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In 1908, Garvin agreed to take over the editorship of the Sunday newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, revolutionising Sunday journalism and restoring the paper, which was facing financial troubles at the time, to profitability in the process. </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">J. L. Garvin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Louis_Garvin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/James_Louis_Garvin.jpg/220px-James_Louis_Garvin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/James_Louis_Garvin.jpg/330px-James_Louis_Garvin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/James_Louis_Garvin.jpg/440px-James_Louis_Garvin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="628"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">James Louis Garvin in 1913</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1868-04-12</span>)</span>12 April 1868<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1947<span style="display:none">(1947-01-23)</span> (aged 78)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a>, Buckinghamshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Journalist and editor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">Christina Ellen Wilson (1894–1918)<br>Viola Woods (1921–1947)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Roland Gerard Garvin<br><a href="/wiki/Viola_Garvin" title="Viola Garvin">Viola Garvin</a><br>Una Garvin<br>Katherine Garvin<br>Ursula Garvin</td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Youth_and_early_years_in_journalism"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Youth and early years in journalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pre-war_editorship_of_The_Observer"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-war editorship of <i>The Observer</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_World_War"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">First World War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Later_years"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Later years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Youth_and_early_years_in_journalism">Youth and early years in journalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth and early years in journalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The youngest of two children, Garvin was born in <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>. His father, Michael Garvin, was an impoverished Irish labourer who died at sea when Garvin was two, leaving him to be raised by his mother Catherine. Though a voracious reader, he left school at the age of thirteen and worked first as a messenger, then as a clerk. His elder brother, Michael, became a teacher; his status as the family's primary source of income led them to move, first in 1884 to <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> five years later. </p><p>Despite undergoing examination to join the civil service, from an early age Garvin yearned to become an editor. As a teenager he contributed letters and articles to the <i>Eastern Morning News</i> and the Dublin <i>Weekly Freeman</i>, much of which reflected his early advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule">Home Rule</a>. In 1891, Garvin applied to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cowen" title="Joseph Cowen">Joseph Cowen</a> for a position at the <i><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Evening_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Evening Chronicle">Newcastle Evening Chronicle</a></i>. Given a position as a proof-reader and occasional contributor, Garvin spent the next eight years honing his skills as a journalist, with Cowen serving as his mentor and father-figure. Yet Garvin yearned for a larger stage, and by the end of the decade he became a regular (though anonymous) contributor to the <i><a href="/wiki/Fortnightly_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortnightly Review">Fortnightly Review</a></i>, then edited by <a href="/wiki/William_Leonard_Courtney" title="William Leonard Courtney">W. L. Courtney</a>. </p><p>Garvin's ambition extended beyond Newcastle, however. Through his association with Courtney, Garvin gained a position as a leader-writer for the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i> in 1899. Moving to London, his writings on politics and literature soon earned him renown. By now his politics had changed, as he became a <a href="/wiki/British_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="British unionism">unionist</a> and a follower of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>. In 1904, Garvin accepted the editorship of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlook_(British_magazine)" title="The Outlook (British magazine)">The Outlook</a></i>, a weekly publication which was being turned into a platform for the promotion of Chamberlain's scheme of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preference" title="Imperial Preference">tariff reform</a>. Though <i>The Outlook</i> quickly saw a rise in circulation and influence, its failure to turn a profit led to the paper's sale and Garvin's exit two years later. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Pre-war_editorship_of_The_Observer">Pre-war editorship of <i>The Observer</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-war editorship of The Observer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Louis_Garvin,_Vanity_Fair,_1911-09-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg/220px-James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="5704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 359px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg/220px-James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="359" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg/330px-James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg/440px-James_Louis_Garvin%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1911-09-13.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>?-!</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after his departure from <i>The Outlook</i>, Garvin was approached by newspaper magnate <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Lord Northcliffe</a>. Though he turned down a financially lucrative offer to write for Northcliffe's flagship publication, the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>, in 1908 Garvin agreed to take over the editorship of the historic Sunday newspaper <i>The Observer</i>. First published in 1791, the paper had recently faced financial troubles that led to its acquisition by Northcliffe. Within eighteen months, Garvin had reshaped <i>The Observer</i>, revolutionising Sunday journalism and restoring the paper to profitability in the process. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Unionist Party</a> still recovering from its massive defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1906</a>, Garvin soon emerged as a dominant figure in Unionist politics. Using <i>The Observer</i> as a platform, he denounced the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">budget</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> in 1909, and he encouraged the Unionist-dominated <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> to veto it. As the question of <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_for_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule for Ireland">Home Rule for Ireland</a> increasingly overshadowed British politics, Garvin advocated a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a> solution to the problem. </p><p>By 1911, a rift had emerged between Garvin and Northcliffe over the critical issue of <a href="/wiki/Tariff_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff reform">tariff reform</a>. When their dispute became public, the press baron agreed to sell the paper to <a href="/wiki/William_Waldorf_Astor,_1st_Viscount_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor">William Waldorf Astor</a>, who accepted Garvin's proposal to assume ownership on condition that Garvin edit the Astor-owned <i><a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall Mall Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a></i> as well. In 1915, Astor gave the two papers to his son, <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astor,_2nd_Viscount_Astor" title="Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor">Waldorf</a> as a birthday gift; Waldorf Astor then sold the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, which allowed Garvin to leave his position with that paper and focus on editing <i>The Observer</i>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Despite being an admirer of German culture, Garvin was alarmed by the growing challenge the country posed to Britain in international politics. Through his friendship with <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Admiral John Fisher</a>, he gained access to inside information on naval matters which he used to inform editorials calling for a greater naval construction programme. When war broke out in 1914, Garvin embraced Britain's involvement in the conflict. He was close to many people in power, most notably Fisher (who left retirement to return to his former position as First Sea Lord soon after the start of the conflict), Lloyd George, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and he enjoyed considerable influence during this period. </p><p>Yet the conflict brought great personal tragedy to Garvin. At the start of the war his only son Roland Gerard Garvin (known to his family as "Ged") enlisted with the <a href="/wiki/South_Lancashire_Regiment" title="South Lancashire Regiment">South Lancashire Regiment</a> and was shipped to France. Though subsequently assigned a staff position, Ged transferred back to a combat posting soon after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme campaign</a> and was killed in a night assault on German line in late July.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heartbroken at the loss, Garvin never recovered from Ged's death, and it shaped many of his attitudes to subsequent events. </p><p>Despite his bitterness towards the Germans, Garvin believed in the need for a just settlement of the war. Soon after the armistice he published his first book, <i>The Economic Foundations of Peace</i>, in which he called for a lenient treaty and Anglo-American co-operation as the cornerstone for an effective <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. When the punitive terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> were published, he denounced it in an editorial as leaving the Germans "no real hope except in revenge."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>In 1921, Garvin moved from London to <a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a>. From there, in a home once owned by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s agent he continued to edit <i>The Observer</i>, and he began work on a biography of his hero Joseph Chamberlain. Though three volumes of the Chamberlain biography were published in the early 1930s, Garvin never wrote the final fourth volume, and the project was completed after his death by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery,_Baron_Amery_of_Lustleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Amery, Baron Amery of Lustleigh">Julian Amery</a>. During this period Garvin also served as editor-in-chief of the fourteenth edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (1926–1932). </p><p>Yet Garvin's stature as a man of letters masked his declining influence during this period. Working from Beaconsfield cut him off from much of the political life of the British capital. A new generation of British politicians emerged with whom Garvin had few connections. Alarmed by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s rise to power in Germany, he pushed for a programme of rearmament. He also became an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>, both of Hitler to buy time for rearmament, and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in an effort to win the Italian leader's support for an alliance. </p><p>Saddened by the outbreak of war in September 1939, Garvin nonetheless was a strong supporter of the war effort. Heartened by Churchill's return to the Admiralty, Garvin offered unflinching support for his old friend after he became Prime Minister in May 1940. Such support created a rift between Garvin and Astor. Though the two had been of like mind regarding appeasement, Astor opposed the concentration of war powers in Churchill's hands. Adding to the tension was Astor's son <a href="/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor">David</a>, whose attempts to inject a more liberal tone into the newspaper were viewed by Garvin as an effort to criticise the Prime Minister. As a result, when Garvin published an editorial in February 1942 in support of Churchill remaining in office as Minister of Defence as well as Prime Minister, the Astors viewed it as a breach of their contract and requested Garvin's resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garvin was made a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1941_New_Year%27s_Honours_List" class="mw-redirect" title="1941 New Year's Honours List">1941 New Year's Honours List</a>. He had previously declined honours from Lloyd George in 1918, and Ramsay MacDonald in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AyerstGarvin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AyerstGarvin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224, 270">: 224, 270 </span></sup> </p><p>Garvin quickly received an offer from <a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> to write a weekly column for his newspaper the <i>Sunday Express</i>. Switching to the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> in January 1945, Garvin continued to write a weekly column until just prior to his death from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> at the age of 78. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Garvin was married twice. In 1894 he married Christina Ellen Wilson, who bore him his son Ged and four daughters: <a href="/wiki/Viola_Garvin" title="Viola Garvin">Viola</a>, Una, Katherine, and Ursula. After Christina's death in 1918, Garvin married Viola Woods (née Taylor), the former wife of Unionist politician Maurice Woods. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029932062"><i>The Economic Foundations of Peace: or world partnership as the truer basis of the League of Nations</i></a>. Macmillan and Co. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Foundations+of+Peace%3A+or+world+partnership+as+the+truer+basis+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924029932062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176377"><i>The Life of Joseph Chamberlain</i></a>. Macmillan and Co. April 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Joseph+Chamberlain&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1932-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.176377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Empire and the century/The Maintenance of Empire"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Maintenance_of_Empire">"The Maintenance of Empire" </a></span>. <i>The Empire and the century</i>. London: John Murray. 1905. pp. 69–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maintenance+of+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69-143&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/20/letters-garvin-first-world-war">"Letters to the editor… from his dear lad in the trenches"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 20 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Letters+to+the+editor%E2%80%A6+from+his+dear+lad+in+the+trenches&rft.date=2009-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2009%2Fsep%2F20%2Fletters-garvin-first-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/newsroom/story/0,11718,735573,00.html">Observer text timeline | Newsroom | guardian.co.uk</a> at www.guardian.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014184404/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801405,00.html">"Garvin Gets Out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. 16 March 1942. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801405,00.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Garvin+Gets+Out&rft.date=1942-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C801405%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette35029" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35029/supplement/22">"No. 35029"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 1 January 1941. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+35029&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1941-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F35029%2Fsupplement%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AyerstGarvin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AyerstGarvin_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyerst" class="citation book cs1">Ayerst, David. <i>Garvin of the Observer</i>. London: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0709905602" title="Special:BookSources/0709905602"><bdi>0709905602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garvin+of+the+Observer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.isbn=0709905602&rft.aulast=Ayerst&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyerst,_David1985" class="citation book cs1">Ayerst, David (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garvinofobserver0000ayer"><i>Garvin of the Observer</i></a></span>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709905608" title="Special:BookSources/9780709905608"><bdi>9780709905608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garvin+of+the+Observer&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780709905608&rft.au=Ayerst%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgarvinofobserver0000ayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span>, 1985</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvin,_Katherine" class="citation book cs1">Garvin, Katherine. <i>J. L. Garvin: A memoir</i>. W. Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+L.+Garvin%3A+A+memoir&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.au=Garvin%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span>, 1948</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGollin,_A._M.1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gollin" title="Alfred Gollin">Gollin, A. M.</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/observerjlgarvin0000goll"><i>The Observer and J. L. Garvin, 1908–1914: A study in a great editorship</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Observer+and+J.+L.+Garvin%2C+1908%E2%80%931914%3A+A+study+in+a+great+editorship&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Gollin%2C+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fobserverjlgarvin0000goll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span>, 1960</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottle,_MarkLedingham,_John" class="citation book cs1">Pottle, Mark; Ledingham, John. <i>We Hope to Get Word Tomorrow: The Garvin Family Letters, 1914–1916</i>. Frontline Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Hope+to+Get+Word+Tomorrow%3A+The+Garvin+Family+Letters%2C+1914%E2%80%931916&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.au=Pottle%2C+Mark&rft.au=Ledingham%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+L.+Garvin" class="Z3988"></span>, 2009</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=J._L._Garvin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp01734">Portraits of James Garvin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/ayerst/ayerst.html">Working papers of David Ayerst for his biography of J.L. Garvin</a>, a special collection in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/31733527">J. L. Garvin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005877">Newspaper clippings about J. L. Garvin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #8FBC8F;">Media offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Higginbottom" title="Frederick Higginbottom">Frederick Higginbottom</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Editor of The <i><a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall Mall Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a></i> </b><br>1912–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/D._M._Sutherland" title="D. M. Sutherland">D. M. Sutherland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Harrison" title="Austin Harrison">Austin Harrison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Editor of <i>The Observer</i> </b><br>1908–1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Brown" title="Ivor Brown">Ivor Brown</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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