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id="toc-Origin_of_Chechnya's_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_Chechnya's_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin of Chechnya's population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_Chechnya's_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-imperial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-imperial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pre-imperial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-imperial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Imperial rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Soviet rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechen_Wars_and_brief_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechen_Wars_and_brief_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Chechen Wars and brief independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechen_Wars_and_brief_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_reconstruction_and_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_reconstruction_and_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Post-war reconstruction and insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_reconstruction_and_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns_with_over_20,000_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns_with_over_20,000_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cities and towns with over 20,000 people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns_with_over_20,000_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Regional government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separatist_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separatist_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Separatist government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separatist_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>LGBT rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chechnya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Chechen" title="Republik Chechen – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Republik Chechen" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Шэшэн Республикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Шэшэн Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjni%C3%AB" title="Tsjetsjnië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjetsjnië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ቸችኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸችኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чечентәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чечентәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الشيشان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشيشان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%80" title="ЧачаналӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЧачаналӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چچنیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چچنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="চেচনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেচনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Чечен Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чечен Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чачня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чачня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чачэнія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чачэнія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чечения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чечения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchetchenia" title="Tchetchenia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchetchenia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Txetxènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txetxènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чечен Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечен Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenskaya_Respublika" title="Chechenskaya Respublika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chechenskaya Respublika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Densko" title="Čečensko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čečensko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsietsnia" title="Tsietsnia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsietsnia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Tjetjenien" title="Republikken Tjetjenien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikken Tjetjenien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1enia" title="Tšetšenia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tšetšenia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschetschenien" title="Tschetschenien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschetschenien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eeni_Vabariik" title="Tšetšeeni Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšetšeeni Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τσετσενία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσετσενία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Чеченэнь Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чеченэнь Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%89enio" title="Ĉeĉenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĉenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txetxenia" title="Txetxenia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txetxenia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86" title="چچن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چچن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekenia" title="Kekenia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kekenia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A9nie" title="Tchétchénie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchétchénie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeisnia" title="An tSeisnia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeisnia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7eniya" title="Çeçeniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çeçeniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Нохчиче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нохчиче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Chechnya Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chechnya Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%B2%B8_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="체첸 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체첸 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Չեչնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեչնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेचन्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेचन्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denska" title="Čečenska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čečenska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Chechenia" title="Republiko Chechenia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siasnia" title="Siasnia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siasnia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%86%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Цæцæн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæцæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9t%C3%A9n%C3%ADa" title="Téténía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Téténía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="צ'צ'ניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'צ'ניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8chnya" title="Chèchnya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chèchnya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чечен Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чечен Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩეჩნეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეჩნეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Шешен Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шешен Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чеченстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чеченстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsenia" title="Tsetsenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tsetsenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8D%C4%97nija" title="Čečėnija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čečėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjeni%C3%AB" title="Tsjetsjenië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjetsjenië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Dnien_tazavaldu" title="Čečnien tazavaldu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čečnien tazavaldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csecsenf%C3%B6ld" title="Csecsenföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csecsenföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेचन्या – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चेचन्या" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Чеченија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чеченија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsenia" title="Tsetsenia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsetsenia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ചെച്‌നിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെച്‌നിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेचन्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेचन्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩეჩნეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეჩნეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الشيشان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الشيشان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86" title="چچن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چچن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чечень – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чечень" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjeni%C3%AB" title="Tsjetsjenië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjetsjenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="チェチェン共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェチェン共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Нохчийчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нохчийчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschetscheenien" title="Tschetscheenien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschetscheenien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjenia" title="Tsjetsjenia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjetsjenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjenia" title="Tsjetsjenia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjetsjenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheniston" title="Checheniston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Checheniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਚੈਚਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੈਚਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چیچنیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیچنیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چيچنيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چيچنيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czeczenia" title="Czeczenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czeczenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chech%C3%AAnia" title="Chechênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chechênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cec%C3%A8nia" title="Cecènia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cecènia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnie" title="Chechnie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chechnie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enia" title="Çeçenia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çeçenia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cec%C3%A8nia" title="Cecènia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cecènia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چيچنيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيچنيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Densko" title="Čečensko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čečensko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeejniya" title="Jeejniya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jeejniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیچان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چیچان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Чеченија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чеченија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9chnya" title="Chéchnya – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chéchnya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1enia" title="Tšetšenia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšetšenia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjetjenien" title="Tjetjenien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjetjenien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenya" title="Chechenya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chechenya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="செச்சினியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செச்சினியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="สาธารณรัฐเชเชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐเชเชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чеченистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чеченистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چیچنیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیچنیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%90%DA%86%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="چېچېنىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چېچېنىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denijan_Tazovaldkund" title="Čečenijan Tazovaldkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čečenijan Tazovaldkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eeni%C3%A4" title="Tšetšeeniä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšetšeeniä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E8%87%A3" title="车臣 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="车臣" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3" title="車臣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="車臣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chechnya&params=43_24_N_45_43_E_type:adm1st_region:RU-CE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.400°N 45.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.400; 45.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Republic of Russia in the North Caucasus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Republic in Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Chechen Republic</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">Нохчийн Республика</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>)</span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Чеченская Республика</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Chechen Republic"><img alt="Flag of Chechen Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chechnya" title="Flag of Chechnya">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Chechen Republic"><img alt="Coat of arms of Chechen Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="812" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Chechen Republic">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <span title="Chechen-language text"><span lang="ce">Шатлакхан Илли</span></span><br /><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Şatlaqan İlli</i></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/Shatlak%27s_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatlak's Song">Shatlak's Song</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Anthem_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthem-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="158" data-mwtitle="Гимн_Чеченской_Республики.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=ce&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ce" label="нохчийн ‪(ce)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Chechnya,_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Chechen Republic"><img alt="Location of Chechen Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Locator_map_of_Chechnya%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/300px-Locator_map_of_Chechnya%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Locator_map_of_Chechnya%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/450px-Locator_map_of_Chechnya%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Locator_map_of_Chechnya%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/600px-Locator_map_of_Chechnya%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="["_e10ff0833b8995eddf6a8e1eb3a16f90f4892c77"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,250x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chechnya&revid=1260844956&groups=_e10ff0833b8995eddf6a8e1eb3a16f90f4892c77" width="250" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,250x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chechnya&revid=1260844956&groups=_e10ff0833b8995eddf6a8e1eb3a16f90f4892c77 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chechnya&params=43_24_N_45_43_E_type:adm1st_region:RU-CE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.400°N 45.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.400; 45.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Russia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Federal_District" title="North Caucasian Federal District">North Caucasian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Economic_Region" title="North Caucasus Economic Region">North Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a><sup id="cite_ref-Capital_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Parliament of the Chechen Republic">Parliament of the Chechen Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadLegis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadLegis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Head of the Chechen Republic">Head</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadLegis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadLegis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Head_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,165 km<sup>2</sup> (6,241 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,510,824 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">96.4% <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.2% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.8% <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.6% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_population" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by population">31st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">38.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">61.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">RU-CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">95</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Languages_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  • <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Russian_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chechnya.gov.ru/">chechnya<wbr />.gov<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Nikaroi combat tower</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chechnya</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Chechen Republic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. It is situated in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The republic forms a part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Federal_District" title="North Caucasian Federal District">North Caucasian Federal District</a>, and shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> to its south; with the Russian republics of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a> to its east, north, and west; and with <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> to its northwest. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Chechnya_and_Ingushetia_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union">Checheno-Ingush ASSR</a> split into two parts: the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a> and the Chechen Republic. The latter proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>, which declared independence, while the former sided with Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> of 1994–1996 with Russia, Chechnya gained <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, although <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> it remained a part of Russia. Russian federal control was restored in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> of 1999–2009, with Chechen politics being dominated by the former Ichkerian <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a>, and later his son <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kezenoyam_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kezenoyam_2.jpg/220px-Kezenoyam_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kezenoyam_2.jpg/330px-Kezenoyam_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kezenoyam_2.jpg/440px-Kezenoyam_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="2907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kezenoyam" title="Lake Kezenoyam">Lake Kezenoyam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The republic covers an area of 17,300 square kilometres (6,700 square miles), with a population of over 1.5 million residents as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh peoples</a>, and of primarily <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> faith. <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chechnya" title="History of Chechnya">History of Chechnya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_Chechnya's_population"><span id="Origin_of_Chechnya.27s_population"></span>Origin of Chechnya's population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of Chechnya's population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vainakh_origin_hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Vainakh origin hypotheses">Vainakh origin hypotheses</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Leonti_Mroveli" title="Leonti Mroveli">Leonti Mroveli</a>, the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a> ancestor <a href="/wiki/Caucas" title="Caucas">Kavkas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to George Anchabadze of <a href="/wiki/Ilia_State_University" title="Ilia State University">Ilia State University</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was "Kavkas", hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most "Caucasian" people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus – Kavkas – Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>American linguist <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Nichols" title="Johanna Nichols">Johanna Nichols</a> "has used language to connect the modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>" and her research suggests that "farmers of the region were proto-Nakh-Daghestanians". Nichols stated: "The <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Nakh–Dagestanian languages</a> are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Western_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilisation">Western civilisation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-science_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg/220px-Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg/330px-Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg/440px-Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8925" data-file-height="6640" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Caucasian <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> by J. Grassl, 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>Traces of human settlement dating back to 40,000 BC were found near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kezanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Kezanoi">Lake Kezanoi</a>. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence indicate continuous habitation for some 8,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-chechhand_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chechhand-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People living in these settlements used tools, fire, and clothing made of animal skins.<sup id="cite_ref-chechhand_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chechhand-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Epipaleolithic">Caucasian Epipaleolithic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Neolithic">Caucasian Neolithic</a> era saw the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and the domestication of animals in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-science_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlements near Ali-Yurt and <a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a>, discovered in modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks were discovered in the plains. In the mountains there were settlements made from stone and surrounded by walls; some of them dated back to 8000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodzoev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This period also saw the appearance of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron), dishes, armor, daggers, knives and arrow tips in the region. The artifacts were found near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasare-Cort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasare-Cort (page does not exist)">Nasare-Cort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzhichi" title="Muzhichi">Muzhichi</a>, Ja-E-Bortz (alternatively known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surkha-khi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surkha-khi (page does not exist)">Surkha-khi</a>), Abbey-Gove (also known as <a href="/wiki/Nazran" title="Nazran">Nazran</a> or Nasare).<sup id="cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodzoev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-imperial_era">Pre-imperial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-imperial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was frequent warfare between the Chechens, <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Terek_River" title="Battle of the Terek River">Battle of the Terek River</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh%E2%80%93Timur_war" title="Tokhtamysh–Timur war">Tokhtamysh–Timur war</a>). The Chechen tribes built fortresses, castles, and defensive walls, protecting the mountains from the invaders (see <a href="/wiki/Vainakh_tower_architecture" title="Vainakh tower architecture">Vainakh tower architecture</a>). Part of the lowland tribes were occupied by Mongols. However, during the mid-14th century a strong Chechen Princedom called <a href="/wiki/Princedom_of_Simsim" class="mw-redirect" title="Princedom of Simsim">Simsim</a> emerged under <a href="/wiki/Khour_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khour II">Khour II</a>, a Chechen king that led the Chechen politics and wars. He was in charge of an army of Chechens against the rogue warlord <a href="/wiki/Mamai" title="Mamai">Mamai</a> and defeated him in the Battle of Tatar-tup in 1362. The kingdom of Simsim was almost destroyed during the Timurid invasion of the Caucasus, when Khour II allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> Khan Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River. Timur sought to punish the highlanders for their allegiance to Tokhtamysh and as a consequence invaded Simsim in 1395.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 16th century saw the first Russian involvement in the Caucasus. In 1558, Temryuk of Kabarda sent his emissaries to Moscow requesting help from <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> against the Vainakh tribes. Ivan the Terrible married Temryuk's daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_Temryukovna" title="Maria Temryukovna">Maria Temryukovna</a>. An alliance was formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> against stubborn Vainakh defenders. </p><p>In 1667 Mehk-Da <a href="/wiki/Aldaman_Gheza" title="Aldaman Gheza">Aldaman Gheza</a> defended the borders of Chechnya from invasions of <a href="/wiki/Kabardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardinians">Kabardinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Avars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Avars">Avars</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khachara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khachara">Battle of Khachara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment.<sup id="cite_ref-tsaroieva_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsaroieva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ilyasov_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilyasov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_rule">Imperial rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imperial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Chechnya_and_Dagestan" title="Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan">Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Imam_Shamil_before_the_commander-in-chief_Prince_Bariatinsky_on_25_August_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Captured_Imam_Shamil_before_the_commander-in-chief_Prince_Bariatinsky_on_25_August_1859.jpg/290px-Captured_Imam_Shamil_before_the_commander-in-chief_Prince_Bariatinsky_on_25_August_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Captured_Imam_Shamil_before_the_commander-in-chief_Prince_Bariatinsky_on_25_August_1859.jpg/435px-Captured_Imam_Shamil_before_the_commander-in-chief_Prince_Bariatinsky_on_25_August_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Captured_Imam_Shamil_before_the_commander-in-chief_Prince_Bariatinsky_on_25_August_1859.jpg/580px-Captured_Imam_Shamil_before_the_commander-in-chief_Prince_Bariatinsky_on_25_August_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Captured <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> before the commander-in-chief Prince Bariatinsky on 25 August 1859; painting by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Horschelt" title="Theodor Horschelt">Theodor Horschelt</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> first sought to increase Russia's political influence in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavid Persia</a> when he launched the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723</a>. Russian forces succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories from Iran for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Russians took control of the Caspian corridor and moved into Persian-ruled <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, Peter's forces ran into mountain tribes. Peter sent a cavalry force to subdue them, but the Chechens routed them.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1732, after Russia had already ceded back most of the Caucasus to Persia, now led by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Resht" title="Treaty of Resht">Treaty of Resht</a>, Russian troops clashed again with Chechens in a village called Chechen-aul along the <a href="/wiki/Argun_River_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argun River (Caucasus)">Argun River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians were defeated again and withdrew, but this battle is responsible for the apocryphal story about how the Nokchi came to be known as "Chechens" – the people ostensibly named for the place the battle had taken place. The name "Chechen" was however already used from as early as 1692.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under intermittent Persian rule since 1555, in 1783 the eastern Georgians of <a href="/wiki/Kartl-Kakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartl-Kakheti">Kartl-Kakheti</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Erekle_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Erekle II">Erekle II</a> and Russia signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a>. According to this treaty, Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia, and Georgia abjured any dependence on <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to increase its influence in the Caucasus and to secure communications with Kartli and other Christian regions of the Transcaucasia which it considered useful in its wars against Persia and Turkey, the Russian Empire began conquering the Northern Caucasus mountains. The Russian Empire used Christianity to justify its conquests, allowing Islam to spread widely because it positioned itself as the religion of liberation from tsardom, which viewed Nakh tribes as "bandits".<sup id="cite_ref-ling_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was led by <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Ushurma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Ushurma">Mansur Ushurma</a>, a Chechen <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a>) sheikh—with wavering military support from other North Caucasian tribes. Mansur hoped to establish a <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasus</a> Islamic state under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law. He was unable to fully achieve this because in the course of the war he was betrayed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, handed over to Russians, and executed in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the forced ceding of the current territories of Dagestan, most of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and Georgia by Persia to Russia, following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813</a> and its resultant <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a>, Russia significantly widened its foothold in the Caucasus at the expense of Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Another successful Caucasus war</a> against Persia several years later, starting in 1826 and ending in 1828 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">successful war</a> against Ottoman Turkey in 1828 and 1829, enabled Russia to use a much larger portion of its army in subduing the natives of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg/290px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg/435px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg/580px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Chechen artillerymen</figcaption></figure> <p>The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim-<a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Avars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Avars">Avar</a> commander, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a>, who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 (see <a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a>). In 1859, Shamil was captured by Russians at aul Gunib. Shamil left <a href="/wiki/Baysangur_of_Benoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysangur of Benoa">Baysangur of Benoa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Chechen with one arm, one eye, and one leg, in charge of command at Gunib. Baysangur broke through the siege and continued to fight Russia for another two years until he was captured and killed by Russians. The Russian tsar hoped that by sparing the life of Shamil, the resistance in the North Caucasus would stop, but it did not. Russia began to use a colonization tactic by destroying Nakh settlements and building Cossack defense lines in the lowlands. The Cossacks suffered defeat after defeat and were constantly attacked by mountaineers, who were robbing them of food and weaponry. </p><p>The tsarists' regime used a different approach at the end of the 1860s. They offered Chechens and Ingush to leave the Caucasus for the Ottoman Empire (see <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Caucasus)">Muhajir (Caucasus)</a>). It is estimated that about 80% of Chechens and Ingush left the Caucasus during the deportation. It weakened the resistance which went from open warfare to insurgent warfare. One of the notable Chechen resistance fighters at the end of the 19th century was a Chechen <a href="/wiki/Abrek" title="Abrek">abrek</a> <a href="/wiki/Zelimkhan" title="Zelimkhan">Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev</a> and his comrade-in-arms Ingush abrek Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski. Together they built up small units which constantly harassed Russian military convoys, government mints, and government post-service, mainly in Ingushetia and Chechnya. Ingush aul Kek was completely burned when the Ingush refused to hand over Zelimkhan. Zelimkhan was killed at the beginning of the twentieth century. The war between Nakh tribes and Russia resurfaced during the times of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, which saw the Nakh struggle against <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a> and later against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>On 21 December 1917, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, Chechnya, and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state: "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a>) which was recognized by major world powers. The capital of the new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Tchermoeff" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Tchermoeff">Tapa Tchermoeff</a>, a prominent Chechen statesman, was elected the first prime minister of the state. The second prime minister elected was Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, an Ingush statesman, who also was the author of the constitution of the republic in 1917, and in 1920 he was re-elected for the third term. In 1921 the Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcibly absorbed it into the Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence restarted, and the government went into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_rule">Soviet rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Soviet rule, Chechnya and Ingushetia were combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. In the 1930s, Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing a <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">famine</a>. As a result, many of the Ukrainians settled in Chechen-Ingush ASSR permanently and survived the famine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on the front line (including <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Heroes of the USSR</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abukhadzhi_Idrisov" title="Abukhadzhi Idrisov">Abukhadzhi Idrisov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanpasha_Nuradilov" title="Khanpasha Nuradilov">Khanpasha Nuradilov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movlid_Visaitov" title="Movlid Visaitov">Movlid Visaitov</a>), and although Nazi German troops advanced as far as the Ossetian ASSR city of Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR city of <a href="/wiki/Malgobek" title="Malgobek">Malgobek</a> after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month, Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lentil_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Lentil (Caucasus)">Operation Lentil</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) in 1944 near the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> where over 60% of Chechen and Ingush populations perished.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. ... Those who could not be moved were shot. ... [A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The deportation was justified by the materials prepared by <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Kobulov" title="Bogdan Kobulov">Bogdan Kobulov</a> accusing Chechens and Ingush in a mass conspiracy preparing rebellion and providing assistance to the German forces. Many of the materials were later proven to be fabricated.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakovlev_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakovlev-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even distinguished <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> officers who fought bravely against Germans (e.g. the commander of 255th Separate Chechen-Ingush regiment <a href="/wiki/Movlid_Visaitov" title="Movlid Visaitov">Movlid Visaitov</a>, the first to contact <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> forces at Elbe river) were deported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996106_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a theory that the real reason why Chechens and Ingush were deported was the desire of Russia to attack Turkey, an anti-communist country, as Chechens and Ingush could impede such plans.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush as an act of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided between <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Grozny_Okrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Grozny Okrug">Grozny Okrug</a> was formed), the <a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetian ASSR">North Ossetian ASSR</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a>. </p><p>The Chechens and Ingush were allowed to return to their land after 1956 during <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Stalinisation">de-Stalinisation</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored but with both the boundaries and ethnic composition of the territory significantly changed. There were many (predominantly Russian) migrants from other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, who often settled in the abandoned family homes of Chechens and Ingushes. The republic lost its <a href="/wiki/Prigorodny_District,_Republic_of_North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prigorodny District, Republic of North Ossetia–Alania">Prigorodny District</a> which transferred to North Ossetian ASSR but gained predominantly Russian <a href="/wiki/Naursky_District" title="Naursky District">Naursky District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shelkovskoy_District" title="Shelkovskoy District">Shelkovskoy District</a> that is considered the homeland for <a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policies towards Chechens continued after 1956, with <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> proficiency required in many aspects of life to provide Chechens better opportunities for advancement in the Soviet system.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November 1990, the Supreme Council of Chechen-Ingush ASSR adopted the "Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic". This declaration was part of the reorganisation of the Soviet Union. This new treaty was to be signed 22 August 1991, which would have transformed 15 republic states into more than 80. The 19–21 August <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a> led to the abandonment of this reorganisation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the impending dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, an independence movement, the <a href="/wiki/All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People" title="All-National Congress of the Chechen People">Chechen National Congress</a>, was formed, led by ex-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> general and new Chechen President <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>. It campaigned for the recognition of Chechnya as a separate nation. This movement was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, which argued that Chechnya had not been an independent entity within the Soviet Union—as the Baltic, Central Asian, and other Caucasian states such as Georgia had—but was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> and hence did not have a right under the Soviet constitution to secede. It also argued that other <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics of Russia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, would consider seceding from the Russian Federation if Chechnya were granted that right. Finally, it argued that Chechnya was a major hub in the oil infrastructure of Russia and hence its secession would hurt the country's economy and energy access.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechen Revolution</a>, the Soviet Chechen leader <a href="/wiki/Doku_Zavgayev" title="Doku Zavgayev">Doku Zavgayev</a> was overthrown and Dzhokhar Dudayev seized power. On 1 November 1991, Dudaev's Chechnya issued a unilateral declaration of independence. In the ensuing decade, the territory was locked in an ongoing struggle between various factions, usually fighting unconventionally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechen_Wars_and_brief_independence">Chechen Wars and brief independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chechen Wars and brief independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></div> <p>The First Chechen War, during which Russian forces attempted to regain control over Chechnya, took place from 1994 to 1996. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority in troops, weaponry, and <a href="/wiki/Air_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Air support">air support</a>, the Russian forces were unable to establish effective permanent control over the mountainous area due to numerous successful full-scale battles and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> raids. The <a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis</a> in 1995 shocked the Russian public. </p><p>In April 1996, the first democratically elected president of Chechnya, <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>, was killed by Russian forces using a booby trap bomb and a missile fired from a warplane after he was located by triangulating the position of a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phone</a> he was using.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The widespread <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">demoralisation</a> of the Russian forces in the area and a successful offensive to re-take Grozny by Chechen rebel forces led by <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a> prompted <a href="/wiki/Russian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian President">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> to declare a ceasefire in 1996, and sign a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> a year later that saw a withdrawal of Russian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power new President Aslan Maskhadov, chief of staff and prime minister in the Chechen coalition government, for a five-year term. Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while pressing the Russian government to help rebuild the republic, whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals. Nearly half a million people (40% of Chechnya's prewar population) had been internally displaced and lived in <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee camps">refugee camps</a> or overcrowded villages.<sup id="cite_ref-dissident_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissident-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There was an economic downturn. Two Russian brigades were permanently stationed in Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-dissident_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissident-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of the devastated economic structure, kidnapping emerged as the principal source of income countrywide, procuring over US$200 million during the three-year independence of the chaotic fledgling state,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although victims were rarely killed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, 176 people were kidnapped, 90 of whom were released, according to official accounts. President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on 25 October 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya's top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote-controlled car bombing. Bargishev's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. Political violence and religious extremism, blamed on "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>", was rife. In 1998, Grozny authorities declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. Tensions led to open clashes between the Chechen National Guard and Islamist militants, such as the July 1998 confrontation in Gudermes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a> began on 7 August 1999, during which the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_International_Peacekeeping_Brigade" title="Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade">Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade</a> (IIPB) began an unsuccessful incursion into the neighboring Russian republic of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> in favor of the Shura of Dagestan which sought independence from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September, a series of <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">apartment bombs</a> that killed around 300 people in several Russian cities, including Moscow, were blamed on the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a> separatists.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some journalists contested the official explanation, instead blaming the Russian Secret Service for blowing up the buildings to initiate a new military campaign against Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the bombings, a prolonged air campaign of retaliatory strikes against the Ichkerian regime and a ground offensive that began in October 1999 marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War. Much better organized and planned than the First Chechen War, the Russian armed forces took control of most regions. The Russian forces used brutal force, killing 60 Chechen civilians during a <a href="/wiki/Novye_Aldi_massacre" title="Novye Aldi massacre">mop-up operation in Aldy, Chechnya</a> on 5 February 2000. After the re-capture of <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> in February 2000, the Ichkerian regime fell apart.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Chechen man prays during the Battle of Grozny."><img alt="A Chechen man prays during the Battle of Grozny." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg/130px-Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg/195px-Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg/260px-Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Chechen man prays during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%931995)" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)">Battle of Grozny</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djokhar_Douda%C3%AFev.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev"><img alt="Dzhokhar Dudayev" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Djokhar_Douda%C3%AFev.jpg/162px-Djokhar_Douda%C3%AFev.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Djokhar_Douda%C3%AFev.jpg/243px-Djokhar_Douda%C3%AFev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Djokhar_Douda%C3%AFev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aslan_Maskhadov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aslan Maskhadov"><img alt="Aslan Maskhadov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aslan_Maskhadov.jpg/155px-Aslan_Maskhadov.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aslan_Maskhadov.jpg/233px-Aslan_Maskhadov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aslan_Maskhadov.jpg/310px-Aslan_Maskhadov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadets_of_the_Ichkeria_Chechen_national_guard_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cadets of the Ichkeria Chechen national guard, 1999."><img alt="Cadets of the Ichkeria Chechen national guard, 1999." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cadets_of_the_Ichkeria_Chechen_national_guard_1999.jpg/200px-Cadets_of_the_Ichkeria_Chechen_national_guard_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cadets_of_the_Ichkeria_Chechen_national_guard_1999.jpg/300px-Cadets_of_the_Ichkeria_Chechen_national_guard_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cadets_of_the_Ichkeria_Chechen_national_guard_1999.jpg/400px-Cadets_of_the_Ichkeria_Chechen_national_guard_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cadets of the Ichkeria Chechen national guard, 1999.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Chechen fighter stands near the government palace building during a short lull in fighting in Grozny, Chechnya."><img alt="A Chechen fighter stands near the government palace building during a short lull in fighting in Grozny, Chechnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/200px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/300px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg/400px-Evstafiev-chechnya-palace-gunman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a> fighter stands near the government palace building during a short lull in fighting in <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_reconstruction_and_insurgency">Post-war reconstruction and insurgency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war reconstruction and insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RU034_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RU034_09.jpg/220px-RU034_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RU034_09.jpg/330px-RU034_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RU034_09.jpg/440px-RU034_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postage stamp</a> issued in 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Post" title="Russian Post">Russian Post</a> dedicated to Chechnya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minutka_Square_37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Minutka_Square_37.jpg/220px-Minutka_Square_37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Minutka_Square_37.jpg/330px-Minutka_Square_37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Minutka_Square_37.jpg/440px-Minutka_Square_37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Minutka Square, Grozny</figcaption></figure> <p>Chechen separatists continued to fight Russian troops and conduct terror attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In October 2002, 40–50 Chechen rebels <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">seized a Moscow theater</a> and took about 900 civilians hostage.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis ended with 117 hostages and up to 50 rebels dead, mostly due to <a href="/wiki/Moscow_hostage_crisis_chemical_agent" title="Moscow hostage crisis chemical agent">an unknown aerosol</a> pumped into the building by Russian special forces to incapacitate the people inside.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to these attacks, Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya and expanded its anti-terrorist operations throughout the region. Russia installed a pro-Russian Chechen regime. In 2003, a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya within Russia but provided limited autonomy. According to the Chechen government, the referendum passed with 95.5% of the votes and almost 80% turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> was skeptical of the results, arguing that "few outside <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">the Kremlin</a> regard the referendum as fair".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2004, separatist rebels <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Beslan school hostage crisis">occupied a school</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Beslan" title="Beslan">Beslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a>, demanding recognition of the independence of Chechnya and a Russian withdrawal. 1,100 people (including 777 children) were taken hostage. The attack lasted three days, resulting in the deaths of over 331 people, including 186 children.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2004 school siege, Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> announced sweeping security and political reforms, sealing borders in the Caucasus region and revealing plans to give the central government more power. He also vowed to take tougher action against domestic terrorism, including preemptive strikes against Chechen separatists.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 and 2006, separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a> were killed. </p><p>Since 2007, Chechnya has been governed by <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kadyrov's rule has been characterized by high-level corruption, a poor human rights record, widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and a growing <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allegations of <a href="/wiki/Anti-gay_purges_in_Chechnya" title="Anti-gay purges in Chechnya">anti-gay purges in Chechnya</a> were initially reported on 1 April 2017. </p><p>In April 2009, Russia ended its counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-endwar_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-endwar-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">insurgency in the North Caucasus</a> continued even after this date. The <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a> had fully adopted the tenets of a <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafist</a> jihadist group through its strict adherence to the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> obedience to the literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chechen government has been outspoken in its support for the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, where a Chechen military force, the <a href="/wiki/Kadyrovtsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadyrovtsy">Kadyrovtsy</a>, which is under Kadyrov's personal command, has played a leading role, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mariupol" title="Siege of Mariupol">Siege of Mariupol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a substantial number of Chechen separatists have allied themselves to the Ukrainian cause and are fighting a mutual Russian enemy in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/330px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/440px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>The mountains in the area Sharoy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kezenoy-lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kezenoy-lake.jpg/220px-Kezenoy-lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kezenoy-lake.jpg/330px-Kezenoy-lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kezenoy-lake.jpg/440px-Kezenoy-lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kezenoyam" title="Lake Kezenoyam">Lake Kezenoyam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Situated in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory. In the west, it borders <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, in the north, <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a>, in the east, Dagestan, and to the south, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Its capital is Grozny. Chechnya is well known for being mountainous, but it is in fact split between the more flat areas north of the Terek, and the highlands south of the Terek. </p> <ul><li>Area: 17,300 km<sup>2</sup> (6,700 sq mi)</li> <li>Borders: <ul><li><i>Internal</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> (NE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a> (W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a> (W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> (NW)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Foreign</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a>) (S)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Rivers:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunzha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunzha River">Sunzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun_River_(Caucasus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argun River (Caucasus)">Argun</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite a relatively small territory, Chechnya is characterized by a variety of climate conditions. The average temperature in Grozny is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns_with_over_20,000_people"><span id="Cities_and_towns_with_over_20.2C000_people"></span>Cities and towns with over 20,000 people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cities and towns with over 20,000 people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Chechen_Republic_(Chechnya).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_of_Chechen_Republic_%28Chechnya%29.png/220px-Map_of_Chechen_Republic_%28Chechnya%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_of_Chechen_Republic_%28Chechnya%29.png/330px-Map_of_Chechen_Republic_%28Chechnya%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_of_Chechen_Republic_%28Chechnya%29.png/440px-Map_of_Chechen_Republic_%28Chechnya%29.png 2x" data-file-width="9792" data-file-height="12403" /></a><figcaption>Map of Chechen Republic (Chechnya)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shali,_Chechen_Republic" title="Shali, Chechen Republic">Shali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martan" title="Urus-Martan">Urus-Martan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argun (town)">Argun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurchaloy" title="Kurchaloy">Kurchaloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achkhoy-Martan" title="Achkhoy-Martan">Achkoy-Martan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Chechnya" title="Administrative divisions of Chechnya">Administrative divisions of Chechnya</a></div> <p>The Chechen Republic is divided into 15 districts and three cities of republican significance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chechen_Republic_population_pyramid.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chechen_Republic_population_pyramid.gif/220px-Chechen_Republic_population_pyramid.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chechen_Republic_population_pyramid.gif/330px-Chechen_Republic_population_pyramid.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chechen_Republic_population_pyramid.gif/440px-Chechen_Republic_population_pyramid.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Chechen Republic population pyramid</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">510,055</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">710,424</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,064,471</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+49.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,153,450</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,275,513</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+10.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,103,686</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,268,989</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,510,824</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021 Census</a>, the population of the republic is 1,510,824,<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up from 1,268,989 in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 2021 Census,<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a> at 1,456,792 make up 96.4% of the republic's population. Other groups include <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (18,225, or 1.2%), <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a> (12,184, or 0.8%) and a host of other small groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. The birth rate was 25.41 in 2004. (25.7 in Achkhoi Martan, 19.8 in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in <a href="/wiki/Vedeno" title="Vedeno">Vedeno</a>). </p><p>The languages used in the Republic are <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. Chechen belongs to the Vaynakh or <a href="/wiki/North-central_Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North-central Caucasian languages">North-central Caucasian</a> language family, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batsb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsb language">Batsb</a>. Some scholars place it in a wider <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg/170px-RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg/255px-RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg/340px-RIAN_archive_908389_Victory_Day_parade_in_Russian_Regions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Chechen World War II veterans during celebrations on the 66th anniversary of victory in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its difficult past, Chechnya has a high <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, one of the highest in Russia. But the pattern of life expectancy is unusual, and in according to numerous statistics, Chechnya stands out from the overall picture. In 2020, Chechnya had the deepest fall in life expectancy, but in 2021 it had the biggest rise. Chechnya has the highest excess of life expectancy in rural areas over cities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width:7em;">2019 </th> <th style="width:7em;">2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Average: </td> <td>75.9 years </td> <td>73.0 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Male: </td> <td>73.6 years </td> <td>70.5 years </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Female: </td> <td>78.0 years </td> <td>75.3 years </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy at birth in Chechnya"><img alt="Life expectancy at birth in Chechnya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya.png/315px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya.png/472px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya.png/629px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy at birth in Chechnya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya_-diff.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy with calculated differences"><img alt="Life expectancy with calculated differences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya_-diff.png/234px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya_-diff.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya_-diff.png/351px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya_-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya_-diff.png/468px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Chechnya_-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy with calculated differences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Chechnya.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy in Chechnya in comparison with neighboring regions of the country"><img alt="Life expectancy in Chechnya in comparison with neighboring regions of the country" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Chechnya.png/396px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Chechnya.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Chechnya.png/594px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Chechnya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Chechnya.png/792px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Chechnya.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy in Chechnya in comparison with neighboring regions of the country</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the original svg-file in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it."><img alt="Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the original svg-file in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg/310px-Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg/465px-Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg/620px-Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg">original svg-file</a> in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy. Original interactive file."><img alt="Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy. Original interactive file." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg/284px-Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg/427px-Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg/569px-Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy.<br /><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg">Original interactive file</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Chechnya</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 Russian Census</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chechnya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Chechnya">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Chechnya" title="Administrative divisions of Chechnya">Administrative division</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grozny"><img alt="Grozny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg/120px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg/180px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg/240px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudermes_City4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gudermes"><img alt="Gudermes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gudermes_City4.jpg/120px-Gudermes_City4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gudermes_City4.jpg/180px-Gudermes_City4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gudermes_City4.jpg/240px-Gudermes_City4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">City of republic significance of Grozny</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">328,533 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3l%D0%BE%D1%80.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Urus-Martan"><img alt="Urus-Martan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3l%D0%BE%D1%80.png/120px-%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3l%D0%BE%D1%80.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3l%D0%BE%D1%80.png/180px-%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3l%D0%BE%D1%80.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3l%D0%BE%D1%80.png/240px-%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3l%D0%BE%D1%80.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="538" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martan" title="Urus-Martan">Urus-Martan</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pride_of_Muslims_mosque_Shali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shali"><img alt="Shali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pride_of_Muslims_mosque_Shali.jpg/120px-Pride_of_Muslims_mosque_Shali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pride_of_Muslims_mosque_Shali.jpg/180px-Pride_of_Muslims_mosque_Shali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pride_of_Muslims_mosque_Shali.jpg/240px-Pride_of_Muslims_mosque_Shali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="314" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Shali,_Chechen_Republic" title="Shali, Chechen Republic">Shali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gudermessky_District" title="Gudermessky District">Gudermessky District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martan" title="Urus-Martan">Urus-Martan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martanovsky_District" title="Urus-Martanovsky District">Urus-Martanovsky District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,449 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shali,_Chechen_Republic" title="Shali, Chechen Republic">Shali</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shalinsky_District,_Chechen_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalinsky District, Chechen Republic">Shalinsky District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,054 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Argun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Town of republic significance of Argun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,622 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Achkhoy-Martan" title="Achkhoy-Martan">Achkhoy-Martan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Achkhoy-Martanovsky_District" title="Achkhoy-Martanovsky District">Achkhoy-Martanovsky District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,739 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kurchaloy" title="Kurchaloy">Kurchaloy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kurchaloyevsky_District" title="Kurchaloyevsky District">Kurchaloyevsky District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oyskhara" title="Oyskhara">Oyskhara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gudermessky_District" title="Gudermessky District">Gudermessky District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,415 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goyty" title="Goyty">Goyty</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martanovsky_District" title="Urus-Martanovsky District">Urus-Martanovsky District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,198 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Avtury" title="Avtury">Avtury</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shalinsky_District,_Chechnya" title="Shalinsky District, Chechnya">Shalinsky District, Chechnya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,446 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vital statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/220px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/330px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/440px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Average population (x 1000) </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Live births </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Deaths </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Natural change </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Crude birth rate (per 1000) </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Crude death rate (per 1000) </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Natural change (per 1000) </th> <th style="width:70pt;">Total fertility rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>1,117 </td> <td>27,774</td> <td>7,194</td> <td>20 580 </td> <td>24.9</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>18.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>1,133 </td> <td>28,496</td> <td>6,347</td> <td>22,149 </td> <td>25.2</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>19.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>1,150 </td> <td>28,652</td> <td>5,857</td> <td>22,795 </td> <td>24.9</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>19.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>1,167 </td> <td>27,989</td> <td>5,889</td> <td>22,100 </td> <td>24.0</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>18.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>1,187 </td> <td>32,449</td> <td>5,630</td> <td>26,819 </td> <td>27.3</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>22.6</td> <td>3.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>1,210 </td> <td>35,897</td> <td>5,447</td> <td>30,450 </td> <td>29.7</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>25.2</td> <td>3.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>1,235 </td> <td>36,523</td> <td>6,620</td> <td>29,903 </td> <td>29.6</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>24.2</td> <td>3.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>1,260 </td> <td>37,753</td> <td>7,042</td> <td>30,711 </td> <td>30.0</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>24.4</td> <td>3.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>1,289 </td> <td>37,335</td> <td>6,810</td> <td>30,525 </td> <td>28.9</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>23.6</td> <td>3.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>1,314 </td> <td>34,385</td> <td>7,192</td> <td>27,193 </td> <td>26.2</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>20.7</td> <td>3.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>1,336 </td> <td>32,963</td> <td>6,581</td> <td>26,382 </td> <td>24.7</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>19.8</td> <td>2.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>1,358 </td> <td>32,949</td> <td>6,864</td> <td>26,085 </td> <td>24.3</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>2.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>1,383 </td> <td>32,057</td> <td>6,728</td> <td>25,329 </td> <td>23.2</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>18.3</td> <td>2.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>1,404 </td> <td>29,893</td> <td>6,630</td> <td>23,263 </td> <td>21.3</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>16.6</td> <td>2.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>1,425 </td> <td>29,890</td> <td>6,586</td> <td>23,304 </td> <td>21.0</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>16.4</td> <td>2.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>1,444 </td> <td>29,883</td> <td>6,430</td> <td>23,453 </td> <td>20.6</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>2.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>1,467 </td> <td>28,145</td> <td>6,357</td> <td>21,788 </td> <td>19.2</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>14.9</td> <td>2.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>1,488 </td> <td>30,111</td> <td>9,188</td> <td>20,923 </td> <td>20.2</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>2.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>1,509 </td> <td>30,345</td> <td>8,904</td> <td>21,441 </td> <td>20.1</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>2.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td> <td>30,821</td> <td>7,370</td> <td>23,451 </td> <td>20.2</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>15.4</td> <td>2.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>30,418</td> <td>6,583</td> <td>23,835 </td> <td>19.7</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>15.4</td> <td>2.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"><b>Source:</b><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(In the territory of modern Chechnya)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. (April 2013)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic<br />group </th> <th colspan="2">1926 Census </th> <th colspan="2">1939 Census<sup>2</sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1959 Census<sup>2</sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1970 Census </th> <th colspan="2">1979 Census </th> <th colspan="2">1989 Census </th> <th colspan="2">2002 Census </th> <th colspan="2">2010 Census </th> <th colspan="2">2021 Census<sup>1</sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a> </td> <td>293,298 </td> <td>67.3% </td> <td>360,889 </td> <td>58.0% </td> <td>238,331 </td> <td>39.7% </td> <td>499,962 </td> <td>54.7% </td> <td>602,223 </td> <td>60.1% </td> <td>715,306 </td> <td>66.0% </td> <td>1,031,647 </td> <td>93.5% </td> <td>1,206,551 </td> <td>95.3% </td> <td>1,456,792 </td> <td>96.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>103,271 </td> <td>23.5% </td> <td>213,354 </td> <td>34.3% </td> <td>296,794 </td> <td>49.4% </td> <td>327,701 </td> <td>35.8% </td> <td>307,079 </td> <td>30.6% </td> <td>269,130 </td> <td>24.8% </td> <td>40,645 </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>24,382 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>18,225 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a> </td> <td>2,217 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>3,575 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>6,865 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>7,808 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>9,591 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>8,883 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>12,221 </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>12,184 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Avars" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Avars">Avars</a> </td> <td>830 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>2,906 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4,196 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>4,793 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>6,035 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>4,133 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>4,864 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>4,079 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> </td> <td>162 </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>1,302 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5,503 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>6,079 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>6,885 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>3,572 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>3,444 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>2,819 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a> </td> <td>798 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>4,338 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>3,639 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>14,543 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>20,855 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>25,136 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>2,914 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>1,296 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>1,100 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>11,474 </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td>8,614 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>11,947 </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>11,608 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>11,334 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>11,884 </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>829 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td rowspan="3">13,716 </td> <td rowspan="3">1.1% </td> <td rowspan="3">15,625 </td> <td rowspan="3">1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td>5,978 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>8,396 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>12,136 </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>13,948 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>14,438 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>14,666 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>424 </td> <td>0.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Others </td> <td>18,840 </td> <td>4.13% </td> <td>18,646 </td> <td>3.0% </td> <td>37,550 </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>30,057 </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>27,621 </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>25,800 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>10,639 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="text-align:left;"><sup>1</sup> <small>2,515 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.</small><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><sup>2</sup> <small>Practically all<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush people</a> were deported to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in 1944. They were, however, allowed to return to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Caucasus">Northern Caucasus</a> in 1957 by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush</a>.</small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Heart_of_Chechnya_Mosque_(18_May_2013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Heart_of_Chechnya_Mosque_%2818_May_2013%29.jpg/220px-The_Heart_of_Chechnya_Mosque_%2818_May_2013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Heart_of_Chechnya_Mosque_%2818_May_2013%29.jpg/330px-The_Heart_of_Chechnya_Mosque_%2818_May_2013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Heart_of_Chechnya_Mosque_%2818_May_2013%29.jpg/440px-The_Heart_of_Chechnya_Mosque_%2818_May_2013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The Heart of Chechnya Mosque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_of_the_Prophet_Isa_Mosque_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tour_of_the_Prophet_Isa_Mosque_-_04.jpg/220px-Tour_of_the_Prophet_Isa_Mosque_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tour_of_the_Prophet_Isa_Mosque_-_04.jpg/330px-Tour_of_the_Prophet_Isa_Mosque_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tour_of_the_Prophet_Isa_Mosque_-_04.jpg/440px-Tour_of_the_Prophet_Isa_Mosque_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Chechnya's <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Salah_Mezhiev" title="Salah Mezhiev">Salah Mezhiev</a> with Ramzan Kadyrov and Vladimir Putin at the Prophet Isa Mosque in Grozny, 20 August 2024</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is the predominant religion in Chechnya, practiced by 95% of those polled in Grozny in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Roshchin_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshchin-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caucasus_Times_survey_2010_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caucasus_Times_survey_2010-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the population is <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and follows either the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (Islamic <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Chechens are also <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>, of either the <a href="/wiki/Qadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadiri">Qadiri</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Roshchin_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshchin-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the Soviet Union, there has been an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> in Chechnya, and in 2011 it was estimated that there were 465 mosques, including the <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov_Mosque" title="Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque">Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque</a> in Grozny accommodating 10,000 worshippers, as well 31 <a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a>, including an Islamic university named <a href="/wiki/Kunta-haji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunta-haji">Kunta-haji</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kurchaloy_Islamic_Institute" title="Kurchaloy Islamic Institute">Kurchaloy Islamic Institute</a> named Akhmad Kadyrov, and a Center of Islamic Medicine in Grozny which is the largest such institution in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A supreme Islamic administrative territorial organisation in Chechnya is the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Administration_of_the_Muslims_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic">Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic</a> or the Muftiate of the Chechen Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Roshchin_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roshchin-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chechnya#Religion" title="History of Chechnya">History of Chechnya § Religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketia#Religious_implications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia">Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia § Religious implications</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/220px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg/440px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%2C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Church of Archangel Michael in Grozny</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 11th to 13th centuries (i.e. before <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia">Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia</a>), there was a mission of Georgian Orthodox missionaries to the Nakh peoples. Their success was limited, though a couple of highland <a href="/wiki/Teip" title="Teip">teips</a> did convert (conversion was largely by teips). However, during the Mongol invasions, these Christianized teips gradually reverted to paganism, perhaps due to the loss of trans-Caucasian contacts as the Georgians fought the Mongols and briefly fell under their dominion. </p><p>The once-strong Russian minority in Chechnya, mostly <a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> and estimated as numbering approximately 25,000 in 2012, are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a>, although currently only one church exists in Grozny. In August 2011, Archbishop Zosima of <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a> performed the first mass <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> ceremony in the history of the Chechen Republic in the <a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek River</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naursky_District" title="Naursky District">Naursky District</a> in which 35 citizens of Naursky and Shelkovsky districts were converted to Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, there are eight Orthodox churches in Chechnya, the largest is the temple of the Archangel Michael in Grozny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chechnya" title="Politics of Chechnya">Politics of Chechnya</a></div> <p>Since 1990, the Chechen Republic has had many legal, military, and civil conflicts involving separatist movements and pro-Russian authorities. Chechnya has enjoyed a period of relative stability under the Russian-appointed government, although there is still some separatist movement activity.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its regional constitution entered into effect on 2 April 2003, after an all-Chechen referendum was held on 23 March 2003. Some Chechens were controlled by regional <a href="/wiki/Teip" title="Teip">teips</a>, or clans, despite the existence of pro- and anti-Russian political structures. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Russian_presidential_election" title="2024 Russian presidential election">2024 Russian presidential election</a>, which critics called rigged and fraudulent,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> won 98.99% of the vote in Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_government">Regional government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Regional government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_8_November_2000-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vladimir_Putin_8_November_2000-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_8_November_2000-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vladimir_Putin_8_November_2000-1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_8_November_2000-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vladimir_Putin_8_November_2000-1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_8_November_2000-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a>, former separatist and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Head of the Chechen Republic">head of the Chechen Republic</a>, with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 8 November 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>The former separatist religious leader (mufti) <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a> was elected president with 83% of the vote in an internationally monitored election on 5 October 2003. Incidents of <a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">ballot stuffing</a> and voter intimidation by Russian soldiers and the exclusion of separatist parties from the polls were subsequently reported by <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) monitors. On 9 May 2004, Kadyrov was assassinated in Grozny football stadium by a <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">landmine</a> explosion that was planted beneath a VIP stage and detonated during a parade, and <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Abramov_(politician)" title="Sergey Abramov (politician)">Sergey Abramov</a> was appointed acting prime minister after the incident. However, since 2005 <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a> (son of Akhmad Kadyrov) has been the caretaker prime minister, and in 2007 was appointed as the new president. Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> allege he is the wealthiest and most powerful man in the republic, with control over a large private militia (the <a href="/wiki/Kadyrovites" title="Kadyrovites">Kadyrovites</a>). The militia, which began as his father's security force, has been accused of killings and kidnappings by human rights organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separatist_government">Separatist government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Separatist government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ichkeria was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation</a> between 1991 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former president of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a>, deposed in a military coup of 1991 and a participant of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a>, recognized the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-test_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomatic relations with Ichkeria were also established by the partially recognised <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> government on 16 January 2000. This recognition ceased with the fall of the Taliban in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite Taliban recognition, there were no friendly relations between the Taliban and Ichkeria—Maskhadov rejected their recognition, stating that the Taliban were illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kullberg_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kullberg-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ichkeria also received vocal support from the Baltic countries, a group of Ukrainian nationalists, and Poland; Estonia once voted to recognize, but the act never was followed through due to pressure applied by both Russia and the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-Kullberg_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kullberg-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuzio_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuzio-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamil_Basaev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Shamil_Basaev.jpg/220px-Shamil_Basaev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Shamil_Basaev.jpg/330px-Shamil_Basaev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Shamil_Basaev.jpg/440px-Shamil_Basaev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a>, Chechen militant <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> and a leader of the Chechen rebel movement</figcaption></figure> <p>The president of this government was <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a>, and the foreign minister was <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Akhmadov" title="Ilyas Akhmadov">Ilyas Akhmadov</a>, who was the spokesman for the president. Maskhadov had been elected for four years in an internationally monitored election in 1997, which took place after signing a peace agreement with Russia. In 2001, he issued a decree prolonging his office for one additional year; he was unable to participate in the 2003 presidential election since separatist parties were barred by the Russian government, and Maskhadov faced accusations of terrorist offenses in Russia. Maskhadov left Grozny and moved to the separatist-controlled areas of the south at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>. Maskhadov was unable to influence a number of warlords who retain effective control over Chechen territory, and his power was diminished as a result. Russian forces killed Maskhadov on 8 March 2005, and the assassination was widely criticized since it left no legitimate Chechen separatist leader with whom to conduct peace talks. <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Akhmed Zakayev</a>, deputy prime minister and a foreign minister under Maskhadov, was appointed shortly after the 1997 election and is currently living under asylum in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. He and others chose <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Khalim_Saidullayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Khalim Saidullayev">Abdul Khalim Saidullayev</a>, a relatively unknown Islamic judge who was previously the host of an Islamic program on Chechen television, to replace Maskhadov following his death. On 17 June 2006, it was reported that Russian special forces killed Abdul Khalim Saidullayev in a raid in the Chechen town of <a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Argun</a>. On 10 July 2006, <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a>, a leader of the Chechen rebel movement, was killed in a truck explosion during an arms deal. </p><p>The successor of Saidullayev became <a href="/wiki/Doku_Umarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Doku Umarov">Doku Umarov</a>. On 31 October 2007, Umarov abolished the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> and its presidency and in its place proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a> with himself as its <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change of status has been rejected by many Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukrainian parliament</a> voted to recognize the "Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as territory temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Тhe Internal Displacement Monitoring Center reports that after hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">ethnic Russians</a> and Chechens fled their homes following inter-ethnic and <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> conflicts in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999, more than 150,000 people still remain displaced in Russia today.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Нuman rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that pro-Russian Chechen forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>, as well as federal police personnel, used torture to get information about separatist forces. "If you are detained in Chechnya, you face a real and immediate risk of torture. And there is little chance that your torturer will be held accountable", said Holly Cartner, Director of the Europe and Central Asia division of the Human Rights Watch.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramzan_Kadyrov_(2018-06-15)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ramzan_Kadyrov_%282018-06-15%29_02.jpg/220px-Ramzan_Kadyrov_%282018-06-15%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ramzan_Kadyrov_%282018-06-15%29_02.jpg/330px-Ramzan_Kadyrov_%282018-06-15%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ramzan_Kadyrov_%282018-06-15%29_02.jpg/440px-Ramzan_Kadyrov_%282018-06-15%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Chechen leader <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, the US government financed American organization <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> included Chechnya in the "Worst of the Worst" list of most repressive societies in the world, together with <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> considers Chechnya under Kadyrov to be a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 February 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> released extensive evidence to support allegations of consistent torture and executions under the Kadyrov government. The accusations were sparked by the assassination in Austria of a former Chechen rebel who had gained access to Kadyrov's inner circle, 27-year-old <a href="/wiki/Umar_Israilov" title="Umar Israilov">Umar Israilov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 2009, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> released a detailed report covering the human rights violations committed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> against Chechen citizens. Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults, ranging from kidnapping to torture, while those responsible were never held accountable. This led to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law, being run into further devastating destabilization.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that since Chechenization, the government has pushed for enforced Islamic dress code.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a> is quoted as saying "I have the right to criticize my wife. She doesn't [have the right to criticize me]. With us [in Chechen society], a wife is a <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewife</a>. A woman should know her place. A woman should give her love to us [men]... She would be [man's] property. And the man is the owner. Here, if a woman does not behave properly, her husband, father, and brother are responsible. According to our tradition, if a woman fools around, her family members kill her... That's how it happens, a brother kills his sister or a husband kills his wife... As a president, I cannot allow for them to kill. So, let women not wear shorts...".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also openly defended <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a> on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 July 2017, Russian newspaper <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i></span> reported that a number of people were extrajudicially executed on the night of 26 January 2017. It published a list of 27 names of the people known to be dead, but stressed that the list is "not all [of those killed]"; the newspaper asserted that 50 people may have been executed.<sup id="cite_ref-ng9jul17_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng9jul17-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the dead were gay, but not all. The killings appeared to have been precipitated by the death of a policeman;<sup id="cite_ref-ng9jul17_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng9jul17-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the author of the report, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Milashina" title="Elena Milashina">Elena Milashina</a>, the victims were executed for engaging in terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-imrjul17_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imrjul17-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2021, up to 50 family members of critics of the Kadyrov government were abducted in a wave of mass kidnappings beginning on 22 December.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a case study published in 2021, Freedom House reported that Kadyrov also conducts a total transnational repression campaign against Chechen exiles outside of Russia, including assassinations of critics and digital intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: LGBT rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-gay_purges_in_Chechnya" title="Anti-gay purges in Chechnya">Anti-gay purges in Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chechnya" title="LGBT rights in Chechnya">LGBT rights in Chechnya</a></div> <p>Although homosexuality is officially legal in Chechnya per Russian law, it is de facto illegal. Chechen authorities have reportedly arrested, imprisoned and killed persons based on their perceived sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-KramerNYT_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerNYT-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, it was reported by <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i></span> and human rights groups that Chechen authorities had set up <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>, one of which is in <a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Argun</a>, where gay men are interrogated and subjected to physical violence.<sup id="cite_ref-globeandmailarrest100suspected_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globeandmailarrest100suspected-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pinknewshasopenedconcentration_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinknewshasopenedconcentration-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 June 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> noted "cases of abduction, arbitrary detention and torture ... with the direct involvement of Chechen law enforcement officials and on the orders of top-level Chechen authorities"<sup id="cite_ref-CoE_Parl_2018-07-27_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoE_Parl_2018-07-27-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expressed dismay "at the statements of Chechen and Russian public officials denying the existence of LGBTI people in the Chechen Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-CoE_Parl_2018-07-27_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoE_Parl_2018-07-27-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kadyrov's spokesman Alvi Karimov told <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a> that gay people "simply do not exist in the republic" and made an approving reference to <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a> by family members "if there were such people in Chechnya".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2021 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> report into anti-LGBTI hate crimes, <a href="/wiki/Rapporteur" title="Rapporteur">rapporteur</a> Foura ben Chikha described the "state-sponsored attacks carried out against LGBTI people in Chechnya in 2017" as "the single most egregious example of violence against LGBTI people in Europe that has occurred in decades".<sup id="cite_ref-CoE_2021-09-21_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoE_2021-09-21-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another "gay purge" had begun in the country in December 2018, with several men and women being detained.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_LGBT_Network" title="Russian LGBT Network">Russian LGBT Network</a> believes that around 40 people were detained and two killed.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%22%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Grozny in 2013, with the "Heart of Chechnya" Mosque on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, the Chechen economy fell apart.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_2007_163–168_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_2007_163–168-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, but the change did not occur due to the re-taking of Chechnya by Russian troops in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_2007_163–168_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_2007_163–168-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic situation in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000. According to the <i>New York Times</i>, major efforts to rebuild Grozny have been made, and improvements in the political situation have led some officials to consider setting up a tourism industry, though there are claims that construction workers are being irregularly paid and that poor people have been displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chechnya's unemployment was 67% in 2006 and fell to 21.5% in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Total revenue of the budget of Chechnya for 2017 was 59.2 billion rubles. Of these, 48.5 billion rubles were grants from the federal budget of the Russian Federation. </p><p>In late 1970s, Chechnya produced up to 20 million tons of oil annually, production declined sharply to approximately 3 million tons in the late 1980s, and to below 2 million tons before 1994, first (1994–1996) second Russian invasion of Chechnya (1999) inflicted material damage on the oil-sector infrastructure, oil production decreased to 750,000 tons in 2001 only to increase to 2 million tons in 2006, by 2012 production was 1 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chechen_art" title="Chechen art">Chechen art</a></div> <p>The culture of Chechnya is based on the native traditions of <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen people</a>. Chechen mythology along with art have helped shape the culture for over 1,000 years. </p><p>From April 2024, all music must have a tempo between 80 and 116 beats per minute, to comply with Chechen traditions. Borrowing musical culture from other peoples is not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Anthem-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthem_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree #164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadLegis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeadLegis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeadLegis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Article 5.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Head-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Head_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of the Chechen Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chechnya.gov.ru/page.php?r=2">Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090508/http://chechnya.gov.ru/page.php?r=2">Archived</a> 11 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021census-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085"><bdi lang="ru">"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.+%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capital-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Capital_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of the Chechen Republic, Article 59.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Languages-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Languages_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of the Chechen Republic, Article 10.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russian-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russian_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublications2012" class="citation book cs1">Publications, Europa (21 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOVjhOAfn_kC"><i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2012</i></a>. Routledge. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-09584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-09584-0"><bdi>978-1-135-09584-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2012&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-135-09584-0&rft.aulast=Publications&rft.aufirst=Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOVjhOAfn_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings" dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals "Kartlis Tskhovreba".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/1887/">"An Essay on the History of the Vainakh People. On the origin of the Vainakhs"</a>. <i>Caucasian Knot</i>. 14 January 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410072747/https://eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/1887/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caucasian+Knot&rft.atitle=An+Essay+on+the+History+of+the+Vainakh+People.+On+the+origin+of+the+Vainakhs&rft.date=2004-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.kavkaz-uzel.eu%2Farticles%2F1887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnchabadze2009" class="citation book cs1">Anchabadze, George (2009) [first edition 2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225132940/https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf"><i>The Vainakhs (the Chechen and Ingush)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tbilisi: Caucasian House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vainakhs+%28the+Chechen+and+Ingush%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Caucasian+House&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Anchabadze&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circassianworld.com%2Fpdf%2FThe_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-science_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-science_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuethrich2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wuethrich, Bernice (19 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.288.5469.1158?sid=b73d602d-8965-4c4a-90ba-26a04c20dab7">"Peering into the Past, With Words"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>288</b> (5469): 1158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1158">10.1126/science.288.5469.1158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82205296">82205296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Peering+into+the+Past%2C+With+Words&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5469&rft.pages=1158&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82205296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wuethrich&rft.aufirst=Bernice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1158%3Fsid%3Db73d602d-8965-4c4a-90ba-26a04c20dab7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chechhand-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chechhand_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chechhand_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaimoukha2005" class="citation book cs1">Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (1 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&q=Deela-Malkh&pg=PA110"><i>The Chechens: a handbook</i></a> (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32328-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32328-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32328-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chechens%3A+a+handbook&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32328-4&rft.aulast=Jaimoukha&rft.aufirst=Amjad+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnjAlei9fe0C%26q%3DDeela-Malkh%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodzoev-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._D._Kodzoev" class="citation book cs1">N. D. Kodzoev. <i>History of Ingush nation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ingush+nation&rft.au=N.+D.+Kodzoev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesaev2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tesaev, Amin (2018). "Симсим". <i>Рефлексия</i>. <b>2</b>: 61–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=61-67&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Tesaev&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proza.ru/2019/12/30/99">"Предводитель Гази Алдамов, или Алдаман ГIеза (Амин Тесаев) / Проза.ру"</a>. <i>proza.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=proza.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%93I%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0+%28%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%29+%2F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproza.ru%2F2019%2F12%2F30%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsaroieva-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tsaroieva_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsaroïeva2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tsaroïeva, Mariel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1qtAWyeYOEC"><i>Anciennes croyances des Ingouches et des Tchétchènes: peuples du Caucase du Nord</i></a> (in French). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7068-1792-2"><bdi>978-2-7068-1792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anciennes+croyances+des+Ingouches+et+des+Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8nes%3A+peuples+du+Caucase+du+Nord&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7068-1792-2&rft.aulast=Tsaro%C3%AFeva&rft.aufirst=Mariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1qtAWyeYOEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilyasov-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ilyasov_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyasovZiya_Bazhayev_Charity_Foundation2009" class="citation book cs1">Ilyasov, Lecha; Ziya Bazhayev Charity Foundation (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001860/186004E.pdf"><i>The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-904549-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-904549-02-2"><bdi>978-5-904549-02-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705125530/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001860/186004e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diversity+of+the+Chechen+Culture%3A+From+Historical+Roots+to+the+Present&rft.pub=UNESCO+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-5-904549-02-2&rft.aulast=Ilyasov&rft.aufirst=Lecha&rft.au=Ziya+Bazhayev+Charity+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0018%2F001860%2F186004E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2010" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Robert W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGj4B1rdcu0C&q=russo+persian+war+1722+vainakh&pg=PA53"><i>The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313386343" title="Special:BookSources/9780313386343"><bdi>9780313386343</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insurgency+in+Chechnya+and+the+North+Caucasus%3A+From+Gazavat+to+Jihad&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313386343&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGj4B1rdcu0C%26q%3Drusso%2Bpersian%2Bwar%2B1722%2Bvainakh%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrokh2011" class="citation book cs1">Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC&q=agha+mohammad+khan+conquer+georgia&pg=PT273"><i>Iran at War: 1500–1988</i></a>. Osprey Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780962214" title="Special:BookSources/9781780962214"><bdi>9781780962214</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+at+War%3A+1500%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.isbn=9781780962214&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUHhTPdJ6yIC%26q%3Dagha%2Bmohammad%2Bkhan%2Bconquer%2Bgeorgia%26pg%3DPT273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ling-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ling_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html">"The Ingush People"</a>. 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Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275964818" title="Special:BookSources/9780275964818"><bdi>9780275964818</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Imperialism%3A+Development+and+Crisis&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780275964818&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy63iJcVvbMC%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bgulistan%2Bazerbaijan%2Bdagestan%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tO--iigYIes">"Человек из камня Байсангур Беноевский"</a>. 10 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211124/tO--iigYIes">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtO--iigYIes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w.ethnia.org/polity.php?ASK_CODE=KC__&ASK_YY=1917&ASK_MM=12&ASK_DD=21&SL=en">"Independent Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus"</a>. <i>Countries & Territories since 1900</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525114537/http://w.ethnia.org/polity.php?ASK_CODE=KC__&ASK_YY=1917&ASK_MM=12&ASK_DD=21&SL=en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Countries+%26+Territories+since+1900&rft.atitle=Independent+Mountainous+Republic+of+the+Northern+Caucasus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw.ethnia.org%2Fpolity.php%3FASK_CODE%3DKC__%26ASK_YY%3D1917%26ASK_MM%3D12%26ASK_DD%3D21%26SL%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223044426/http://savechechnya.com/eng.news/press_1273.htm">"Общественное движение чеченский комитет национального спасения"</a>. Savechechnya.com. 24 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savechechnya.com/eng.news/press_1273.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Savechechnya.com&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavechechnya.com%2Feng.news%2Fpress_1273.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221174845/http://vainah.info/biblioteka/izvestnye-vaynahi/item/730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev?tmpl=component&print=1">"Вассан-Гирей Джабагиев"</a>. Vainah.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vainah.info/biblioteka/izvestnye-vaynahi/item/730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev?tmpl=component&print=1">the original</a> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.pub=Vainah.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvainah.info%2Fbiblioteka%2Fizvestnye-vaynahi%2Fitem%2F730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev%3Ftmpl%3Dcomponent%26print%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmarova2013" class="citation news cs1">Umarova, Amina (23 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/chechnya-ukraine-holodomor-survivors/25177285.html">"Chechnya's Forgotten Children of the Holodomor"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Chechnya%27s+Forgotten+Children+of+the+Holodomor&rft.date=2013-11-23&rft.aulast=Umarova&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fchechnya-ukraine-holodomor-survivors%2F25177285.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta_2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieven, Dominic. "Russia: Chechnya". <i>Microsoft Encarta 2008</i>. Microsoft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm">"Remembering Stalin's deportations"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Remembering+Stalin%27s+deportations&rft.date=2004-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3509933.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 2001, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakovlev-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yakovlev_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Yakovlev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev">Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev</a>. <i>Time of darkness</i>. Moscow, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85646-097-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-85646-097-9">5-85646-097-9</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugay1996106-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugay1996106_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBugay1996">Bugay 1996</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/article/438">"Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944"</a>. <i>Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</i>. 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.atitle=Chechnya%3A+European+Parliament+recognizes+the+genocide+of+the+Chechen+People+in+1944&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpo.org%2Farticle%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hughes. "The Peace Process in Chechnya", in Richard Sakwa (ed.), <i>Chechnya: From Past to Future</i>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/325347.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dual attack' killed president"</a>. BBC. 21 April 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Dual+attack%27+killed+president&rft.date=1999-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F325347.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033829/http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1997/05/970512I.html">"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty archive"</a>. <i>friends-partners.org</i>. Friends & Partners. 12 May 1997. part I. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1997/05/970512I.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=friends-partners.org&rft.atitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty+archive&rft.pages=part+I&rft.date=1997-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friends-partners.org%2Ffriends%2Fnews%2Fomri%2F1997%2F05%2F970512I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111024203612/http://www.freedomhouse.org/modules/mod_call_dsp_country-fiw.cfm?year=2003&country=2593">"Chechnya [Russia] (2003)"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/modules/mod_call_dsp_country-fiw.cfm?year=2003&country=2593">the original</a> on 24 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Chechnya+%5BRussia%5D+%282003%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fmodules%2Fmod_call_dsp_country-fiw.cfm%3Fyear%3D2003%26country%3D2593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissident-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dissident_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dissident_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldfarb_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Goldfarb (author)">Alex Goldfarb</a> and Marina Litvinenko. <i>Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB</i>. 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Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Keston Institute</a>; Logos. pp. 152–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-98704-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-98704-044-2"><bdi>5-98704-044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=152-169&rft.pub=Keston+Institute%3B+Logos&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=5-98704-044-2&rft.aulast=Roshchin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft.au=Lunkin%2C+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caucasus_Times_survey_2010-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caucasus_Times_survey_2010_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caucasustimes.com/ru/v-chechne-nabljudaetsja-vysokaja-stepen-r/"><bdi lang="ru">В Чечне наблюдается высокая степень религиозной нетерпимости</bdi></a> [High degree of religious intolerance observed in Chechnya]. <i>Caucasus Times</i>. 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Smagulov, "Chechnya" in Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, <i>Encyclopedia of Global Religion</i>, Volume 1, SAGE, 2012, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interfax Information Services Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=8678">"Chechnya saw the first mass baptism in its today's history"</a>. Retrieved 9 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18188085">"Chechnya profile"</a>. BBC. 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chechnya+profile&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-18188085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/20/the-extent-of-fraud-in-russia-s-presidential-election-begins-to-emerge_6638830_4.html">"The extent of fraud in Russia's presidential election begins to emerge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>. 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=The+extent+of+fraud+in+Russia%27s+presidential+election+begins+to+emerge&rft.date=2024-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2024%2F03%2F20%2Fthe-extent-of-fraud-in-russia-s-presidential-election-begins-to-emerge_6638830_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/chechnya-boosts-putin-election-almost-095933820.html">"Chechnya boosts Putin re-election with almost 100% of the votes"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Chechnya+boosts+Putin+re-election+with+almost+100%25+of+the+votes&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fchechnya-boosts-putin-election-almost-095933820.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/members/20854">"UNPO: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria"</a>. <i>unpo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Chechen+Republic+of+Ichkeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Fmembers%2F20854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirweli.com.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3399&Itemid=45">in 1993, ex –President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia recognized Chechnya's independence..</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821134007/http://pirweli.com.ge/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3399&Itemid=45">Archived</a> 21 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5597-11.cfm">Are Chechens in Afghanistan?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807172345/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5597-11.cfm">Archived</a> 7 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – By Nabi Abdullaev, 14 December 2001, Moscow Times</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kullberg-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kullberg_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kullberg_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kullberg, Anssi. "The Background of Chechen Independence Movement III: The Secular Movement". <i>The Eurasian politician</i>. 1 October 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kari Takamaa and Martti Koskenneimi. <i>The Finnish Yearbook of International Law</i>. p147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuzio-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuzio_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuzio, Taras. "The Chechen crisis and the 'near abroad<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>, Volume 14, Issue 4 1995, pages 553–572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itstime.it/Commenti/CaucEmiri.pdf">"What is Hidden Behind the Idea of the Caucasian Emirate?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232726/http://www.itstime.it/Commenti/CaucEmiri.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Hidden+Behind+the+Idea+of+the+Caucasian+Emirate%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itstime.it%2FCommenti%2FCaucEmiri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-lawmakers-brand-chechnya-russian-occupied-dig-kremlin-2022-10-18/">"Ukraine lawmakers brand Chechnya 'Russian-occupied' in dig at Kremlin"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ukraine+lawmakers+brand+Chechnya+%27Russian-occupied%27+in+dig+at+Kremlin&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-lawmakers-brand-chechnya-russian-occupied-dig-kremlin-2022-10-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpCountrySummaries)/441ED4F5458A7C1DC125733600369629?OpenDocument&count=10000">Government efforts help only some IDPs rebuild their lives</a>, IDMC, 13 August 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821165016/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountrySummaries%29/441ED4F5458A7C1DC125733600369629?OpenDocument&count=10000">Archived</a> 21 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5028949">Chechnya Holds Parliamentary Vote</a>, Morning Edition, NPR, 28 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/11/12/chechnya-research-shows-widespread-and-systematic-use-torture">Chechnya: Research Shows Widespread and Systematic Use of Torture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/WoW09/WOW%202009.pdf">Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110015057/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/WoW09/WOW%202009.pdf">Archived</a> 10 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a></i>, March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherkasovGolubevMalykhin2023" class="citation cs2">Cherkasov, Alexander; Golubev, Ostav; Malykhin, Vladimir (24 February 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruswars.org/report/Report_Memorial.pdf">"A chain of wars, a chain of crimes, a chain of impunity: Russian wars in Chechnya, Syria and Ukraine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Memorial Human Rights Defence Centre</i>, p. 9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memorial+Human+Rights+Defence+Centre&rft.atitle=A+chain+of+wars%2C+a+chain+of+crimes%2C+a+chain+of+impunity%3A+Russian+wars+in+Chechnya%2C+Syria+and+Ukraine&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Cherkasov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Golubev%2C+Ostav&rft.au=Malykhin%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruswars.org%2Freport%2FReport_Memorial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChivers2009" class="citation news cs1">Chivers, C. J. (31 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/world/europe/01torture.html?_r=0&pagewanted=all">"Slain Exile Detailed Cruelty of the Ruler of Chechnya"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Slain+Exile+Detailed+Cruelty+of+the+Ruler+of+Chechnya&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F01torture.html%3F_r%3D0%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur46/012/2009/en/l">Russian Federation Rule Without Law: Human Rights violations in the North Caucasus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203081115/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur46/012/2009/en/l/">Archived</a> 3 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/print/reports/2011/03/10/you-dress-according-their-rules">"You Dress According to Their Rules" Enforcement of an Islamic Dress Code for Women in Chechnya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123751/http://www.hrw.org/print/reports/2011/03/10/you-dress-according-their-rules">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFправды»2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">правды», Александр ГАМОВ | Сайт «Комсомольской (24 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kp.ru/daily/24169/380743/">"Рамзан КАДЫРОВ: "Россия – это матушка родная"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Kp.ru -</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kp.ru+-&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94%D0%AB%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92%3A+%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%22&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft.aulast=%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%8B%C2%BB&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%93%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%92+%7C+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kp.ru%2Fdaily%2F24169%2F380743%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?story_id=28409&action_id=2">Chechen President Kadyrov Defends Honor Killings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605060857/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?story_id=28409&action_id=2">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_St._Petersburg_Times_(Russia)" title="The St. Petersburg Times (Russia)">The St. Petersburg Times</a> 3 March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ng9jul17-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ng9jul17_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng9jul17_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilashina,_Elena2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Milashina" title="Elena Milashina">Milashina, Elena</a> (9 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/07/09/73065-eto-byla-kazn-v-noch-na-26-yanvarya-v-groznom-rasstrelyany-desyatki-lyudey">"Это была казнь. В ночь на 26 января в Грозном расстреляли десятки людей"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i>. Moscow<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Chechnya+launches+new+gay+%27purge%27%2C+reports+say&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fchechnya-gay-purge-lgbt-detention-torture-missing-men-women-beating-a8723011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011223326/https://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/2019/01/11/148260-chechnya"><bdi lang="ru">«Новой газете» стало известно о новых преследованиях геев в Чечне</bdi></a> [<i>Novaya Gazeta</i> learned of new persecution of gays in Chechnya]. <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i> (in Russian). 11 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/2019/01/11/148260-chechnya">the original</a> on 11 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novaya+Gazeta&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%C2%BB+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2F11%2F148260-chechnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630191112/https://lgbtnet.org/en/newseng/new-wave-persecution-against-lgbt-people-chechnya-around-40-people-detained-least-two-killed">"New wave of persecution against LGBT people in Chechnya: around 40 people detained, at least two killed"</a>. <i>Российская ЛГБТ-сеть</i> (in Russian). 14 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lgbtnet.org/en/newseng/new-wave-persecution-against-lgbt-people-chechnya-around-40-people-detained-least-two-killed">the original</a> on 30 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.atitle=New+wave+of+persecution+against+LGBT+people+in+Chechnya%3A+around+40+people+detained%2C+at+least+two+killed&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flgbtnet.org%2Fen%2Fnewseng%2Fnew-wave-persecution-against-lgbt-people-chechnya-around-40-people-detained-least-two-killed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngber2019" class="citation web cs1">Ingber, Sasha (14 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/01/14/685192372/activists-say-40-detained-and-2-dead-in-gay-purge-in-chechnya">"Activists Say 40 Detained And 2 Dead in Gay Purge in Chechnya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Activists+Say+40+Detained+And+2+Dead+in+Gay+Purge+in+Chechnya&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft.aulast=Ingber&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F01%2F14%2F685192372%2Factivists-say-40-detained-and-2-dead-in-gay-purge-in-chechnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell_2007_163–168-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_2007_163–168_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_2007_163–168_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, John (2007). Gammer, Moshe; Lokshina, Tanya; Thomas, Ray; Mayer, Mary; Dunlop, John B. (eds.). "Chechnya: Russia's 'War on Terror' or 'War of Terror'?". <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 163–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130601072761">10.1080/09668130601072761</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451332">20451332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153481090">153481090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Chechnya%3A+Russia%27s+%27War+on+Terror%27+or+%27War+of+Terror%27%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-168&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153481090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20451332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130601072761&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2008" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E. (30 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/world/europe/30grozny.html">"Chechnya's Capital Rises From the Ashes, Atop Hidden Horrors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chechnya%27s+Capital+Rises+From+the+Ashes%2C+Atop+Hidden+Horrors&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F30grozny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062011/https://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Chechnya-Republic-of/Unemployment-rate">"Chechnya, Republic of Unemployment rate, 1990-2014 - knoema.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Chechnya-Republic-of/Unemployment-rate">the original</a> on 12 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechnya%2C+Republic+of+Unemployment+rate%2C+1990-2014+-+knoema.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2Fatlas%2FRussian-Federation%2FChechnya-Republic-of%2FUnemployment-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-azerbaijan-oil-agreement-chechnya/25091138.html">"Does Chechnya Stand To Lose Out From Russian-Azerbaijani Oil Agreement?"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 30 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Does+Chechnya+Stand+To+Lose+Out+From+Russian-Azerbaijani+Oil+Agreement%3F&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-azerbaijan-oil-agreement-chechnya%2F25091138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/04/05/chechnya-forbids-music-outside-80-116-bpm-tempo-a84755">"Chechnya Forbids Music Outside 80-116 BPM Tempo"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Times">Moscow Times</a></i>, 5 April 2024</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHETCH</span>-nee-ə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Чечня́</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[tɕɪtɕˈnʲa]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: <span lang="ce">Нохчийчоь</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Noxçiyçö</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Chechen pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ce-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈnoxtʃiːtʃɥø]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Чече́нская Респу́блика</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Chechenskaya Respublika</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: <span lang="ce">Нохчийн Республика</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Noxçiyn Respublika</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugay1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bugay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Bugay">Bugay, Nikolay</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwp5y9NDaEwC&pg=PA106"><i>The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Publishers">Nova Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560723714" title="Special:BookSources/9781560723714"><bdi>9781560723714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deportation+of+Peoples+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781560723714&rft.aulast=Bugay&rft.aufirst=Nikolay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxwp5y9NDaEwC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Президент Чеченской Республики. Указ №164 от 15 июля 2004 г. «О государственном гимне Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу после одобрения Государственным Советом Чеченской Республики и официального опубликования. Опубликован: БД "Консультант-Плюс".</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Chechen_Republic" title="Head of the Chechen Republic">President of the Chechen Republic</a>. Decree #164 of 15 July 2004 <i>On the State Anthem of the Chechen Republic</i>. Effective as of after the ratification by the State Council of the Chechen Republic and subsequent official publication.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Референдум. 23 марта 2003 г. «Конституция Чеченской Республики», в ред. Конституционного закона №1-РКЗ от 30 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования по результатам голосования на референдуме Чеченской Республики.</span></span> (Referendum. March 23, 2003 <i>Constitution of the Chechen Republic</i>, as amended by the Constitutional Law #1-RKZ of September 30, 2014 <i>On Amending the Constitution of the Chechen Republic</i>. Effective as of the day of the official publication in accordance with the results of the referendum of the Chechen Republic.).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of the Russian Federation</a>. Law #4071-1 of 10 December 1992 <i>On Amending Article 71 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation–Russia</i>. Effective as of 10 January 1993..</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Scott. The Man Who Tried to Save the World. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-48666-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-48666-9">0-385-48666-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Babchenko" title="Arkady Babchenko">Babchenko, Arkady</a>. <i>One Soldier's War in Chechnya</i>. Portobello, London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84627-039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84627-039-0">978-1-84627-039-0</a></li> <li>Baiev, Khassan. <i>The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1404-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1404-8">0-8027-1404-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bennigsen-Broxup" title="Marie Bennigsen-Broxup">Bennigsen-Broxup, Marie</a>. <i>The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-069-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-069-1">1-85065-069-1</a></li> <li>Bird, Chris. <i>To Catch a Tartar: Notes from the Caucasus</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6506-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6506-5">0-7195-6506-5</a></li> <li>Bornstein, Yvonne and Ribowsky, Mark. <i>Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture and Historic FBI & KGB Rescue</i>. AuthorHouse, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4184-9302-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4184-9302-3">1-4184-9302-3</a>.</li> <li>Conrad, Roy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/CHECHNYA/grozny_engl.txt">Roy Conrad. Grozny. A few days...</a></li> <li>Dunlop, John B. <i>Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63619-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63619-1">0-521-63619-1</a></li> <li>Evangelista, Mathew. <i>The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-2499-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-2499-3">0-8157-2499-3</a>.</li> <li>Gall, Charlotta & de Waal, Thomas. <i>Chechnya: A Small Victorious War</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-35075-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-35075-7">0-330-35075-7</a></li> <li>Gall, Carlotta, and de Waal, Thomas <i>Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3132-5">0-8147-3132-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goltz" title="Thomas Goltz">Goltz, Thomas</a>. <i>Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya</i>. M E Sharpe (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-268-74-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-268-74-2">0-312-268-74-2</a>.</li> <li>Hasanov, Zaur. The Man of the Mountains. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/099304445X" title="Special:BookSources/099304445X">099304445X</a>. Fact-based novel on growing influence of the radical Islam during 1st and 2nd Chechnya wars.</li> <li>Khan, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=940307">"The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Khlebnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Khlebnikov">Khlebnikov, Paul</a>. <i>Razgovor s varvarom</i> (Interview with a barbarian). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89935-057-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-89935-057-1">5-89935-057-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Lieven, Anatol</a>. <i>Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07881-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07881-1">0-300-07881-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Nikolaevich_Mironov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Mironov">Mironov, Vyacheslav</a>. <i>Ya byl na etoy voyne</i> [<i>I Was in This War</i>]. Biblion – Russkaya Kniga, 2001. Partial translation available online.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Nikolaevich_Mironov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Mironov">Mironov, Vyacheslav</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/CHECHNYA/chechen_war.txt">Vyacheslav Mironov. Assault on Grozny Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Nikolaevich_Mironov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Mironov">Mironov, Vyacheslav</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214113121/http://artofwar.ru/a/abramow_o_b/"><i>I was in that war</i></a>.</li> <li>Oliker, Olga <i>Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-2998-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-2998-3">0-8330-2998-3</a>. (A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars.)</li> <li>Pelton, Robert Young. <i>Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-416-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-416-6">1-58574-416-6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Politkovskaya, Anna</a>. <i>A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67432-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67432-0">0-226-67432-0</a></li> <li>Rasizade, Alec. Chechnya: the Achilles heel of Russia. = Contemporary Review (Oxford) in three parts: 1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011195748/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133016633.html">April 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1671, pages 193–197</a>; 2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011195752/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133372881.html">May 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1672, pages 277–284</a>; 3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060052/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134103755.html">June 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1673, pages 327–332.</a></li> <li>Seirstad, Asne. The Angel of Grozny. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-395-4">978-1-84408-395-4</a></li> <li>Wood, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515210953/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chechnya-the-case-for-independence-by-tony-wood-442076.html">"Chechnya: The Case For Independence"</a>. Book review in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="commons:Чечня"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Чечня</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chechnya.gov.ru">Official website</a></span></span> of the Republic of Chechnya <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911195546/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/crisis-centre/crisis/chechnya-and-the-north-caucasus">AlertNet Chechnya and the North Caucasus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 11 September 2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/blog/2010/03/chechnyas_hidde_1.html">"Chechnya's Hidden War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a> / World Dispatches</i>. USA: <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. 22 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline+%2F+World+Dispatches&rft.atitle=Chechnya%27s+Hidden+War&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fblog%2F2010%2F03%2Fchechnyas_hidde_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"></span> (video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo37759">Islamist Extremism in Chechnya: A Threat to U.S. Homeland?: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, 26 April 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicalholidays.com/north-caucasus">Chechnya Guide</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520181247/https://www.politicalholidays.com/north-caucasus">Archived</a> 20 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Subdivisions of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Federal_subjects"><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a> (48)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Ivanovo Oblast">Ivanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Oblast" title="Lipetsk Oblast">Lipetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast" title="Ryazan Oblast">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Yaroslavl Oblast">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporozhye</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Mari El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a> (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty-Mansi</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia#Types" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Autonomous oblast</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>Considered by most of the international community to be part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><sup>2</sup>Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><sup>3</sup>Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Non-constitutional_official_divisions_by_various_institutions"><b>Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)">Ministry of Economic Development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">Military districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_districts_of_Russia" title="Judicial districts of Russia">Judicial districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Chechnya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chechen_Republic" title="Template:Chechen Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chechen_Republic" title="Template talk:Chechen Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chechen_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chechen Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Chechnya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Chechnya" title="Administrative divisions of Chechnya">Administrative divisions of Chechnya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Chechnya" title="List of rural localities in Chechnya">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achkhoy-Martanovsky_District" title="Achkhoy-Martanovsky District">Achkhoy-Martanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheberloyevsky_District" title="Cheberloyevsky District">Cheberloyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanchozhsky_District" title="Galanchozhsky District">Galanchozhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groznensky_District" title="Groznensky District">Groznensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudermessky_District" title="Gudermessky District">Gudermessky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itum-Kalinsky_District" title="Itum-Kalinsky District">Itum-Kalinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurchaloyevsky_District" title="Kurchaloyevsky District">Kurchaloyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadterechny_District" title="Nadterechny District">Nadterechny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naursky_District" title="Naursky District">Naursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhay-Yurtovsky_District" title="Nozhay-Yurtovsky District">Nozhay-Yurtovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sernovodsky_District" title="Sernovodsky District">Sernovodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalinsky_District,_Chechnya" title="Shalinsky District, Chechnya">Shalinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharoysky_District" title="Sharoysky District">Sharoysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatoysky_District" title="Shatoysky District">Shatoysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelkovskoy_District" title="Shelkovskoy District">Shelkovskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martanovsky_District" title="Urus-Martanovsky District">Urus-Martanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedensky_District" title="Vedensky District">Vedensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achkhoy-Martan" title="Achkhoy-Martan">Achkhoy-Martan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argun,_Chechen_Republic" title="Argun, Chechen Republic">Argun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudermes" title="Gudermes">Gudermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurchaloy" title="Kurchaloy">Kurchaloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shali,_Chechen_Republic" title="Shali, Chechen Republic">Shali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urus-Martan" title="Urus-Martan">Urus-Martan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:1em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:left; horizontal-align:left; align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Caucasia"><img alt="Soviet Caucasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/105px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/158px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/210px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Caucasia</figcaption></figure></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/45px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chechnya</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia – Alania</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:right; horizontal-align:right; align:right;"></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Partially-recognized states</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5187#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244269170">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126821908">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1268946/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4408215-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94044353">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474710s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474710s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00617105">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Čečensko (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131725&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456482">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537848705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b6514d25-505b-413a-a2d0-62b9464496f4">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12360648?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033940835">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046158">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cecenistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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