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The paper mill crisis is a five-alarm fire for science: what can librarians do about it? | Insights
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src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/3949-3c3bd673b9d2b60b.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/page-34976d889b43ba68.js" async=""></script><link rel="preload" href="/js/data.js?v=1.7.10" as="script"/><title>The paper mill crisis is a five-alarm fire for science: what can librarians do about it? | Insights</title><meta name="description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Curtis Brundy"/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Joel B. Thornton"/><meta name="DC.Description.abstract" content="The paper mill crisis, which is polluting the scholarly literature with fake papers, has led to record-breaking article retractions and continues to erode trust in science. While publishers and other scholarly publishing stakeholders have mobilized to address this grave threat to research and publishing integrity, action from the library community has been lacking. This article explores the ongoing impact of the paper mill crisis and its causes. It also reviews the steps being taken across the sector to address it. This includes actions taken by publishers, integrity sleuths and organizations like Retraction Watch, NISO and STM. Based on the severity of the crisis and the current response, this article recommends actions libraries can take to help address the crisis and clean up the mess paper mills have made in the scholarly literature. At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stakeholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science."/><meta name="DC.date" content="2024-07-02T13:27:47+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.available" content="2024-07-02T13:27:47+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.created" content="2024-07-02T13:27:47+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateAccepted" content="2024-04-18T11:01:21+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateCopyrighted" content="2024"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" content="2024-04-03T15:10:21+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Description" content="The paper mill crisis, which is polluting the scholarly literature with fake papers, has led to record-breaking article retractions and continues to erode trust in science. While publishers and other scholarly publishing stakeholders have mobilized to address this grave threat to research and publishing integrity, action from the library community has been lacking. This article explores the ongoing impact of the paper mill crisis and its causes. It also reviews the steps being taken across the sector to address it. This includes actions taken by publishers, integrity sleuths and organizations like Retraction Watch, NISO and STM. Based on the severity of the crisis and the current response, this article recommends actions libraries can take to help address the crisis and clean up the mess paper mills have made in the scholarly literature. At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stakeholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science."/><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasFormat" content="PDF"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasFormat" content="XML"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasVersion" content="657"/><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.1629/uksg.659"/><meta name="DC.Identifier.identifier" content="10.1629/uksg.659"/><meta name="DC.Date.issued" content="2024-01-09T13:11:39+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Language" content="en-US"/><meta name="DC.Language.language" content="en-US"/><meta name="DC.Format.medium" content="text/html"/><meta name="DC.Publisher.publisher" content="UKSG in association with Ubiquity Press"/><meta name="DC.Source.source" content="https://insights.uksg.org//articles/10.1629/uksg.659"/><meta name="DC.Title.title" content="The paper mill crisis is a five-alarm fire for science: what can librarians do about it?"/><meta name="DC.Type.type" content="Text"/><meta name="DC.Rights.rights" content="© 2024 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (unless stated otherwise) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."/><meta name="DC.Rights.license" content="CC Attribution 4.0"/><meta name="DC.rightsHolder" content="The Author(s)"/><meta name="DC.Rights.rightsHolder" content="The Author(s)"/><meta name="citation_title" content="The paper mill crisis is a five-alarm fire for science: what can librarians do about it?"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Curtis Brundy"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Joel B. Thornton"/><meta name="citation_issn" content="2048-7754"/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024-07-02T13:27:47+00:00"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Insights"/><meta name="citation_volume" content="37"/><meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/659/files/6683f20bd22ac.pdf"/><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/659/files/6683f21d4b7d1.xml"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.659"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.659"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.659"/><meta property="og:title" content="The paper mill crisis is a five-alarm fire for science: what can librarians do about it? | Insights"/><meta property="og:description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.659"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Insights"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="thumbnail image"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="600"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="en-US"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="The paper mill crisis is a five-alarm fire for science: what can librarians do about it? | Insights"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="thumbnail image"/><meta name="twitter:image:width" content="600"/><meta name="twitter:image:height" content="600"/><link rel="icon" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/favicon_en_US.png"/><meta name="next-size-adjust"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/api/theme"/><meta name="sentry-trace" content="baa9dc5da3bf7bd8ff0d75cca5086bf3-b0e5c89fdc7adf74"/><meta name="baggage" content="sentry-environment=production,sentry-release=1.7.10,sentry-public_key=5343a019563147eba4ce3595c72083d8,sentry-trace_id=baa9dc5da3bf7bd8ff0d75cca5086bf3,sentry-sampled=false"/><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-78c92fac7aa8fdd8.js" noModule=""></script></head><body><a href="#main-content" 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Thornton</li></ul></div><button class="bZRhvx jzuiJt fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ gzHjnz ddgCQn hDGJaH dYGObl AHTHu AHTHd gNnTtK kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd eXJFak" title="Toggle author information panel" aria-label="Toggle author information panel" aria-controls="article-authors-bios" aria-expanded="false"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em;--svg-height:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div></div><div id="article-authors-bios"></div><div><h2 id="abstract" class="frarrB gsjAMe">Abstract</h2><div class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu iBLeSY"><p>The paper mill crisis, which is polluting the scholarly literature with fake papers, has led to record-breaking article retractions and continues to erode trust in science. While publishers and other scholarly publishing stakeholders have mobilized to address this grave threat to research and publishing integrity, action from the library community has been lacking. This article explores the ongoing impact of the paper mill crisis and its causes. It also reviews the steps being taken across the sector to address it. This includes actions taken by publishers, integrity sleuths and organizations like Retraction Watch, NISO and STM. Based on the severity of the crisis and the current response, this article recommends actions libraries can take to help address the crisis and clean up the mess paper mills have made in the scholarly literature. At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stakeholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science.</p></div></div><div class="fPSBzf deTnQX"><span id="article-keywords" class="gsjAMe">Keywords:</span><ul aria-labelledby="article-keywords"><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=paper mill">paper mill</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=publishing integrity">publishing integrity</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=scholarly publishing">scholarly publishing</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=academic libraries">academic libraries</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=open access">open access</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=research integrity">research integrity</a></span></li></ul></div><div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div>Year: 2024</div><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/27/volume/37/issue/1">Volume 37</a></span><div>Page/Article: 11</div><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.659">DOI: 10.1629/uksg.659</a></span></div></div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#send"></use></svg><span>Submitted on Apr 3, 2024</span></div><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#check-circle"></use></svg><span>Accepted on Apr 18, 2024</span></div><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use 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cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC">CC Attribution 4.0</a></span></div></div></div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div id="metrics-widget" class="hjuNYN cqNQxY fXbTFI bdGsBn byVAeH tuwIP ctLSKb fnpDaH iiIMzD hYZFkb lblIpm iKtpBp hPkmye cnqKQp BFFJM caMmJY ijCakx bKGsFL hZTwFm hBRKmo dKYHSy HxTwI kddXPj! fjcOwn fWwgUP hwFGSe fKVlRM iJiXGQ ifUNXL cSvVXO cHxRzq goizbz"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="dTmsfw"><div class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu iBLeSY"><div class="kCkdZx dOTQVs iOtMSR WdXym brPewL gWhLoO qLgTi ciJhqS ibCwtb jGKNKW dMDgBc jCPwxW jYADwv enxAPC aEZgq kPJDhF bpiJH jKFBiG dAINnd eTBihp dWEByn ersonm hKWGrC kGSwJ kGrTuD hbVqJu dfWHWr UnCJu lkmdsW gPuyWR ioFMdR gXYQWv eWDFUl jXGYvB jJcaKz kqFIvj dBuRhU jpPGqC eMKZco srYym jyhLpj iEhJMT eoWnUn kUksiv ewxzDg ilhdUd wgPZv jdquTd fNRizL fqrWkL kBzhbE ihrJwh fquMDB fgRgOF COqHq jIHmpV gjIiWD kvpqeI kGzIpw iRJLOP hGMvRu lbdeBI fMaRD juIcfJ cucZgT eRwyIu lmWXWU bDJvJj iuOgCK iLoSRl fUGxRt kgsySf dgpYOt gSgsEu"><div xmlns:tei="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:oasis="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table" id="xml-article"> <div id="middle" class="article-body"> <p>On January 5, 2021, the scholarly publisher Wiley announced its acquisition of the fast-growing open access publisher Hindawi. According to Brian Napack, Wiley’s CEO at the time, Hindawi was a publishing pioneer that helped researchers get ‘their life-changing, peer-reviewed discoveries out into the world faster and more efficiently’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B1" data-scroll="#B1" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B1" class="scroll-link">1</a></button></strong></span> Unfortunately for Wiley, Hindawi’s high-speed process came at the expense of good judgment, making it a favorite target for paper mills. Articles from paper mills are fake. The companies that run paper mills make money by selling authorship on fake articles to researchers looking for an easy way to publish.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B2" data-scroll="#B2" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B2" class="scroll-link">2</a></button></strong></span> The growth and impact of paper mills in recent years has been startling. As of writing this in April 2024, Wiley’s paper mill investigation has led to the retraction of over 11,300 Hindawi articles.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B3" data-scroll="#B3" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B3" class="scroll-link">3</a></button></strong></span> The damage to Hindawi’s reputation has been catastrophic. Wiley announced the departure of Napack in October 2023 and, in December, stated that it would discontinue the Hindawi brand.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B4" data-scroll="#B4" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B4" class="scroll-link">4</a></button></strong></span> Wiley expects to lose US$35–40 million in revenue as it tries to clean up Hindawi’s fatal paper mill mess.</p> <p>Hindawi, however, is not the only publisher grappling with the scale and weight of the paper mill crisis. In 2023, the total number of retracted articles tracked by Retraction Watch passed 10,000, easily smashing the previous record.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B5" data-scroll="#B5" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B5" class="scroll-link">5</a></button></strong></span> While misconduct, mistakes and retractions are nothing new, the scale of the current crisis and the industrial level polluting of the scholarly record that is taking place is. In November 2023, <em>Nature</em> reported on an analysis that found over 400,000 published articles share textual similarities with known paper mill articles. 70,000 of those articles were published in the year preceding the study.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B6" data-scroll="#B6" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B6" class="scroll-link">6</a></button></strong></span> If this estimate is accurate, the 11,300 paper mill retractions from Hindawi are just the tip of an unprecedented retraction iceberg that is threatening not just trust in scholarly publishing but trust in science as well.</p> <p>An obvious question comes up when first learning about the scale of the paper mill crisis. How could something like this even happen? Journals, after all, have editors. Articles are peer-reviewed. Certification – ensuring the quality and integrity of research articles, separating the wheat from the chaff certification – is one of the primary reasons journals and scholarly publishers exist. So, how does a fake paper mill article make it through to publication, let alone thousands of fake articles across many different publishers and across many different disciplines?</p> <p>The paper mill crisis lives at the confluence of two deeply misaligned incentives within scholarly publishing. The first is found in the area of research assessment. Simple quantitative metrics (JIF, h-index, citation count, articles published, etc.) continue to serve as proxies for research quality, impact and productivity. Requirements to publish can be tied to graduation for students and promotions for clinicians.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B7" data-scroll="#B7" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B7" class="scroll-link">7</a></button></strong></span> The decision to buy authorship for some may mean the difference between employment and unemployment, paying your rent or not paying your rent. This in no way excuses unethical author publishing behavior. But it highlights the stakes faced by some authors and the line of reasoning that could lead someone to buy authorship on a paper mill article.</p> <p>The second misaligned incentive contributing to the paper mill crisis works on the publisher side. APC-based open access publishing models incentivize volume. More articles mean more APCs. More APCs mean more revenue. This mercenary fact goes a long way towards explaining the volume-based strategies of a growing number of publishers. The prioritization of short-term profits over publication integrity is also behind the recent addiction to special issues, which have served as a go-to strategy to boost publishing volume. Special issues at Hindawi seemed to exist outside regular publishing oversight and quality control. Editors were not fully vetted. Peer review may or may not have happened. Papers may or may not have even been read. Without oversight, entire special issues could be hijacked and filled with paper mill junk.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B8" data-scroll="#B8" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B8" class="scroll-link">8</a></button></strong></span> According to an analysis by Christos Petrou in <em>The Scholarly Kitchen</em>, 53% of Hindawi’s 2022 articles appeared in special issues. MDPI and Frontiers were even more reliant on the special issue approach, coming in at 65% and 70%, respectively.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B9" data-scroll="#B9" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B9" class="scroll-link">9</a></button></strong></span> Thankfully, neither has announced problems at the scale of Hindawi, but it is not clear that we have reached peak retractions from the crisis.</p> <p>But as bad as special issues have proven to be for publishing integrity, it is the APC model that bears the greatest responsibility for warping incentives and leading publishers and authors astray. Paper mills exist because, under the APC model, publishers make money when editors say ‘yes’. Pressure to increase article volume has been mentioned by those involved with recent editorial board defections and author rebellions, such as what happened at <em>The Journal of Political Philosophy</em>.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B10" data-scroll="#B10" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B10" class="scroll-link">10</a></button></strong></span> It should come as no surprise that putting short-term, APC-driven revenue growth ahead of quality can prove corrosive to publishing integrity.</p> <p>Many publishers, to their credit, have recognized the damage taking place and have mounted a response through individual and joint efforts. Individually, publishers are taking steps to tighten quality control. Research integrity teams have been expanded.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B11" data-scroll="#B11" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B11" class="scroll-link">11</a></button></strong></span> Additional training and support have been provided to editors. And new technology is being deployed to assist with screening and identifying fraudulent or problematic papers. Working together, publishers have launched initiatives such as the STM Integrity Hub<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B12" data-scroll="#B12" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B12" class="scroll-link">12</a></button></strong></span> and United2Act.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B13" data-scroll="#B13" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B13" class="scroll-link">13</a></button></strong></span> The STM Integrity Hub seeks to detect problematic manuscripts ‘through a combination of shared data and experiences, and by harnessing technological innovation’. United2Act brought publishers and other stakeholders together for a meeting in 2023 to specifically address the paper mill crisis. The consensus statement that emerged highlights specific steps organizations and individuals can take to help address the crisis. Publishers and editors also work together through COPE, the Coalition on Publishing Ethics, which provides guidance on ethical publishing practices.</p> <p>Beyond the actions of publishers, Retraction Watch, PubPeer, NISO and independent integrity sleuths have also played a very important part in addressing the paper mill crisis. Sleuths, working together and on their own, identify problematic papers, sharing their findings on PubPeer and with publishers.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B14" data-scroll="#B14" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B14" class="scroll-link">14</a></button></strong></span> PubPeer, a post-publication peer review site, has become a central hub for identifying and discussing potential article issues.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B15" data-scroll="#B15" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B15" class="scroll-link">15</a></button></strong></span> Until recently, Retraction Watch maintained the most comprehensive database of retracted papers. In September 2023, the Retraction Watch database was sold to Crossref. The two organizations will work together to maintain it as the largest open source collection of retractions.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B16" data-scroll="#B16" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B16" class="scroll-link">16</a></button></strong></span> NISO, meanwhile, is working on recommended practices for retractions that will describe ‘the involved parties, along with their responsibilities, actions, notifications, and the metadata necessary to communicate retracted research across stakeholders systems’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B17" data-scroll="#B17" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B17" class="scroll-link">17</a></button></strong></span> Hopefully, the combined efforts of Crossref, Retraction Watch and NISO will improve retraction tracking and communication across the scholarly ecosystem.</p> <p>While the response of publishers and other stakeholders to the crisis is welcome and a positive sign, it has not been sufficient, at the time of writing, to address the paper mill problem. Further exacerbating the issue, generative AI is already turbocharging the production of fake papers.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B18" data-scroll="#B18" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B18" class="scroll-link">18</a></button></strong></span> So, not only is it not clear whether we have reached peak paper mill retraction of the fake articles already polluting the literature, more fake, AI-assisted papers are on the way. Considering the size of the paper mill crisis, the damage it is causing to scientific integrity and trust and the ongoing threat it represents to the open access transition, how are librarians, a key stakeholder in scholarly communication, mobilizing to help address the crisis?</p> <p>Sadly, librarians have largely opted to sit this crisis out, remaining silent on the sidelines as the paper mill mess unfolds around them. The consensus in the library community seems to be that the paper mill crisis is a research integrity issue and, as such, is somebody else’s problem. In pre-APC driven paper mill times, this may have made sense. At the institutional level, it is the research integrity office, not the library, that bears responsibility for research misconduct. Similarly, librarians have relied on the research integrity efforts of publishers to deal with misconduct in the publication process. When it comes to the broader category of research integrity, the librarian instinct has been to stay in their lane.</p> <p>The scale and damage of the paper mill crisis, however, has made this position less tenable. While it is true the paper mill crisis is a research integrity issue, more narrowly, it is a publishing integrity issue. Publishing is something librarians care deeply about. As a key partner in scholarly publishing, librarians are involved more deeply today than they ever had been, from operating their own publishing operations to shifting spending towards the procurement of open access publishing services. With open access agreements, it is worth noting that librarians also bear some responsibility for the current crisis. The recent growth in open access is largely a result of libraries and funders asking publishers for open access alternatives to the traditional subscription model. Librarians license and fund the very APC-based open access models that have created the volume-based incentive for publishers. Publishing integrity, to be clear, is absolutely in the librarian lane. Just as poorly considered actions and inaction by librarians have contributed to the paper mill crisis, thoughtful and proactive actions by librarians can help end the crisis and accelerate the clean-up of the mess it has left behind.</p> <div> <h2 id="publishing-integrity-a-librarian-role" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Publishing integrity: a librarian role</h2> <p>What follows are ideas for action and advocacy that librarians should consider to strengthen publishing integrity and to help address the paper mill crisis. The ideas are not comprehensive and should be considered as a place to start. The operating environments of libraries vary greatly, and so will the ways they contribute to supporting publishing integrity.</p> <p>An obvious and important place for librarians to start is by developing and including publishing integrity expectations and responsibilities in open access agreements. License language could be added that would define publishing integrity best practices, audit requirements and transparency and reporting expectations. Language could also be added to define what happens to APCs from retracted articles. For example, IOP Publishing (IOPP) has recently announced that it will donate APCs from its retracted articles to Research4Life.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B19" data-scroll="#B19" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B19" class="scroll-link">19</a></button></strong></span> This commitment adds a new incentive for publishers to do the right thing, since it imposes a financial penalty on top of the reputational penalty that comes from an article retraction. So far, IOPP is the only publisher doing this. Librarians can pressure other publishers to do the same during license negotiations by asking for language that makes donating retracted article APCs a requirement. To facilitate and support adding publishing integrity language to licenses, it would be very helpful if the library community developed model language for librarians to use. This is work that could be led by library consortia such as Lyrasis, Jisc and CAPES.</p> <p>Ensuring a timely and thorough end-to-end retraction process is another area where librarians can and should take an active role. An article cannot be considered fully retracted if the original version can still be found across the scholarly ecosystem. While it may be fairly easy for a retraction notice to be added to an article on the publisher’s website, it is not so easy to have that same notice added across every other database and repository where the article may be found. Librarians should partner with Crossref, publishers, NISO and Retraction Watch to help develop an end-to-end retraction process. Librarians are also well positioned to assist in monitoring that the process is actually working, notifying other stakeholders when problems are found and advocating for improvements and fixes where needed.</p> <p>APC-based open access models and approaches incentivize publishers to pursue volume, chasing quantity at the expense of quality. To help promote publishing integrity, libraries can support and advocate for publisher adoption of publishing integrity aligned open access models like Subscribe to Open. Non-APC based models like Subscribe to Open remove the volume incentive because revenue is not immediately tied to article acceptance. The paper mill problem is an APC problem. Libraries should work with publishers to advance paper mill proof, publishing integrity aligned, non-APC open access.</p> <p>Librarians also have a role to play on campus. As information experts who routinely partner with authors and publishers, librarians are well positioned, when needed, to offer expertise and advice on navigating the retraction process. In fact, libraries may even be called upon by authors or research integrity staff to assist. When brought into the process, it is critical that libraries maintain neutrality and insert value and assistance where appropriate in what can be complex, high-stake processes. Librarians, for example, can assist the research integrity office during the information gathering process by collecting and sharing facts about authorship and roles. This could include analyzing an author’s publication history for unusual spikes in publications or helping to analyze an article for obvious issues. Librarians can also be helpful to the research integrity office by providing context and background around the publisher’s rationale for retraction. Many librarians have followed the paper mill crisis and surging retractions closely since they may impact open access negotiations, pricing and strategy. Knowing whether a retraction is an isolated case or part of mass retractions resulting from paper mill activity could be very helpful to research integrity office staff.</p> <p>Individually, librarians should also consider joining the ranks of publishing integrity sleuths. While some research fraud can only be identified by those with sufficient subject and technical expertise, many fake papers are so egregiously bad that even non-experts can spot the problems. David Blimler identified over 800 suspicious chemistry papers by tracing bogus references, work that most librarians are also capable of doing.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B20" data-scroll="#B20" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B20" class="scroll-link">20</a></button></strong></span> Even non-paper mill articles sometimes contain obvious errors. The additional eyes and scrutiny librarians could bring to integrity sleuthing would help hold the publishing integrity line and contribute to the clean-up and maintenance of the scholarly record. Newly emerging bounty programs, such as the Research Bounty Program in India and Estimating the Reliability & Robustness of Research, offer payment for the identification and reporting of problem articles.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B21" data-scroll="#B21" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B21" class="scroll-link">21</a></button></strong></span> If bounty programs prove an effective deterrent, librarians may decide to join the bounty hunter ranks or perhaps provide support through program sponsorship.</p> <p>These are only some of the ways librarians can take a more active role in addressing the paper mill crisis. There are no doubt many others, such as continued advocacy for the methods of open science, which bring transparency and shed daylight on research practices. Librarians should take action where they feel they will have the most impact and where they see alignment with institutional priorities and culture.</p> <p>‘Science,’ according to Carl Sagan, ‘is far from a perfect instrument of knowledge. It’s just the best we have’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B22" data-scroll="#B22" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B22" class="scroll-link">22</a></button></strong></span> The paper mill crisis, unfortunately, has arrived at a bad time for science. Trust in science and scientists is on the decline.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B23" data-scroll="#B23" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B23" class="scroll-link">23</a></button></strong></span> But the challenges facing society, from climate change to public health, only continue to grow. A scholarly record polluted by fake articles will only further erode the public’s trust in science. Research findings going forward will be viewed against the backdrop of the record-breaking 10,000 retractions documented by Retraction Watch in 2023 and those to come in 2024. In a post-truth world brimming with misinformation, we need science and trust in scientists more than ever. To borrow Sagan’s phrasing, we need science to continue to serve as our candle in the dark. It is time for librarians to take a more active role in championing and sustaining publishing integrity and championing and sustaining science. The open transition and much that we care about may depend on it.</p> </div> </div> <div id="back" class="article-references"> <div> <h2 id="abbreviations-and-acronyms" tabindex="-1">Abbreviations and Acronyms</h2> <p>A list of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this and other <em>Insight</em>s articles can be accessed here – click on the URL below and then select the ‘full list of industry A&As’ link: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa">http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa</a>.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="competing-interests" tabindex="-1">Competing interests</h2> <p>The authors have declared no competing interests.</p> </div> <div id="references"> <h2 id="references" tabindex="-1">References</h2> <ul style="list-style-type:none" class="reference-list"> <li id="B1"> <a href="#B1" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Wiley Announces the Acquisition of Hindawi,” Wiley, January 5, 2021, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener 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2024, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/institute-of-physics-donates-authors-fees-from-retracted-papers-to-publishing-charity/4018725.article">https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/institute-of-physics-donates-authors-fees-from-retracted-papers-to-publishing-charity/4018725.article</a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<a href="#main-text-B19" data-scroll="#main-text-B19" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B20"> <a href="#B20" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Holly Else, “What Makes an Undercover Science Sleuth Tick? 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data-scroll="#main-text-B21" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B22"> <a href="#B22" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Carl Sagan, <em>The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark</em> (New York: Ballantine, 1997), 27.<a href="#main-text-B22" data-scroll="#main-text-B22" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B23"> <a href="#B23" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Brian Kennedy and Alec Tyson, “Americans’ Trust in Scientists, Positive Views of Science Continue to Decline,” Pew Research Center, November 14, 2023, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2023/11/14/americans-trust-in-scientists-positive-views-of-science-continue-to-decline">https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2023/11/14/americans-trust-in-scientists-positive-views-of-science-continue-to-decline</a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<a href="#main-text-B23" data-scroll="#main-text-B23" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="article-level-0-end-metadata" class="fm"> </div> </div> </div></div></div></section></article></main><aside class="lfpFOb fiuYUG kvsxzu fZULLI eAZrqn bsEVTl jzuiJt dDHwAh bympqB klDsRy"><section style="--extra-height:5rem" class="ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB lnopcr eIiEcR eAZrqn faYEqN gWzzAr JCara bympqB iUHufA hJIWyj" data-no-padding="true"><div dir="ltr" data-orientation="horizontal"><div role="tablist" 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style="animation-duration:0s"><section aria-labelledby="table-of-contents" class="ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB"><nav id="table-of-contents" aria-label="Table of contents"><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb bpGbVy fjKWZo"><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#abstract" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Abstract</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#publishing-integrity-a-librarian-role" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Publishing integrity: a librarian role</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#abbreviations-and-acronyms" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Abbreviations and Acronyms</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#competing-interests" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Competing interests</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#references" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">References</a></div></li></ol></nav></section></div><div data-state="inactive" data-orientation="horizontal" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-annotations" 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paper mill crisis, which is polluting the scholarly literature with fake papers, has led to record-breaking article retractions and continues to erode trust in science. While publishers and other scholarly publishing stakeholders have mobilized to address this grave threat to research and publishing integrity, action from the library community has been lacking. This article explores the ongoing impact of the paper mill crisis and its causes. It also reviews the steps being taken across the sector to address it. This includes actions taken by publishers, integrity sleuths and organizations like Retraction Watch, NISO and STM. Based on the severity of the crisis and the current response, this article recommends actions libraries can take to help address the crisis and clean up the mess paper mills have made in the scholarly literature. At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stakeholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science.\u003c/p\u003e34:{\"id\":\"64281a38b46a026025ae88db8a57dec5b5957f01\",\"bound\":null}\n36:T433,\u003cp\u003eThe paper mill crisis, which is polluting the scholarly literature with fake papers, has led to record-breaking article retractions and continues to erode trust in science. While publishers and other scholarly publishing stakeholders have mobilized to address this grave threat to research and publishing integrity, action from the library community has been lacking. This article explores the ongoing impact of the paper mil"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"l crisis and its causes. It also reviews the steps being taken across the sector to address it. This includes actions taken by publishers, integrity sleuths and organizations like Retraction Watch, NISO and STM. Based on the severity of the crisis and the current response, this article recommends actions libraries can take to help address the crisis and clean up the mess paper mills have made in the scholarly literature. At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stakeholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science.\u003c/p\u003e3e:T42c,The paper mill crisis, which is polluting the scholarly literature with fake papers, has led to record-breaking article retractions and continues to erode trust in science. While publishers and other scholarly publishing stakeholders have mobilized to address this grave threat to research and publishing integrity, action from the library community has been lacking. This article explores the ongoing impact of the paper mill crisis and its causes. It also reviews the steps being taken across the sector to address it. This includes actions taken by publishers, integrity sleuths and organizations like Retraction Watch, NISO and STM. Based on the severity of the crisis and the current response, this article recommends actions libraries can take to help address the crisis and clean up the mess paper mills have made in the scholarly literature. At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stakeholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science.4c:T4c4,The scale and damage of the paper mill crisis, however, has made this position less tenable. While it is true the paper mill crisis is a research integrity issue, more narrowly, it is a publishing integrity issue. Publishing is something librarians care deeply about. As a key partner in scholarly publishing, librari"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ans are involved more deeply today than they ever had been, from operating their own publishing operations to shifting spending towards the procurement of open access publishing services. With open access agreements, it is worth noting that librarians also bear some responsibility for the current crisis. The recent growth in open access is largely a result of libraries and funders asking publishers for open access alternatives to the traditional subscription model. Librarians license and fund the very APC-based open access models that have created the volume-based incentive for publishers. Publishing integrity, to be clear, is absolutely in the librarian lane. Just as poorly considered actions and inaction by librarians have contributed to the paper mill crisis, thoughtful and proactive actions by librarians can help end the crisis and accelerate the clean-up of the mess it has left behind.4d:T510,Librarians also have a role to play on campus. As information experts who routinely partner with authors and publishers, librarians are well positioned, when needed, to offer expertise and advice on navigating the retraction process. In fact, libraries may even be called upon by authors or research integrity staff to assist. When brought into the process, it is critical that libraries maintain neutrality and insert value and assistance where appropriate in what can be complex, high-stake processes. Librarians, for example, can assist the research integrity office during the information gathering process by collecting and sharing facts about authorship and roles. This could include analyzing an author’s publication history for unusual spikes in publications or helping to analyze an article for obvious issues. Librarians can also be helpful to the research integrity office by providing context and background around the publisher’s rationale for retraction. Many librarians have followed the paper mill crisis and surging retractions closely since they may impact open access negotiations, pricing and strategy. 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The companies that run paper mills make money by selling authorship on fake articles to researchers looking for an easy way to publish.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B2\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B2\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B2\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B2\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"2\"}]}]}],\" The growth and impact of paper mills in recent years has been startling. As of writing this in April 2024, Wiley’s paper mill investigation has led to the retraction of over 11,300 Hindawi articles.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B3\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B3\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B3\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B3\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"3\"}]}]}],\" The damage to Hindawi’s reputation has been catastrophic. Wiley announced the departure of Napack in October 2023 and, in December, stated that it would discontinue the Hindawi brand.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B4\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B4\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B4\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B4\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"4\"}]}]}],\" Wiley expects to lose US$35–40 million in revenue as it tries to clean up Hindawi’s fatal paper mill mess.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"Hindawi, however, is not the only publisher grappling with the scale and weight of the paper mill crisis. In 2023, the total number of retracted articles tracked by Retraction Watch passed 10,000, easily smashing the previous record.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B5\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B5\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B5\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B5\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"5\"}]}]}],\" While misconduct, mistakes and retractions are nothing new, the scale of the current crisis and the industrial level polluting of the scholarly record that is taking place is. In November 2023, \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"Nature\"}],\" reported on an analysis that found over 400,000 published articles share textual similarities with known paper mill articles. 70,000 of those articles were published in the year preceding the study.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B6\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B6\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B6\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B6\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"6\"}]}]}],\" If this estimate is accurate, the 11,300 paper mill retractions from Hindawi are just the tip of an unprecedented retraction iceberg that is threatening not just trust in scholarly publishing but trust in science as well.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"An obvious question comes up when first learning about the scale of the paper mill crisis. How could something like this even happen? Journals, after all, have editors. Articles are peer-reviewed. Certification – ensuring the quality and integrity of research articles, separating the wheat from the chaff certification – is one of the primary reasons journals and scholarly publishers exist. So, how does a fake paper mill article make it through to publication, let alone thousands of fake articles across many different publishers and across many different disciplines?\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"The paper mill crisis lives at the confluence of two deeply misaligned incentives within scholarly publishing. The first is found in the area of research assessment. Simple quantitative metrics (JIF, h-index, citation count, articles published, etc.) continue to serve as proxies for research quality, impact and productivity. Requirements to publish can be tied to graduation for students and promotions for clinicians.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B7\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B7\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B7\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B7\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"7\"}]}]}],\" The decision to buy authorship for some may mean the difference between employment and unemployment, paying your rent or not paying your rent. This in no way excuses unethical author publishing behavior. But it highlights the stakes faced by some authors and the line of reasoning that could lead someone to buy authorship on a paper mill article.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":[\"The second misaligned incentive contributing to the paper mill crisis works on the publisher side. APC-based open access publishing models incentivize volume. More articles mean more APCs. More APCs mean more revenue. This mercenary fact goes a long way towards explaining the volume-based strategies of a growing number of publishers. The prioritization of short-term profits over publication integrity is also behind the recent addiction to special issues, which have served as a go-to strategy to boost publishing volume. Special issues at Hindawi seemed to exist outside regular publishing oversight and quality control. Editors were not fully vetted. Peer review may or may not have happened. Papers may or may not have even been read. Without oversight, entire special issues could be hijacked and filled with paper mill junk.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B8\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B8\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B8\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B8\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"8\"}]}]}],\" According to an analysis by Christos Petrou in \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The Scholarly Kitchen\"}],\", 53% of Hindawi’s 2022 articles appeared in special issues. MDPI and Frontiers were even more reliant on the special issue approach, coming in at 65% and 70%, respectively.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B9\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B9\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B9\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B9\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"9\"}]}]}],\" Thankfully, neither has announced problems at the scale of Hindawi, but it is not clear that we have reached peak retractions from the crisis.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"But as bad as special issues have proven to be for publishing integrity, it is the APC model that bears the greatest responsibility for warping incentives and leading publishers and authors astray. Paper mills exist because, under the APC model, publishers make money when editors say ‘yes’. Pressure to increase article volume has been mentioned by those involved with recent editorial board defections and author rebellions, such as what happened at \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"The Journal of Political Philosophy\"}],\".\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B10\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B10\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B10\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B10\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"10\"}]}]}],\" It should come as no surprise that putting short-term, APC-driven revenue growth ahead of quality can prove corrosive to publishing integrity.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"13\",{\"children\":[\"Many publishers, to their credit, have recognized the damage taking place and have mounted a response through individual and joint efforts. Individually, publishers are taking steps to tighten quality control. Research integrity teams have been expanded.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B11\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B11\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B11\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B11\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"11\"}]}]}],\" Additional training and support have been provided to editors. And new technology is being deployed to assist with screening and identifying fraudulent or problematic papers. Working together, publishers have launched initiatives such as the STM Integrity Hub\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B12\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B12\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B12\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B12\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"12\"}]}]}],\" and United2Act.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B13\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B13\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B13\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B13\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"13\"}]}]}],\" The STM Integrity Hub seeks to detect problematic manuscripts ‘through a combination of shared data and experiences, and by harnessing technological innovation’. United2Act brought publishers and other stakeholders together for a meeting in 2023 to specifically address the paper mill crisis. The consensus statement that emerged highlights specific steps organizations and individuals can take to help address the crisis. Publishers and editors also work together through COPE, the Coalition on Publishing Ethics, which provides guidance on ethical publishing practices.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"15\",{\"children\":[\"Beyond the actions of publishers, Retraction Watch, PubPeer, NISO and independent integrity sleuths have also played a very important part in addressing the paper mill crisis. Sleuths, working together and on their own, identify problematic papers, sharing their findings on PubPeer and with publishers.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B14\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B14\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B14\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B14\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"14\"}]}]}],\" PubPeer, a post-publication peer review site, has become a central hub for identifying and discussing potential article issues.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B15\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B15\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B15\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B15\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"15\"}]}]}],\" Until recently, Retraction Watch maintained the most comprehensive database of retracted papers. In September 2023, the Retraction Watch database was sold to Crossref. The two organizations will work together to maintain it as the largest open source collection of retractions.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B16\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B16\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B16\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B16\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"16\"}]}]}],\" NISO, meanwhile, is working on recommended practices for retractions that will describe ‘the involved parties, along with their responsibilities, actions, notifications, and the metadata necessary to communicate retracted research across stakeholders systems’.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B17\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B17\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B17\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B17\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"17\"}]}]}],\" Hopefully, the combined efforts of Crossref, Retraction Watch and NISO will improve retraction tracking and communication across the scholarly ecosystem.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"17\",{\"children\":[\"While the response of publishers and other stakeholders to the crisis is welcome and a positive sign, it has not been sufficient, at the time of writing, to address the paper mill problem. Further exacerbating the issue, generative AI is already turbocharging the production of fake papers.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B18\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B18\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B18\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B18\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"18\"}]}]}],\" So, not only is it not clear whether we have reached peak paper mill retraction of the fake articles already polluting the literature, more fake, AI-assisted papers are on the way. Considering the size of the paper mill crisis, the damage it is causing to scientific integrity and trust and the ongoing threat it represents to the open access transition, how are librarians, a key stakeholder in scholarly communication, mobilizing to help address the crisis?\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"19\",{\"children\":\"Sadly, librarians have largely opted to sit this crisis out, remaining silent on the sidelines as the paper mill mess unfolds around them. The consensus in the library community seems to be that the paper mill crisis is a research integrity issue and, as such, is somebody else’s problem. In pre-APC driven paper mill times, this may have made sense. At the institutional level, it is the research integrity office, not the library, that bears responsibility for research misconduct. Similarly, librarians have relied on the research integrity efforts of publishers to deal with misconduct in the publication process. When it comes to the broader category of research integrity, the librarian instinct has been to stay in their lane.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"21\",{\"children\":\"$4c\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"23\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"publishing-integrity-a-librarian-role\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Publishing integrity: a librarian role\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"What follows are ideas for action and advocacy that librarians should consider to strengthen publishing integrity and to help address the paper mill crisis. The ideas are not comprehensive and should be considered as a place to start. The operating environments of libraries vary greatly, and so will the ways they contribute to supporting publishing integrity.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"An obvious and important place for librarians to start is by developing and including publishing integrity expectations and responsibilities in open access agreements. License language could be added that would define publishing integrity best practices, audit requirements and transparency and reporting expectations. Language could also be added to define what happens to APCs from retracted articles. For example, IOP Publishing (IOPP) has recently announced that it will donate APCs from its retracted articles to Research4Life.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B19\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B19\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B19\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B19\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"19\"}]}]}],\" This commitment adds a new incentive for publishers to do the right thing, since it imposes a financial penalty on top of the reputational penalty that comes from an article retraction. So far, IOPP is the only publisher doing this. Librarians can pressure other publishers to do the same during license negotiations by asking for language that makes donating retracted article APCs a requirement. To facilitate and support adding publishing integrity language to licenses, it would be very helpful if the library community developed model language for librarians to use. This is work that could be led by library consortia such as Lyrasis, Jisc and CAPES.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"Ensuring a timely and thorough end-to-end retraction process is another area where librarians can and should take an active role. An article cannot be considered fully retracted if the original version can still be found across the scholarly ecosystem. While it may be fairly easy for a retraction notice to be added to an article on the publisher’s website, it is not so easy to have that same notice added across every other database and repository where the article may be found. Librarians should partner with Crossref, publishers, NISO and Retraction Watch to help develop an end-to-end retraction process. Librarians are also well positioned to assist in monitoring that the process is actually working, notifying other stakeholders when problems are found and advocating for improvements and fixes where needed.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"APC-based open access models and approaches incentivize publishers to pursue volume, chasing quantity at the expense of quality. To help promote publishing integrity, libraries can support and advocate for publisher adoption of publishing integrity aligned open access models like Subscribe to Open. Non-APC based models like Subscribe to Open remove the volume incentive because revenue is not immediately tied to article acceptance. The paper mill problem is an APC problem. Libraries should work with publishers to advance paper mill proof, publishing integrity aligned, non-APC open access.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":\"$4d\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"13\",{\"children\":[\"Individually, librarians should also consider joining the ranks of publishing integrity sleuths. While some research fraud can only be identified by those with sufficient subject and technical expertise, many fake papers are so egregiously bad that even non-experts can spot the problems. David Blimler identified over 800 suspicious chemistry papers by tracing bogus references, work that most librarians are also capable of doing.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B20\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B20\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B20\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B20\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"20\"}]}]}],\" Even non-paper mill articles sometimes contain obvious errors. The additional eyes and scrutiny librarians could bring to integrity sleuthing would help hold the publishing integrity line and contribute to the clean-up and maintenance of the scholarly record. Newly emerging bounty programs, such as the Research Bounty Program in India and Estimating the Reliability \u0026 Robustness of Research, offer payment for the identification and reporting of problem articles.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B21\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B21\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B21\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B21\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"21\"}]}]}],\" If bounty programs prove an effective deterrent, librarians may decide to join the bounty hunter ranks or perhaps provide support through program sponsorship.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"15\",{\"children\":\"These are only some of the ways librarians can take a more active role in addressing the paper mill crisis. There are no doubt many others, such as continued advocacy for the methods of open science, which bring transparency and shed daylight on research practices. Librarians should take action where they feel they will have the most impact and where they see alignment with institutional priorities and culture.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"17\",{\"children\":[\"‘Science,’ according to Carl Sagan, ‘is far from a perfect instrument of knowledge. It’s just the best we have’.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B22\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B22\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B22\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B22\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"22\"}]}]}],\" The paper mill crisis, unfortunately, has arrived at a bad time for science. Trust in science and scientists is on the decline.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4b\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B23\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B23\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B23\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B23\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"23\"}]}]}],\" But the challenges facing society, from climate change to public health, only continue to grow. A scholarly record polluted by fake articles will only further erode the public’s trust in science. Research findings going forward will be viewed against the backdrop of the record-breaking 10,000 retractions documented by Retraction Watch in 2023 and those to come in 2024. In a post-truth world brimming with misinformation, we need science and trust in scientists more than ever. To borrow Sagan’s phrasing, we need science to continue to serve as our candle in the dark. It is time for librarians to take a more active role in championing and sustaining publishing integrity and championing and sustaining science. The open transition and much that we care about may depend on it.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"id\":\"back\",\"className\":\"article-references\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"1\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"abbreviations-and-acronyms\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Abbreviations and Acronyms\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"A list of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this and other \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Insight\"}],\"s articles can be accessed here – click on the URL below and then select the ‘full list of industry A\u0026As’ link: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa\"}],\".\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"competing-interests\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Competing interests\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The authors have declared no competing interests.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"id\":\"references\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"references\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"References\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",\"3\",{\"style\":{\"listStyleType\":\"none\"},\"className\":\"reference-list\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"B1\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B1\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"“Wiley Announces the Acquisition of Hindawi,” Wiley, January 5, 2021, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://newsroom.wiley.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2021/Wiley-Announces-the-Acquisition-of-Hindawi/default.aspx\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://newsroom.wiley.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2021/Wiley-Announces-the-Acquisition-of-Hindawi/default.aspx\"}],\" (accessed 16 May 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B1\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B1\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"3\",{\"id\":\"B2\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B2\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Sabina Alam et al., “Potential ‘paper mills’ and What to do About Them – A Publisher’s Perspective,” COPE, October 12, 2020, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://publicationethics.org/publishers-perspective-paper-mills\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://publicationethics.org/publishers-perspective-paper-mills\"}],\" (accessed 16 May 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B2\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B2\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"5\",{\"id\":\"B3\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B3\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"“Hindawi Retractions,” \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://t.co/fr1tf4XM4W\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://t.co/fr1tf4XM4W\"}],\" (accessed 16 May 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B3\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B3\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"7\",{\"id\":\"B4\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B4\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"“Wiley Announces CEO Transition,” Wiley, October 10, 2023, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://newsroom.wiley.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2023/Wiley-Announces-CEO-Transition/default.aspx\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://newsroom.wiley.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2023/Wiley-Announces-CEO-Transition/default.aspx\"}],\" (accessed 16 May 2024); Ellie Kincaid, “Wiley to Stop Using ‘Hindawi’ Name Amid $18 Million Revenue Decline,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"Retraction Watch\"}],\" (blog), December 6, 2023, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"5\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://retractionwatch.com/2023/12/06/wiley-to-stop-using-hindawi-name-amid-18-million-revenue-decline\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://retractionwatch.com/2023/12/06/wiley-to-stop-using-hindawi-name-amid-18-million-revenue-decline\"}],\" (accessed 16 May 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At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stakeholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science.51:T42c,The paper mill crisis, which is polluting the scholarly literature with fake papers, has led to record-breaking article retractions and continues to erode trust in science. While publishers and other scholarly publishing stakeholders have mobilized to address this grave threat to research and publishing integrity, action from the library community has been lacking. This article explores the ongoing impact of the paper mill crisis and its causes. It also reviews the steps being taken across the sector to address it. This includes actions taken by publishers, integrity sleuths and organizations like Retraction Watch, NISO and STM. Based on the severity of the crisis and the current response, this article recommends actions libraries can take to help address the crisis and clean up the mess paper mills have made in the scholarly literature. At a time of declining trust and growing threats facing society, it is critical that all scholarly publishing stak"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"eholders, including librarians, help hold the line on publishing integrity and restore trust in science."])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1b:[\"$\",\"$4f\",\"jgXMehCEa-qxOaZkiJuzd\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"meta\",\"0\",{\"name\":\"viewport\",\"content\":\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"1\",{\"charSet\":\"utf-8\"}],[\"$\",\"title\",\"2\",{\"children\":\"The paper mill crisis is a five-alarm fire for science: what can librarians do about it? | Insights\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"3\",{\"name\":\"description\",\"content\":\"Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. 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