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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engravings,_woodwork,_book_illustration,_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engravings,_woodwork,_book_illustration,_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Engravings, woodwork, book illustration, decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engravings,_woodwork,_book_illustration,_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Baroque_to_Victorian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Baroque_to_Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>From Baroque to Victorian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Baroque_to_Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions_of_the_term_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions_of_the_term_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Extensions of the term in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions_of_the_term_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pop culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_of_the_Grotesque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_of_the_Grotesque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theatre of the Grotesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_of_the_Grotesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In typography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grotesque</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زخرفة مغارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زخرفة مغارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrotesk" title="Qrotesk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrotesk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гратэск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гратэск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гратэск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гратэск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гротеска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гротеска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteske" title="Groteske – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Groteske" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatre_grotesc" title="Teatre grotesc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teatre grotesc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteska_(v%C3%BDtvarn%C3%A9_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD)" title="Groteska (výtvarné umění) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Groteska (výtvarné umění)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_groteske" title="Det groteske – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det groteske" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteske" title="Groteske – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Groteske" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutesco" title="Grutesco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grutesco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesko" title="Grotesko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grotesko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesko" title="Grotesko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grotesko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="گروتسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروتسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteskur" title="Groteskur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Groteskur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grotesque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="그로테스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그로테스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AF" title="Գրոտեսկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոտեսկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteska" title="Groteska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Groteska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grottesca" title="Grottesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grottesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גרוטסקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרוטסקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="გროტესკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გროტესკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гротеск – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гротеск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гротеск – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гротеск" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteskas" title="Groteskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Groteskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteszk" title="Groteszk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Groteszk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гротеска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гротеска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Гротесксь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гротесксь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesken" title="Grotesken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grotesken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="グロテスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グロテスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesk" title="Grotesk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grotesk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesk" title="Grotesk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grotesk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteska" title="Groteska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Groteska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesco" title="Grotesco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grotesco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гротеск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гротеск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гротеск – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гротеск" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesku" title="Grotesku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grotesku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteska" title="Groteska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Groteska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteska" title="Groteska – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Groteska" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groteska" title="Groteska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Groteska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гротеск – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гротеск" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesk" title="Grotesk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grotesk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Гротеск – Ukrainian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art style</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grotesque (disambiguation)">Grotesque (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_Studies_-_WGA15523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_Studies_-_WGA15523.jpg/200px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_Studies_-_WGA15523.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_Studies_-_WGA15523.jpg/300px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_Studies_-_WGA15523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_Studies_-_WGA15523.jpg/400px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_Studies_-_WGA15523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Grotesque studies, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since at least the 18th century (in French and German, as well as English), <b>grotesque</b> has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, mysterious, magnificent, fantastic, hideous, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> masks. In art, performance, and literature, however, <i>grotesque</i> may also refer to something that simultaneously invokes an audience feeling of uncomfortable bizarreness as well as <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">sympathetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">pity</a>. </p><p>The English word first appears in the 1560s as a noun borrowed from French, itself originally from the Italian <i>grottesca</i> (literally "of a cave" from the Italian <i>grotta</i>, 'cave'; see <a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grotto</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an extravagant style of <a href="/wiki/Roman_wall_painting_(200_BC%E2%80%93AD_79)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman wall painting (200 BC–AD 79)">ancient Roman decorative art</a> rediscovered at Rome at the end of the fifteenth century and subsequently imitated. The word was first used of paintings found on the walls of basements of ruins in Rome that were called at that time <i>le Grotte</i> ('the caves'). These 'caves' were in fact rooms and corridors of the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>, the unfinished palace complex started by <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in AD 64, which had become overgrown and buried, until they were broken into again, mostly from above. Spreading from Italian to the other European languages, the term was long used largely interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (European art)">arabesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">moresque</a> for types of decorative patterns using curving foliage elements. </p><p>Rémi Astruc<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has argued that although there is an immense variety of motifs and figures, the three main tropes of the grotesque are doubleness, <a href="/wiki/Hybridity" title="Hybridity">hybridity</a> and metamorphosis.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond the current understanding of the grotesque as an aesthetic category, he demonstrated how the grotesque functions as a fundamental existential experience. Moreover, Astruc identifies the grotesque as a crucial, and potentially universal, anthropological device that societies have used to conceptualize alterity and change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (July 2012)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domus_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Domus_fresco.jpg/220px-Domus_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Domus_fresco.jpg/330px-Domus_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Domus_fresco.jpg/440px-Domus_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Roman frescos in Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, unknown painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 64–68 AD</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_examples_in_Roman_ornament">Early examples in Roman ornament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early examples in Roman ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In art, grotesques are ornamental arrangements of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (European art)">arabesques</a> with interlaced garlands and small and fantastic human and animal figures, usually set out in a <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrical">symmetrical</a> pattern around some form of architectural framework, though this may be very flimsy. Such designs were fashionable in ancient <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, especially as fresco wall decoration and floor mosaic. Stylized versions, common in Imperial Roman decoration, were decried by <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> (c. 30 BC) who, in dismissing them as meaningless and illogical, offered the following description: </p> <blockquote><p>For example, reeds are substituted for columns, fluted appendages with curly leaves and volutes take the place of pediments, candelabra support representations of shrines, and on top of their roofs grow slender stalks and volutes with human figures senselessly seated upon them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s palace in Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>, was rediscovered by chance in the late 15th century, buried in fifteen hundred years of land fill. Access into the palace's remains was from above, requiring visitors to be lowered into it using ropes as in a cave, or <i><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grotte</a></i> in Italian. The palace's wall decorations in <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> and delicate <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> were a revelation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_in_Renaissance">Etymology in Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology in Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Duomo_Siena-2_Apr_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Biblioteca_Duomo_Siena-2_Apr_2008.jpg/170px-Biblioteca_Duomo_Siena-2_Apr_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Biblioteca_Duomo_Siena-2_Apr_2008.jpg/255px-Biblioteca_Duomo_Siena-2_Apr_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Biblioteca_Duomo_Siena-2_Apr_2008.jpg/340px-Biblioteca_Duomo_Siena-2_Apr_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="3166" /></a><figcaption>Ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Piccolomini_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccolomini Library">Piccolomini Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, Italy, by <a href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</a> and his assistants, 1502–1503</figcaption></figure> <p>The first appearance of the word <i>grottesche</i> appears in a contract of 1502 for the <a href="/wiki/Piccolomini_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccolomini Library">Piccolomini Library</a> attached to the <a href="/wiki/Duomo" title="Duomo">duomo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>. They were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Sanzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael Sanzio">Raphael Sanzio</a> and his team of decorative painters, who developed <i>grottesche</i> into a complete system of ornament in the <a href="/wiki/Loggias" class="mw-redirect" title="Loggias">Loggias</a> that are part of the series of <a href="/wiki/Raphael%27s_Rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael's Rooms">Raphael's Rooms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Palace">Vatican Palace</a>, Rome. "The decorations astonished and charmed a generation of artists that was familiar with the grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical orders">classical orders</a> but had not guessed till then that in their private houses the Romans had often disregarded those rules and had adopted instead a more fanciful and informal style that was all lightness, elegance and grace."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these grotesque decorations a tablet or candelabrum might provide a focus; frames were extended into scrolls that formed part of the surrounding designs as a kind of scaffold, as Peter Ward-Jackson noted. Light scrolling grotesques could be ordered by confining them within the framing of a pilaster to give them more structure. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Udine" title="Giovanni da Udine">Giovanni da Udine</a> took up the theme of grotesques in decorating the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a>, the most influential of the new Roman villas. </p><p>In the 16th century, such artistic license and irrationality was controversial matter. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Holanda" title="Francisco de Holanda">Francisco de Holanda</a> puts a defense in the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> in his third dialogue of <i>Da Pintura Antiga</i>, 1548: </p> <blockquote><p>"this insatiable desire of man sometimes prefers to an ordinary building, with its pillars and doors, one falsely constructed in grotesque style, with pillars formed of children growing out of stalks of flowers, with <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architraves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornice_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornice (architecture)">cornices</a> of branches of myrtle and doorways of reeds and other things, all seeming impossible and contrary to reason, yet it may be really great work if it is performed by a skillful artist."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle,_about_1560-1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pilgrim bottle, by the Fontana workshop from Urbino, Italy, c. 1560–1570, tin glazed earthenware (majolica), Victoria and Albert Museum, London"><img alt="Pilgrim bottle, by the Fontana workshop from Urbino, Italy, c. 1560–1570, tin glazed earthenware (majolica), Victoria and Albert Museum, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle%2C_about_1560-1570.jpg/164px-BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle%2C_about_1560-1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle%2C_about_1560-1570.jpg/246px-BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle%2C_about_1560-1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle%2C_about_1560-1570.jpg/328px-BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle%2C_about_1560-1570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="4075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pilgrim bottle, by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fontana_workshop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fontana workshop (page does not exist)">Fontana workshop</a> from <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, Italy, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1560–1570, tin glazed earthenware (<a href="/wiki/Majolica" title="Majolica">majolica</a>), <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_of_Uffizi_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceiling decorated with arabesques in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy, by various architects, including Giorgio Vasari, c. 1560–1581[7]"><img alt="Ceiling decorated with arabesques in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy, by various architects, including Giorgio Vasari, c. 1560–1581[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ceiling_of_Uffizi_Gallery.jpg/163px-Ceiling_of_Uffizi_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ceiling_of_Uffizi_Gallery.jpg/245px-Ceiling_of_Uffizi_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ceiling_of_Uffizi_Gallery.jpg/326px-Ceiling_of_Uffizi_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="5470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceiling decorated with arabesques in the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a> Gallery, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, by various architects, including <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1560–1581<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sistine_Hall_of_the_Vatican_Library_(2994335291).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceilings decorated with grotesques in the Vatican Library, Vatican City, by Domenico Fontana, 1587–1588[8]"><img alt="Ceilings decorated with grotesques in the Vatican Library, Vatican City, by Domenico Fontana, 1587–1588[8]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Sistine_Hall_of_the_Vatican_Library_%282994335291%29.jpg/384px-The_Sistine_Hall_of_the_Vatican_Library_%282994335291%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Sistine_Hall_of_the_Vatican_Library_%282994335291%29.jpg/577px-The_Sistine_Hall_of_the_Vatican_Library_%282994335291%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Sistine_Hall_of_the_Vatican_Library_%282994335291%29.jpg/768px-The_Sistine_Hall_of_the_Vatican_Library_%282994335291%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceilings decorated with grotesques in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a>, 1587–1588<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_room_Nobility_in_Villa_d%27Este_(Tivoli).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mother Nature is surrounded by grottesche in this fresco detail from Villa d'Este."><img alt="Mother Nature is surrounded by grottesche in this fresco detail from Villa d'Este." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fresco_room_Nobility_in_Villa_d%27Este_%28Tivoli%29.jpg/385px-Fresco_room_Nobility_in_Villa_d%27Este_%28Tivoli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fresco_room_Nobility_in_Villa_d%27Este_%28Tivoli%29.jpg/578px-Fresco_room_Nobility_in_Villa_d%27Este_%28Tivoli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fresco_room_Nobility_in_Villa_d%27Este_%28Tivoli%29.jpg/770px-Fresco_room_Nobility_in_Villa_d%27Este_%28Tivoli%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5347" data-file-height="3542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature" title="Mother Nature">Mother Nature</a> is surrounded by <i>grottesche</i> in this fresco detail from <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance grotesque motifs in assorted formats"><img alt="Renaissance grotesque motifs in assorted formats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg/340px-Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg/510px-Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg/680px-Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance grotesque motifs in assorted formats</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mannerism">Mannerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mannerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotesqueengraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Grotesqueengraving.jpg/250px-Grotesqueengraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Grotesqueengraving.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Grotesque engraving on paper, about 1500–1512, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicoletto_da_Modena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicoletto da Modena (page does not exist)">Nicoletto da Modena</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The delight of <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> artists and their patrons in arcane iconographic programs available only to the erudite could be embodied in schemes of <i>grottesche</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Alciato" title="Andrea Alciato">Andrea Alciato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Emblemata" title="Emblemata">Emblemata</a></i> (1522) offered ready-made iconographic shorthand for vignettes. More familiar material for grotesques could be drawn from <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_loggias" title="Vatican loggias">Vatican loggias</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> corridor space in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> open to the elements on one side, were decorated around 1519 by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s large team of artists, with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Udine" title="Giovanni da Udine">Giovanni da Udine</a> the main hand involved. Because of the relative unimportance of the space, and a desire to copy the Domus Aurea style, no large paintings were used, and the surfaces were mostly covered with grotesque designs on a white background, with paintings imitating sculptures in niches, and small figurative subjects in a revival of Ancient Roman style. This large array provided a repertoire of elements that were the basis for later artists across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson,_152_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_152-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapel_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici Chapel (Michelangelo)">Medici Chapel</a> Giovanni da Udine composed during 1532–1533 "most beautiful sprays of foliage, rosettes and other ornaments in stucco and gold" in the coffers and "sprays of foliage, birds, masks and figures", with a result that did not please <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII Medici</a>, however, nor <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>, who whitewashed the grotesque decor in 1556.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a> writers on the arts, notably Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Paleotti" title="Gabriele Paleotti">Gabriele Paleotti</a>, bishop of Bologna,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> turned upon <i>grottesche</i> with a righteous vengeance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Vasari, echoing Vitruvius, described the style as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson,_152_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_152-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"Grotesques are a type of extremely licentious and absurd painting done by the ancients ... without any logic, so that a weight is attached to a thin thread which could not support it, a horse is given legs made of leaves, a man has crane's legs, with countless other impossible absurdities; and the bizarrer the painter's imagination, the higher he was rated".</p></blockquote> <p>Vasari recorded that <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bacchiacca" title="Francesco Bacchiacca">Francesco Ubertini, called "Bacchiacca"</a>, delighted in inventing <i>grotteschi</i>, and (about 1545) painted for Duke <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo de' Medici</a> a <i><a href="/wiki/Studiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Studiolo">studiolo</a></i> in a mezzanine at the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> "full of animals and rare plants".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other 16th-century writers on <i>grottesche</i> included <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Barbaro" title="Daniele Barbaro">Daniele Barbaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirro_Ligorio" title="Pirro Ligorio">Pirro Ligorio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Lomazzo" title="Gian Paolo Lomazzo">Gian Paolo Lomazzo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engravings,_woodwork,_book_illustration,_decorations"><span id="Engravings.2C_woodwork.2C_book_illustration.2C_decorations"></span>Engravings, woodwork, book illustration, decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Engravings, woodwork, book illustration, decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_del_nord,_maschere_con_ornati,_1590-1610_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Italia_del_nord%2C_maschere_con_ornati%2C_1590-1610_ca..JPG/200px-Italia_del_nord%2C_maschere_con_ornati%2C_1590-1610_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Italia_del_nord%2C_maschere_con_ornati%2C_1590-1610_ca..JPG/300px-Italia_del_nord%2C_maschere_con_ornati%2C_1590-1610_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Italia_del_nord%2C_maschere_con_ornati%2C_1590-1610_ca..JPG/400px-Italia_del_nord%2C_maschere_con_ornati%2C_1590-1610_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption>Decorative panel showing the two separable elements of <i>Grotesque</i>: the elaborate acanthus leaf and candelabra type design and the hideous mask or face</figcaption></figure> <p>In the meantime, through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> the grotesque mode of surface ornament passed into the European artistic repertory of the 16th century, from Spain to Poland. A classic suite was that attributed to <a href="/wiki/Enea_Vico" title="Enea Vico">Enea Vico</a>, published in 1540–41 under an evocative explanatory title, <i>Leviores et extemporaneae picturae quas grotteschas vulgo vocant</i>, "Light and extemporaneous pictures that are vulgarly called grotesques". Later <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> versions, especially in engraving, tended to lose that initial lightness and be much more densely filled than the airy well-spaced style used by the Romans and Raphael. </p><p>Soon <i>grottesche</i> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> (fine woodwork), in <a href="/wiki/Maiolica" title="Maiolica">maiolica</a> produced above all at <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a> from the late 1520s, then in book illustration and in other decorative uses. At <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosso_Fiorentino" title="Rosso Fiorentino">Rosso Fiorentino</a> and his team enriched the vocabulary of grotesques by combining them with the decorative form of <a href="/wiki/Strapwork" title="Strapwork">strapwork</a>, the portrayal of leather straps in plaster or wood moldings, which forms an element in grotesques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Baroque_to_Victorian_era">From Baroque to Victorian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From Baroque to Victorian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th and 18th centuries the grotesque encompasses a wide field of <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">teratology</a> (science of monsters) and artistic experimentation. The monstrous, for instance, often occurs as the notion of <i>play</i>. The sportiveness of the grotesque category can be seen in the notion of the preternatural category of the <i>lusus naturae</i>, in natural history writings and in cabinets of curiosities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last vestiges of romance, such as the marvellous also provide opportunities for the presentation of the grotesque in, for instance, operatic spectacle. The mixed form of the novel was commonly described as grotesque – see for instance Fielding's "comic epic poem in prose" (<i>Joseph Andrews</i> and <i>Tom Jones</i>). </p><p>Grotesque ornament received a further impetus from new discoveries of original Roman frescoes and stucchi at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and the other buried sites round <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> from the middle of the century. It continued in use, becoming increasingly heavy, in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Style">Empire Style</a> and then in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> period, when designs often became as densely packed as in 16th-century engravings, and the elegance and fancy of the style tended to be lost. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak,_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – grotesque on a saddle pad, 1600–1650, gold thread"><img alt="Baroque – grotesque on a saddle pad, 1600–1650, gold thread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak%2C_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif/lossy-page1-204px-Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak%2C_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak%2C_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif/lossy-page1-306px-Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak%2C_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak%2C_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif/lossy-page1-408px-Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak%2C_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> – grotesque on a saddle pad, 1600–1650, gold thread</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parlement_de_Bretagne_-_Grande_Chambre_porte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – grotesques on a door in the Palais du Parlement de Bretagne, Rennes, France, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, 17th century (Louis XIV era)"><img alt="Baroque – grotesques on a door in the Palais du Parlement de Bretagne, Rennes, France, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, 17th century (Louis XIV era)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Parlement_de_Bretagne_-_Grande_Chambre_porte.jpg/173px-Parlement_de_Bretagne_-_Grande_Chambre_porte.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Parlement_de_Bretagne_-_Grande_Chambre_porte.jpg/260px-Parlement_de_Bretagne_-_Grande_Chambre_porte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Parlement_de_Bretagne_-_Grande_Chambre_porte.jpg/346px-Parlement_de_Bretagne_-_Grande_Chambre_porte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="2691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> – grotesques on a door in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palais_du_Parlement_de_Bretagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palais du Parlement de Bretagne (page does not exist)">Palais du Parlement de Bretagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, France, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, 17th century (<a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> era)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – grotesques on the boiserie of a room from the Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf, now in the Musée Carnavalet, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, c. 1650[19]"><img alt="Baroque – grotesques on the boiserie of a room from the Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf, now in the Musée Carnavalet, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, c. 1650[19]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_1.jpg/340px-H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_1.jpg/511px-H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_1.jpg/680px-H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque – grotesques on the <a href="/wiki/Boiserie" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiserie">boiserie</a> of a room from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Colbert_de_Villacerf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf (page does not exist)">Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a>, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_Galerie_d%27Apollon_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque – grotesques on a door in the Galerie d'Apollon, Louvre Palace, Paris, by Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun, after 1661[20]"><img alt="Baroque – grotesques on a door in the Galerie d'Apollon, Louvre Palace, Paris, by Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun, after 1661[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Detail_of_the_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%2814%29.jpg/151px-Detail_of_the_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Detail_of_the_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%2814%29.jpg/226px-Detail_of_the_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Detail_of_the_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%2814%29.jpg/302px-Detail_of_the_Galerie_d%27Apollon_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque – grotesques on a door in the <a href="/wiki/Galerie_d%27Apollon" title="Galerie d'Apollon">Galerie d'Apollon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, after 1661<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudoir_de_la_reine,_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI style – the Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette, Palace of Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau, France, decorated with arabesques in the Pompeiian Style, by the Rousseau brothers, 1785"><img alt="Louis XVI style – the Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette, Palace of Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau, France, decorated with arabesques in the Pompeiian Style, by the Rousseau brothers, 1785" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/383px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/575px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/765px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> – the Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>, France, decorated with arabesques in the Pompeiian Style, by the Rousseau brothers, 1785</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Rousseau_-_Double-Leaf_Doors_-_1942.2.12_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – door, by Pierre Rousseau, 1790s, oil on panel, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, US"><img alt="Neoclassical – door, by Pierre Rousseau, 1790s, oil on panel, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pierre_Rousseau_-_Double-Leaf_Doors_-_1942.2.12_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-143px-Pierre_Rousseau_-_Double-Leaf_Doors_-_1942.2.12_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pierre_Rousseau_-_Double-Leaf_Doors_-_1942.2.12_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-216px-Pierre_Rousseau_-_Double-Leaf_Doors_-_1942.2.12_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pierre_Rousseau_-_Double-Leaf_Doors_-_1942.2.12_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-287px-Pierre_Rousseau_-_Double-Leaf_Doors_-_1942.2.12_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="6501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism#Architecture_and_the_decorative_arts" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> – door, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rousseau_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Rousseau (architect) (page does not exist)">Pierre Rousseau</a>, 1790s, oil on panel, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_with_scenes_of_storm_on_land_MET_DP335261_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – vase with scenes of storm on land and grotesques, by the Duc d'Angoulême's porcelain factory, c. 1797–1798, hard-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York"><img alt="Neoclassical – vase with scenes of storm on land and grotesques, by the Duc d'Angoulême's porcelain factory, c. 1797–1798, hard-paste porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vase_with_scenes_of_storm_on_land_MET_DP335261_%28cropped%29.jpg/191px-Vase_with_scenes_of_storm_on_land_MET_DP335261_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vase_with_scenes_of_storm_on_land_MET_DP335261_%28cropped%29.jpg/287px-Vase_with_scenes_of_storm_on_land_MET_DP335261_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vase_with_scenes_of_storm_on_land_MET_DP335261_%28cropped%29.jpg/382px-Vase_with_scenes_of_storm_on_land_MET_DP335261_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="3110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical – vase with scenes of storm on land and grotesques, by the <a href="/wiki/Dihl_and_Gu%C3%A9rhard_porcelain" title="Dihl and Guérhard porcelain">Duc d'Angoulême's porcelain factory</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1797–1798, hard-paste porcelain, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_du_Temple_(Paris),_num%C3%A9ro_42,_portail_06_grille_en_fonte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance Revival – cast iron door window grill of a building on the Boulevard du Temple no. 42, Paris, unknown architect, c. 1850"><img alt="Renaissance Revival – cast iron door window grill of a building on the Boulevard du Temple no. 42, Paris, unknown architect, c. 1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Boulevard_du_Temple_%28Paris%29%2C_num%C3%A9ro_42%2C_portail_06_grille_en_fonte.jpg/162px-Boulevard_du_Temple_%28Paris%29%2C_num%C3%A9ro_42%2C_portail_06_grille_en_fonte.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Boulevard_du_Temple_%28Paris%29%2C_num%C3%A9ro_42%2C_portail_06_grille_en_fonte.jpg/244px-Boulevard_du_Temple_%28Paris%29%2C_num%C3%A9ro_42%2C_portail_06_grille_en_fonte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Boulevard_du_Temple_%28Paris%29%2C_num%C3%A9ro_42%2C_portail_06_grille_en_fonte.jpg/325px-Boulevard_du_Temple_%28Paris%29%2C_num%C3%A9ro_42%2C_portail_06_grille_en_fonte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> door window grill of a building on the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_du_Temple" title="Boulevard du Temple">Boulevard du Temple</a> no. 42, Paris, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_7e_34_rue_du_Bac_27.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance Revival – cast iron door window grill of Rue du Bac no. 34, Paris, unknown architect, c. 1850"><img alt="Renaissance Revival – cast iron door window grill of Rue du Bac no. 34, Paris, unknown architect, c. 1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_7e_34_rue_du_Bac_27.JPG/170px-Paris_7e_34_rue_du_Bac_27.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_7e_34_rue_du_Bac_27.JPG/255px-Paris_7e_34_rue_du_Bac_27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_7e_34_rue_du_Bac_27.JPG/340px-Paris_7e_34_rue_du_Bac_27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance Revival – cast iron door window grill of <a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Bac,_Paris" title="Rue du Bac, Paris">Rue du Bac</a> no. 34, Paris, unknown architect, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – interior of Le Grand Véfour, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852[21]"><img alt="Neoclassical – interior of Le Grand Véfour, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_1.jpg/191px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_1.jpg/287px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_1.jpg/382px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="4575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical – interior of <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_V%C3%A9four" title="Le Grand Véfour">Le Grand Véfour</a>, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – interior of Le Grand Véfour, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852[22]"><img alt="Neoclassical – interior of Le Grand Véfour, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_2.jpg/191px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_2.jpg/286px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_2.jpg/381px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="4566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical – interior of <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_V%C3%A9four" title="Le Grand Véfour">Le Grand Véfour</a>, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical – interior of Le Grand Véfour, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852[23]"><img alt="Neoclassical – interior of Le Grand Véfour, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_3.jpg/191px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_3.jpg/286px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_3.jpg/381px-Paris_Palais_Royal_Restaurant_Grand_V%C3%A9four_S%C3%A4ulen_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3418" data-file-height="4570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical – interior of <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_V%C3%A9four" title="Le Grand Véfour">Le Grand Véfour</a>, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_545_(06).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eclectic – grotesques panel in the Napoleon III Apartments of the Louvre Palace, unknown painted and designer, c. 1860"><img alt="Eclectic – grotesques panel in the Napoleon III Apartments of the Louvre Palace, unknown painted and designer, c. 1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_545_%2806%29.jpg/152px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_545_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_545_%2806%29.jpg/228px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_545_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_545_%2806%29.jpg/304px-Decorative_arts_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_545_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="4097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eclectic – grotesques panel in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> Apartments of the Louvre Palace, unknown painted and designer, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions_of_the_term_in_art">Extensions of the term in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extensions of the term in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artists began to give the tiny faces of the figures in grotesque decorations strange <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatured</a> expressions, in a direct continuation of the medieval traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Drolleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Drolleries">drolleries</a> in the border decorations or initials in <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>. From this the term began to be applied to larger caricatures, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, and the modern sense began to develop. It is first recorded in English in 1646 from Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a>: "In nature there are no grotesques".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By extension backwards in time, the term became also used for the medieval originals, and in modern terminology medieval drolleries, half-human thumbnail vignettes drawn in the margins, and carved figures on buildings (that are not also waterspouts, and so <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a>) are also called "grotesques". </p><p>A boom in the production of works of art in the grotesque genre characterized the 1920–1933 period of <a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">German art</a>. In contemporary illustration art, the "grotesque" figures, in the ordinary conversational sense, commonly appear in the genre <i>grotesque art</i>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">fantastic art</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first uses of the term grotesque to denote a literary genre is in <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Montaigne's <i>Essays</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grotesque is often linked with <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">tragicomedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark91p20_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark91p20-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an effective artistic means to convey grief and pain to the audience, and for this has been labeled by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> as the "genuine antibourgeois style".<sup id="cite_ref-Clark91p20_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark91p20-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the earliest written texts describe grotesque happenings and monstrous creatures. The literature of myth has been a rich source of monsters; from the one-eyed <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclops</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> to Homer's <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> is another rich source for grotesque transformations and hybrid creatures of myth. <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Poetica_(Horace)" title="Ars Poetica (Horace)">Art of Poetry</a></i> also provides a formal introduction to classical values and to the dangers of grotesque or mixed form. Indeed, the departure from classical models of order, reason, harmony, balance and form opens up the risk of entry into grotesque worlds. Accordingly, British literature abounds with native grotesquerie, from the strange worlds of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Spenser</a>'s allegory in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i> to the tragi-comic modes of 16th-century drama. (Grotesque comic elements can be found in major works such as <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>.) </p><p>Literary works of <i>mixed</i> genre are occasionally termed grotesque, as are "low" or non-literary genres such as pantomime and farce.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Literature">Gothic writings</a> often have grotesque components in terms of character, style and location. In other cases, the environment described may be grotesque – whether urban (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>), or the literature of the American south which has sometimes been termed "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</a>". Sometimes the grotesque in literature has been explored in terms of social and cultural formations such as the carnival(-esque) in <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terry_Castle" title="Terry Castle">Terry Castle</a> has written on the relationship between metamorphosis, literary writings and masquerade.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major source of the grotesque is in satirical writings of the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> provides a variety of approaches to grotesque representation. Corporeal hybridity is an essential marker in Swift. In poetry, the works of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> provide many examples of the grotesque. </p><p>In fiction, characters are usually considered <i>grotesque</i> if they induce both empathy and disgust. (A character who inspires disgust alone is simply a villain or a <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monster</a>.) Obvious examples would include the physically deformed and the mentally deficient, but people with cringe-worthy social traits are also included. The reader becomes piqued by the grotesque's positive side, and continues reading to see if the character can conquer their darker side. In Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i>, the figure of <a href="/wiki/Caliban_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliban (character)">Caliban</a> has inspired more nuanced reactions than simple scorn and disgust. Also, in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, the character of <a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a> may be considered to have both disgusting and empathetic qualities, which fit the grotesque template. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> is one of the most celebrated grotesques in literature. <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Dr. Frankenstein's monster</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s 1818 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a></i> can also be considered a grotesque, as well as the title character, <a href="/wiki/Erik_(The_Phantom_of_the_Opera)" title="Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)">Erik</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(novel)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (novel)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i> and the Beast in <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast" title="Beauty and the Beast">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>. Other instances of the romantic grotesque are also to be found in <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i> literature or in Sterne's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">Tristram Shandy</a></i>. The romantic grotesque is far more terrible and sombre than the medieval grotesque, which celebrated laughter and fertility. It is at this point that a grotesque creature such as Frankenstein's monster begins to be presented more sympathetically as the outsider who is the victim of society.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the novel also makes the issue of sympathy problematic in an unkind society. This means that society becomes the generator of the grotesque, by a process of alienation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the grotesque monster in <i>Frankenstein</i> tends to be described as "the creature". </p><p>The grotesque received a new shape with <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, when a girl meets fantastic grotesque figures in her fantasy world. Carroll manages to make the figures seem less frightful and fit for <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's literature</a>, but still utterly strange. Another comic grotesque writer who played on the relationship between sense and nonsense was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a>. Humorous, or festive nonsense of this kind has its roots in the seventeenth century traditions of fustian, bombastic and satirical writing.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the nineteenth-century category of grotesque body was increasingly displaced by the notion of congenital deformity or medical anomaly.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on this context, the grotesque begins to be understood more as deformity and disability, especially after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, 1914–18. In these terms, the art historian <a href="/wiki/Leah_Dickerman" title="Leah Dickerman">Leah Dickerman</a> has argued that "The sight of horrendously shattered bodies of veterans returned to the home front became commonplace. The accompanying growth in the prosthetic industry struck contemporaries as creating a race of half-mechanical men and became an important theme in <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">dadaist</a> work.'<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poetry of <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a> displays a poetic and realistic sense of the grotesque horror of war and the human cost of brutal conflict. Poems such as <i>Spring Offensive</i> and <i>Greater Love</i> combined images of beauty with shocking brutality and violence in order to produce a sense of the grotesque clash of opposites. In a similar fashion, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich" title="Ernst Friedrich">Ernst Friedrich</a> (1894–1967), founder of the Berlin Peace Museum, an anarchist and a pacifist, was the author of <i>War Against War</i> (1924) which used grotesque photographs of mutilated victims of the First World War in order to campaign for peace. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</a> is a genre frequently identified with grotesques and <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> is often cited as the leading exponent. <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> wrote, "Whenever I'm asked why Southern writers particularly have a penchant for writing about freaks, I say it is because we are still able to recognize one" (<i>Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction</i>, 1960). In O'Connor's often-anthologized <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Man_is_Hard_to_Find_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Good Man is Hard to Find (short story)">A Good Man Is Hard to Find</a></i>, the Misfit, a serial killer, is clearly a maimed soul, utterly callous to human life, but driven to seek the truth. The less obvious grotesque is the polite, doting grandmother who is unaware of her own astonishing selfishness. Another oft-cited example of the grotesque from O'Connor's work is her short story entitled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Temple_of_the_Holy_Ghost" title="A Temple of the Holy Ghost">A Temple of the Holy Ghost</a></i>. The American novelist <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Kennedy_(novelist)" title="Raymond Kennedy (novelist)">Raymond Kennedy</a> is another author associated with the literary tradition of the grotesque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_writers">Contemporary writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary writers of literary grotesque fiction include <a href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunn" title="Katherine Dunn">Katherine Dunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Gray" title="Alasdair Gray">Alasdair Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Carter" title="Angela Carter">Angela Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Jeanette Winterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGrath_(novelist)" title="Patrick McGrath (novelist)">Patrick McGrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Anthony" title="Jessica Anthony">Jessica Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natsuo_Kirino" title="Natsuo Kirino">Natsuo Kirino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Tremblay" title="Paul G. Tremblay">Paul Tremblay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Bell_(author)" title="Matt Bell (author)">Matt Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Palahniuk" title="Chuck Palahniuk">Chuck Palahniuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Evenson" title="Brian Evenson">Brian Evenson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caleb_J._Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caleb J. Ross (page does not exist)">Caleb J. Ross</a> (who writes domestic grotesque fiction),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomas_(author)" title="Richard Thomas (author)">Richard Thomas</a> and many authors who write in the <a href="/wiki/Bizarro_fiction" title="Bizarro fiction">bizarro genre of fiction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pop_culture">Pop culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pop culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other contemporary writers who have explored the grotesque in pop-culture are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8cmPNEJk98C&dq=grotesque+pop+culture&pg=PA182">John Docker</a>, in the context of postmodernism; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgTYAAAAMAAJ&q=grotesque+pop+culture">Cintra Wilson</a>, who analyzes celebrity; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Infantile-Grotesque-Pathology-Sexuality/dp/1934542490">Francis Sanzaro</a>, who discusses its relation to childbirth and obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Alien_Resurrection" title="Alien Resurrection">Alien Resurrection</a></i> (1997) is the only film rated by the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">MPAA</a> to have "grotesque images" in its rating description,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly due to its depiction of the Newborn <a href="/wiki/Xenomorph" title="Xenomorph">xenomorph</a> and the failed clones of <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ripley" title="Ellen Ripley">Ellen Ripley</a>, who all featured grotesque human–alien (<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a>) characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grotesque manner also can be found at Disney's famous ride, <a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Mansion" title="The Haunted Mansion">The Haunted Mansion</a> at Disneyland, Walt Disney World and other theme parks, where some of its details may contain a symbolism of <a href="/wiki/Memento_Mori" class="mw-redirect" title="Memento Mori">Memento Mori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Samsara's</a> circle or themes describing the fragility of human existence, passions that baffle and how they could be avoided or find a "way out". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre_of_the_Grotesque">Theatre of the Grotesque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theatre of the Grotesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Grotesque" title="Theatre of the Grotesque">Theatre of the Grotesque</a>" refers to an anti-<a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">naturalistic</a> school of Italian dramatists, writing in the 1910s and 1920s, who are often seen as precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>. Characterized by ironic and macabre themes of daily life in the World War 1 era, Theatre of the Grotesque was named after the play 'The Mask and the Face' by Luigi Chiarelli, which was described as 'a grotesque in three acts.' </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> is a major author of contemporary grotesque comedy plays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_architecture">In architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque (architecture)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG/220px-Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG/330px-Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG/440px-Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the <a href="/wiki/John_Mylne_(died_1667)" title="John Mylne (died 1667)">John Mylne Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard" title="Greyfriars Kirkyard">Greyfriars Kirkyard</a>. The text reads ...<i>Aetatis Suae 56</i>, because he died at age 56.</figcaption></figure> <p>In architecture the term "grotesque" means a carved stone figure. </p><p>Grotesques are often confused with <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a>, but the distinction is that gargoyles are figures that contain a water spout through the mouth, while grotesques do not. Without a water spout, this type of sculpture is also known as a chimera when it depicts fantastical creatures. In the Middle Ages, the term <i>babewyn</i> was used to refer to both gargoyles and grotesques.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This word is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word <i>babbuino</i>, which means "<a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboon</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_typography">In typography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(typeface_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotesque (typeface classification)">Grotesque (typeface classification)</a></div> <p>The word "grotesque", or "Grotesk" in German, is also frequently used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>. At other times, it is used (along with "neo-grotesque", "humanist", "<a href="/wiki/Lineal_typeface#Lineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineal typeface">lineal</a>", and "geometric") to describe a particular style or subset of sans-serif typefaces. The origin of this association can be traced back to English typefounder <a href="/wiki/William_Thorowgood" title="William Thorowgood">William Thorowgood</a>, who introduced the term "grotesque" and in 1835 produced <i>7-line pica grotesque</i>—the first sans-serif typeface containing actual lowercase letters. An alternate etymology is possibly based on the original reaction of other typographers to such a strikingly featureless typeface.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular grotesque typefaces include <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Gothic" title="Franklin Gothic">Franklin Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Gothic" title="News Gothic">News Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haettenschweiler" title="Haettenschweiler">Haettenschweiler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucida_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucida Sans">Lucida Sans</a> (although the latter lacks the <a href="/wiki/G#Typographic_variants" title="G">spurred</a> "G"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), whereas popular neo-grotesque typefaces include <a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verdana" title="Verdana">Verdana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Ero guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunky_punk" title="Hunky punk">Hunky punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummers%27_play" title="Mummers' play">Mummers' play</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i>, an opera by Giuseppe Verdi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheela_na_Gig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheela na Gig">Sheela na Gig</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grotesque">"OED-Grotesque etymology"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OED-Grotesque+etymology&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dgrotesque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rémi Astruc, Le Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du xxe siècle. Essai d'anthropologie littéraire, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2010, 280 p. (ISBN 978-2-8124-0170-1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astruc R. (2010), Le Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du XXe siècle, Paris, Classiques Garnier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitruvius 7.5.3 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Vitruvius_Pollio1914" class="citation book cs1">Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (1914). <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Ten_Books_on_Architecture/Book_VII"><i>Ten Books on Architecture</i></a>. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Books+on+Architecture&rft.place=Cambridge+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Marcus+Vitruvius+Pollio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTen_Books_on_Architecture%2FBook_VII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Ward-Jackson, "The Grotesque" in "Some main streams and tributaries in European ornament from 1500 to 1750: part 1" <i>The Victoria and Albert Museum Bulletin</i> (June 1967, pp 58–70) p 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in David Summers, "Michelangelo on Architecture", <i>The Art Bulletin</i> <b>54</b>.2 (June 1972:146–157) p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2019" class="citation book cs1">Greenhalgh, Paul (2019). <i>Ceramic - Art and Civilization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3970-7"><bdi>978-1-4742-3970-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1154118123">1154118123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceramic+-+Art+and+Civilization&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1154118123&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-3970-7&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFListri2020" class="citation book cs1">Listri, Massimo (2020). <i>The World's Most Beautiful Libraries</i>. Taschen. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-3524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-3524-3"><bdi>978-3-8365-3524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Most+Beautiful+Libraries&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-3524-3&rft.aulast=Listri&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example, the vaulted arcade in the Palazzo del Governatore, Assisi, which was frescoed with grotesques in 1556, has been examined in the monograph by Ezio Genovesi, <i>Le grottesche della 'Volta Pinta' in Assisi</i> (Assisi, 1995): Genovesi explores the role of the local Accademia del Monte.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Kommerell, <i>Metamorphosed Margins: The Case for a Visual Rhetoric of the Renaissance 'Grottesche' under the Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses</i> (Hildesheim, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson,_152-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_152_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_152_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>bellissimi fogliami, rosoni ed altri ornamenti di stuccho e d'oro</i>" and "<i>fogliami, uccelli, maschere e figure</i>", quoted by Summers 1972:151 and note 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paleotti, <i>Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e profane</i> (printed at Bologna, 1582)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by Summers 1972:152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dilettossi il Bacchiacca di far grottesche; onde al Sig. duca Cosimo fece uno studiolo pieno d'animali e d'erbe rare ritratte dalle naturali, che sono tenute bellissime": quoted in Francesco Vossilla, "Cosimo I, lo scrittoio del Bachiacca, una carcassa di capodoglio e la filosofia naturale", <i>Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz</i>, <b>37.</b>.2/3 (1993:381–395) p. 383; only fragments survive of the decor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All mentioned by Ezio Genovesi 1995, in providing explanation of the genre in the context of the painted vaulting at Assisi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMauries2002" class="citation book cs1">Mauries, Patrick (2002). <i>Cabinets of Curiosities</i>. Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cabinets+of+Curiosities&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mauries&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_Daston_and_Katharine_Park1998" class="citation book cs1">Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park (1998). <i>Wonders and the Order of Nature</i>. USA: New York: Zone Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonders+and+the+Order+of+Nature&rft.place=USA%3A+New+York&rft.pub=Zone+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Lorraine+Daston+and+Katharine+Park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/collections/lambris-du-cabinet-de-lhotel-colbert-de-villacerf">"LAMBRIS DU CABINET DE L'HÔTEL COLBERT DE VILLACERF"</a>. <i>carnavalet.paris.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carnavalet.paris.fr&rft.atitle=LAMBRIS+DU+CABINET+DE+L%27H%C3%94TEL+COLBERT+DE+VILLACERF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnavalet.paris.fr%2Fcollections%2Flambris-du-cabinet-de-lhotel-colbert-de-villacerf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharman2022" class="citation book cs1">Sharman, Ruth (2022). <i>Yves Saint Laurent & Art</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02544-4"><bdi>978-0-500-02544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yves+Saint+Laurent+%26+Art&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02544-4&rft.aulast=Sharman&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00085851">"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand Véfour"</a>. <i>pop.culture.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop.culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Immeuble+en+bordure+du+Palais-Royal%2C+restaurant+Le+Grand+V%C3%A9four&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pop.culture.gouv.fr%2Fnotice%2Fmerimee%2FPA00085851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00085851">"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand Véfour"</a>. <i>pop.culture.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop.culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Immeuble+en+bordure+du+Palais-Royal%2C+restaurant+Le+Grand+V%C3%A9four&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pop.culture.gouv.fr%2Fnotice%2Fmerimee%2FPA00085851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00085851">"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand Véfour"</a>. <i>pop.culture.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop.culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Immeuble+en+bordure+du+Palais-Royal%2C+restaurant+Le+Grand+V%C3%A9four&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pop.culture.gouv.fr%2Fnotice%2Fmerimee%2FPA00085851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, "Grotesque"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kayser (1957) I.2 <i>Ce discours est bien grotesue</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark91p20-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark91p20_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark91p20_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOeLRDzui_wC&pg=PR20">pp. 20–1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarham1982" class="citation book cs1">Harham, Geoffrey Galt (1982). <i>On the Grotesque</i>. US: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Grotesque&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Harham&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Galt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastle1986" class="citation book cs1">Castle, Terry (1986). <i>Masquerade and Civilization</i>. Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masquerade+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jeanne M. Britton, 'Novelistic Sympathy in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" ' <i>Studies in Romanticism</i> Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring, 2009)3–22, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanis McLaren Caldwell, <i>Literature and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain: from Mary Shelley to George Eliot</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Noel Malcolm, <i>The Origins of English Nonsense</i> (Fontana, 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0006388442" title="Special:BookSources/0006388442">0006388442</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See George M. Gould and Walter M. Pyle's <i>Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine</i> (1896).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leah Dickerman, <i>Dada</i>, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 2005, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calebjross.com/study/what-is-domestic-grotesque-fiction-and-why-do-i-write-it/">"What is Domestic Grotesque Fiction and Why Do I Write It?"</a>. Calebjross.com. 2012-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Domestic+Grotesque+Fiction+and+Why+Do+I+Write+It%3F&rft.pub=Calebjross.com&rft.date=2012-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calebjross.com%2Fstudy%2Fwhat-is-domestic-grotesque-fiction-and-why-do-i-write-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanzaro, Francis. The Infantile Grotesque: Pathology, Sexuality, and a Theory of Religion. Davies Group Publishers, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmratings.com/Search?filmTitle=alien+resurrection&x=0&y=0">Alien Resurrection</a> Film Ratings.com. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuunan-Seppälä2019" class="citation book cs1">Huunan-Seppälä, Henriikka (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-21828-7_9">"Hybrid Creatures and Monstrous Reproduction: The Multifunctional Grotesque in Alien: Resurrection"</a>. <i>Art, Excess, and Education</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-21828-7_9">10.1007/978-3-030-21828-7_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-21827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-21827-0"><bdi>978-3-030-21827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Creatures+and+Monstrous+Reproduction%3A+The+Multifunctional+Grotesque+in+Alien%3A+Resurrection&rft.btitle=Art%2C+Excess%2C+and+Education&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-21828-7_9&rft.isbn=978-3-030-21827-0&rft.aulast=Huunan-Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Henriikka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-21828-7_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanetta_Rebold_Benton1997" class="citation book cs1">Janetta Rebold Benton (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holyterrorsgargo00bent/page/8"><i>Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings</i></a></span>. New York: Abbeville Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holyterrorsgargo00bent/page/8">8–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0182-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0182-8"><bdi>0-7892-0182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Terrors%3A+Gargoyles+on+Medieval+Buildings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7892-0182-8&rft.au=Janetta+Rebold+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholyterrorsgargo00bent%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102201041/http://typenstuff.com/help/4_22%20status%20books.pdf">"Linéale Grotesques"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rabbit Moon Press. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typenstuff.com/help/4_22%20status%20books.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lin%C3%A9ale+Grotesques&rft.pub=Rabbit+Moon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypenstuff.com%2Fhelp%2F4_22%2520status%2520books.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Astruc, Rémi (2010) Le Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du XXe siècle, essai d'anthropologie littéraire, Paris, Classiques Garnier</li> <li>Clark, John R. (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOeLRDzui_wC"><i>The modern satiric grotesque and its traditions</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotesque&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Per_B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m" title="Per Bäckström">Bäckström, Per</a>. <i>Enhet i mångfalden. Henri Michaux och det groteska</i> (Unity in the Plenitude. Henri Michaux and the Grotesque), Lund: Ellerström, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m" title="Per Bäckström">Bäckström, Per</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=25305">Le Grotesque dans l’œuvre d’Henri Michaux. Qui cache son fou, meurt sans voix</a></i>, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheinberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Sheinberg, Esti (2000-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017042212/http://www.dschjournal.com/journal15/books15.htm"><i>Irony, satire, parody and the grotesque in the music of Shostakovich</i></a>. UK: Ashgate. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0226-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0226-5"><bdi>0-7546-0226-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dschjournal.com/journal15/books15.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irony%2C+satire%2C+parody+and+the+grotesque+in+the+music+of+Shostakovich&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2000-12-29&rft.isbn=0-7546-0226-5&rft.aulast=Sheinberg&rft.aufirst=Esti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dschjournal.com%2Fjournal15%2Fbooks15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kayser, Wolfgang (1957) The grotesque in Art and Literature, New York, Columbia University Press</li> <li>Lee Byron Jennings (1963) The ludicrous demon: aspects of the grotesque in German post-Romantic prose, Berkeley, University of California Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakhtin1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin, Mikhail</a> (1941). <a href="/wiki/Rabelais_and_His_World" title="Rabelais and His World"><i>Rabelais and His World</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabelais+and+His+World&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Bakhtin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Galt_Harpham" title="Geoffrey Galt Harpham">Harpham, Geoffrey Galt</a> (1982, 2006), On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidlavery.net/Grotesque/Major_Artists_Theorists/theorists/thomson/thomsonbibliography.html">Selected bibliography</a> by Philip Thomson, <i>The Grotesque</i>, Methuen Critical Idiom Series, 1972.</li> <li>Dacos, N. <i>La découverte de la Domus Aurea et la formation des grotesques à la Renaissance</i> (London) 1969.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKort2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Kort, Pamela (2004-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304075511/http://www.frontlist.com/detail/3791331957"><i>Comic Grotesque: Wit And Mockery In German Art, 1870–1940</i></a>. PRESTEL. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3195-9"><bdi>978-3-7913-3195-9</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comic+Grotesque%3A+Wit+And+Mockery+In+German+Art%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=PRESTEL&rft.date=2004-10-30&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-3195-9&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontlist.com%2Fdetail%2F3791331957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFS_Connelly2003" class="citation web cs1">FS Connelly (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/052181/8842/sample/0521818842WS.pdf">"Modern art and the grotesque"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Assets.cambridge.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+art+and+the+grotesque&rft.pub=Assets.cambridge.org&rft.date=2003&rft.au=FS+Connelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F052181%2F8842%2Fsample%2F0521818842WS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZamperini2008" class="citation book cs1">Zamperini, Alessandra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227031038/http://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/new/fall08/523856.htm"><i>Ornament and the Grotesque: Fantastical Decoration from Antiquity to Art Nouveau</i></a>. Thames and Hudson. pp. 320, 11" x 13", 250 color illustrations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23856-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23856-1"><bdi>978-0-500-23856-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/new/fall08/523856.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornament+and+the+Grotesque%3A+Fantastical+Decoration+from+Antiquity+to+Art+Nouveau&rft.pages=320%2C+11%22+x+13%22%2C+250+color+illustrations&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23856-1&rft.aulast=Zamperini&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thamesandhudsonusa.com%2Fnew%2Ffall08%2F523856.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2018" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Maria Fabricius (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edizioniquasar.it/sku.php?id_libro=2312"><i>The Art of Transformation. Grotesques in Sixteenth-Century Italy</i></a>. Edizioni Quasar. pp. 476, 9"1/2 x 11", 400 color illustrations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7140-864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7140-864-4"><bdi>978-88-7140-864-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Transformation.+Grotesques+in+Sixteenth-Century+Italy&rft.pages=476%2C+9%221%2F2+x+11%22%2C+400+color+illustrations&rft.pub=Edizioni+Quasar&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-88-7140-864-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Maria+Fabricius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edizioniquasar.it%2Fsku.php%3Fid_libro%3D2312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1906 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Grotesque" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Grotesque">Grotesque</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-876878383503213708&q=vivid">Video tour of the most vivid examples of medieval Parisian stone carving - the grotesques of Notre Dame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040948/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-876878383503213708&q=vivid">Archived</a> 2007-03-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/259716213">The Grotesque: Bloom's Literary Themes edited by Harold Bloom and Blake Hobby</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grotesque"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grotesque">"Grotesque" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grotesque&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrotesque" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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