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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offentlige_bygninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offentlige_bygninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Offentlige bygninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offentlige_bygninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rekreative_bygninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekreative_bygninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rekreative bygninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rekreative_bygninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typer_af_byer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typer_af_byer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typer af byer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typer_af_byer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteraturliste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteraturliste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Litteraturliste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteraturliste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Den romerske by</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Denne artikel findes kun på dette sprog. 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Udskriv/eksportér </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Bog&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Den+romerske+by"><span>Lav en bog</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Den_romerske_by&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&printable=yes" title="Printervenlig udgave af denne side [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Udskriftsvenlig udgave</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I andre projekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Udseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG/350px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG/525px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG/700px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="2548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Porta_Nigra" title="Porta Nigra">Porta Nigra</a> i <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Den romerske by</b> var det <a href="/wiki/Romerriget" title="Romerriget">Romerske imperiums</a> vigtigste bestanddel. Alle byerne i <a href="/wiki/Romerriget" title="Romerriget">Romerriget</a> var bygget på grundlag af den samme ideelle grundstruktur, der var kendetegnet ved sine offentlige bygninger, såsom <a href="/wiki/Tempel" title="Tempel">templer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forum" title="Forum">Forum</a>, pladser, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romersk_bad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romersk bad (ikke skrevet endnu)">bade</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romersk_teater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romersk teater (ikke skrevet endnu)">teatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amfiteater" title="Amfiteater">amfiteatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Font%C3%A6ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontæne">fontæner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisterne" title="Cisterne">cisterner</a> osv. <a href="/wiki/Romersk_arkitektur" title="Romersk arkitektur">Arkitekturen</a> var baseret på gammelkendte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistisk_arkitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenistisk arkitektur (ikke skrevet endnu)">græsk-hellenistiske</a> former, men havde udviklet sig fra sin traditionelle baggrund til nye sofistikerede og udprægede romerske former, og det var netop funktionen og udformningen af bygningerne, der for en <a href="/wiki/Romer" class="mw-redirect" title="Romer">romer</a> adskilte andre byer fra en romersk by. </p><p>En af de idéer romerne overtog fra den græske kultur var byplanlægning, herunder den geometriske udformning af byens grundplan. I sin idealform udgjorde byen en kvadratisk struktur, der blev gennemskåret af to hovedgader, den ene i nord-sydgående retning, den anden i øst-vest. De krydsedes i byens centrum, hvor der var anlagt et <a href="/wiki/Forum" title="Forum">forum</a>. Byen var afgrænset af palisader eller volde, med porte ved hovedgaderne. Hovedparten af indbyggerne boede i huse opført i 4 til 5 etager (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insulae (ikke skrevet endnu)">insulae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-andersen434_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andersen434-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette var en idealform; udformningen af de enkelte byer var afhængig af lokale forhold, fx fysiske omgivelser, forhistorie, eksisterende bebyggelser osv. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forum">Forum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Forum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Forum"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jerash_BW_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jerash_BW_12.JPG/350px-Jerash_BW_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jerash_BW_12.JPG/525px-Jerash_BW_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jerash_BW_12.JPG/700px-Jerash_BW_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Forum i Jerash (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Den vigtigste strukturelle enhed i en by var dets centrum, det fremstod som én visuel enhed, men med bygninger der havde tydelige og distinkte funktioner. Grundlæggende havde en by en hovedgade der var bredere end de andre gader og som derfor gav bedre muligheder for transport, den førte ind til midten hvor byens Forum lå. For det meste lå forum parallelt med gaden og den var gerne omgivet af en <a href="/wiki/Kolonnade" title="Kolonnade">kolonnade</a> eller en <a href="/wiki/Arkade" title="Arkade">arkade</a>. Omkring den lå de offentlige bygninger i et kontinuert forløb; ingen af dem lå isoleret fra de andre, og nyt byggeri blev naturligt indpasset til det øvrige. Større byer havde dog flere hovedgader og pladser, og <a href="/wiki/Rom" title="Rom">Rom</a> selv havde utallige, der både kunne ligge på langs med og på tværs af gaderne, og de havde som Forum mange funktioner og var fokus for byens sociale og kommercielle aktiviteter.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald4550_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald4550-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ét Forum var dog altid det absolutte centrum for en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byer_i_Romerriget&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byer i Romerriget (ikke skrevet endnu)">romersk by</a>, det var der byens vigtigste sækulere bygninger lå, og der hvor de mest betydningsfulde politiske, juridiske og kommercielle aktiviteter foregik. Forum var afgrænset fra resten af byen med en kolonnade, og for at træde ind på Forum var det nødvendigt at træde over en tærskel og igennem en prominent port. Hertil var fokus for alt offentligt liv i byen rettet, både reelt og mentalt. Pladsen var ligeledes byens stolthed, det var her man fremviste sin rigdom og indflydelse, og hvor byens mest betydningsfulde officielle bygninger stod, og hvor de vigtigste monumenter var rejst.<sup id="cite_ref-andersen434_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andersen434-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:France-002359_-_Square_House_(15247934013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/France-002359_-_Square_House_%2815247934013%29.jpg/220px-France-002359_-_Square_House_%2815247934013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/France-002359_-_Square_House_%2815247934013%29.jpg/330px-France-002359_-_Square_House_%2815247934013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/France-002359_-_Square_House_%2815247934013%29.jpg/440px-France-002359_-_Square_House_%2815247934013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5033" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Maison Carrée">Maison Carrée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romersk_tempel" title="Romersk tempel">romersk tempel</a> i <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offentlige_bygninger">Offentlige bygninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Offentlige bygninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Offentlige bygninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De romerske byer havde flere forskellige former for offentligt byggeri, som kan opdeles efter deres formål: Til <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religi%C3%B8se_bygninger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religiøse bygninger (ikke skrevet endnu)">religiøse handlinger</a></i>, <i>administration</i> og til <i>adspredelse og underholdning</i>. Denne skelnen skal ikke tages alt for bogstaveligt, da det i praksis er meget svært at adskille funktionerne helt fra hinanden, og opdelingen betød ikke at en bygning ikke kunne have flere formål. Disse tre former dækker over mange forskellige bygningstyper, f.eks. fandtes der flere typer af templer: <a href="/wiki/Kapitol" title="Kapitol">Capitolium</a> havde en særstatus som byens hovedtempel, men derudover det fandtes der mange andre offentlige templer, de blev brugt i <a href="/wiki/Romersk_religion" title="Romersk religion">statskulten</a>. Desuden vrimlede byen med private templer og kultsteder for alle de kulte der ikke havde nogen forbindelse til statskulten.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Amphitheatre_Pula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Amphitheatre_Pula.JPG/220px-Amphitheatre_Pula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Amphitheatre_Pula.JPG/330px-Amphitheatre_Pula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Amphitheatre_Pula.JPG/440px-Amphitheatre_Pula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Amphiteatret i <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kroatien" title="Kroatien">Kroatien</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rekreative_bygninger">Rekreative bygninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Rekreative bygninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Rekreative bygninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Romersk_kejsertid" class="mw-redirect" title="Romersk kejsertid">kejsertiden</a> var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romerske_bade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romerske bade (ikke skrevet endnu)">badene</a> de primære rekreative bygninger, og de havde ligesom templerne og Forum stor social betydning. Amfiteatrerne blev brugt i forbindelse med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladiatorkampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gladiatorkampe (ikke skrevet endnu)">gladiatorkampe</a> og samlede store tilskuermængder. Det er usikkert hvor man afholdt kampene i Rom før det <i>Flaviske Amphiteater</i>, bedre kendt som <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, stod færdigt, men oprindelig fandt de sted på Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald4550_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald4550-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gader">Gader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Gader" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gader"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gader var først og fremmest forbindelsesled og transportveje gennem byen, men udformningen af de gader der førte til forum og løb i den centrale og monumentale del af byen havde lige så stor betydning for det samlede bybillede som de øvrige bygninger. Det indtryk gaden skulle give var stabilitet, orden og evighed: Som de vigtigste pladser var de vigtigste gader også kantet af søjlegange. Selve gaden var sænket i forhold til søjlerne; det gav sammen med brudfladerne og <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8jle" title="Søjle">søjlerne</a> en bedre rumlig virkning. Forsænkningen virkede som en understøttelse af bygningerne, så de kom til at virke mere solide. Søjlerne langs gaden gav også området et præg af kontinuitet, da den samme orden gik igen lige meget hvor langt man bevægede sig. Rumligt signalerede dette orden, stabilitet og tidsmæssigt evighed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typer_af_byer">Typer af byer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Typer af byer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Typer af byer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I Romerriget fandtes der forskellige betegnelser for forskellige typer af byer. Disse betegnelser indikerer både byernes juridiske status og oprindelse. </p><p><i>Urbs</i> (<i>Byen</i>) var en alternativ betegnelse for <a href="/wiki/Rom" title="Rom">Rom</a>. Som hovedstad og udgangspunkt for imperiet, havde denne by en særstatus. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia">Colonia</a></i> (pl. <i>coloniae</i>) betegnede oprindeligt romerske militære udposter i nyligt erobrede territorier, anlagt med det formål, at sikre området. Bosætterne var tidligere soldater, der efter endt tjeneste blev tilbudt ejendom. Med tiden kom <i>colonia</i> til at betegne byer med højest status. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Civitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitas">Civitas</a></i> (pl. <i>civitates</i>) var semiautonome byer, der havde store frihedsrettigheder. Det var i reglen byer, der var nyanlagt af romerne i erobrede provinser, eller ældre byer, der fik denne status som en særlig gunstbevisning. Betegnelsen har en nær sammenhæng med begrebet <a href="/wiki/Romersk_borger" title="Romersk borger">romersk borgerret</a> (<i>Cives Romani</i>). <i>Civitates</i> var regionale handels og administrationsbyer, der skulle stimulere den lokale økonomi, så skatteindtægter og råvareproduktion kunne øges. Det var denne type by, der normalt havde de fleste af de karakteristika, som kendetegner den romerske by. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">Municipium</a></i> (pl. <i>municipia</i>) var gamle byer, der allerede eksisterede før den romerske erobring. De havde lavere status end <i>coloniae</i>, men havde en høj grad af selvstyre. </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicus (ikke skrevet endnu)">vicus</a></i> (pl. <i>vici</i>) var bebyggelser af mere tilfældig karaktér. Det var byer, der opstod i forbindelse med romerske anlæg, fx militærlejre eller miner. <i>Vicus</i> betegnede også en bys laveste administrative enhed, dvs. kvarter. Pga. deres uofficielle status og tilfældige opståen adskilte <i>vici</i> sig meget fra de øvrige bytyper, især fordi de manglede de offentlige strukturer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neokor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neokor (ikke skrevet endnu)">Neokor</a></i> var en særstatus, der blev tildelt af <a href="/wiki/Det_romerske_senat" class="mw-redirect" title="Det romerske senat">det romerske senat</a> til gruppe af lilleasiatiske byer, hvor der var blevet opført <a href="/wiki/Romersk_tempel" title="Romersk tempel">templer</a> til <a href="/wiki/Kejserkulten_i_Romerriget" title="Kejserkulten i Romerriget">kejserkulten</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencer">Referencer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Referencer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Referencer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-andersen434-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andersen434_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andersen434_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen (2005) s. 434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macdonald4550-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macdonald4550_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macdonald4550_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald (1986) s. 45-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1997) s. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson (1997) s. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWacher1996" class="citation book cs1">Wacher, John (1996). <i>The Towns of Roman Britain</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Towns+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wacher&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+romerske+by" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteraturliste">Litteraturliste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteraturliste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Litteraturliste"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andersen, Torben (2005), et. al.; <i>Geografihåndbogen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-616-0936-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-616-0936-6">87-616-0936-6</a></li> <li>Anderson, J. C. (1997); <i>Roman Architecture and Society,</i> London. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-8018-5546-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-8018-5546-2">0-8018-5546-2</a></li> <li>Hannestad, N. (1986); <i>Roman Art and Imperial Policy,</i> Århus. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-7288-043-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-7288-043-0">87-7288-043-0</a></li> <li>MacDonald, W. (1986); <i>The Architecture of the Roman Empire,</i> Yale <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-300-02818-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-300-02818-0">0-300-02818-0</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Palestra,_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Palestra%2C_Pompeii.jpg/500px-Palestra%2C_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Palestra%2C_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stra" title="Palæstra">Palæstra</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></figcaption></figure>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra "<a dir="ltr" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&oldid=11313771">https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Den_romerske_by&oldid=11313771</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Kategorier" title="Speciel:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Romerriget" title="Kategori:Romerriget">Romerriget</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Byer_og_territorier_i_Romerriget" title="Kategori:Byer og territorier i Romerriget">Byer og territorier i Romerriget</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Denne side blev senest ændret den 15. november 2022 kl. 01:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst er tilgængelig under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.da">Creative Commons Navngivelse/Del på samme vilkår 4.0</a>; yderligere betingelser kan være gældende. 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