi bħala sors ewlennija ta' nutrizzjoni taż-żgħar tagħhom. Il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> li ddiverġew minn kmieni ħafna mil-mammiferi 'l oħrajn, għalkemm m' għandhomx beżżula jew nipil minn fejn inixxi l-ħalib, xorta waħda mgħamra bil-glandoli mammarji u jipproduċu l-ħalib għal-wild tagħhom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisjoloġija_tal-Mammiferi"><span id="Fisjolo.C4.A1ija_tal-Mammiferi"></span>Fisjoloġija tal-Mammiferi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Fisjoloġija tal-Mammiferi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Fisjoloġija tal-Mammiferi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endotermija">Endotermija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Endotermija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Endotermija"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kważi l-mammiferi kollha huma endotermiċi u l-biċċa l-kbira tagħhom huma magħmra bix-xagħar, pil, suf jew fer biex jgħinhom iżommu sħan. Il-mammiferi bħall-għasafar jistgħu jkunu attivi f' temp u klimi kesħin fejn rettili u insetti kbar ma jistgħux. </p><p>L-Endotermija titlob ħafna enerġija, b' hekk meta mammiferu jkun imqabbel ma rettilu tal-istess piż għandu bżonn jiekol hafn' aktar minn dan tal-aħħar. Dan jidher 'l aktar fil-mammiferi insettivori ż-żgħar fejn l-ammont ta' ikel li jieklu huwa enormi meta ikkumparat mad-daqs tagħhom. </p><p>Eċċezzjoni rari għal dan kollu huwa l-far talpa erwien li huwa mammiferu ektotermiku (demmu kiesaħ). L-għasafar huma endotermiċi ukoll, b' hekk l-endotermija m'hijiex fattur esklusivament tal-mammiferi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelliġenza"><span id="Intelli.C4.A1enza"></span>Intelliġenza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Intelliġenza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Intelliġenza"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>F' <b>mammiferi</b> intelliġenti, bħal pereżempju il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Primati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primati (il-paġna ma teżistix)">primati</a>, iċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aerebru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċerebru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ċerebru</a> (il-parti prinċipali tal-moħħ) huwa relativament akbar meta mqabel mal-kumplament tal-moħħ. L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelli%C4%A1enza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelliġenza (il-paġna ma teżistix)">intelliġenza</a> fija infisha m' hijiex faċli biex tiddefinija, iżda indikazzjoni ta' intelliġenza tinkludi l-abilita tat-tagħlim, flimkien mal-flessibilita fl-imġieba. Pereżempju il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Far&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far (il-paġna ma teżistix)">firien</a>, huma kkunsidrati bħala <b>mammiferi</b> intelliġenti ħafna għax kapaċi jitgħalmu u jtemmu biċċa xogħol ġdida, abilita importanti meta huma jikkolonizzaw abitat jew ambjent ġdid. F' uħud mil-<b>mammiferi</b>, l-qabda, l-ġabra, u l-ħażna tal-ikel tidher relatata mal-intelliġenza: iċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aerv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċerv (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ċerv</a> li jiekol il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pjanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pjanta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">pjanti</a> għandu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C4%A7%C4%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moħħ (il-paġna ma teżistix)">moħħu</a> relativament iżgħar minn dak ta' <a href="/wiki/Qattus" title="Qattus">qattus</a> li jrid jaħseb kif ħa jagħmel biex jgħeleb il-priża tiegħu.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_Animal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Animal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struttura_soċjali"><span id="Struttura_so.C4.8Bjali"></span>Struttura soċjali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Struttura soċjali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Struttura soċjali"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokomozzjoni">Lokomozzjoni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Lokomozzjoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Lokomozzjoni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-mammiferi kollha evolvew minn antenati b' 4 saqajn. Dawn jużgħu riġlejhom u dirgħajhom kemm għal-mixi, għal-għawm, għal-qbiż, għat-tajran, għat-tħaffir, kif ukoll għat-tixbit. </p><p>Uħud mill-mammiferi għandhom swaba li jkabbru d-dwiefer u l-hwiefer biex jixxabtu u jiġru rispettivament filwaqt li l-mammiferi akkwatiċi jew tal-baħar bħal balieni, dniefel u bumerini għandhom pinen li evolvew minn riġlejn u digħrajn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrestri_jew_fuq_l-art">Terrestri jew fuq l-art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Terrestri jew fuq l-art" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Terrestri jew fuq l-art"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L-ispeċjalizzazzjoni fil-preferenza tal-abitat kienet akkumpanjata ma' ħafna adattazzjonijiet fil-lokomozzjoni. Il-mammiferi terrestri għandhom numru ta' modi differenti ta' progressjoni u tħarrik. L-istokk tal-mammiferi primittivi kien jimxi b' mod <a href="/wiki/Plantigrad" title="Plantigrad">plantigrad</a>, iġifieri, bid-diġitali (l-għadam tas-swaba), bl-għadam tas-sieq in-nofsanija u b' xi partijiet mill-għakset is-sieq u l-polz ċatti jew imissu mal-art. Ir-riġlejn tal-mammiferi ambulatorji huma tipikament mobbli u għandhom kapaċità ta' rotazzjoni konsiderevoli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kursorjali/Ġerrejja"><span id="Kursorjali.2F.C4.A0errejja"></span>Kursorjali/Ġerrejja</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Kursorjali/Ġerrejja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Kursorjali/Ġerrejja"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-mammiferi mmodifikati għall-ġiri jissejħu kursorji. Il-qagħda ta' speċi kursorji tista tkun jew <a href="/wiki/Di%C4%A1itigrad" title="Diġitigrad">diġitigradali</a> (bid-diġitali kompletament imissu mal-art bħal fil-klieb u l-qtates) jew <a href="/wiki/Unguligrad" title="Unguligrad">unguligradali</a> (il-ponot tad-diġitali biss bil-kuntatt mal-art bħal fiż-żwiemel u ċ-ċriev). Fi gruppi avvanzati il-moviment tar-riġlejn ikun il-quddiem u lura fuq pjan wieħed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Saltatorjali_(Rikoċetali)_jew_Qabbiżija"><span id="Saltatorjali_.28Riko.C4.8Betali.29_jew_Qabbi.C5.BCija"></span>Saltatorjali (Rikoċetali) jew Qabbiżija</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Saltatorjali (Rikoċetali) jew Qabbiżija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Saltatorjali (Rikoċetali) jew Qabbiżija"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-lokomozzjoni saltatorjali (xi kultant imsejjħa rikoċetali ukoll) jew qabbiżija, evolvit kemm il darba f' bosta gruppi ta' mammiferi mhux relatati (eż. uħud mil-marsupjali, il-lagomorfi, u bosta gerriema ta' nisel indipendenti). Din it-tip ta' lokomozzjoni tinsab mifruxa l-aktar fost dawk l-speċi li jgħixu f' abitat jew f' ambjent miftuħ. Il-Mammiferi qabbiżin normalment ikunu mgħammrin b' par saqajn ta' wara tawwalin u <a href="/wiki/Plantigrad" title="Plantigrad">plantigradi</a>, b' par idejn qosra, u b' denb twil ħafna għal bilanċ. L-evoluzzjoni konverġenti fl' adattament għal dan it-tip ta' abitat partikolari, ikkontribwixxit ħafna fix-xebħ ekoloġiku tal-fawna tal-mammiferi f' bosta reġjuni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Graviportali">Graviportali</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Graviportali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Graviportali"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bosta speċi ta' mammiferi minn ordnijiet differeneti kisbu piż u daqs enormi (eż. l-<a href="/wiki/Iljunfant" title="Iljunfant">iljunfanti</a>, l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ippopotamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ippopotamu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ippopotami</a> u r-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rino%C4%8Beronti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinoċeronti (il-paġna ma teżistix)">rinoċerontijiet</a>). Dawn il-mammiferi, ikkonverġew kollha kemm huma għal tip ta' mixi tqil u goff, lokomozzjoni speċjalizzata magħrufa bħala lokomozzjoni graviportali. F' dawn l-ispeċi ma kienx hemm tnaqqis fin-numru tas-swaba u dawn qegħdin mifruxin f' ċirku madwar il-fus tar-riġel bħal pedestal ta' kolonna u dankollu għas-support massimu u totali.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fossorjali_jew_taħt_l-art"><span id="Fossorjali_jew_ta.C4.A7t_l-art"></span>Fossorjali jew taħt l-art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Fossorjali jew taħt l-art" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Fossorjali jew taħt l-art"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skansorjali_jew_tixbit_mal-irdum_u_fis-siġar"><span id="Skansorjali_jew_tixbit_mal-irdum_u_fis-si.C4.A1ar"></span>Skansorjali jew tixbit mal-irdum u fis-siġar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Skansorjali jew tixbit mal-irdum u fis-siġar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Skansorjali jew tixbit mal-irdum u fis-siġar"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rdumija/tixbit_mal-irdum"><span id="Rdumija.2Ftixbit_mal-irdum"></span>Rdumija/tixbit mal-irdum</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Rdumija/tixbit mal-irdum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Rdumija/tixbit mal-irdum"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit_fis-siġar"><span id="Si.C4.A1rija.28Arborea.29.2Ftixbit_fis-si.C4.A1ar"></span>Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit fis-siġar</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit fis-siġar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Siġrija(Arborea)/tixbit fis-siġar"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akkwatika_jew_fl-ilma">Akkwatika jew fl-ilma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Akkwatika jew fl-ilma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Akkwatika jew fl-ilma"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fil-klassi <b>Mammalia</b> hemm bosta <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> li huma totalment jew semi-akkwatiċi. L-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenia">Sirenja</a> (li jiġbor fiħ il-baqar tal-baħar, speċi erbivori jew mammiferi li jieklu l-pjanti), l-ordni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetacea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ċetaċea</a> (li jiġbor fiħ il-balieni, d-dniefel u l-foċeni, speċi karnivori) u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lontra_tal-ba%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lontra tal-baħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">lontra tal-baħar</a> jew kif tissejjaħ ukoll <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottarja_tal-ba%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottarja tal-baħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ottarja tal-baħar</a> (speċi b' dieta bbażata fuq ħut u invertebrati tal-baħar li tagħmel parti mill-ordni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnivora (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Karnivora</a>) huma 3 gruppi totalment akkwatiċi u huma dippendenti għal-ambjent tal-ilma kemm għal-support mekkaniku kif ukoll għall-insulazzjoni termali tul l-istadji kollha ta' ħajjithom saħħansitra anke waqt it-twelied tal-frieħ. </p><p>Filwaqt li uħud mill-ispeċi semi-akkwatiċi (eż. il-lontri, il-griedem ta' geddumhom twil tal-ilma u l-far tal-misk tal-ilma), baqgħu simili ħafna tal-ispeċi terrestri li huma relatati fil-qrib tagħhom, l-ispeċi semi-akkwatiċi tal-<a href="/wiki/Familja" class="mw-redirect" title="Familja">familji</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odobenidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odobenidae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Odobenidae</a> (morsa jew walrus), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otariidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otariidae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Otariidae</a>(bumerini tal-widnejn) u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phocidae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Phocidae</a> (bumerini ta' veru), kellhom bidla morfoloġika radikali tant li jitilgħu lura fuq l-art għal żmien qasir tan-ngħamra u għat-twelied u t-trobbija tal-frieħ. </p><p>Grazzi għall-ispinta statika li joffri l-ilma, l-baleni evolvew fl-akbar mammiferi u fl-akbar annimali li qatt eżistew fuq wiċċ id-dinja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ajrubatika_jew_fl-ajru">Ajrubatika jew fl-ajru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Ajrubatika jew fl-ajru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ajrubatika jew fl-ajru"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/200px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/300px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/400px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Il-farfett il-lejl <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corynorhinus_townsendii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corynorhinus townsendii (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Corynorhinus townsendii</a></i> waqt titjira</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tajran">Tajran</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Tajran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Tajran"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L-uniċi mammiferi li ġie osservat fihom it-tajran ta' veru, huma l-ispeċi kollha tal-ordni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kiroptera</a>, li huwa maqsum f' 2 <a href="/wiki/Sottordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottordni">sottordijiet</a>; il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Microchiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microchiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mikrokiroptera</a> li jilqa fih il-biċċa l-kbira tal-ispeċi (madwar 80%) li jissejjħu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farfett_il-lejl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farfett il-lejl (il-paġna ma teżistix)">friefet il-lejl</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Megakiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megakiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Megakiroptera</a> li jilqa fih il-kumplament tal-ispeċi li jissejjħu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volpi_li_jtir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volpi li jtir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">volpijiet li jtiru</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volpi_tal-ajru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volpi tal-ajru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">volpijiet tal-ajru</a>. L-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kiroptera</a> huwa wieħed mill-aktar ta' suċċess u jinkludi fih madwar 20% (kważi 1 minn kull 5 mammiferi) tal-ispeċi tal-<a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">klassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Planar">Planar</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Planar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Planar"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-mammiferi bħall-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planatur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planatur (il-paġna ma teżistix)">planaturi</a> marsupjali tal-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diprotodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diprotodontia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Diprodonzja</a>, l-i<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skojjattlu_li_jtir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skojjattlu li jtir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">skojjatli li jtiru</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skojjatlu_tal-ajru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skojjatlu tal-ajru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">skojjatli tal-ajru</a> tal-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodentia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Rodenzja</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Kolugo" title="Kolugo">kolugi</a> tal-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a> huma meqjusa aktar jew jaqagħu fil-klassifikazzjoni tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu_planatur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammiferu planatur (il-paġna ma teżistix)">mammiferi planaturi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dieta">Dieta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Dieta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Dieta"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Tigergebiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tigergebiss.jpg/200px-Tigergebiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tigergebiss.jpg/300px-Tigergebiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tigergebiss.jpg/400px-Tigergebiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>It-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigra (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tigra</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panthera_tigris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panthera tigris (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Panthera tigris</a></i> eżempju ċar ta' mammiferu karnivoru</figcaption></figure> <p>Biex tinżamm it-temperatura tal-ġisem il-ħin kollu għolja f' termini ta' enerġija din tiġi għalja, b' hekk il-mammiferi għandhom bżonn dieta nutrijenti u abbundanti. Filwaqt li l-ewwel mammiferi kienu probabilment predaturi, minn dak iż-żmien 'l hawn ħafna <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> biex jissodisfaw il-bżonnijiet dietetiċi tagħhom adattaw ruħhom f' modi differenti. Uħud jieklu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annimali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annimali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">annimali</a> oħra u din tissejjaħ dieta <a href="/wiki/Karnivoru" title="Karnivoru">karnivora</a> li tinkludi fija id-dieta <a href="/wiki/Insettivoru" title="Insettivoru">insettivora</a>. Mammiferi oħrajn, 'l hekk imsejjħa <a href="/wiki/Erbivoru" title="Erbivoru">erbivori</a>, jieklu il-pjanti. Din id-dieta <a href="/wiki/Erbivoru" title="Erbivoru">erbivora</a> tinkludi fija sottotipi ta' dieti speċjalizzati bħal pereżempju dik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frottivoru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frottivoru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">frottivora</a> (annimali li jieklu l-frott) u dik <a href="/wiki/Folivoru" title="Folivoru">folivora</a> (annimali li jieklu l-weraq). Il-mammiferi <a href="/wiki/Omnivoru" title="Omnivoru">omnivori</a> huma l-i<a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> kollha li kapaċi jieklu t-2 li huma kemm annimali oħrajn kif ukoll pjanti. </p><p>Il-mammiferi karnivori għandhom <a href="/wiki/Sistema_di%C4%A1estiva" title="Sistema diġestiva">apparat diġestiv</a> sempliċi, dan għaliex il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteina (il-paġna ma teżistix)">proteini</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">lipidi</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral (il-paġna ma teżistix)">minerali</a> misjuba fil-laħam f' termini ta' diġestjoni ma għandhom bżonn xejn speċjali. Minn naħa 'l oħra l-pjanti, magħmula minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbodrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbodrat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">karbodrati</a> kumplessi, bħaċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aellulosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċellulosa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ċellulosa</a>. L-apparat diġestiv ta'l- erbivori b'hekk huwa mgħammar b' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batter (il-paġna ma teżistix)">batteri</a> li kapaċi jiffermentaw dawn is-sustanzi u b' hekk vijabli għad-diġestjoni. Dawn il-batteri jkunu miżmuma jew fi stonku maqsum f' ħafna kavitajiet jew f' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musrana_g%C4%A7amja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musrana għamja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">musrana għamja</a> kbira. Ġeneralment id-daqs tal-<a href="/wiki/Annimal" title="Annimal">annimal</a> huwa fattur li jiddetermina it-tip ta' dieta tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispe%C4%8Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ispeċi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ispeċi</a> ikkonċernata. Peress li l-mammiferi żagħar għandhom proporzjon għolja ta' superfiċi li titlef is-sħana meta mqabla mal-volum li jiġġenera s-sħana, dawn għandhom tendenza li jkollhom bżonn kwantita kbira ta' enerġija u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaboli%C5%BCmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaboliżmu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">rata metabolika</a> għolja ħafna. </p><p>Il-mammiferi li jiżnu bejn wieħed u ieħor anqas minn 500 gramma huma ġeneralment insettivori għax mhumiex kapaċi jittoleraw il-proċess tant bil-mod u kumpless ta' <a href="/wiki/Erbivoru" title="Erbivoru">erbivoru</a>. Minn naħa 'l oħra annimali akbar jiġġeneraw aktar sħana u tintilef ħafn' anqas faċilment, b' hekk dawn kapaċi jittoleraw jew proċess ta'kaċċa aktar moderata (dawk li jikkaċċaw fuq vertebrati akbar) jew proċċess ta' diġestjoni aktar bil-mod (dawk li għandhom dieta <a href="/wiki/Erbivoru" title="Erbivoru">erbivora</a>). Madankollu hemm ta' minn iżid, li l-mammiferi li jiżnu 'l fuq minn 500 gramma m' humiex kapaċi jaqbdu biżżejjed insetti matul is-sigħat li jkunu attivi biex isostnu lilhom infushom. </p><p>L-uniċi mammiferi <a href="/wiki/Insettivoru" title="Insettivoru">insettivori</a> kbar huma dawk li jikkaċċaw fuq kolonji enormi ta' insetti, bħal tan-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">nemel</a> u t-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Termita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termita (il-paġna ma teżistix)">termiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_Animal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_Animal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storja_tal-Evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi">Storja tal-<a href="/wiki/Evoluzzjoni" title="Evoluzzjoni">Evoluzzjoni</a> tal-Mammiferi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Storja tal-Evoluzzjoni tal-Mammiferi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Storja tal-Evoluzzjoni tal-Mammiferi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Mam0004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mam0004.png/250px-Mam0004.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mam0004.png/375px-Mam0004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mam0004.png/500px-Mam0004.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Il-kronoloġija evoluttiva tal-mammiferi.</figcaption></figure> <p>L-evoluzzjoni tal-mammiferi minn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinapsidi</a>, magħarufin ukoll bħala rettili qieshom mammiferi, kien proċess gradwali li ħa bejn wieħed u ieħor 70 miljun sena, mil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Permjan</a> nofsani sal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ġurassiku</a> nofsanu u sa nofs it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trijassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trijassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trijassiku</a> kien hemm ħafna <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> li fid-dehra kienu qieshom mammiferi. Ta' minn jinnota ukoll li s-sinapsidi m' humiex affattu rettili, iżda jagħmlu parti minn fergħa distinta tat-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapodu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrapodu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tetrapodi</a>. </p> <center> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammaliaformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammaliaformes (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mammaliaformes</a></i></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelobasileus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelobasileus (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Adelobasileus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><font color="white">void</font></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinocodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinocodon (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sinocodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><font color="white">void</font></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morganucodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morganucodon (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Morganucodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><font color="white">void</font></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Docodonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Docodonta</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><font color="white">void</font></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrocodium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadrocodium (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Hadrocodium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><i><b>Mammalia</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stadji_prinċipali_fl-evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi"><span id="Stadji_prin.C4.8Bipali_fl-evoluzzjoni_tal-Mammiferi"></span>Stadji prinċipali fl-<a href="/wiki/Evoluzzjoni" title="Evoluzzjoni">evoluzzjoni</a> tal-Mammiferi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Stadji prinċipali fl-evoluzzjoni tal-Mammiferi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Stadji prinċipali fl-evoluzzjoni tal-Mammiferi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Skull_synapsida_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/250px-Skull_synapsida_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/375px-Skull_synapsida_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png/500px-Skull_synapsida_1.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>l-istruttura oriġinali tal-kranju tas-sinapsidi għandha toqba waħda fuq in-naħa ta' wara ta' kull għajn, f' pożizzjoni kemxejn baxxa (f'din l-istampa qiegħda fil-baxx fuq il-lemin).</figcaption></figure> <p>L-ewwel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vertebrati</a> kompletament terrestri kienu amnijoti, il-bajd tagħhom kellhom membrani interni li permess tagħhom l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Embrijun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embrijun (il-paġna ma teżistix)">embrijuni</a> kienu jkunu jistgħu jieħdu l-arja, iżda mingħajr ma jitlilfu l-ilma minn ġewwa. Dan kollu ippermetta lill-amnijoti li jkunu jistgħu jbidu fuq l-art xotta, filwaqt li l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfibjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfibjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">amfibjani</a> ġeneralment għandhom bżonn ibidu l-bajd tagħhom fl-ilma. </p><p>L-ewwel amnijoti apparentement dehru għall-ewwel darba tard fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboniferu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboniferu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Karboniferu</a>. Fi ftit miljuni ta' snien inħolqu 2 fergħat distinti u ferm importanti ta' amnijoti: is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinapsidi</a>, minn liema iddixxendew il-mammiferi u s-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawropsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawropsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sawropsidi</a>, minn liema iddixxendew il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gremxula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gremxula (il-paġna ma teżistix)">gremxul</a>, is-<a href="/wiki/Serp" title="Serp">sriep</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukudrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukudrill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kukudrilli</a>, d-<a href="/wiki/Dinosawru" title="Dinosawru">dinosawri</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7asfur" title="Għasfur">għasafar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> l-istruttura oriġinali tal-kranju tas-sinapsidi għandha toqba waħda fuq in-naħa ta' wara ta' kull għajn, f' pożizzjoni kemxejn fil-baxx. </p><p>Grupp wieħed partikolari ta' sinapsidi, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelikosawru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelikosawru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">pelikosawri</a>, kienu l-aktar vertebrati komuni fuq wiċċ l-art fil-bidu tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Permjan</a> u l-grupp kien jinkludi fih l-akbar annimali terrestri ta' dak iż-żmien.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">terapsidi</a> ddixxendew mil-pelikosawri fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Permjan</a> nofsani madwar 250 miljun sena ilu, u dawn ħadu l-pożizzjoni ta' vertebrati terrestri dominanti. It-terapsidi kienu jiddistingwu ruħhom mil-pelikosawri b' diversi fattizzi fil-kranju u fix-xedaq, bħal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tieqa_temporali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tieqa temporali (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tieqa temporali</a> akbar u <a href="/w/index.php?title=In%C4%8Bisiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inċisiva (il-paġna ma teżistix)">inċisivi</a> li kienu tal-istess daqs<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. It-terapsidi għaddew minn serje twila ta' stadji, minn dawk l-ispeċi tal-bidu li kienu jixbħu l-antenati tagħhom il-pelikosawri, għal dawk tal-aħħar li kienu s-sinodonti tat-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trijassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trijassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trijassiku</a>, li uħud minn dawn huma simili ferm tal-mammiferi: </p> <ul><li>żvilupp gradwali ta' għadma bħala palat sekondarju.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentarja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentarja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dentarja</a> gradwalment saret l-għadma prinċipali tax-xedaq ta' isfel.</li> <li>progress lejn pożizzjoni eretta tas-saqajn, dan żied l-istamina fl-annimal billi kien evitat l-i<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sforz_ta%27_Carrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sforz ta' Carrier (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sforz ta' Carrier</a> (lokomozjoni partikolari li ma kull pass il-ġisem jiċċaqlaq min-naħa għal oħra u b' dan il-moviment jitgħaffeġ il-pulmuni alternattivament), iżda dan il-proċess kien twil u bil-mod ħafna u sa ċertu punt sar b' mod ħażin: it-terapsidi <a href="/wiki/Erbivoru" title="Erbivoru">erbivori</a> kollha żammew saqajn miftuħin 'il barra (ftit mil-forom tal-aħħar biss kellhom saqajn semi eretti); it-terapsidi <a href="/wiki/Karnivoru" title="Karnivoru">karnivori</a> ta' żmien il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Permjan</a> kellhom is-saqajn ta' quddiem miftuħin u oħrajn minn żmien tard fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Permjan</a> kellhom is-saqajn ta' wara semi eretti. Infatti il-qagħda tas-saqajn tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> moderni għadha semi miftuħa sa llum il-ġurnata.</li> <li>fit-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trijassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trijassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trijassiku</a>, sar progress lejn xedaq u widna nofsanija viċin aktar bħal dawk tal-mammiferi.</li> <li>hemm possibilita ta' evidenza ta' xagħar f' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">terapsidi</a> tat-Trijassiku, iżda fl' ebda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">terapsidi</a> tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Permjan</a>.</li> <li>uħud mix-xjentisti argumentaw ukoll li ftit mit-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapsidu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapsidu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">terapsidi</a> tat-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trijassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trijassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trijassiku</a> juru sinjali ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lattazzjoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lattazzjoni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">lattazzjoni</a>.</li></ul> <p>L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estinzjoni_tal-Permjan_u_t-Trijassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estinzjoni tal-Permjan u t-Trijassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Estinzjoni tal-Permjan u t-Trijassiku</a> temmet id-dominanza tat-terapsidi u kmieni fit-Trijassiku in-niċeċ kollha tal-annimali terrestri ta' daqs medju għal dawk kbar ġew meħuda mill-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkosawru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkosawru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">arkosawri</a>, li kienu l-anntenati tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukudrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukudrill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kukudrilli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterosawru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterosawru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">pterosawri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosawru" title="Dinosawru">dinosawri</a> u tal-<a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7asfur" title="Għasfur">għasafar</a>. Wara din il' "bidla Trijassika" is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinodont (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinodonti</a> u d-dixxendenti tagħhom setgħu jgħixu biss primarjament fi ftit niċeċ bħala annimali <a href="/wiki/Insettivoru" title="Insettivoru">insettivori</a> ta' daqs żgħir u notturni (attivi prinċimalment matul il-lejl).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filfatt jista jagħti l-każ li dan kollu għen biex tkun aċċelerata l-evoluzjoni tal-mammiferi (eż., is-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinodont (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinodonti</a> li ssopravivew u d-dixxendenti tagħhom kellhom jevolvu lejn l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endotermija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endotermija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">endotermija</a> dan għaliex id-daqs żghir tagħhom kien jitlef is-sħana malajr speċjalment huma li kienu attivi prinċipalment matul il-lejl). </p><p>L-ewwel mammfieri ta' veru dehru għall-ewwel darba kmieni fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ġurassiku</a>, aktar minn 70 miljun sena wara id-dehra tal-ewwel terapsidi u bejn wieħed u ieħor 30 miljun sena wara l-ewwel <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> tal-grupp bla rank tal-Mammaliaformes. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A6adrokodjum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ħadrokodjum (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ħadrokodjum</a></i> jidher biċ-ċar li kien f' nofs it-transizzjoni lejn stat ta' mammiferu ta' veru u nfatti dan kien mgħammar bil-ġog tax-xedaq bħal tal-mammiferi (magħmul mid-dentarja u l-għadam skwamosali, iżda hemm dibattiti għaddejjin fuq jekk il-widna nofsanija hijiex kompletament bħal tal-mammiferi).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tejnolofos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tejnolofos (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tejnolofos</a></b> (<i>Teinolophos</i>) li huwa L-ewwel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremat</a> magħruf xjentifikament, kien jgħix madwar 123 miljun sena ilu fl-<a href="/wiki/Awstralja" title="Awstralja">Awstralja</a>. Hemm probabilita li uħud mill-fattizzi tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> ġew immwirta mill-amnijoti oriġinali: </p> <ul><li>jużaw l-istess fetħa biex jurinaw, jippurgaw u jirriproduċu (fil-fatt "monotremat" tfisser "b' toqba waħda") bħal ma jagħmlu l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gremxula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gremxula (il-paġna ma teżistix)">gremxul</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7asfur" title="Għasfur">għasafar</a>.</li> <li>ibidu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bajda_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bajda (bijoloġija) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bajd</a> li minn barra jixbaħ il-ġild bħal dawk tal-gremxul, tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fekruna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fekruna (il-paġna ma teżistix)">fkieren</a> u tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukudrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukudrill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kukudrilli</a>.</li></ul> <p>Għad-differenza ta' mammiferi oħrajn, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> nisa ma għandhomx <a href="/w/index.php?title=Be%C5%BC%C5%BCula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beżżula (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bżieżel</a> u jisqu liż-żagħar tagħhom billi fil-veru sens tal-kelma "jorgħqu" l-ħalib minn irqajja fuq iż-żaqq. </p><p>L-eqdem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjal</a> magħruf xjentifikament huwa <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinodelfis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinodelfis (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sinodelfis</a></b> (<i>Sinodelphys</i>) li kien misjub f' ġebla sedimentarja ta' żmien il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreta%C4%8Beju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kretaċeju (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kretaċeju</a> ta' madwar 125 miljun sena ilu, fil-Provinċa ta' Liaoning fil-Grigall taċ-<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Aina" title="Ċina">Ċina</a>. Il-fossilu instab kważi komplut b' troffof tax-xagħar u stampar tat-tessut organiku artab.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Eomaia_amnh_cast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eomaia_amnh_cast.jpg/250px-Eomaia_amnh_cast.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eomaia_amnh_cast.jpg/375px-Eomaia_amnh_cast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eomaia_amnh_cast.jpg/500px-Eomaia_amnh_cast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eomaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eomaja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Eomaia scansoria</a></i>, l-eqdem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentat</a> magħruf xjentifikament.</figcaption></figure> <p>L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewterjani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewterjani (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ewterjani</a> ("bhejjem ta' veru") huma kollha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a>, iżda l-għeqdem ewterjan magħruf, <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eomaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eomaja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Eomaja</a></b> (<i>Eomaia</i>), li kien misjub madwar 125 miljun sena ilu, fiċ-<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Aina" title="Ċina">Ċina</a> ukoll, għandu uħud mil-fattizzi jibħu jew qieshom aktar bħal dawk tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupkali</a> (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaterjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaterjan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">metaterjani</a> ħajjin):<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7adam_epipubi%C4%8Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għadam epipubiċi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">għadam epipubiċi</a> estiżi l' barra mil-pelvi, li ma jinstabu fl' ebda plaċentat modern, iżda misjuba fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammaliformi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammaliformi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">mammaliformi</a> (jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferiformi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammiferiformi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">mammiferiformi</a>) bħal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multituberkulat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multituberkulat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">multituberkulati</a>. Fi kliem ieħor, dawn jidhru fattizzi anċestrali li suċċessivament intilfu biż-żmien f' nisel il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a>.</li> <li>il-ftuħ tal-pelvi il-barra kien dejjaq, sinjal li jindika tqala qasira jew friegħ żagħar fit-twelid bħal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali</a> moderni. Dan jissuġġerixxi li l-plaċenta ġiet żviluppata aktar il-quddiem.</li></ul> <p>Sfortunatament għadu mhux ċert meta il-mammiferi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> evolvew - l-għeqdem fossilu plaċentat magħruf u ndisputibli ġej minn kmieni fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo%C4%8Ben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoċen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Paleoċen</a>, wara l-estinzjoni tad-<a href="/wiki/Dinosawru" title="Dinosawru">dinosawri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il-mammiferi u l-<b>kważi-mammiferi</b> espandew u nfirxu l' barra min-niċċa ta' <a href="/wiki/Insettivoru" title="Insettivoru">insettivori</a> notturni minn nofs il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ġurassiku</a> l' quddiem, pereżempju <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastorokawda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastorokawda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kastorokawda</a></b> (<i>Castorocauda</i>) kellu adattazzjonijiet għall-għawm, għat-tħaffir u għal-qbid tal-ħut.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tradizzjonalment kien maħsub li fiċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aeno%C5%BCojku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċenożojku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ċenożojku</a> wara l-estinzjoni tad-dinosawri, l-mammiferi kienu ħadu lura in-niċeċ ekoloġiċi tal-annimali medji u kbar, iżda wara dan iddersifikaw vera malajr, (eż., l-għeqdem <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farfett_il-lejl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farfett il-lejl (il-paġna ma teżistix)">farfett il-lejl</a> magħruf xjentifikament huwa ta' madwar 50 miljun sena ilu, dan 15-il miljun sena biss wara l-estinzjoni tad-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinosawru~dinosawri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinosawru~dinosawri (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dinosawru~dinosawri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minn naħa l' oħra studji reċenti fil-filoġenetika molekolari indikaw li l-biċċa l-kbira tal-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordnijiet</a> tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> infirdu bejn 100 u 85 miljun sena ilu, iżda urew ukoll li l-<a href="/wiki/Familja" class="mw-redirect" title="Familja">familji</a> moderni dehru għal-ewwel darba bejn tard fl-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eo%C4%8Ben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoċen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Eoċen</a> u kmieni fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mijo%C4%8Ben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mijoċen (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mijoċen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il-paleontoloġisti pero objettaw li 'l ebda foddilu tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> ma nstab qabel it-tmiem tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreta%C4%8Bju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kretaċju (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kretaċju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matul iċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aeno%C5%BCojku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċenożojku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ċenożojku</a> tfaċċaw ħafna gruppi ta' <b>mammiferi</b> li kienu ħafna akbar mill-eqreb ekkwivalenti moderni, iżda 'l ebda <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> minnhom ma kienet tlaħħaq jew tqarreb id-daqs tal-akbar <a href="/wiki/Dinosawru" title="Dinosawru">dinosawru</a> li kellhom l-istess jew tipi ta' dieti simili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L-Ewwel_apparenza_tal-fattizzi_tipiċi_tal-Mammiferi"><span id="L-Ewwel_apparenza_tal-fattizzi_tipi.C4.8Bi_tal-Mammiferi"></span>L-Ewwel apparenza tal-fattizzi tipiċi tal-Mammiferi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: L-Ewwel apparenza tal-fattizzi tipiċi tal-Mammiferi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: L-Ewwel apparenza tal-fattizzi tipiċi tal-Mammiferi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il-fossili ta' <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A6adrokodjum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ħadrokodjum (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ħadrokodjum</a></b> (<i>Hadrocodium</i>), liema huma ddatati bħala minn kmieni fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ġurassiku</a>, jipprovdu l-ewwel evidenza ċara ta' ġogi kompletament żviluppati bħal dawk tal-<b>mammiferi ta' veru</b>. </p><p>Ġie ssuġġerit ukoll li l-funżjoni oriġinali tal-lattazzjoni (il-produzzjoni tal-ħalib) kienet oriġinat biex jinżamm il-bajd niedi u ħafna minn dan l-argument huwa bbażat fuq il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> (il-<b>mammiferi li jbidu l-bajd</b>).:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L-ewwel evidenza ċara ta' xagħar, suf, fer jew pil hija visibli fil-fossili ta' <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastorokawda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastorokawda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kastorokawda</a></b> (<i>Castorocauda</i>), minn ta' madwar 164miljun sena ilu mil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ġurassiku</a> nofsani. Mill-1955 il' quddiem ix-xjentisiti bdew jinterpretaw il-foramina (il-passaġġi) fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxilla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">maxillae</a> (ix-xedaq ta' fuq) u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Premaxilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premaxilla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">premaxillae</a> (għadmiet żagħar fuq il' quddiem tal-maxillae) fis-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinodont (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinodonti</a> bħala passaġġi minn fejn jgħaddu l-kanali tad-demm u n-nervituri tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibrissa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">vibrissae</a> (il-mustaċċi) u b' hekk issuġġerew li din hija evidenza ta' xagħar suf, fer u pil.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iżda il-foramina ma' turix neċċessarjament il-preżenza ta' vibrissae - pereżempju il-gremxula moderna <i>Tupinambis</i> għandha foramina kważi identika jew l-istess bħal dik misjuba fil-fossilu tas-sinodont mhux mammiferu <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinaksodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinaksodon (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trinaksodon</a></b> (<i>Thrinaxodon</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L-evoluzzjoni tas-saqajn dritti taħt il-ġisem fil-mammiferi m' hijiex kompluta u fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> kemm f' dawk fossili kif ukoll f' dawk ħajjin is-saqajn għadhom miftuħin il' barra. Fil-fatt uħud mix-xjentisti jaħsbu li l-pożizzjoni jew il-qagħda parasaġittali tas-sieq hija <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapomorfija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">sinapomorfija</a> (karatteristika li tingħaraf) tal-mammiferi fil-grupp <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boreosphenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boreosphenida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Boreosphenida</a>, li jagħmlu parti minnhu t-<a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">terjani</a> u b' hekk jinkludi fih l-aħħar antenat komuni tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> moderni, dan kollu jfisser li l-mammiferi kollha ta' qabel dan l-antenat kienu magħmra b' saqajn miftuħin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinodelfis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinodelfis (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sinodelfis</a></b> (<i>Sinodelphys</i>) li huwa l-eqdem <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">metaterjan</a> jew marsupjial magħruf u <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eomaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eomaja (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Eomaja</a></b> (<i>Eomaia</i>) li huwa l-eqdem <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">ewterjan</a> jew plaċentat magħruf kienu jgħixu madwar 125 miljun sena ilu, b' hekk huwa magħruf li s-saqajn dritti taħt il-ġisem fil-mammiferi żgur ġew evoluti minn qabel. </p><p>Bħalissa għadu diffiċli ħafna biex wieħed ikun konfidenti biżżejjed u jgħid meta l-endotermija dheret eżatt għal-ewwel darba fl-evoluzzjoni tal-mammiferi. Il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">monotremati</a> moderni għandhom have a lower body it-temperatura tal-ġisem aktar baxxa u r-rata tal-metaboliżmu aktar varjabli minn dik tal-marsupjali u tal-plaċentati.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. B' hekk il-mistoqsija il-kbira hija meta kien evolut metaboliżmu bħal dak tal-monotremati fil-mammiferi. L-evidenza li nstabet sal-llum il-ġurnata tissuġġerixxi li s-sinodonti tat-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trijassiku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trijassiku (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trijassiku</a> segħta kellhom ir-rati tal-metaboliżmu ogħljin, imma din m' hijiex konklusiva, dan għaliex huwa ferm diffiċli biex jintwera kif annimali żagħar migħajr pil jistgħu jżommu t-temperatura tal-ġisem ogħlja u stabli u m'hemmx evidenza ċerta ta' pil qabel <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastorokawda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastorokawda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kastorokawda</a></b> (<i>Castorocauda</i>), u dan kien madwar 164 miljun sena ilu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassifikazzjoni">Klassifikazzjoni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Klassifikazzjoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Klassifikazzjoni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Stampa:Mammal_species_pie_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mammal_species_pie_chart.png/300px-Mammal_species_pie_chart.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mammal_species_pie_chart.png/450px-Mammal_species_pie_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mammal_species_pie_chart.png/600px-Mammal_species_pie_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Aktar minn 70% tal-ispeċi mammiferi jagħmlu parti mill-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordnijiet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodentia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Rodentia</a> (blu), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chiroptera</a> (aħmar) u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soricomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Soricomorpha</a> (isfar)</figcaption></figure> <p>Il-"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH <i>Bulletin</i> v. 85, 1945) ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gaylord_Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Gaylord Simpson (il-paġna ma teżistix)">George Gaylord Simpson</a> kien is-sorsi oriġinali tat-tassonomija lis-segwi hawn taħt. </p><p>Simpson firex is-sistematika tal-oriġini tal-mammiferi u rrelazzjonijiet li kienu universalment mgħalma sa l-aħħar tas-seklu 20. Mil-klassifikazzjoni ta' Simpson, ir-rekord paleontoloġiku ġie rikalibrat u fis-snien ta' wara kien hemm ħafna dibattitu u progress fejn issaħħaħ l-argument li kien jikkonċerna it-teorija tas-sistematazzjoni infisha mil-qiegħ, parzjalment bid-dħul tal-kunċett il-ġdid tal-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kladistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kladistika (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kladistika</a>. </p><p>Għalkemm ir-riċerka gradwalment għamlet il-klassifikazzjoni ta' Simpson antikwata, din baqat 'l eqreb xogħol ta' klassifikazzjoni uffiċjali tal-<b>mammiferi</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassifikazzjoni_fit-Testi_tal-Kotba_Standardizzati">Klassifikazzjoni fit-Testi tal-Kotba Standardizzati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Klassifikazzjoni fit-Testi tal-Kotba Standardizzati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Klassifikazzjoni fit-Testi tal-Kotba Standardizzati"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Din hija s-sistema ta' klassifikazzjoni standardizzata li ġiet adottata fit-testi tal-kotba tal-mammoloġija fl-iskejjel. It-tassonomija t' hawn taħt tal-mammiferi estanti u ta' dawk estinti reċentement hija ta' <a href="#References">Vaughan et al. (2000)</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">Klassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sottoklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoklassi">Sottoklassi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Prototheria</a>: mammiferi li jbidu il-monotremati (eż., l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekidna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekidna (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ekidna</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">platipu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sottoklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoklassi">Sottoklassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a>: mammiferi li jwelldu l-wild tagħhom ħaj. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">Infraklassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a>: il-marsupjali (eż., l-<a href="/wiki/Opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Opossum">opossum</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangar%C3%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangarù (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kangarù</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">Infraklassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a>: il-plaċentati (eż., l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urdien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurdien (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ġurdien</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem">bniedem</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassifikazzjoni_ta'_McKenna/Bell"><span id="Klassifikazzjoni_ta.27_McKenna.2FBell"></span>Klassifikazzjoni ta' McKenna/Bell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Klassifikazzjoni ta' McKenna/Bell" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Klassifikazzjoni ta' McKenna/Bell"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fl-1997, il-mammiferi ġew riveduti komprensivament minn Malcolm C. McKenna u Susan K. Bell. Dan ix-xogħol irrisulta fil-Klassifikazzjoni McKenna/Bell <b>"McKenna/Bell classification"</b>. </p><p>Il-<a href="#References">McKenna and Bell, <i>Classification of Mammals: Above the species level</i>, (1997)</a> hija 'l aktar biċċa xogħol komprensiva sa llum il-ġurnata fuq is-sistematika, r-relazzjonijiet u l-okkorrenza tat-<a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">taksa</a> tal-mammiferi kollha estinti u estanti, 'l isfel sar-rank jew livell ta' <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0eneru" class="mw-redirect" title="Ġeneru">ġeneru</a>. Il-klassifikazzjoni l-ġdida ta' McKenna/Bell ġiet aċċettata malajr mil-paleontoloġisti. L-awturi jaħdmu flimkien bħala paleontoloġisti fl-<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Museum_of_Natural_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Museum of Natural History (il-paġna ma teżistix)">American Museum of Natural History</a> f' New York. McKenna wiret il-proġett minn Simpson u flimkien ma Bell, bena sistema ġerarkika kompletament aġġarnata li tkopri kemm <a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">taksa</a> estanti (ħajjin) kif ukoll estinti li tirrifletti il-ġenealoġija storika tal-klassi <b>Mammalia</b>. </p><p>Il-ġerarkija McKenna/Bell telenka it-termini kollha użati għal gruppi tal-mammiferi fuq il-livell ta' <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bi" title="Speċi">speċi</a> u tinkludi mammiferi estinti kif ukoll gruppi moderni u tintroduċi distinzjonijiet bħal <a href="/wiki/Le%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Leġjun">leġjuni</a> u <a href="/wiki/Sottole%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoleġjun">sottoleġjuni</a> (rankijiet li jaqgħu bejn il-<a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">klassijiet</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">ordnijiet</a>]]) li ħafna drabi jitħallew barra minn dawk mhux profesjonisti. </p><p>Ir-riklassifikazzjoni tifforma kemm rekord komprensiv kif ukoll awtoritativ tal-ismijiet u l-klassifikazzjonijiet approvati u lista tal-ismijiet invalidi. </p><p>Il-Gruppi estinti huma rrappreżentati bis-sinjal (†). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">Klassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sottoklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoklassi">Sottoklassi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Prototheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platypoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platypoda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Platypoda</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">platipi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachyglossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachyglossa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tachyglossa</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekidna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekidna (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ekidni</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sottoklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoklassi">Sottoklassi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theriiformes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theriiformes (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Theriiformes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">Infraklassi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Allotheria</a>† <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multituberculata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multituberculata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Multituberculata</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">Infraklassi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triconodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triconodonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Triconodonta</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">Infraklassi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Holotheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superle%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Superleġjun">Superleġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuehneotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuehneotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kuehneotheria</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superle%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Superleġjun">Superleġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trechnotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trechnotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Trechnotheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Leġjun">Leġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmetrodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symmetrodonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Symmetrodonta</a>† <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphidontoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphidontoidea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Amphidontoidea</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalacotherioidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spalacotherioidea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Spalacotherioidea</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Leġjun">Leġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cladotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cladotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cladotheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sottole%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoleġjun">Sottoleġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dryolestoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dryolestoidea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Dryolestoidea</a>† <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dryolestida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dryolestida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Dryolestida</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphitheriida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphitheriida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Amphitheriida</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sottole%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoleġjun">Sottoleġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zatheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zatheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Zatheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrale%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraleġjun">Infraleġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peramura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peramura (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Peramura</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrale%C4%A1jun" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraleġjun">Infraleġjun</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribosphenida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribosphenida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Tribosphenida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superko%C4%A7ort" class="mw-redirect" title="Superkoħort">Superkoħort</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegialodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aegialodonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Aegialodonta</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superko%C4%A7ort" class="mw-redirect" title="Superkoħort">Superkoħort</a> <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltatheroida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltatheroida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Deltatheroida</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiadelphia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiadelphia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Asiadelphia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%A7ort" class="mw-redirect" title="Koħort">Koħort</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupialia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupialia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Marsupialia</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali</a> moderni kollha) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnordni">Magnordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ameridelphia" title="Ameridelphia">Ameridelphia</a>: (il-marsupjali amerikani) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a>: (l-<a href="/wiki/Opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Opossum">opossumi</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Japok" title="Japok">japok</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata</a>: (l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opossum_%C4%A1urdiem_ta%27_geddumu_twil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opossum ġurdiem ta' geddumu twil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">opossumi ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparassodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparassodonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Sparassodonta</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnordni">Magnordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a>: (il-marsupjali awstraljani u l-<a href="/wiki/Kolokolo" title="Kolokolo">kolokolo</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Kolokolo" title="Kolokolo">kolokolo</a> jew <a href="/wiki/Monito_del_monte" class="mw-redirect" title="Monito del monte">monito del monte</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eometatheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eometatheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Eometatheria</a>: (il-marsupjali awstraljani) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yalkaparidontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yalkaparidontia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Yalkaparidontia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Notoryctemorphia" title="Notoryctemorphia">Notoryctemorphia</a>: (it-<a href="/wiki/Talpa_marsupjal" title="Talpa marsupjal">talpi marsupjali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandordni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandordni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Grandordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a>: (id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasjru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasjru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dasjuri</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal_karnivoru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal karnivoru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali karnivori</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandordni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandordni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Grandordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syndactyli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syndactyli (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Syndactyli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peramelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peramelia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Peramelia</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandikut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandikut (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bandikuti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diprotodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diprotodontia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Diprotodontia</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kola (il-paġna ma teżistix)">koli</a>, l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wombat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wombat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">wombati</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangar%C3%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangarù (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kangarùjiet</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%A7ort" class="mw-redirect" title="Koħort">Koħort</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placentalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placentalia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Placentalia</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> kollha) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibymalagasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibymalagasia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Bibymalagasia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnordni">Magnordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cingulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cingulata</a>: (l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Armadill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armadill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">armadilli</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilosa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pilosa</a>: (l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7a%C5%BC%C5%BCien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għażżien (il-paġna ma teżistix)">għażżenin</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bradipi</a>, l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunemmiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunemmiel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bunemmiela</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikkiel_in-nemel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikkiel in-nemel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">wikkiela n-nemel</a> u t-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamanduwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamanduwa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tamanduwi</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnordni">Magnordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Epitheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptictida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptictida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Leptictida</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preptotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preptotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Preptotheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandordni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandordni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Grandordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anagalida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anagalida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Anagalida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirordni">Mirordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a>: (is-<a href="/wiki/Sen%C4%A1i" title="Senġi">senġijiet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirordni">Mirordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duplicidentata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duplicidentata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Duplicidentata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimotonida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimotonida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mimotonida</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Fenek" title="Fenek">fniek</a>, il-<a href="/wiki/Liebru" title="Liebru">liebri</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Pika" title="Pika">piki</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirordni">Mirordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simplicidentata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simplicidentata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Simplicidentata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixodontia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mixodontia</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodentia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Rodentia</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerriem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerriem (il-paġna ma teżistix)">gerriema</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandordni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandordni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Grandordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ferae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimolesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimolesta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cimolesta</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a>): (il-<a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolini</a> u l-qraba tagħhom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Creodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creodonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Creodonta</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnivora (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Carnivora</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Kelb" title="Kelb">klieb</a>, il-<a href="/wiki/Qattus" title="Qattus">qtates</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumerin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumerin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bumerini</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iljun_tal-ba%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iljun tal-baħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">iljuni tal-baħar</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandordni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandordni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Grandordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipotyphla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipotyphla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Lipotyphla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysochloridea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysochloridea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chrysochloridea</a>: (it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talpa_dehbija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talpa dehbija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">talpi dehbin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinaceomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinaceomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Erinaceomorpha</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qanfud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qanfud (il-paġna ma teżistix)">qniefed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soricomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Soricomorpha</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urdiem_ta%27_geddumu_twil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurdiem ta' geddumu twil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil</a>, it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talpa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">talpi</a> t-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenrek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenrek (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tenreki</a> u s-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solenodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solenodont (il-paġna ma teżistix)">solenodonti</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandordni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandordni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Grandordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Archonta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chiroptera</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Farfett_il-lejl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farfett il-lejl (il-paġna ma teżistix)">friefett il-lejl</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volpi_li_jtir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volpi li jtir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">volpijiet li jtiru</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primates (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Primates</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a>): (il-<a href="/wiki/Kolugo" title="Kolugo">kolugi</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemur (il-paġna ma teżistix)">lemuri</a>, ix-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xadina (il-paġna ma teżistix)">xadini</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem">bnedmin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandentia" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a>: (it-<a href="/wiki/Tupaja" title="Tupaja">tupaji</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandordni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandordni (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Grandordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ungulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ungulata</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Tubulidentata" title="Tubulidentata">Tubulidentata</a>: (l-<a href="/wiki/Oritteropu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oritteropu">oritteropu</a> jew <a href="/wiki/Orikteropu" title="Orikteropu">orikteropu</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunemmiel_afrikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunemmiel afrikan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bunemmiel afrikan</a> jew <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6an%C5%BCir_tal-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħanżir tal-art">ħanżir tal-art</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinocerata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinocerata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Dinocerata</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirordni">Mirordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eparctocyona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eparctocyona (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Eparctocyona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procreodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procreodi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Procreodi</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condylarthra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condylarthra (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Condylarthra</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctostylopida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arctostylopida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Arctostylopida</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cete (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cete</a> (inkl. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetacea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cetacea</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acreodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acreodi (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Acreodi</a>): (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baliena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baliena (il-paġna ma teżistix)">balieni</a> id-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Denfil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denfil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dniefel</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fo%C4%8Bena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foċena (il-paġna ma teżistix)">foċeni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artiodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Artiodactyla</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/%C4%A6an%C5%BCir" title="Ħanżir">ħnieżer</a>, l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0emel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġemel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">iġmla</a>, ċ-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aerv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċerv (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ċriev</a>, il-<a href="/wiki/Baqra" title="Baqra">baqar</a> u n-<a href="/wiki/Nag%C4%A7a%C4%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagħaġ">nagħaġ</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirordni">Mirordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridiungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridiungulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Meridiungulata</a>† <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litopterna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litopterna (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Litopterna</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoungulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Notoungulata</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrapotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrapotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Astrapotheria</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenungulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Xenungulata</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pyrotheria</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirordni">Mirordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altungulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Altungulata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perissodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perissodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Perissodactyla</a>: (iż-<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBiemel" title="Żiemel">żwiemel</a>, it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tapiri</a> u r-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rino%C4%8Beront&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinoċeront (il-paġna ma teżistix)">rinoċeronti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranotheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranotheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Uranotheria</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embrithopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embrithopoda (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Embrithopoda</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmostylia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmostylia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Desmostylia</a>): (l-<a href="/wiki/Ira%C4%8B" title="Iraċ">iraċi</a>, l-<a href="/wiki/Baqra_tal-ba%C4%A7ar" title="Baqra tal-baħar">baqar tal-baħar</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Iljunfant" title="Iljunfant">iljunfanti</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassifikazzjoni_Molekulari_tal-Mammiferi_Plaċentati"><span id="Klassifikazzjoni_Molekulari_tal-Mammiferi_Pla.C4.8Bentati"></span>Klassifikazzjoni Molekulari tal-Mammiferi Plaċentati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Klassifikazzjoni Molekulari tal-Mammiferi Plaċentati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Klassifikazzjoni Molekulari tal-Mammiferi Plaċentati"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dawn l-aħħar snin, studji molekulari bbażati fuq analiżi tad-<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA (il-paġna ma teżistix)">DNA</a> issuġġerew relazzjonijiet ġodda bejn il-<a href="/wiki/Familja" class="mw-redirect" title="Familja">familji</a> fil-<a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">klassi</a> tal-<b>mammiferi</b>. Il-biċċa l-kbira ta' dawn tas-sejbiet ġew imsaħħa mid-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Markatur_tar-retrotranspo%C5%BCju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markatur tar-retrotranspożju (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dejta presenti/assenti</a> tar-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrotranspo%C5%BCju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrotranspożju (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Retrotranspożju</a>. L-aktar sistemi ta' klassifikazzjoni reċenti bbażati fuq studji molekulari pproponew 4 gruppi jew insla ta' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu_pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammiferu plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">mammiferi plaċentati</a>. L-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlo%C4%A1%C4%A1_molekulari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arloġġ molekulari (il-paġna ma teżistix)">arloġġi molekulari</a> issuġġerew li dawn il-<a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">kladi</a> nfirdu minn antenati komuni kmieni fil-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreta%C4%8Bju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kretaċju (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Kretaċju</a>, iżda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossilu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fossilu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">fossili</a> biex isaħħu din l-ipotesi ma' nstabux, biss ta' minn jgħid ukoll li dawn is-sejbiet molekulari huma konsistenti maż-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBu%C4%A1eografija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żuġeografija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">żuġeografija</a>: </p><p>Following molecular DNA sequence analyses, the first divergence was that of the <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a> 110–100 million years ago. The Afrotheria proceeded to evolve and diversify in the isolation of the African-Arabian continent. The <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a>, isolated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South America (il-paġna ma teżistix)">South America</a>, diverged from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boreoeutheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boreoeutheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Boreoeutheria</a> approximately 100–95 million years ago. According to an alternative view, the Xenarthra has the Afrotheria as closest allies, forming the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantogenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantogenata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Atlantogenata</a> as sistergroup to Boreoeutheria. The Boreoeutheria split into the <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> between 95 and 85 mya; both of these groups evolved on the northern continent of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurasia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Laurasia</a>. After tens of millions of years of relative isolation, Africa-Arabia collided with Eurasia, exchanging Afrotheria and Boreoeutheria. The formation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isthmus_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isthmus of Panama (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Isthmus of Panama</a> linked <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South America (il-paġna ma teżistix)">South America</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North America (il-paġna ma teżistix)">North America</a>, which facilitated the exchange of mammal species in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Interchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great American Interchange (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Great American Interchange</a>. The traditional view that no placental mammals reached <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australasia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Australasia</a> until about 5 million years ago when bats and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murinae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">murine</a> rodents arrived has been challenged by recent evidence and may need to be reassessed. These molecular results are still controversial because they are not reflected by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphology_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphology (biology) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">morphological</a> data, and thus not accepted by many systematists. Further there is some indication from Retrotransposon presence/absence data that the traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Epitheria</a> hypothesis, suggesting <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> as the first divergence, might be true. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantogenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantogenata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Atlantogenata</a></b> <ul><li><b>Group I</b>: <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afroinsectiphilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afroinsectiphilia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Afroinsectiphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a>: (is-<a href="/wiki/Sen%C4%A1i" title="Senġi">senġijiet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrosoricida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrosoricida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Afrosoricida</a>: (it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenrek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenrek (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tenreki</a> u t-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talpa_dehbija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talpa dehbija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">talpi dehbin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Tubulidentata" title="Tubulidentata">Tubulidentata</a>: (l-<a href="/wiki/Oritteropu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oritteropu">oritteropu</a> jew <a href="/wiki/Orikteropu" title="Orikteropu">orikteropu</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunemmiel_afrikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunemmiel afrikan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bunemmiel afrikan</a> jew <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6an%C5%BCir_tal-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħanżir tal-art">ħanżir tal-art</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paenungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paenungulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Paenungulata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a>: (l-<a href="/wiki/Ira%C4%8B" title="Iraċ">iraċi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a>: (l-<a href="/wiki/Iljunfant" title="Iljunfant">iljunfanti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Baqra_tal-ba%C4%A7ar" title="Baqra tal-baħar">baqar tal-baħar</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Grupp II</b>: <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilosa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pilosa</a>: (l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7a%C5%BC%C5%BCien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għażżien (il-paġna ma teżistix)">għażżiena</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bradipi</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunemmiel_amerikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunemmiel amerikan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bunemmiela amerikani</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikkiel_in-nemel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikkiel in-nemel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">wikkiela n-nemel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cingulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cingulata</a>: (l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Armadill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armadill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">armadilli</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boreoeutheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boreoeutheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Boreoeutheria</a></b> <ul><li><b>Group III</b>: <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supraprimates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supraprimates (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Supraprimates</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Euarchonta" title="Euarchonta">Euarchonta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandentia" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a>: (it-<a href="/wiki/Tupaja" title="Tupaja">tupaji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primatomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primatomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Primatomorpha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Kolugo" title="Kolugo">kolugi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primates (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Primates</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemur (il-paġna ma teżistix)">lemuri</a>, it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarsier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarsier (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tarsieri</a>, x-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xadina (il-paġna ma teżistix)">xadini</a> u l-<a href="/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem">bniedem</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Glires" title="Glires">Glires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Pika" title="Pika">piki</a>, l-<a href="/wiki/Fenek" title="Fenek">fniek</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Liepru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liepru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">liepri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodentia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Rodentia</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerriem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerriem (il-paġna ma teżistix)">gerriema</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Group IV</b>: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinaceidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinaceidae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Erinaceomorpha</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qanfud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qanfud (il-paġna ma teżistix)">qniefed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soricomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soricomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Soricomorpha</a>: (it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talpa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">talpi</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urdiem_ta%27_geddumu_twil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurdiem ta' geddumu twil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil</a> u s-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solenodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solenodont (il-paġna ma teżistix)">solenodonti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferungulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferungulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ferungulata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetartiodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetartiodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cetartiodactyla</a>: (jinkludi l-ordijiet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetacea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cetacea</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artiodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Artiodactyla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegasoferae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegasoferae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pegasoferae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chiroptera</a>: (il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Farfett_il-lejl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farfett il-lejl (il-paġna ma teżistix)">friefett il-lejl</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volpi_li_jtir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volpi li jtir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">volpi li jtiru</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perissodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perissodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Perissodactyla</a>: (iż-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBwiemel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żwiemel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">żwiemel</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A6mar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ħmar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ħmir</a>, iż-<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBebra" title="Żebra">żebri</a>, it-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tapiri</a> u r-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rino%C4%8Beront&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinoċeront (il-paġna ma teżistix)">rinoċeronti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferae (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Ferae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condylarthra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condylarthra (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Condylarthra</a> (estint)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesonychia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesonychia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Mesonychia</a> (estint)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimolesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimolesta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cimolesta</a> (estint)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Creodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creodonta (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Creodonta</a> (estint)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">Klad</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivoramorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnivoramorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Carnivoramorpha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolini</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunemmiel_tal-iskalji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunemmiel tal-iskalji (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bunemmiela tal-iskalji</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikkiel_in-nemel_tal-iskalji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikkiel in-nemel tal-iskalji (il-paġna ma teżistix)">wikkiela n-nemel tal-iskalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnivora (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Carnivora</a>: (il-<a href="/wiki/Kelb" title="Kelb">klieb</a>, il-<a href="/wiki/Qattus" title="Qattus">qtates</a>, il-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumerin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumerin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bumerini</a> u l-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iljun_tal-ba%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iljun tal-baħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">iljuni tal-baħar</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistema_ta'_klassifikazzjoni_użata_f'artikli_relatati"><span id="Sistema_ta.27_klassifikazzjoni_u.C5.BCata_f.27artikli_relatati"></span>Sistema ta' klassifikazzjoni użata f'artikli relatati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Sistema ta' klassifikazzjoni użata f'artikli relatati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Sistema ta' klassifikazzjoni użata f'artikli relatati"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Din ta' hawn taħt hija is-sistema ta' klassifikazzjoni li ġiet adottata għal użu f'artikli relatati. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Klassi">Klassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sottoklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoklassi">Sottoklassi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototheria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototheria (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Prototheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotremata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotremata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Monotremata</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekidna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekidna (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ekidni</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platipu (il-paġna ma teżistix)">platipi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sottoklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sottoklassi">Sottoklassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">Infraklassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">Metatheria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupialia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupialia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Marsupialia</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ameridelphia" title="Ameridelphia">Ameridelphia</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal_amrikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal amrikan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali Amerikani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Opossum">opossumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opossum_%C4%A1urdiem_ta%27geddumu_twil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opossum ġurdiem ta'geddumu twil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">opossumi ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal_awstraljan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal awstraljan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali Awstraljani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Microbiotheria" title="Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monito_del_monte" class="mw-redirect" title="Monito del monte">Monito del monte</a> jew <a href="/wiki/Kolokolo" title="Kolokolo">Kolokolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsupjal_karnivoru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsupjal karnivoru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">marsupjali karnivori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Notoryctemorphia" title="Notoryctemorphia">Notoryctemorphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Talpa_marsupjal" title="Talpa marsupjal">talpi marsupjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandikut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandikut (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bandikuti</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandikut_fenek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandikut fenek (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bandikuti fniek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diprotodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diprotodontia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Diprotodontia</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kola (il-paġna ma teżistix)">koli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wombat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wombat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">wombati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangar%C3%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangarù (il-paġna ma teżistix)">kangarùjiet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Possum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Possum (il-paġna ma teżistix)">possumi</a>, etċ.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraklassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklassi">Infraklassi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Placentalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placentalia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Placentalia</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pla%C4%8Bentat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaċentat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">plaċentati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilosa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Pilosa</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7a%C5%BC%C5%BCien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għażżien (il-paġna ma teżistix)">għażżenin</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunemmiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunemmiel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bunemmiela</a> jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikkiel_in-nemel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikkiel in-nemel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">wikkiela n-nemel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cingulata (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cingulata</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armadill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armadill (il-paġna ma teżistix)">armadilli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrosorcida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrosorcida (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Afrosorcida</a> : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenrek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenrek (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tenreki</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talpa_dehebija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talpa dehebija (il-paġna ma teżistix)">talpi dehebin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Macroscelidea" title="Macroscelidea">Macroscelidea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sen%C4%A1i" title="Senġi">senġijiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Tubulidentata" title="Tubulidentata">Tubulidentata</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oritteropu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oritteropu">oritteropu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orikteropu" title="Orikteropu">orikteropu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunemmiel_afrikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunemmiel afrikan (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bunemmiel afrikan</a> jew <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6an%C5%BCir_tal-art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħanżir tal-art">ħanżir tal-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyracoidea" title="Hyracoidea">Hyracoidea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ira%C4%8B" title="Iraċ">iraċi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iljunfant" title="Iljunfant">iljunfanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirenia">Sirenia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lamantin" title="Lamantin">lamantini</a> u <a href="/wiki/Dugongu" title="Dugongu">dugongi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodentia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodentia (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Rodentia</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerriem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerriem (il-paġna ma teżistix)">gerriema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fenek" title="Fenek">fniek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liepru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liepru (il-paġna ma teżistix)">liepri</a> u <a href="/wiki/Pika" title="Pika">piki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primates (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Primates</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primat (il-paġna ma teżistix)">primati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandentia" title="Scandentia">Scandentia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tupaja" title="Tupaja">tupaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Dermoptera" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kolugo" title="Kolugo">kolugi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Superordni">Superordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soricomopha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soricomopha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Soricomopha</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0urdiem_ta%27geddumu_twil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġurdiem ta'geddumu twil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ġriedem ta' geddumhom twil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talpa (il-paġna ma teżistix)">talpi</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solenodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solenodont (il-paġna ma teżistix)">solenodonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinaceomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinaceomorpha (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Erinaceomorpha</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qanfud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qanfud (il-paġna ma teżistix)">qniefed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiroptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiroptera (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Chiroptera</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farfett_il-lejl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farfett il-lejl (il-paġna ma teżistix)">friefet il-lejl</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volpi_li_jtir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volpi li jtir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">volpijiet li jtiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perissodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perissodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Perissodactyla</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBiemel" title="Żiemel">żwiemel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapir (il-paġna ma teżistix)">tapiri</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rino%C4%8Beronti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinoċeronti (il-paġna ma teżistix)">rinoċerontijiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artiodactyla (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Artiodactyla</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6an%C5%BCir" title="Ħanżir">ħnieżer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0emel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġemel (il-paġna ma teżistix)">iġmla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Aerv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ċerv (il-paġna ma teżistix)">ċriev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baqra" title="Baqra">baqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nag%C4%A7%C4%A1a" title="Nagħġa">nagħaġ</a>, etċ.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetacea (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Cetacea</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baliena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baliena (il-paġna ma teżistix)">balieni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denfil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denfil (il-paġna ma teżistix)">dniefel</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fo%C4%8Biena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foċiena (il-paġna ma teżistix)">foċieni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnivora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnivora (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Carnivora</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kelb" title="Kelb">klieb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qattus" title="Qattus">qtates</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumerin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumerin (il-paġna ma teżistix)">bumerini</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iljun_tal-ba%C4%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iljun tal-baħar (il-paġna ma teżistix)">iljuni tal-baħar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordni">Ordni</a> <a href="/wiki/Pholidota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pholidota">Pholidota</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenzi">Referenzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Referenzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Referenzi"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r272200">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSW3-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonReeder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_E._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don E. Wilson (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Wilson, Don E.</a>; Reeder, Deeann M., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (bl-Ingliż) (3et ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Speċjali:SorsiKotba/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=3et&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r256707">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian_Animal-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_Animal_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_Animal_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonBurnie" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Don E.; Burnie, David, ed. (2001). <i>Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife</i> (bl-Ingliż) (1el ed.). DK Publishing. pp. 86–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/978-0789477644" title="Speċjali:SorsiKotba/978-0789477644"><bdi>978-0789477644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Wildlife&rft.pages=86-89&rft.edition=1el&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0789477644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, Don E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/mammal">"Mammal"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (bl-Ingliż)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Miġbur <span class="nowrap">2021-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mammal&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fmammal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/amniota/index.html">"Amniota"</a>. <i>Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time</i> (bl-Ingliż).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeos%3A+Life+Through+Deep+Time&rft.atitle=Amniota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeos.com%2Fvertebrates%2Famniota%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/synapsida/synapsida.html">"Synapsida: Overview"</a>. <i>Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time</i> (bl-Ingliż).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeos%3A+Life+Through+Deep+Time&rft.atitle=Synapsida%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeos.com%2Fvertebrates%2Fsynapsida%2Fsynapsida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/overview.html">"Therapsida: Overview"</a>. <i>Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time</i> (bl-Ingliż).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeos%3A+Life+Through+Deep+Time&rft.atitle=Therapsida%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeos.com%2Fvertebrates%2Ftherapsida%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKermack" class="citation book cs1">Kermack, D. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app51-393.html">"Limb posture in early mammals: Sprawling or parasagittal"</a>. <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i> (bl-Ingliż). <b>51</b> (3): 393–406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Palaeontologica+Polonica&rft.atitle=Limb+posture+in+early+mammals%3A+Sprawling+or+parasagittal&rft.chron=2006&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-406&rft.aulast=Kielan%E2%88%92Jaworowska&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rft.au=Hurum%2C+J%C3%B8rn+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.pan.pl%2Farticle%2Fitem%2Fapp51-393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Paul S. (1990). <i>Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide</i> (bl-Ingliż). Pocket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/978-0671687335" title="Speċjali:SorsiKotba/978-0671687335"><bdi>978-0671687335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predatory+Dinosaurs+of+the+World%3A+A+Complete+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.isbn=978-0671687335&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblijografija">Biblijografija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Biblijografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Biblijografija"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBergsten" class="citation journal cs1">Bergsten, Johannes (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~clade/bisc%20207/Bergsten%202005.pdf">"A review of long-branch attraction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cladistics</i> (bl-Ingliż). <b>21</b>: 163–193. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305011814/http://www.gwu.edu/~clade/bisc%20207/Bergsten%202005.pdf">Arkivjat</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mill-orġinal fl-2006-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cladistics&rft.atitle=A+review+of+long-branch+attraction&rft.chron=2005&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=163-193&rft.aulast=Bergsten&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~clade%2Fbisc%2520207%2FBergsten%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Parametru mhux magħruf <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> injorat (<a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ajnuna:%C5%BBbalji_CS1#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="Għajnuna:Żbalji CS1">għajnuna</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKhalaf-von_Jaffa" class="citation journal cs1">Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina.htm">"Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine"</a>. <i>Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin</i> (bl-Ingliż) (55): 1–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312200927/http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Mammalia_Palaestina.htm">Arkivjat</a> mill-orġinal fl-2008-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazelle%3A+The+Palestinian+Biological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Mammalia+Palaestina%3A+The+Mammals+of+Palestine&rft.chron=2006&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=1-46&rft.aulast=Khalaf-von+Jaffa&rft.aufirst=Norman+Ali+Bassam+Ali+Taher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fjaffacity%2FMammalia_Palaestina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Parametru mhux magħruf <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> injorat (<a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ajnuna:%C5%BBbalji_CS1#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="Għajnuna:Żbalji CS1">għajnuna</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMcKennaBell" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). <i>Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level</i> (bl-Ingliż). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/0-231-11013-8" title="Speċjali:SorsiKotba/0-231-11013-8"><bdi>0-231-11013-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Mammals+Above+the+Species+Level&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-231-11013-8&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+C.&rft.au=Bell%2C+Susan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFNowak" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i> (bl-Ingliż) (6tt ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/0-8018-5789-9" title="Speċjali:SorsiKotba/0-8018-5789-9"><bdi>0-8018-5789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.edition=6tt&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-8018-5789-9&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSimpson" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". <i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i> (bl-Ingliż). <b>85</b>: 1–350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=The+principles+of+classification+and+a+classification+of+mammals&rft.chron=1945&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=1-350&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=George+Gaylord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMurphyEizirikO'BrienMadsen" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Madsen, Ole; Scally, Mark; Douady, Christophe J.; Teeling, Emma; Ryder, Oliver A.; Stanhope, Michael J.; de Jong, Wilfried W.; Springer, Mark S. (2001-12-14). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics". <i>Science</i> (bl-Ingliż). <b>294</b> (5550): 2348–2351. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067179">10.1126/science.1067179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Resolution+of+the+Early+Placental+Mammal+Radiation+Using+Bayesian+Phylogenetics&rft.chron=2001-12-14&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=5550&rft.pages=2348-2351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1067179&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Eizirik%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Ole&rft.au=Scally%2C+Mark&rft.au=Douady%2C+Christophe+J.&rft.au=Teeling%2C+Emma&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Oliver+A.&rft.au=Stanhope%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+Wilfried+W.&rft.au=Springer%2C+Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSpringerStanhopeMadsende_Jong" class="citation journal cs1">Springer, Mark S.; Stanhope, Michael J.; Madsen, Ole; de Jong, Wilfried W. (2004). "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree". <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i> (bl-Ingliż). <b>19</b>: 430–438. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2004.05.006">10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Molecules+consolidate+the+placental+mammal+tree&rft.chron=2004&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=430-438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2004.05.006&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft.au=Stanhope%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Ole&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+Wilfried+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFVaughanRyanCapzaplewski" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Terry A.; Ryan, James M.; Capzaplewski, Nicholas J. (1999). <i>Mammalogy</i> (bl-Ingliż) (4ba ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/978-0030250347" title="Speċjali:SorsiKotba/978-0030250347"><bdi>978-0030250347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammalogy&rft.edition=4ba&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.isbn=978-0030250347&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Terry+A.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Capzaplewski%2C+Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKriegsChurakovKiefmannJordan" class="citation journal cs1">Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006). "Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals". <i>PLoS Biol</i> (bl-Ingliż). <b>4</b> (4). e91. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040091">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&rft.atitle=Retroposed+Elements+as+Archives+for+the+Evolutionary+History+of+Placental+Mammals&rft.chron=2006&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e91&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040091&rft.aulast=Kriegs&rft.aufirst=Jan+Ole&rft.au=Churakov%2C+Gennady&rft.au=Kiefmann%2C+Martin&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Brosius%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWilsonReeder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_E._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don E. Wilson (il-paġna ma teżistix)">Wilson, Don E.</a>; Reeder, Deeann M., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (bl-Ingliż) (3et ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:SorsiKotba/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Speċjali:SorsiKotba/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (il-paġna ma teżistix)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=3et&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmt.wikipedia.org%3AMammiferu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r256707"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ħoloq_esterni"><span id=".C4.A6oloq_esterni"></span>Ħoloq esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Editja s-sezzjoni: Ħoloq esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>immodifika</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Ħoloq esterni"><span>immodifika s-sors</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222135209/https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html">North American Fossil Mammal Systematics Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleocene-mammals.de/">Paleocene Mammals</a>, a site covering the rise of the mammals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/Evolution.shtml">Evolution of Mammals</a>, a brief introduction to early mammals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618001545/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/mesomamm.htm">The Evolution of Mesozoic Mammals, a Rough Sketch</a>, an informal introduction</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815052218/http://www.carnegiemnh.org/research/news.html">Carnegie Museum of Natural History</a>, some discoveries of early mammal fossils</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050419005201/http://www.geocities.com/mammal_taxonomy/index.html">Mammal Taxonomy</a>, database of mammals of the world, updated each month</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=datasets-species">High-Resolution Images of various Mammalian Brains</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824030042/http://www.learnanimals.com/mammals.php">Mammal Species</a>, collection of information sheets about various mammal species</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040111">Summary of molecular support for Epitheria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/marine_mammals.php">Marine Mammals of the World</a>—An overview of all marine mammals, including descriptions, multimedia and a key</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124063323/http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Basal_Mammalia/Mammaliaformes_2.htm#Australophenida">Mikko's Phylogeny Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.european-mammals.org/php/mapmaker.php">European Mammal Atlas EMMA</a> from Societas Europaea Mammalogica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301013904/http://www.mammalogy.org/">MAMMALOGY .org</a> The American Society of Mammalogists was established in 1919 for the purpose of promoting the study of mammals, and this website includes a <b>mammal image library</b></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Miksub minn "<a dir="ltr" href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&oldid=302598">https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammiferu&oldid=302598</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spe%C4%8Bjali:Kategoriji" title="Speċjali:Kategoriji">Kategoriji</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Mammiferi" title="Kategorija:Mammiferi">Mammiferi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Klassi_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Kategorija:Klassi (bijoloġija)">Klassi (bijoloġija)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategoriji moħbija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Sorsi_CS1_bl-Ingli%C5%BC_(en)" title="Kategorija:Sorsi CS1 bl-Ingliż (en)">Sorsi CS1 bl-Ingliż (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C5%BBbalji_CS1:_parametri_mhux_mag%C4%A7rufa_u_vojta" title="Kategorija:Żbalji CS1: parametri mhux magħrufa u vojta">Żbalji CS1: parametri mhux magħrufa u vojta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pa%C4%A1ni_b%27%C4%8Bitazzjonijiet_li_ju%C5%BCaw_parametri_mhux_mag%C4%A7rufa" title="Kategorija:Paġni b'ċitazzjonijiet li jużaw parametri mhux magħrufa">Paġni b'ċitazzjonijiet li jużaw parametri mhux magħrufa</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> L-aħħar bidla fuq il-paġna: 02:58, 30 Jannar 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">It-test huwa disponibbli taħt il-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Liċenzja Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; 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