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id="toc-Scoring_a_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>American football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Canadian football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resuming_play_after_a_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resuming_play_after_a_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Resuming play after 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(scoring)" title="Safety (scoring) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Safety (scoring)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(Punktgewinn)" title="Safety (Punktgewinn) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Safety (Punktgewinn)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety" title="Safety – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Safety" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(points)" title="Safety (points) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Safety (points)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety" title="Safety – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Safety" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(football_americano)" title="Safety (football americano) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Safety (football americano)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(American_football_score)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety (American football score)">Safety (American football score)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scoring play in gridiron football</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the defensive position, see <a href="/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)" title="Safety (gridiron football position)">Safety (gridiron football position)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg/220px-J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg/330px-J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg/440px-J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a> quarterback <a href="/wiki/J._P._Losman" title="J. P. Losman">J. P. Losman</a> is tackled by <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> defensive lineman <a href="/wiki/Ty_Warren" title="Ty Warren">Ty Warren</a>. Because Losman was tackled behind his own goal line, this play resulted in a safety for New England.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>, the <b>safety</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>) or <b>safety touch</b> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a>) is a scoring play that results in two points being awarded to the scoring team. Safeties can be scored in a number of ways, such as when a ball carrier is <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)" title="Tackle (football move)">tackled</a> in his own <a href="/wiki/End_zone" title="End zone">end zone</a> or when a <a href="/wiki/Foul_(sports)" title="Foul (sports)">foul</a> is committed by the offense in its own end zone. After a safety is scored in American football, the ball is kicked off to the team that scored the safety from the 20-yard line; in Canadian football, the scoring team also has the options of taking control of the ball at its own 35-yard line or kicking off the ball, also at its own 35-yard line. The ability of the scoring team to receive the ball through a <a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">kickoff</a> differs from the <a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">touchdown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_goal_(American_and_Canadian_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field goal (American and Canadian football)">field goal</a>, which require the scoring team to kick the ball off to the scored-upon team.<sup id="cite_ref-What's_a_Safety_Really_Worth?_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What's_a_Safety_Really_Worth?-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being of relatively low point value, safeties can have a significant impact on the result of games,<sup id="cite_ref-All_That_Work_for_2_Points_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_That_Work_for_2_Points-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Brian Burke of <a href="/wiki/Advanced_NFL_Stats" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced NFL Stats">Advanced NFL Stats</a> estimated that safeties have a greater abstract value than field goals, despite being worth a point less, due to the field position and reclaimed possession gained off the safety kick.<sup id="cite_ref-What's_a_Safety_Really_Worth?_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What's_a_Safety_Really_Worth?-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Safeties are the least common method of scoring in American football<sup id="cite_ref-Do_Firms_Maximize_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Do_Firms_Maximize-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are not rare occurrences<sup id="cite_ref-All_That_Work_for_2_Points_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_That_Work_for_2_Points-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a safety has occurred around once every 14 games in the history of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL), or about once a week under current scheduling rules.<sup id="cite_ref-All_That_Work_for_2_Points_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_That_Work_for_2_Points-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A much rarer occurrence is the one-point (or conversion) safety, which can be scored by the offense on an <a href="/wiki/Extra_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra point">extra point</a> or <a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">two-point conversion</a> attempt: these have occurred at least twice in <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I (NCAA)">Division I</a> football since 1996, most recently at the <a href="/wiki/2013_Fiesta_Bowl" title="2013 Fiesta Bowl">2013 Fiesta Bowl</a>, though no conversion safeties have occurred since 1940 in the NFL. A conversion safety by the defense is also possible, though highly unlikely. Although this has never occurred, it is the only possible way a team could finish with a single point in an American football game.<sup id="cite_ref-a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scoring_a_safety">Scoring a safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scoring a safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_football">American football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In American football, a safety is scored when any of the following conditions occur:<sup id="cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._44_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._44-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._80–81_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._80–81-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._66–67_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._66–67-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The ball carrier is tackled or forced out of bounds in his own end zone.</li> <li>The ball becomes <a href="/wiki/Dead_ball#Gridiron_football" title="Dead ball">dead</a> in the end zone, with the exception of an incomplete forward pass, and the defending team is responsible for it being there.</li> <li>The offense commits a <a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">foul</a> in its own end zone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_football">Canadian football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canadian football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canadian football, a safety touch is scored when any of the following conditions occur:<sup id="cite_ref-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._27_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._27-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The ball becomes dead in the goal area of the team in possession of the ball</li> <li>The ball touches or crosses the dead line or a sideline in goal after having been directed from the field of play into the Goal Area by the team scored against or as the direct result of a blocked scrimmage kick.</li> <li>The ball carrier is penalized for intentional grounding or an offside pass in his own goal area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resuming_play_after_a_safety">Resuming play after a safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resuming play after a safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_football_2">American football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a safety is scored, the ball is put into play by a <a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">free kick</a>. The team that was scored upon must kick the ball from its own 20-yard line and can <a href="/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)" title="Punt (gridiron football)">punt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drop_kick" title="Drop kick">drop kick</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Place_kick" title="Place kick">place kick</a> the ball. Prior to <a href="/wiki/2024_NFL_season" title="2024 NFL season">2024</a>, a tee could not be used in the NFL; a tee has always been legal in <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school</a> or <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a>. Once the ball has been kicked, it can be caught and advanced by any member of the receiving team, and it can be recovered by the kicking team if the ball travels at least 10 yards or a player of the receiving team touches the ball.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_pp._23–25_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2018,_pp._23–25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_52–53_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_52–53-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_football_2">Canadian football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canadian football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After scoring a safety touch, the scoring team has the option of taking control of the ball and beginning play from its own 35-yard line, kicking the ball off from its 35-yard line, or accepting a kickoff from the team that conceded the score.<sup id="cite_ref-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._29_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._29-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the scored-against team kicks off, it comes from the 35-yard line under amateur rules and from the 25-yard line under CFL rules. If a kickoff is chosen it must be a place kick, and the ball can be held, placed on the ground, or placed on a tee prior to the kick. As in American football, the ball must go at least ten yards before it can be recovered by the kicking team.<sup id="cite_ref-CFL_Rules_2011,_pp._36–39_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFL_Rules_2011,_pp._36–39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elective_safeties">Elective safeties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elective safeties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In American football, intentionally conceded safeties are an uncommon strategy. Teams have utilized elective safeties to gain field position for a punt when pinned deep in their own territory<sup id="cite_ref-Belichick's_gamble_pays_off_for_Patriots_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belichick's_gamble_pays_off_for_Patriots-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-No._25_Iowa_6,_Penn_State_4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No._25_Iowa_6,_Penn_State_4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, when ahead near the end of a game, to run down the clock so as to deny the other team a chance to force a <a href="/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">turnover</a> or return a punt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Moral_of_Super_Bowl_XLVII:_Pay_Attention_to_Special_Teams_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Moral_of_Super_Bowl_XLVII:_Pay_Attention_to_Special_Teams-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teams have also taken intentional safeties by kicking a loose ball out the back of their end zone (which is an illegal kick), with the intent of preventing the defense from scoring a touchdown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mark_Sanchez_Intentionally_Kicks_The_Ball_Out_Of_The_Back_Of_The_Endzone_In_The_Saddest_Play_Of_The_Weekend_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Sanchez_Intentionally_Kicks_The_Ball_Out_Of_The_Back_Of_The_Endzone_In_The_Saddest_Play_Of_The_Weekend-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the NFL, starting with the 2023 season, a defense can decline a safety in favor of accepting a penalty committed in the end zone by the offense.<sup id="cite_ref-zebra_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zebra-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example where a defense may choose to do this could be an illegal kick committed in the end zone by the offense (such as may occur following a bad snap on an attempted punt) on fourth down; rather than allowing the play to result in a safety, the defense could accept the penalty, which for an illegal kick is 10 yards (or no more than half the distance to the goal line) from the prior spot of the ball and a loss of down.<sup id="cite_ref-zebra_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zebra-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the infraction committed on fourth down, this would result in a change of possession, with the team that was on defense now having possession of the ball close to their opponent's goal line.<sup id="cite_ref-zebra_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zebra-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elective safeties are more common in Canadian football, where they can result in better field position than a punt. The <a href="/wiki/2010_Edmonton_Eskimos_season" title="2010 Edmonton Eskimos season">2010 Edmonton Eskimos</a> surrendered a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> (CFL)-record 14 safeties, a factor that led CFL reporter <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mullin" title="Jim Mullin">Jim Mullin</a> to suggest increasing the value of the safety touch from two to three points as a deterrent.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullin:_Changing_the_Game_-_3_point_safety_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullin:_Changing_the_Game_-_3_point_safety-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_safeties_(one-point_safeties)"><span id="Conversion_safeties_.28one-point_safeties.29"></span>Conversion safeties (one-point safeties)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conversion safeties (one-point safeties)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scored_by_the_offense">Scored by the offense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scored by the offense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In American football, if a team attempting an <a href="/wiki/Extra_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra point">extra point</a> or <a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">two-point conversion</a> (officially known in the rulebooks as a try) scores what would normally be a safety, that attempting team is awarded one point.<sup id="cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._42_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._77–79_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._77–79-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._65–66_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._65–66-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is commonly known as a <b>conversion safety</b> or <b>one-point safety</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._65–66_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._65–66-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TMQ_Nation_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMQ_Nation-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known occurrence of the conversion safety was in an <a href="/wiki/NCAA_University_Division" title="NCAA University Division">NCAA University Division</a> (now <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">NCAA FBS</a>) game on October 2, 1971, scored by <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_football" title="Syracuse Orange football">Syracuse</a> in a game at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_football" title="Indiana Hoosiers football">Indiana</a>. On a failed point-after-touchdown kick, an Indiana player illegally batted the ball in the end zone (a spot foul defensive penalty).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two other known occurrences of the conversion safety in <a href="/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I (NCAA)">Division I</a> college football – a November 26, 2004, game in which <a href="/wiki/2004_Texas_Longhorns_football_team" title="2004 Texas Longhorns football team">Texas</a> scored against <a href="/wiki/2004_Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football_team" title="2004 Texas A&M Aggies football team">Texas A&M</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2013_Fiesta_Bowl" title="2013 Fiesta Bowl">2013 Fiesta Bowl</a> in which <a href="/wiki/2012_Oregon_Ducks_football_team" title="2012 Oregon Ducks football team">Oregon</a> scored against <a href="/wiki/2012_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team" title="2012 Kansas State Wildcats football team">Kansas State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-One-point_safety_adds_spice_to_dull_Fiesta_Bowl_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-point_safety_adds_spice_to_dull_Fiesta_Bowl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both games, the point-after-touchdown kick was blocked and recovered by the defense, which then fumbled or threw the ball back into its own end zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Oregon_1-Point_Safety:_Kansas_State_Blocks_Ducks'_Extra_Point_Attempt_But_Gives_Up_Unlikely_Point_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon_1-Point_Safety:_Kansas_State_Blocks_Ducks'_Extra_Point_Attempt_But_Gives_Up_Unlikely_Point-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conversion safety has occurred once in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I-AA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I-AA">Division I-AA</a> (now <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">NCAA FCS</a>) where <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Wolf_Pack_football" title="Nevada Wolf Pack football">Nevada</a> scored a conversion safety against <a href="/wiki/North_Texas_Mean_Green_football" title="North Texas Mean Green football">North Texas</a> on September 21, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and twice in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II" title="NCAA Division II">Division II</a>: once by <a href="/wiki/Morningside_University" title="Morningside University">Morningside College</a> on November 9, 1996, against <a href="/wiki/Northern_Colorado_Bears_football" title="Northern Colorado Bears football">Northern Colorado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once by <a href="/wiki/Emory_and_Henry_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Emory and Henry College">Emory and Henry College</a> on October 8, 2022, against <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia%27s_College_at_Wise" title="University of Virginia's College at Wise">University of Virginia's College at Wise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also at least four known NCAA <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_III" title="NCAA Division III">Division III</a> occurrences, the first being on October 20, 1990, scored by <a href="/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a> against <a href="/wiki/Anderson_University_(Indiana)" title="Anderson University (Indiana)">Anderson University</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second on October 23, 1993, scored by <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_University" title="Salisbury University">Salisbury State</a> against <a href="/wiki/Wesley_College_(Delaware)" title="Wesley College (Delaware)">Wesley College</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the third on November 11, 2000, scored by <a href="/wiki/Hamline_University" title="Hamline University">Hamline University</a> against <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Tommies_football" title="St. Thomas Tommies football">St. Thomas-Minnesota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most recent scored by <a href="/wiki/Bluffton_University_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluffton University Football">Bluffton University</a> against <a href="/wiki/Franklin_College_(Indiana)" title="Franklin College (Indiana)">Franklin College (Indiana)</a> on November 9, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-point safeties have also occurred in an <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a> game and two junior college games.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No conversion safeties have been scored in the NFL since 1940, although it is now slightly more likely after the rule change in 2015 which allowed the defense to take possession and score on a conversion attempt. Before 2015, the only scenario in which a one-point safety could have been scored in the NFL would have involved, on a conversion attempt in which the ball was not kicked by the offense, the defense then kicking or batting a loose ball out of its own end zone without taking possession of the ball, giving the offense a one-point safety.<sup id="cite_ref-In_Praise_of_the_One-Point_Safety_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Praise_of_the_One-Point_Safety-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scored_by_the_defense">Scored by the defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scored by the defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A conversion safety can also be scored by the defense.<sup id="cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._77–79_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._77–79-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._42_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scoring play has never occurred; to accomplish this, the team attempting the try must somehow be forced back to its own end zone. A possible scenario in the NFL and NCAA would involve a turnover while attempting a conversion, followed by the defending team's ball-carrier fumbling while en route to the <a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion#Defensive_two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">attempting team's end zone</a>, with the attempting team then recovering the ball and, after establishing possession outside the end zone, downing it in its own end zone (this scenario is not possible in high school football, as a turnover would end the conversion attempt; such a conversion safety could occur only if the offense maintains possession). While such a conversion safety has never been scored by the defense, it is the only possible way under current rules in which a team could finish with a single point in an American football game.<sup id="cite_ref-a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_safety_records" class="mw-redirect" title="List of safety records">List of safety records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchback" title="Touchback">Touchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Own_goal" title="Own goal">Own goal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">At some levels of play, a <a href="/wiki/Forfeit_(sport)#Gridiron_football" title="Forfeit (sport)">forfeit</a> would be recorded as a 1–0 result.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-What's_a_Safety_Really_Worth?-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What's_a_Safety_Really_Worth?_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What's_a_Safety_Really_Worth?_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurke2008" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Brian (September 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advancednflstats.com/2008/09/whats-safety-really-worth.html">"What's a Safety Really Worth?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Advanced_NFL_Stats" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced NFL Stats">Advanced NFL Stats</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124171249/http://www.advancednflstats.com/2008/09/whats-safety-really-worth.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+a+Safety+Really+Worth%3F&rft.pub=Advanced+NFL+Stats&rft.date=2008-09-22&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advancednflstats.com%2F2008%2F09%2Fwhats-safety-really-worth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_That_Work_for_2_Points-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-All_That_Work_for_2_Points_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-All_That_Work_for_2_Points_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-All_That_Work_for_2_Points_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelson2011" class="citation web cs1">Belson, Ken (December 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/sports/football/theyre-only-2-points-but-safeties-can-be-game-changers.html?pagewanted=all">"All That Work for 2 Points"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111231132039/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/sports/football/theyre-only-2-points-but-safeties-can-be-game-changers.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All+That+Work+for+2+Points&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.aulast=Belson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F09%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Ftheyre-only-2-points-but-safeties-can-be-game-changers.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Do_Firms_Maximize-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Do_Firms_Maximize_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Romer" title="David Romer">Romer, David</a> (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mth.msu.edu/~ywang/Misc/David_Romer_JPE_April06.pdf">"Do Firms Maximize? Evidence from Professional Football"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>114</b> (2): 340–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F501171">10.1086/501171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9940053">9940053</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018014053/http://www.mth.msu.edu/~ywang/Misc/David_Romer_JPE_April06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Do+Firms+Maximize%3F+Evidence+from+Professional+Football&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=340-365&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F501171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9940053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mth.msu.edu%2F~ywang%2FMisc%2FDavid_Romer_JPE_April06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._44-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._44_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NFL Rules 2018, Rule 11 <i>Scoring</i>, Section 5 <i>Safety</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._80–81-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._80–81_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NCAA Rules 2011–2012, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._66–67-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._66–67_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NFHS Rules 2012, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._27-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._27_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CFL Rules 2011, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFL_Rules_2018,_pp._23–25-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_pp._23–25_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NFL Rules 2018, Rule 6 <i>Free Kicks</i>, pp. 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_52–53-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_52–53_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NFHS Rules 2012, pp. 15, 46, 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._29-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CFL_Rules_2011,_p._29_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CFL Rules 2011, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFL_Rules_2011,_pp._36–39-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CFL_Rules_2011,_pp._36–39_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CFL Rules 2011, pp. 36–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belichick's_gamble_pays_off_for_Patriots-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belichick's_gamble_pays_off_for_Patriots_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?id=1653659">"Belichick's gamble pays off for Patriots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN.com" title="ESPN.com">ESPN.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104164953/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?id=1653659">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Belichick%27s+gamble+pays+off+for+Patriots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Fwire%3Fid%3D1653659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No._25_Iowa_6,_Penn_State_4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-No._25_Iowa_6,_Penn_State_4_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewerenz2004" class="citation web cs1">Lewerenz, Dan (October 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/football/recap?gid=200410230034&prov=ap">"No. 25 Iowa 6, Penn State 4"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923131545/https://n.rivals.com/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+25+Iowa+6%2C+Penn+State+4&rft.date=2004-10-23&rft.aulast=Lewerenz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frivals.yahoo.com%2Fncaa%2Ffootball%2Frecap%3Fgid%3D200410230034%26prov%3Dap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonik2007" class="citation web cs1">Antonik, John (December 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnsportsnet.com/page.cfm?story=11812&cat=football">"Ouch!"</a>. West Virginia Mountaineers Sports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526231814/http://www.msnsportsnet.com/page.cfm?story=11812&cat=football">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ouch%21&rft.pub=West+Virginia+Mountaineers+Sports&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.aulast=Antonik&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnsportsnet.com%2Fpage.cfm%3Fstory%3D11812%26cat%3Dfootball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218121848/http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=312670245">"Oklahoma State Cowboys vs. Texas A&M Aggies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN.com" title="ESPN.com">ESPN.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=312670245">the original</a> on December 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Oklahoma+State+Cowboys+vs.+Texas+A%26M+Aggies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscores.espn.go.com%2Fncf%2Frecap%3FgameId%3D312670245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218201635/http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=222920025">"UCLA Bruins vs. California Golden Bears"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN.com" title="ESPN.com">ESPN.com</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Moral+of+Super+Bowl+XLVII%3A+Pay+Attention+to+Special+Teams&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft.aulast=Craft&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2013%2F02%2Fthe-moral-of-super-bowl-xlvii-pay-attention-to-special-teams%2F272849%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/nfl/longterm/1999/playoffs/articles/nfc24.htm">"Warner, St. Louis Struggle Past Tampa Bay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Warner%2C+St.+Louis+Struggle+Past+Tampa+Bay&rft.date=2000-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fsports%2Fnfl%2Flongterm%2F1999%2Fplayoffs%2Farticles%2Fnfc24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_Sanchez_Intentionally_Kicks_The_Ball_Out_Of_The_Back_Of_The_Endzone_In_The_Saddest_Play_Of_The_Weekend-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Sanchez_Intentionally_Kicks_The_Ball_Out_Of_The_Back_Of_The_Endzone_In_The_Saddest_Play_Of_The_Weekend_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManfred2012" class="citation web cs1">Manfred, Tony (October 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mark-sanchez-kicks-ball-2012-10">"Mark Sanchez Intentionally Kicks The Ball Out Of The Back Of The Endzone In The Saddest Play Of The Weekend"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513120101/http://www.businessinsider.com/mark-sanchez-kicks-ball-2012-10">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Mark+Sanchez+Intentionally+Kicks+The+Ball+Out+Of+The+Back+Of+The+Endzone+In+The+Saddest+Play+Of+The+Weekend&rft.date=2012-10-21&rft.aulast=Manfred&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmark-sanchez-kicks-ball-2012-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zebra-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zebra_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zebra_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zebra_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustro2023" class="citation web cs1">Austro, Ben (September 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.footballzebras.com/2023/09/defenses-can-now-decline-a-safety-in-some-cases-heres-how-this-could-be-a-literal-gamechanger/">"Defenses can now decline a safety in some cases. Here's how this could be a literal gamechanger"</a>. <i>Football Zebras</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mullin%3A+Changing+the+Game+-+3+point+safety&rft.pub=CFL.ca&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft.au=Mullin%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfl.ca%2Farticle%2Fmullin-changing-the-game-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._42-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._42_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NFL_Rules_2018,_p._42_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NFL Rules 2018, Rule 11 <i>Scoring</i>, Section 3 <i>Try</i>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._77–79-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._77–79_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCAA_Rules_2011-2012,_pp._77–79_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NCAA Rules 2011–2012, pp. 77–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._65–66-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._65–66_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NFHS_Rules_2012,_pp._65–66_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NFHS Rules 2012, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMQ_Nation-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TMQ_Nation_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasterbrook2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Easterbrook" title="Gregg Easterbrook">Easterbrook, Greg</a> (December 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=easterbrook/071219">"TMQ Nation Fires Back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN.com" title="ESPN.com">ESPN.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222020124/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=easterbrook%2F071219">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bedford, Indiana. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127112850/http://www.newspapers.com/image/547715115/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2020</span> – via Newspapers.com. <q>Kicker George Bodine's effort was far short, and [Mike] Heizman, standing in front of the goal posts, reacted to the falling ball by swatting it away, mosquito-swatting style. Center Greg Aulk fell on the ball for Syracuse. ... 'It was just a reflex action,' Heizman said. 'I never even thought about the ball being live.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bedford+Daily-Times+Mail&rft.atitle=Hungry+crowd+finds+a+%27Darling%27+in+defense&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1971-10-03&rft.aulast=Hammel&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F547715115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/438047796/">"College Football Notes"</a>. <i>The Vincennes Sun-Commercial</i>. Vol. 41, no. 212. Vincennes, Indiana. October 6, 1971. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126235340/http://www.newspapers.com/image/438047796/">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2020</span> – via Newspapers.com. <q>Syracuse was trying to kick the extra point after taking a 6-0 lead. The ball was kicked almost straight up in the air and was coming down obviously short of the crossbar when an Indiana player [illegally] batted the ball down in the end zone and Syracuse recovered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vincennes+Sun-Commercial&rft.atitle=College+Football+Notes&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=212&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1971-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F438047796%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissenson1971" class="citation news cs1">Nissenson, Herschel (October 5, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/601879368/">"Grambling TV rating 'low'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Shreveport Journal</i>. Vol. 77. Shreveport, Louisiana. p. 10A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114132757/https://www.newspapers.com/image/601879368/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Shreveport+Journal&rft.atitle=Grambling+TV+rating+%27low%27&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=10A&rft.date=1971-10-05&rft.aulast=Nissenson&rft.aufirst=Herschel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F601879368%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-One-point_safety_adds_spice_to_dull_Fiesta_Bowl-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-One-point_safety_adds_spice_to_dull_Fiesta_Bowl_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyerburg2013" class="citation web cs1">Myerburg, Paul (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/gameon/2013/01/03/fiesta-bowl-kansas-state-oregon-one-point-safety/1808299/">"One-point safety adds spice to dull Fiesta Bowl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318205227/http://www.usatoday.com/story/gameon/2013/01/03/fiesta-bowl-kansas-state-oregon-one-point-safety/1808299/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=One-point+safety+adds+spice+to+dull+Fiesta+Bowl&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.aulast=Myerburg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fgameon%2F2013%2F01%2F03%2Ffiesta-bowl-kansas-state-oregon-one-point-safety%2F1808299%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oregon_1-Point_Safety:_Kansas_State_Blocks_Ducks'_Extra_Point_Attempt_But_Gives_Up_Unlikely_Point-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oregon_1-Point_Safety:_Kansas_State_Blocks_Ducks'_Extra_Point_Attempt_But_Gives_Up_Unlikely_Point_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenburg2013" class="citation web cs1">Greenburg, Chris (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/04/oregon-one-point-safety-kansas-state-fiesta_n_2406675.html">"Oregon 1-Point Safety: Kansas State Blocks Ducks' Extra Point Attempt But Gives Up Unlikely Point"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410175414/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/04/oregon-one-point-safety-kansas-state-fiesta_n_2406675.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Oregon+1-Point+Safety%3A+Kansas+State+Blocks+Ducks%27+Extra+Point+Attempt+But+Gives+Up+Unlikely+Point&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.aulast=Greenburg&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F04%2Foregon-one-point-safety-kansas-state-fiesta_n_2406675.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrent1991" class="citation news cs1">Trent, John (September 22, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/153160886/">"Clafton sets Wolf Pack tackle record, hints freshman Milliken could break it"</a>. <i>Reno Gazette-Journal</i>. Reno, Nevada. p. 3D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114134114/https://www.newspapers.com/image/153160886/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reno+Gazette-Journal&rft.atitle=Clafton+sets+Wolf+Pack+tackle+record%2C+hints+freshman+Milliken+could+break+it&rft.pages=3D&rft.date=1991-09-22&rft.aulast=Trent&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F153160886%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersom1996" class="citation news cs1">Hersom, Terry (November 10, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/336771535/">"M'side suffers 17-7 loss"</a>. <i>Sioux City Journal</i>. Vol. 133, no. 75. Sioux City, Iowa. p. D1, D6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114134118/https://www.newspapers.com/image/336771535/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sioux+City+Journal&rft.atitle=M%27side+suffers+17-7+loss&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=75&rft.pages=D1%2C+D6&rft.date=1996-11-10&rft.aulast=Hersom&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F336771535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gowasps.com/sports/fball/2022-23/releases/20221008rv4yxg">"Emory & Henry Football Rolls Past UVA Wise, 34-14, In Southwest Virginia Bowl Saturday"</a>. <i>GoWasps.com</i>. 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span></span>. <q>The resulting PAT was blocked, but the Cavaliers attempt at a return failed to leave the end zone, resulting in the most elusive scoring play in football – a one-point safety.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GoWasps.com&rft.atitle=Emory+%26+Henry+Football+Rolls+Past+UVA+Wise%2C+34-14%2C+In+Southwest+Virginia+Bowl+Saturday&rft.date=2022-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gowasps.com%2Fsports%2Ffball%2F2022-23%2Freleases%2F20221008rv4yxg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/268024715/">"A one-pointer"</a>. <i>Marshfield News-Herald</i>. Vol. 71, no. 58. Marshfield, Wisconsin. May 9, 1991. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114132804/https://www.newspapers.com/image/268024715/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marshfield+News-Herald&rft.atitle=A+one-pointer&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1991-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F268024715%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1993" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Ed (October 24, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/156515888/">"Wesley gets revenge on Gulls 45-30"</a>. <i>The News Journal</i>. Vol. 19, no. 43. Wilmington, Delaware. p. D-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114132853/https://www.newspapers.com/image/156515888/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+St.+Thomas&rft.atitle=UST+football+wins+finale+over+Hamline%2C+19-13&rft.date=2000-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tommiesports.com%2Fsports%2Ffball%2F2000-01%2Freleases%2F11-11-2000-ust-football-wins-finale-over-hamline-1913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFootballScoopVideos2014" class="citation web cs1">FootballScoopVideos (2014-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14VG2S-MRy4">"1 Pt Safety"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/14VG2S-MRy4">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=1+Pt+Safety&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft.au=FootballScoopVideos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D14VG2S-MRy4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluffton.edu/athletics/football/2013/11-09-13.htm">"Franklin College vs Bluffton University (11-09-13)"</a>. <i>www.bluffton.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713022927/http://www.bluffton.edu/athletics/football/2013/11-09-13.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 8, 1996. p. B8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922102555/https://www.newspapers.com/image/59788114/">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 22, 1996. p. C11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922122338/https://www.newspapers.com/image/158571719/">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times+%28Valley+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Results%2C+College+Football%2C+Western+States+Conference&rft.pages=C11&rft.date=1996-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F158571719%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_Praise_of_the_One-Point_Safety-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-In_Praise_of_the_One-Point_Safety_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBialik2013" class="citation web cs1">Bialik, Carl (January 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/dailyfix/2013/01/04/2013-fiesta-bowl-oregon-kansas-state-one-point-safety/">"In Praise of the One-Point Safety"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212043548/http://blogs.wsj.com/dailyfix/2013/01/04/2013-fiesta-bowl-oregon-kansas-state-one-point-safety/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+the+One-Point+Safety&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.aulast=Bialik&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdailyfix%2F2013%2F01%2F04%2F2013-fiesta-bowl-oregon-kansas-state-one-point-safety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Michael David (May 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/22/nfl-may-see-its-first-one-point-safety/">"NFL may see its first one-point safety"</a>. <i>Profootballtalk.com</i>. NBC Universal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202091119/https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2015/05/22/nfl-may-see-its-first-one-point-safety/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profootballtalk.com&rft.atitle=NFL+may+see+its+first+one-point+safety&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofootballtalk.nbcsports.com%2F2015%2F05%2F22%2Fnfl-may-see-its-first-one-point-safety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNogle2018" class="citation web cs1">Nogle, Kevin (March 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thephinsider.com/2018/3/3/17063556/football-101-the-one-point-safety">"Football 101: The one-point safety"</a>. <i>The Phinsider</i>. Vox Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105030622/https://www.thephinsider.com/2018/3/3/17063556/football-101-the-one-point-safety">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Phinsider&rft.atitle=Football+101%3A+The+one-point+safety&rft.date=2018-03-03&rft.aulast=Nogle&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thephinsider.com%2F2018%2F3%2F3%2F17063556%2Ffootball-101-the-one-point-safety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2013" class="citation web cs1">Snyder, Jeremy (January 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirkyresearch.com/2013/01/04/one-point-safety/">"One-point safety"</a>. <i>Quirky Research</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114032419/http://www.quirkyresearch.com/2013/01/04/one-point-safety/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quirky+Research&rft.atitle=One-point+safety&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirkyresearch.com%2F2013%2F01%2F04%2Fone-point-safety%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBois2016" class="citation web cs1">Bois, Jon (December 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbnation.com/2016/12/7/13856392/chart-party-scorigami">"Chart Party: Scorigami, or the story of every NFL final score that has ever happened"</a>. <i>SBNation</i>. 18:15 in the video for the discussion of possibilities for a one-point defensive safety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213000717/http://www.sbnation.com/2016/12/7/13856392/chart-party-scorigami">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBNation&rft.atitle=Chart+Party%3A+Scorigami%2C+or+the+story+of+every+NFL+final+score+that+has+ever+happened&rft.pages=18%3A15+in+the+video+for+the+discussion+of+possibilities+for+a+one-point+defensive+safety&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.aulast=Bois&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbnation.com%2F2016%2F12%2F7%2F13856392%2Fchart-party-scorigami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511072051/http://www.cfl.ca/uploads/assets/CFL/PDF_Docs/CFL_Rule_Book_2011.pdf">"Canadian Football League Rule Book"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfl.ca/uploads/assets/CFL/PDF_Docs/CFL_Rule_Book_2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Football+League+Rule+Book&rft.pub=Canadian+Football+League&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfl.ca%2Fuploads%2Fassets%2FCFL%2FPDF_Docs%2FCFL_Rule_Book_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedding2011–2012" class="citation journal cs1">Redding, Rogers (2011–2012). Halpin, Ty (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/FR12.pdf">"NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ncaa Water Polo Rules</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0736-5144">0736-5144</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819102700/http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/FR12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ncaa+Water+Polo+Rules&rft.atitle=NCAA+Football+Rules+and+Interpretations&rft.date=2011%2F2012&rft.issn=0736-5144&rft.aulast=Redding&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncaapublications.com%2Fproductdownloads%2FFR12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgate,_Bob2011" class="citation web cs1">Colgate, Bob, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415174158/http://www.bchighschoolfootball.com/media/leagues/can_bc_bchsfa/graphics/2011_NFHS_Football_Rules.pdf">"NFHS Football Rules Book"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gardener, Robert B.. <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">NFHS Publications</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bchighschoolfootball.com/media/leagues/can_bc_bchsfa/graphics/2011_NFHS_Football_Rules.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFHS+Football+Rules+Book&rft.pub=Gardener%2C+Robert+B..+NFHS+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bchighschoolfootball.com%2Fmedia%2Fleagues%2Fcan_bc_bchsfa%2Fgraphics%2F2011_NFHS_Football_Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operations.nfl.com/media/3277/2018-nfl-rulebook_final-version.pdf">"2018 Official Playing Rules of the National Football League"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214230909/https://operations.nfl.com/media/3277/2018-nfl-rulebook_final-version.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Official+Playing+Rules+of+the+National+Football+League&rft.pub=National+Football+League&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperations.nfl.com%2Fmedia%2F3277%2F2018-nfl-rulebook_final-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafety+%28gridiron+football+score%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_(gridiron_football_score)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jp4TeP4rw0s">1 point safety Oregon vs. Kansas State</a> via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=la7DjepAsA8">(NFL) Every Super Bowl Safety</a> via YouTube</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Template talk:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron_football_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gridiron football concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gridiron_football_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a> concepts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms" title="Glossary of American football terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">Rules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">American–Canadian comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of Canadian football">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">9-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">8-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">7-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">6-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street/Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powderpuff_(sports)" title="Powderpuff (sports)">Powderpuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Rules of gridiron football codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Youth/midget <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">AYF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_varsity_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior varsity team">Junior varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Club football">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-professional">Semi-pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football_field" title="American football field">Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yard_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard lines">Yard lines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">Hash marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_line" title="End line">End line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal_line_(gridiron_football)" title="Goal line (gridiron football)">Goal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelines">Sidelines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">Line of scrimmage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal_range" title="Field goal range">Field goal range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End_zone" title="End zone">End zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Red zone (gridiron football)">Red zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Dead zone (gridiron football)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_corner_(American_football)" title="Coffin corner (American football)">Coffin corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(gridiron_football)" title="Flat (gridiron football)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_(American_football)" title="Gap (American football)">Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_(American_football)" title="Hole (American football)">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_pocket" title="Passing pocket">Pocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">Touchdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(gridiron_football)" title="Conversion (gridiron football)">One-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">Two-point conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_goal" title="Field goal">Field goal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_(football)" title="Single (football)">Single (rouge)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap (football)">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">Forward pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pass" title="Lateral pass">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_pass" title="Incomplete pass">Incomplete pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop-back_pass" title="Drop-back pass">Drop-back pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_pass" title="Hail Mary pass">Hail Mary pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-off" title="Hand-off">Hand-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_(gridiron_football)" title="Rush (gridiron football)">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)" title="Punt (gridiron football)">Punt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Touchback" title="Touchback">Touchback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_kick" title="Drop kick">Drop kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">Kickoff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onside_kick" title="Onside kick">Onside kick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">Turnovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fumble" title="Fumble">Fumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interception" title="Interception">Interception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffed_punt" title="Muffed punt">Muffed punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillman" title="Charles Tillman">"Peanut Punch"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_on_downs" title="Turnover on downs">Turnover on downs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">Downs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">First down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_(gridiron_football)#Three-and-out" title="Down (gridiron football)">Three-and-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_down_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth down conversion">Fourth down conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_ball#Gridiron_football" title="Dead ball">Dead ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Play_clock" title="Play clock">Play clock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(sport)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Time-out (sport)">Timeout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_kneel" title="Quarterback kneel">Kneel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(gridiron_football)" title="Spike (gridiron football)">Spike</a></li> <li>Time warnings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-minute_warning" title="Three-minute warning">3 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_warning" title="Two-minute warning">2 min.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-minute_warning" title="One-minute warning">1 min.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_out_the_clock" title="Running out the clock">Running out the clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untimed_play" title="Untimed play">Untimed play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_time" title="Garbage time">Garbage time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-purpose_yardage" title="All-purpose yardage">All-purpose yardage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(American_football)" title="Completion (American football)">Completion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Gen_Stats" title="Next Gen Stats">Next Gen Stats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_deflected" title="Pass deflected">Pass deflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passer_rating" title="Passer rating">Passer rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing yards">Passing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Receiving yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_yards" title="Return yards">Return yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Rushing yards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterback_sack" title="Quarterback sack">Sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_offense" title="Total offense">Total offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">Total quarterback rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_pass" title="Touchdown pass">Touchdown pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_after_catch" title="Yards after catch">Yards after catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yards_from_scrimmage" title="Yards from scrimmage">Yards from scrimmage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practice_squad" title="Practice squad">Practice squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-a-days_(football)" title="Two-a-days (football)">Two-a-days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_drill" title="Oklahoma drill">Oklahoma drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-cone_drill" title="Three-cone drill">Three-cone drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_session" title="Film session">Film session</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)" title="Official (gridiron football)">Official</a> (<a href="/wiki/Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_(Canadian_football)" title="Official (Canadian football)">Canadian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">Chain crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_flag" title="Penalty flag">Penalty flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replay_review_in_gridiron_football" title="Replay review in gridiron football">Instant replay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridiron ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_tree" title="Coaching tree">Coaching tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football" title="Protective equipment in gridiron football">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_IQ" title="Football IQ">Football IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">Formations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formations_in_American_football" title="List of formations in American football">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterman_(sports)" title="Letterman (sports)">Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatorade_shower" title="Gatorade shower">Gatorade shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Overtime (sports)">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_plays" title="American football plays">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_positions" title="American football positions">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_up_the_score" title="Running up the score">Running up the score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="American football strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchdown_celebration" title="Touchdown celebration">Touchdown celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuck_rule_(American_football)" title="Tuck rule (American football)">Tuck rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">Trading card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_man_(football)" title="12th man (football)">Twelfth man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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