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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologia_modernă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Biologia modernă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologia_modernă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologia_în_România" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologia_în_România"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Biologia în România</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologia_în_România-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principii_fundamentale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principii_fundamentale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Principii fundamentale</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principii_fundamentale-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principii fundamentale subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principii_fundamentale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teoria_celulară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_celulară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Teoria celulară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_celulară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evoluția" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evoluția"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evoluția</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evoluția-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genetica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeostazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeostazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Homeostazia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeostazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Energia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studiu_și_cercetare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studiu_și_cercetare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Studiu și cercetare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Studiu_și_cercetare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Studiu și cercetare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Studiu_și_cercetare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiziologic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiziologic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fiziologic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiziologic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutiv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutiv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Evolutiv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutiv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistematic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistematic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sistematic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistematic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regnuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regnuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Regnuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regnuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecologic_și_de_mediu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecologic_și_de_mediu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ecologic și de mediu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecologic_și_de_mediu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdomenii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdomenii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subdomenii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdomenii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiții_ale_diverșilor_autori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiții_ale_diverșilor_autori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Definiții ale diverșilor autori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiții_ale_diverșilor_autori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramuri_ale_biologiei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramuri_ale_biologiei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ramuri ale biologiei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramuri_ale_biologiei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificarea_organismelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificarea_organismelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Clasificarea organismelor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificarea_organismelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 248 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-248" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">248 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Абиологиа – abhază" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абиологиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abhază" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%95%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B5" title="ሥነ ሕይወት – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ሕይወት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloch%C3%ADa" title="Biolochía – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="علم الأحياء – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأحياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لبيولوجيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীৱবিজ্ঞান – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa" title="Bioloxía – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – avară" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliopa" title="Bliopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bliopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्‍त्र – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जीवशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="بیولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bioluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bioluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біялогія – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_hayat" title="Èlmu hayat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu hayat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवविज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जीवविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeoloji" title="Baeoloji – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Baeoloji" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_hayat" title="Kaji hayat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji hayat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇီဝဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জীববিজ্ঞান – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীববিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱེ་དངོས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevoniezh" title="Bevoniezh – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bevoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%90%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%97" title="ᨅᨗᨐᨚᨒᨚᨁᨗ – bugineză" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨅᨗᨐᨚᨒᨚᨁᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloyia" title="Bioloyia – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Bioloyia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%93_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᎬᏃᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ژینناسی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolugia" title="Biolugia – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Biolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatiyat" title="Ayatiyat – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ayatiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C3%B4" title="Biologijô – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Biologijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bywydeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binni%C9%9Bma_vihigu" title="Binniɛma vihigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Binniɛma vihigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6c%C3%ABp%C3%AFr" title="Piöcëpïr – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcëpïr" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolociye" title="Biyolociye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Biyolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%80%DE%AD_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιολογία – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologio" title="Biologio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa" title="Biología – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زیست‌شناسی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bioloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilanibula" title="Kilanibula – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kilanibula" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADvfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Lívfrøði – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lívfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologii" title="Biologii – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjie" title="Biologjie – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Biologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Bitheolaíocht – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bitheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byoloji" title="Byoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Byoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bith-e%C3%B2las" title="Bith-eòlas – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bith-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa" title="Bioloxía – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زیویشتشناسی – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زیویشتشناسی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekovekuaaty" title="Tekovekuaaty – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekovekuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="જીવવિજ્ઞાન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જીવવિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea-oaylleeaght" title="Bea-oaylleeaght – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bea-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-vu%CC%8Dt-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laimeaola" title="Kālaimeaola – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaimeaola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביולוגיה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव विज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu_vigyan" title="Jiu vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jiu vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloji" title="Biyoloji – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Biyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Biológia – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենսաբանություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կենսաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կենսաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolohia" title="Biolohia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologio" title="Biologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Líffræði – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%92%AA%E1%94%85%E1%93%B1%E1%93%AF%E1%96%83%E1%95%90%E1%91%90%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailoji" title="Bailoji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bailoji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mivyske" title="mivyske – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mivyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოლოგია – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnudert" title="Tasnudert – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnudert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomna%C9%A3_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayoroj%C4%A9" title="Bayorojĩ – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bayorojĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uumassusililerineq" title="Uumassusililerineq – kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Uumassusililerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ជីវវិទ្យា – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជីវវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="생물학 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="زیٛوٗدُت – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زیٛوٗدُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloj%C3%AE" title="Biyolojî – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biyolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywonieth" title="Bywonieth – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bywonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojiya" title="Biolojiya – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Biolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabiramu" title="Essomabiramu – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabiramu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – lombardă" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%C3%AD_ma_bom%C9%94i" title="Mambí ma bomɔi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma bomɔi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຊີວະສາດ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີວະສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C4%A3ija" title="Bioloģija – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – madureză" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madureză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Biôlôjia – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Biôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Биологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Биологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биологија – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവശാസ്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амин судлал – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амин судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯊꯋꯥꯢꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯋꯥꯢꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्त्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijolo%C4%A1ija" title="Bijoloġija – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bijoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇီဝဗေဒ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇီဝဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C-%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Биологиясь-эриеньсодамось – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Биологиясь-эриеньсодамось" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolizmatiliztli" title="Yolizmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Yolizmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologgia" title="Biologgia – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Biologgia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव विज्ञान – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीव विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवशास्त्र – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जीवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߣߌߡߊߞߊߙߊ߲ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߣߌߡߊߞߊߙߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutaphedi" title="Thutaphedi – sotho de nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutaphedi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolougii" title="Biolougii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Biolougii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinjiree" title="Xiinjiree – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinjiree" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୀବ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биологи – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Биологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ACa" title="Biologìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Biologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="جیون پڑھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژونپوهنه – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژونپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_yachay" title="Kawsay yachay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Біолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="जीवशास्त्रम् – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Biologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolugg%C3%ACa" title="Bioluggìa – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bioluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حياتيات – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حياتيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnudrt" title="Tasnudrt – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnudrt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජීව විද්‍යාව – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීව විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol%C3%B3gia" title="Biológia – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتیات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiolo" title="Paiolo – samoană" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Paiolo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamhenyu" title="Ruambamhenyu – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamhenyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayoloji" title="Bayoloji – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bayoloji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologjia" title="Biologjia – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биологија – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhayoloji" title="Ibhayoloji – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ibhayoloji" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeloji" title="Baeloji – sesotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Baeloji" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sesotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C5%8F" title="Biologijŏ – sileziană" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Biologijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரியல் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜೀವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜೀವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జీవ శాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Biolojia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Зистшиносӣ – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зистшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ชีววิทยา – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%8E%E1%8C%82" title="ባዮሎጂ – tigrină" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ባዮሎጂ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi%C3%BDa" title="Biologiýa – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologij%C9%99" title="Biologijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Biologijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_long_laip" title="Save long laip – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Save long laip" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoloji" title="Biyoloji – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Vutomi" title="Ntivo-Vutomi – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Vutomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биология – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Биология" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بىئولوگىيە – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىئولوگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біологія – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiya" title="Biologiya – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio%C5%82ozia" title="Biołozia – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Biołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologii" title="Biologii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sinh học – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog" title="Biolog – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Biolog" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolodjeye" title="Biyolodjeye – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biyolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolohiya" title="Biyolohiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Биолог – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Биолог" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBayoloji" title="IBayoloji – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBayoloji" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביאלאגיע – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swnghvuzyoz" title="Swnghvuzyoz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swnghvuzyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Biologie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="生物學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazampilo" title="Umchazampilo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazampilo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Biologie" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Biologie" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Biologie" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&oldid=16765857" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Biologie&id=16765857&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiologie"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiologie"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Biologie"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Biologie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Biology" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biologie" hreflang="ro"><span>Wikimanuale</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16858508/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/117px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/176px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/234px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeg/117px-Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeg" decoding="async" width="117" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeg/176px-Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Thompson%27s_Gazelle.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="156" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Goliath_beetle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Goliath_beetle.jpg/115px-Goliath_beetle.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Goliath_beetle.jpg/173px-Goliath_beetle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Goliath_beetle.jpg/230px-Goliath_beetle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tree_Fern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tree_Fern.jpg/119px-Tree_Fern.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tree_Fern.jpg/179px-Tree_Fern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tree_Fern.jpg/238px-Tree_Fern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-base, #000)">Biologia se ocupă cu studiul <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">vieții</a> și al <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismelor</a>. <ul><li>sus: <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">bacteria <i>E. coli</i></a> și o <a href="/wiki/Gazel%C4%83" title="Gazelă">gazelă</a></li> <li>jos: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goliathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goliathus — pagină inexistentă">Goliathus</a> și o <a href="/wiki/Ferig%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferigă">ferigă</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Animals.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Animals.gif/220px-Animals.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Animals.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Animale și plante</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Heringsschwarm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Heringsschwarm.gif/220px-Heringsschwarm.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Heringsschwarm.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Pești</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Biologia</b> este <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_naturale" title="Științe naturale">știința naturală</a> care se ocupă cu studiul <a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">vieții</a> și al tuturor <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismelor</a> vii. Ca știință a vieții, biologia studiază organismele din punct de vedere <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">structural</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">proceselor chimice</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Biologie_molecular%C4%83" title="Biologie moleculară">interacțiilor moleculare</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Fiziologie" title="Fiziologie">mecanismelor fiziologice</a>, al dezvoltării și al <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">evoluției</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aquarenagloss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquarenagloss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În ciuda complexității acestei științe, există doar câteva concepte simple care stau la baza acesteia, și anume <a href="/wiki/Teoria_celular%C4%83" title="Teoria celulară">teoria celulară</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">evoluția</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">genetica</a> și <a href="/wiki/Homeostazie" title="Homeostazie">homeostazia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astfel, în teoria fundamentală a biologiei spune că <a href="/wiki/Celul%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Celulă (biologie)">celula</a> este unitatea de bază a vieții, <a href="/wiki/Gen%C4%83" title="Genă">gena</a> este unitatea de bază a <a href="/wiki/Ereditate" title="Ereditate">eredității</a>, iar evoluția este motivul pentru <a href="/wiki/Specia%C8%9Bie" title="Speciație">apariția</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bie" title="Extincție">extincția</a> <a href="/wiki/Specie" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Specie">speciilor</a>. Organismele vii sunt sisteme termodinamice a căror supraviețuire se bazează pe transformarea continuă a <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energiei</a> și pe descreșterea <a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">entropiei</a> locale, cu scopul menținerii <a href="/wiki/Homeostazie" title="Homeostazie">homeostaziei</a> (stării de echilibru intern a unui organism).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Termenul a fost creat și introdus în știință in 1802 de către <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> și <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Reinhold_Treviranus" title="Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus">G. Treviranus</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și provine din cuvintele grecești <i>βίος / bios</i>, « viață » și <i>λόγος / logos</i>, « cuvânt, discurs, știință ». Cele mai vechi cunoștințe scrise din domeniul biologiei datează de la <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> și <a href="/wiki/Teofrast" title="Teofrast">Teofrast</a>. Dintre personalitățile biologiei mondiale putem aminti pe <a href="/w/index.php?title=G.L.L._de_Buffon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G.L.L. de Buffon — pagină inexistentă">G.L.L. de Buffon</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Cuvier" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Cuvier">G. Cuvier</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.H._Fabre" class="mw-redirect" title="J.H. Fabre">J.H. Fabre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl Linné">Carl Linné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=G.J._Mendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G.J. Mendel — pagină inexistentă">G.J. Mendel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th._Schwann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Th. Schwann — pagină inexistentă">Th. Schwann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._de_Vries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. de Vries — pagină inexistentă">H. de Vries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Weismann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Weismann — pagină inexistentă">A. Weismann</a>. În prezent, este una dintre materiile standard de învățământ în școli și universități de pretutindeni, iar peste un milion de articole sunt publicate anual într-un număr mare de jurnale din domeniul biologiei și medicinei.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subdomeniile sau ramurile biologiei sunt diverse și sunt definite în funcție de metodele de cercetare implicate și de sistemele biologice luate în studiu: <a href="/wiki/Biomatematic%C4%83" title="Biomatematică">biomatematica</a> utilizează metode matematice cu scopul formulării unor modele cantitative, în timp ce biologia experimentală se bazează pe date empirice pentru validarea unor teorii propuse. Astfel, se dorește înțelegerea mecanismelor vieții, modului în care aceasta a apărut și a evoluat din materie anorganică, lipsită de viață, în urmă cu aproximativ 4 miliarde de ani în urmă și motivul pentru care sistemele biologice au continuat să crească în complexitate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AB-20141208_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-20141208-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Istoria_biologiei" title="Istoria biologiei">istoria biologiei</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16785627">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex;gap:0.5ch}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex;gap:0.5ch}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hooke-bluefly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a fly from facing up, with wing detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hooke-bluefly.jpg/250px-Hooke-bluefly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hooke-bluefly.jpg/330px-Hooke-bluefly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hooke-bluefly.jpg/500px-Hooke-bluefly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>O reprezentare grafică a unei muște, preluată din lucrarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrographia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrographia — pagină inexistentă">Micrographia</a> a lui <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, din anul 1665</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apariția_termenului"><span id="Apari.C8.9Bia_termenului"></span>Apariția termenului</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Apariția termenului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Apariția termenului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Termenul <i><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/biologie" class="extiw" title="wikt:biologie">biologie</a></i> este derivat din cuvântul <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">grecesc</a> <span lang="grc" style="font-style:italic"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βίος">βίος</a></span>, <i>bios</i>, „<a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">viață</a>”, la care s-a alipit sufixul <span lang="grc" style="font-style:italic"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:-λογία">-λογία</a></span>, <i>-logia</i>, „studiu”.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versiunea în limba latină a termenului a fost utilizată pentru prima dată în anul 1736, când savantul suedez <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (Carl von Linné) a folosit termenul <i>biologi</i> în lucrarea sa, <i>Bibliotheca botanica</i>. Termenul a reapărut în anul 1766 în lucrarea <i>Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae: tomus III, continens geologian, biologian, phytologian generalis</i>, realizată de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Christoph_Hanow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Christoph Hanow — pagină inexistentă">Michael Christoph Hanov</a>, discipolul lui <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(filozof)" title="Christian Wolff (filozof)">Christian Wolff</a>. Prima variantă a termenului în limba germană, <i>Biologie</i>, a fost utilizat abia în anul 1771 în traducerea cărții lui Linné. În 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose a utilizat denumirea într-o prefață a cărții sale, <i>Grundzüge der Lehre van der Lebenskraft</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Friedrich_Burdach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Friedrich Burdach — pagină inexistentă">Karl Friedrich Burdach</a> a folosit termenul într-un sens mai restrâns, indicând studiul ființei umane din punctul de vedere morfologic, fiziologic și psihologic (<i>Propädeutik zum Studien der gesammten Heilkunst</i>). Utilizarea modernă a termenului a fost implementată odată cu publicarea tratatului <i>Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur</i> (1802–22) de <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Reinhold_Treviranus" title="Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus">Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus</a>, care prevedea:<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Obiectul cercetării noastre este reprezentat de diferitele forme și manifestări ale vieții, condițiile și legile care guvernează modul în care aceste fenomene au loc și cauzele pentru care acestea au avut loc. Știința care se ocupă cu aceste probleme va fi indicată sub denumirea de biologie [Biologie] sau doctrina vieții [Lebenslehre].</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Începuturile_biologiei"><span id=".C3.8Enceputurile_biologiei"></span>Începuturile biologiei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Începuturile biologiei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Începuturile biologiei"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deși biologia modernă a cunoscut o dezvoltare relativ recentă, științele pe care aceasta o includ și care sunt în relație cu aceasta au fost studiate încă din timpuri străvechi. Filozofia naturală a fost studiată începând încă din civilizațiile antice ale <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian subcontinent — pagină inexistentă">Indian subcontinent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Totuși, biologia modernă cunoscută astăzi și modul de abordare al studiului naturii își regăsesc originea în Grecia Antică.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În timp ce studiul formal al medicinei începe încă din timpul lui Hipocrate (cca. 460–370 î. Hr.), <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> (384–322 î. Hr.) a fost cel care a adus o contribuție extrem de însemnată la dezvoltarea biologiei. Cele mai importante lucrări publicate sunt <i>Historia Animālium</i> (Istoria Animalelor) și alte lucrări în care și-a prezentat viziunea naturalistă, iar ulterior a publicat lucrări mai empirice, care aveau ca punct central cauzalitatea biologiei și diversitatea vieții. Succesorul lui Aristotel, <a href="/wiki/Teofrast" title="Teofrast">Teofrast</a>, a realizat o serie de cărți în domeniul <a href="/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică">botanicii</a>, care au rămas în istorie considerate drept cea mai importantă contribuție antică în domeniul studiului organismelor vegetale, chiar și până la finalul <a href="/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="Evul Mediu">Evului Mediu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deși conceptul biologiei ca domeniu separat de știință a apărut în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIX">secolul XIX</a>, științele biologice își au originile din <a href="/wiki/Istoria_medicinei" title="Istoria medicinei">tradițiile medicinei</a> și <a href="/wiki/Istorie_natural%C4%83" title="Istorie naturală">istoria naturală</a> din <a href="/wiki/Grecia_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecia antică">Grecia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Roma_antic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma antică">Roma antică</a> și au fost mai dezvoltate în <a href="/wiki/Evul_mediu" class="mw-redirect" title="Evul mediu">Evul mediu</a> de vindecători musulmani, spre exemplu <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brater-449_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brater-449-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avenzoar" title="Avenzoar">Avenzoar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dabbagh_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dabbagh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. În timpul <a href="/wiki/Rena%C8%99terea" title="Renașterea">Renașterii</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evul_Modern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evul Modern — pagină inexistentă">Evului Modern</a>, cugetul biologic a fost revoluționat în Europa datorită interesului restaurat de <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">empirism</a> și descoperirea multor organisme noi. <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> și <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a> au fost persoane proeminente ale acestei mișcări fiindcă au utilizat experimentări și observări atente cercetând <a href="/wiki/Fiziologie" title="Fiziologie">fiziologia</a>. Trebuie menționați aici și <a href="/wiki/Naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalism">naturaliști</a> cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl Linné">Carl Linné</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon</a>, care au început să <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">clasifice organismele</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fosil%C4%83" title="Fosilă">fosilele</a> precum și dezvoltarea și comportarea ființelor vii. Datorită dezvoltării <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microscopie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microscopie — pagină inexistentă">microscopiei</a> a fost descoperită lumea <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganismelor</a>, punând bazele pentru <a href="/wiki/Teoria_celular%C4%83" title="Teoria celulară">teoria celulară</a>. Importanța crescătoare a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teologie_natural%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teologie naturală — pagină inexistentă">teologiei naturale</a>, parțial un răspuns pentru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filozofie_mecanic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filozofie mecanică — pagină inexistentă">filozofia mecanică</a>, a susținut dezvoltarea rapidă a <a href="/wiki/Istorie_natural%C4%83" title="Istorie naturală">istoriei naturale</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>După cum s-a menționat, printre savanții din lumea Islamică medievală cu importanță asupra dezvoltării domeniului biologiei se numără <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">al-Jahiz</a> (781–869), botanistul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dīnawarī — pagină inexistentă">Al-Dīnawarī</a> (828–896),<sup id="cite_ref-Fahd-815_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahd-815-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și anatomistul și fiziologul <a href="/wiki/Rhazes" title="Rhazes">Rhazes</a> (865–925). <a href="/wiki/Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicina">Medicina</a> a fost studiată în special de către cărturarii islamici, care s-au bazat pe tradițiile filozofice grecești, în timp ce istoria naturală s-a bazat foarte mult pe gândirea aristoteliană. </p><p>O contribuție extrem de însemnată, care practic a marcat începutul dezvoltării rapide a biologiei moderne, a fost dezvoltarea <a href="/wiki/Microscop" title="Microscop">microscopiei</a> realizată de către <a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton van Leeuwenhoek">Anton van Leeuwenhoek</a>. Doar ulterior dezvoltării microscopiei savanților li s-a oferit șansa de a descoperi diversitatea lumii microscopice, ceea ce s-a concretizat prin primele observații asupra <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacteriilor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infuzor" title="Infuzor">infuzoarelor</a> și <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoid" title="Spermatozoid">spermatozoizilor</a>. Investigațiile lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Swammerdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Swammerdam — pagină inexistentă">Jan Swammerdam</a> au dus la mărirea interesului pentru studiul <a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">entomologiei</a> și au contribuit la dezvoltarea unor tehnici de bază de <a href="/wiki/Disec%C8%9Bie" title="Disecție">disecție</a> și <a href="/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie" title="Colorație">colorație</a> în microscopie.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De asemenea, dezvoltarea microscopiei a lăsat și un impact profund asupra gândirii biologice. La începutul secolului al XIX-lea, un număr mare de biologi a adus în discuție relevanța mare a <a href="/wiki/Celul%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Celulă (biologie)">celulei</a>. Ulterior, în 1838, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Schleiden</a> și <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Schwann</a> au început să promoveze următoarele idei, astăzi universal-acceptate: (1) celula este unitatea de bază a unui organism și (2) celulele individuale prezintă toate caracteristicile vieții, deși a fost de asemenea impusă și ideea că (3) toate celulele provin în urma diviziunii altor celule. Datorită lucrărilor lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Remak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Remak — pagină inexistentă">Robert Remak</a> și <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>, până în anii 1860 majoritatea biologilor vremii au acceptat aceste trei teorii ca fiind de bază, idee care s-a concretizat sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Teoria_celular%C4%83" title="Teoria celulară">teoria celulară</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Între timp, taxonomia și metodele de clasificare au fost domeniul de interes al istoricilor naturali. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> a pus bazele taxonomiei lumii naturale în anul 1735 (iar variațiile acesteia au fost folosite încă de atunci), iar în anii 1750 a fost introdus sistemul de nomenclatură binomială științifică utilizat pentru denumirea speciilor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon</a> a considerat ideea de specie ca fiind o categorie artificială iar organismul viu ca fiind maleabil - chiar sugerând posibilitatea unui strămoș comun. Deși nu a susținut ideea de evoluție, Buffon este un reprezentant important în istoria gândirii evolutive. Lucrările sale au fost o influență a teoriilor evolutive propuse de <a href="/wiki/Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamarck">Lamarck</a> și <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biologia_modernă"><span id="Biologia_modern.C4.83"></span>Biologia modernă</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Biologia modernă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Biologia modernă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peste secolele <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XVIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XVIII">XVIII</a> și <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIX">XIX</a>, științele biologice cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică">botanică</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie">zoologie</a> au devenit din ce în ce mai rapid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disciplin%C4%83_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disciplină științifică — pagină inexistentă">discipline științifice</a> profesionale. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> și alții <a href="/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie">chimiști</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizicieni</a> au început să conecteze lumea animată și neanimată prin chimie și fizică. Naturalist–exploratorii au cercetat interacțiunile între organismele și ambianța și metode prin care aceste legături depind de <a href="/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie">geografie</a> — fondând discipline precum <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">biogeografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a> și <a href="/wiki/Etologie" title="Etologie">etologie</a>. Naturaliștii au început să nu mai sprijine <a href="/wiki/Esen%C8%9Bialism" title="Esențialism">esențialismul</a> și să ia în considerare importanța <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bie" title="Extincție">extincției</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_teoriei_evolu%C8%9Bioniste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria teoriei evoluționiste — pagină inexistentă">caracterul schimbător al speciilor</a>. Teoria celulară a dat o nouă perspectivă asupra bazelor fundamentale ale vieții. Aceste dezvoltări, precum și rezultatele cercetărilor <a href="/wiki/Embriologie" title="Embriologie">embriologiei</a> și <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">paleontologiei</a>, au fost sintetizate în teoria <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">evoluției</a> prin <a href="/wiki/Selec%C8%9Bie_natural%C4%83" title="Selecție naturală">selecția naturală</a> a lui <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. La sfârșitul secolului XIX a fost părăsită teoria <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genera%C8%9Bie_spontanee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generație spontanee — pagină inexistentă">generației spontanee</a> fiind înlocuită de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_microbian%C4%83_de_boal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria microbiană de boală — pagină inexistentă">teoria microbiană de boală</a>. Totuși, mecanismul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ereditare_biologic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ereditare biologică — pagină inexistentă">ereditării biologice</a> a rămas un mister<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La începuturile <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XX" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XX">secolului XX</a>, redescoperirea lucrărilor lui <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> a adus la dezvoltarea rapidă a <a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">geneticii</a>. Domeniile noi au apărut repede ca consecință a propunerii structurii <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a> de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Watson — pagină inexistentă">James Watson</a> și <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>. După apariția <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dogma_central%C4%83_a_biologiei_moleculare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dogma centrală a biologiei moleculare — pagină inexistentă">dogmei centrale a biologiei moleculare</a> și spargerea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codul_genetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codul genetic — pagină inexistentă">codului genetic</a>, biologia s-a împărțit în mult între <i>biologia organismelor</i> — grupul câmpurilor științifice legate de organisme și grupuri ale organismelor — și <i><a href="/wiki/Biologie_molecular%C4%83" title="Biologie moleculară">biologia moleculară</a></i> și <i><a href="/wiki/Biologie_celular%C4%83" title="Biologie celulară">celulară</a></i>. În cursul secolului XX, aceste curente au fost răsturnate, biologii moleculari și celulari folosind metode utilizate în biologia organismelor și invers<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biologia_în_România"><span id="Biologia_.C3.AEn_Rom.C3.A2nia"></span>Biologia în România</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Biologia în România" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Biologia în România"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contribuții remarcabile în domeniul biologiei au avut: <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Antipa" title="Grigore Antipa">Grigore Antipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Br%C3%A2ndz%C4%83" title="Dimitrie Brândză">Dimitrie Brândză</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Caradja" title="Aristide Caradja">Aristide Caradja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radu_Codreanu" title="Radu Codreanu">Radu Codreanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Mota%C8%99" title="Constantin Motaș">Constantin Motaș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Emil Racoviță</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Voinov" title="Dimitrie Voinov">Dimitrie Voinov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Borza" title="Alexandru Borza">Alexandru Borza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florian_Porcius" title="Florian Porcius">Florian Porcius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Prodan" title="Iuliu Prodan">Iuliu Prodan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principii_fundamentale">Principii fundamentale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Principii fundamentale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Principii fundamentale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sunt cinci principii fundamentale care stau la baza teoriei biologice:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teoria_celulară"><span id="Teoria_celular.C4.83"></span>Teoria celulară</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Teoria celulară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Teoria celulară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="HeLa cells stained with Hoechst blue stain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/250px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/375px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Celule canceroase umane, cu nucleii colorați în albastru. Celula din centru și cea din partea dreaptă se află în <a href="/wiki/Interfaz%C4%83" title="Interfază">interfază</a>, de aceea nucleul este bine delimitat, iar celula din stânga se află în <a href="/wiki/Mitoz%C4%83" title="Mitoză">mitoză</a>, așadar ADN-ul se regăsește sub formă condensată.</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Teoria_celular%C4%83" title="Teoria celulară">Teoria celulară</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p><a href="/wiki/Teoria_celular%C4%83" title="Teoria celulară">Teoria celulară</a> spune că toate organismele vii sunt compuse din cel mai puțin o <a href="/wiki/Celul%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Celulă (biologie)">celulă</a>, aceasta fiind unitatea fundamentală a vieții și cea mai mică unitate funcțională a acesteia. Se consideră că toate organismele vii au apărut ca urmare a <a href="/wiki/Diviziune_celular%C4%83" title="Diviziune celulară">diviziunii celulelor</a> pre-existente. În cazul organismelor pluricelulare, fiecare celulă care alcătuiește organismul derivă dintr-o <a href="/wiki/Zigot" title="Zigot">singură celulă</a>. De asemenea, se mai consideră că celula este unitatea de bază a multor procese patologice.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un ultim aspect al teoriei celulare are în vedere modul în care celulele prezintă reacții de adaptare față de schimbările condițiilor externe și interne, ceea ce duce la studiul <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolismului</a>. </p><p>Celulele sunt sediul informației ereditare (<a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a>-ul), așadar aceasta este transmisă celorlalte celule prin intermediul diviziunii celulare. Studiul originii vieții, denumit <a href="/wiki/Abiogenez%C4%83" title="Abiogeneză">abiogeneză</a>, are în vedere și determinarea originii primei celule.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evoluția"><span id="Evolu.C8.9Bia"></span>Evoluția</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Evoluția" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Evoluția"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram showing Natural selection favoring predominance of surviving mutation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg/250px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg/375px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg/500px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>O diagramă reprezentativă pentru conceptul de <a href="/wiki/Selec%C8%9Bie_natural%C4%83" title="Selecție naturală">selecție naturală</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">Evoluție</a> și <a href="/wiki/Originea_vie%C8%9Bii" class="mw-redirect" title="Originea vieții">Originea vieții</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p><a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">Teoria evoluției</a> este un concept central în biologie și face referire la idea că viața suferă schimbări continue și se dezvoltă, astfel că fiecare formă de viață (încă prezentă sau dispărută) prezintă o origine comună, un strămoș comun, sau altfel spus prezintă un singur <a href="/wiki/Genofond" title="Genofond">genofond</a> antic. Se crede că ultimul strămoș comun al tuturor organismelor a apărut acum aproximativ 3,5 miliarde de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologii privesc omniprezența codului genetic ca un indiciu evident în favoarea aprobării teoriei strămoșului comun, pentru <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">arhebacterii</a> și <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariote</a>..<sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Termenul de „evoluție” a fost introdus în terminologia științifică de către <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> în anul 1809,<sup id="cite_ref-p15_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iar cincizeci de ani mai târziu savantul <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> a postulat faptul că evoluția are ca model științific <a href="/wiki/Selec%C8%9Bie_natural%C4%83" title="Selecție naturală">selecția naturală</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> este recunoscut ca un co-descoperitor al acestui concept, întrucât acesta a contribuit la studiile și la experimentele legate de evoluție.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceptul de evoluție este utilizat în prezent în biologia modernă pentru a explica variabilitatea extrem de mare a formelor de viață de pe Pământ. </p><p>Teoria lui Darwin presupune ideea că speciile pot să prospere sau să dispară, fiind supuse proceselor de <a href="/wiki/Selec%C8%9Bie_natural%C4%83" title="Selecție naturală">selecție naturală</a> sau de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selec%C8%9Bie_artificial%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selecție artificială — pagină inexistentă">selecție artificială</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceptul de <a href="/wiki/Deriv%C4%83_genetic%C4%83" title="Derivă genetică">derivă genetică</a> a fost ulterior adoptat ca un mecanism adițional al dezvoltării evolutive în contextele moderne ale teoriei.<sup id="cite_ref-GGS_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGS-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istoria evolutivă a unei <a href="/wiki/Specie" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Specie">specii</a> - care descrie caracteristicile diferitelor specii descendente - împreună cu relațiile genealogice ale unei specii reprezintă studiul <a href="/wiki/Filogenie" title="Filogenie">filogeniei</a>. Sunt utilizate diverse metode de studiu biologic pentru obținerea informațiilor legate de filogenie. Printre acestea se numără studiile comparative ale secvențelor de ADN, în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Biologie_molecular%C4%83" title="Biologie moleculară">biologiei moleculare</a> (mai exact în <a href="/wiki/Genomic%C4%83" title="Genomică">genomică</a>) și studiile comparative ale <a href="/wiki/Fosil%C4%83" title="Fosilă">fosilelor</a>, în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">paleontologiei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biologii organizează și analizează relațiile evolutive prin metode variate, incluzând metodele <a href="/wiki/Filogenie" title="Filogenie">filogenetice</a>, fenetice și <a href="/wiki/Cladistic%C4%83" title="Cladistică">cladistice</a>. </p><p>Importanța evoluției provine din faptul că oferă o explicație a modului în care formele de viață au apărut și s-au dezvoltat, și de asemenea aceasta contribuie la înțelegerea modului în care formele de viață sunt organizate în prezent. Totuși, organizarea prezentă a speciilor poate fi concepută doar prin prisma evoluției acestora de-a lungul timpului. Mai mult, evoluția este un concept central în toate subdomeniile biologiei.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetica">Genetica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Genetica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Genetica"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two by two table showing genetic crosses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/250px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/375px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/500px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Un <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%83trat_Punnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pătrat Punnett — pagină inexistentă">pătrat Punnett</a> în care se poate observa încrucișarea dintre două soiuri de mazăre heterozigote pentru petalele de culoare mov (B) și albe (b)</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">Genetică</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p><a href="/wiki/Gen%C4%83" title="Genă">Teoria genelor</a> spune că trăsăturile unui organism viu sunt codificate de către <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">acidul dezoxiribonucleic</a>, care este componenta esențială a genelor. Genele, unitățile primare ale <a href="/wiki/Ereditate" title="Ereditate">transmiterii ereditare</a> a caracterelor, corespund anumitor regiuni din macromolecula de ADN, astfel că trăsăturile sunt moștenite de la una generație la o altă prin aceste gene. Toate organismele, de la cele mai simple până la cele mai complexe, prezintă același mecanism de bază prin care ADN-ul este copiat și este tradus în <a href="/wiki/Protein%C4%83" title="Proteină">proteine</a> specifice. În celule, are loc <a href="/wiki/Transcrip%C8%9Bie" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcripție">transcrierea</a> unei gene din ADN într-o versiune <a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a>, iar în <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomi</a> are loc așa numita sinteză proteică ce presupune <a href="/wiki/Transla%C8%9Bie" title="Translație">traducerea</a> ARN în secvența specifică de <a href="/wiki/Aminoacid" title="Aminoacid">aminoacizi</a> din molecula polipeptidică. <a href="/wiki/Cod_genetic" title="Cod genetic">Codul de translație</a> utilizat de ribozomi pentru codificarea aminoacizilor este aproape identic pentru majoritatea organismelor. De exemplu, secvența de ADN corespunzătoare pentru sinteza de <a href="/wiki/Insulin%C4%83" title="Insulină">insulină</a> în organismul uman de asemenea codifică sinteză de insulină și când este inserată în alte organisme (de exemplu, în organisme vegetale).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ADN-ul se regăsește sub formă de <a href="/wiki/Cromozom" title="Cromozom">cromozomi</a>, iar aceștia pot fi liniari, în cazul <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">eucariotelor</a>, sau circulari, în cazul <a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">procariotelor</a>. Cromozomul este o structură organizată alcătuită din ADN și <a href="/wiki/Histon%C4%83" title="Histonă">proteine histonice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">Genomul</a> reprezintă totalitatea cromozomilor și a altor informații ereditare prezente în celulă (în acest caz, informația genetică extranucleară din <a href="/wiki/Mitocondrie" title="Mitocondrie">mitocondrii</a> și <a href="/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast">cloroplaste</a>). În cazul eucariotelor, ADN-ul genomic este localizat în <a href="/wiki/Nucleu_celular" title="Nucleu celular">nucleul celular</a> și în cantități mici în <a href="/wiki/Mitocondrie" title="Mitocondrie">mitocondrii</a> și în <a href="/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast">cloroplaste</a>. În cazul procariotelor, ADN-ul genomic se regăsește sub forma unei structuri neregulate din <a href="/wiki/Citoplasm%C4%83" title="Citoplasmă">citoplasmă</a>, cunoscută sub denumirea de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleoid — pagină inexistentă">nucleoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informația genetică corespunzătoare unui genom este deci depozitată în gene, iar totalitatea acestor informații dintr-un organism sunt cunoscute sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip">genotip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toate informațiile curg de la <a href="/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip">genotip</a> la <a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">fenotip</a>, o caracteristică fizică sau biochimică a organismului pe care se o poate observa. Deși fenotipul formulat de genă se poate adapta la ambianța în care trăiește organismul, această informație nu este retransmisă la gene. Doar prin procesul evoluției genele se schimbă ca răspuns la condițiile ambientale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeostazia">Homeostazia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Homeostazia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Homeostazia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Homeostazie" title="Homeostazie">Homeostazie</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:ACTH_Negative_Feedback.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram showing feedback loop of hormones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ACTH_Negative_Feedback.svg/250px-ACTH_Negative_Feedback.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ACTH_Negative_Feedback.svg/330px-ACTH_Negative_Feedback.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ACTH_Negative_Feedback.svg/440px-ACTH_Negative_Feedback.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>În hipotalamus are loc secreția de CRH, care stimulează glanda pituitară să secrete ACTH. La rândul său, ACTH-ul stimulează cortexul adrenal să secrete glucocorticoizi, precum <a href="/wiki/Cortizol" title="Cortizol">cortizolul</a>. Odată produși în cantitate suficientă, glucocorticoizii reduc rata de secreția a hipotalamusului și a glandei pituitare.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Homeostazie" title="Homeostazie">Homeostazia</a> reprezintă abilitatea unui <a href="/wiki/Sistem_deschis" title="Sistem deschis">sistem deschis</a> de a regla mediul său intern pentru menținerea unor condiții stabile, ceea ce se realizează prin diferite mecanisme de ajustare a echilibru dinamic intern. În cadrul organismelor, homeostazia este realizată prin procesele fiziologice care permit acestuia să mențină ambianța sa internă. Toate organismele, unicelulare sau pluricelulare, prezintă homeostazie.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pentru a menține acest echilibru dinamic și pentru a realiza funcțiile specifice, un sistem trebuie să detecteze și să răspundă la anumite constrângeri sau perturbări. Ulterior detectării unei constrângeri, un sistem biologic răspunde adesea printr-un mecanism de <i>feedback negativ</i>, care are ca scop stabilizarea prin reducerea sau creșterea activității unui organ sau a unui sistem. Un exemplu concret este secreția de <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> ca urmarea a descreșterii nivelului de <a href="/wiki/Glucoz%C4%83" title="Glucoză">glucoză</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Energy_and_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram showing human energy process from food input to heat and waste output" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Energy_and_life.svg/240px-Energy_and_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Energy_and_life.svg/360px-Energy_and_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Energy_and_life.svg/480px-Energy_and_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Rolurile energiei în funcționarea organismului uman.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energia">Energia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Energia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Energia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p>Supraviețuirea unui organism viu depinde strict de cantitatea de <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> disponibilă. <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Reacție chimică">Reacțiile chimice</a> care sunt responsabile de structura și de funcția sa sunt astfel utilizate pentru a extrage energia din <a href="/wiki/Substan%C8%9B%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Substanță chimică">substanțele chimice</a> ingerate și pentru a le transforma în procesele de regenerare celulară și de susținere a celulelor. În cadrul acestui proces, <a href="/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă">moleculele</a> substanțelor chimice care se regăsesc în hrană joacă două roluri majore. În primul rând, acestea constituie o sursă de energie care poate fi transformată și reutilizată prin <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">reacții biochimice</a> specifice organismului. În al doilea rând, hrana poate fi transformată în noi structuri moleculare, cunoscute sub denumirea de <a href="/wiki/Biomolecul%C4%83" title="Biomoleculă">biomolecule</a>, care au diverse roluri pentru acel organism. </p><p>Organismele responsabile pentru introducerea de energie într-un ecosistem sunt cunoscute sub numele de producători sau <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">organisme autotrofe</a>. Majoritatea organismelor din această categorie își procură energia de la <a href="/wiki/Energie_solar%C4%83" title="Energie solară">lumina solară</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plantele și celelalte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fototrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fototrof — pagină inexistentă">organisme fototofe</a> utilizează energia solară prin intermediul <a href="/wiki/Fotosintez%C4%83" title="Fotosinteză">fotosintezei</a> pentru a converti <a href="/wiki/Compus_anorganic" title="Compus anorganic">materiile anorganice</a> în <a href="/wiki/Compus_organic" title="Compus organic">materii organice</a>, precum este <a href="/wiki/Adenozintrifosfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenozintrifosfat">adenozintrifosfatul</a> (ATP-ul). În structura acestei molecule există anumite legături macroergice care, în momentul în care sunt lizate, eliberează energie.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, unele <a href="/wiki/Ecosistem" title="Ecosistem">ecosisteme</a> depind în întregime de energia extrasă de organismele chemotrope din surse energetice precum <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a>ul și <a href="/wiki/Sulfur%C4%83" title="Sulfură">sulfurile</a>, în lipsa energiei solare.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O parte din energia astfel captată produce <a href="/wiki/Biomas%C4%83_(ecologie)" title="Biomasă (ecologie)">biomasa</a> și energia care este disponibilă pentru creșterea și pentru dezvoltarea altor forme de viață. Restul biomasei și a energiei sunt pierdute sub formă de căldură și de moleculă reziduale. <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolismul</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie_celular%C4%83" title="Respirație celulară">respirația celulară</a><sup id="cite_ref-Colvard,_2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colvard,_2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sunt cele mai importante procese prin care are loc transformarea energiei înmagazinate în substanțele chimice în energie folositoare pentru susținerea vieții. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studiu_și_cercetare"><span id="Studiu_.C8.99i_cercetare"></span>Studiu și cercetare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Studiu și cercetare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Studiu și cercetare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural">Structural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structural" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Structural"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Biologie_molecular%C4%83" title="Biologie moleculară">biologie moleculară</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologie_celular%C4%83" title="Biologie celulară">biologie celulară</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">genetică</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie_de_dezvoltare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologie de dezvoltare — pagină inexistentă">biologie de dezvoltare</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p><a href="/wiki/Biologie_molecular%C4%83" title="Biologie moleculară">Biologia moleculară</a> este studiul biologiei la nivelul <a href="/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă">moleculelor</a>. Coincide parțial cu alte domenii, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">genetica</a> și <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">biochimia</a>. Această disciplină se concentrează la înțelegerea interacțiunilor între diverse sisteme ale celulelor, incluzând o legătură între <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinteza_proteinelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinteza proteinelor">sinteza proteinelor</a> și învățarea mecanismelor acestor procese. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biologie_celular%C4%83" title="Biologie celulară">Biologia celulară</a> cercetează proprietățile fiziologice ale celulelor precum și comportarea, interacțiunile și ambianța lor. Experimentările se fac atât la nivelul microscopic cât și molecular. Acest domeniu face cercetări pe organisme monocelulare precum și pe celule specializate în organisme multicelulare cum ar fi cele ale <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">omului</a>. </p><p>Ceea ce este fundamental pentru toate științele legate de biologie este de a înțelege din ce sunt compuse și cum funcționează celulele. Cunoașterea asemănărilor și diferențelor este în special importantă în biologia celulară și moleculară. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetica">Genetica</a> este știința <a href="/wiki/Gen%C4%83" title="Genă">genelor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ereditate" title="Ereditate">eredității</a> și varietății ale <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismelor</a>. Genele codează informații necesare pentru sinteza proteinelor care joacă un rol important în influențare (dar în multe cazuri nu determină complet) a <a href="/wiki/Fenotip" title="Fenotip">fenotipului</a> final al organismului. În cercetările moderne, genetică prevede unelte importante în investigarea funcțiunilor ale genelor particulare și analiza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interac%C8%9Biune_genetic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interacțiune genetică — pagină inexistentă">interacțiunilor genetice</a>. Organismele țin informația genetică în general în <a href="/wiki/Cromozom" title="Cromozom">cromozoame</a> unde este reprezentată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secven%C8%9B%C4%83_ADN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secvență ADN — pagină inexistentă">structura chimică</a> a moleculelor <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a> particulare. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie_de_dezvoltare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologie de dezvoltare — pagină inexistentă">Biologia de dezvoltare</a> cercetează procesele după care organismele cresc și se dezvolt. Își are originile în <a href="/wiki/Embriologie" title="Embriologie">embriologie</a>. Biologia de dezvoltare modernă studiază și controlul genetic al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cre%C8%99tere_celular%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Creștere celulară — pagină inexistentă">creșterii celulare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diferen%C8%9Biere_celular%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diferențiere celulară — pagină inexistentă">diferențierii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomiei</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfogenez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfogeneză — pagină inexistentă">morfogeneză</a> — procesul care permite <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aesut" class="mw-redirect" title="Țesut">țesuturilor</a> și <a href="/wiki/Organ" title="Organ">organelor</a> să apară și să dezvolte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiziologic">Fiziologic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fiziologic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Fiziologic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Fiziologie" title="Fiziologie">fiziologie</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p>Fiziologia studiază procesele mecanice, fizice și biochimice ale organismelor vii cu scopul de a înțelege cum funcționează toate structurile ca un întreg. Studii fiziologice au fost împărțite tradițional în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiziologia_oamenilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiziologia oamenilor — pagină inexistentă">fiziologia oamenilor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiziologia_plantelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiziologia plantelor — pagină inexistentă">fiziologia plantelor</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiziologia_animalelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiziologia animalelor — pagină inexistentă">fiziologia animalelor</a>. Totuși, regulile principale ale fiziologiei sunt aceleași pentru orice organism. Fiziologia animalelor folosește metodele și uneltele fiziologiei oamenilor pentru a cerceta alte animale, iar fiziologia plantelor de împrumută tehnici ale ambelor discipline. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">Anatomia</a> este un subdomeniu important al fiziologiei și cercetează funcțiile și interacțiunile sistemelor de organe ale animalelor. Acest studiu își are subdiscipline orientate spre <a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină">medicină</a>, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Neurologie" title="Neurologie">neurologia</a> — studiul <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_nervos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul nervos">sistemului nervos</a>, sau <a href="/wiki/Cardiologie" title="Cardiologie">cardiologia</a> — studiul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistemul_cardiovascular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistemul cardiovascular — pagină inexistentă">sistemului cardiovascular</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutiv">Evolutiv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Evolutiv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Evolutiv"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie" title="Evoluție">evoluție</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p>Evoluția se preocupă cu originea și descindența <a href="/wiki/Specie" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Specie">speciilor</a> și schimbările lor peste timp și include oameni de știință din multe discipline legate de <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie">taxonomie</a>. În general, studiul evoluției are nevoie de oameni de știință specializați în anumite grupuri ale organismelor: <a href="/wiki/Mamalogie" title="Mamalogie">mamifere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornitologie" title="Ornitologie">păsări</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică">plante</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Herpetologie" title="Herpetologie">reptile</a>, comparând rezultatele cercetărilor făcute de ei. Biologia evoluționară este bazată pe <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">paleontologie</a>, studiul care folosește <a href="/wiki/Fosil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosil">fosile</a> pentru a răspunde la întrebări legate de mod și timp al evoluției, dar și pe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetica_popula%C8%9Biei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetica populației — pagină inexistentă">genetica populației</a> și teoria evoluției. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistematic">Sistematic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sistematic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Sistematic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/500px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/960px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" usemap="#ImageMap_e4a85df682dcea28" resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Phylogenetic_tree.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e4a85df682dcea28"><area href="/wiki/Bacteria" shape="rect" coords="75,6,131,16" alt="Bacteria" title="Bacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Archaea" shape="rect" coords="202,7,260,17" alt="Archaea" title="Archaea" /><area href="/wiki/Eukarya" shape="rect" coords="320,7,374,16" alt="Eukarya" title="Eukarya" /><area href="/wiki/Aquificae" shape="rect" coords="12,194,41,199" alt="Aquifex" title="Aquifex" /><area href="/wiki/Thermotogae" shape="rect" coords="13,173,58,180" alt="Thermotoga" title="Thermotoga" /><area href="/wiki/Bacteroides" shape="rect" coords="11,143,56,150" alt="Bacteroides" title="Bacteroides" /><area href="/wiki/Cytophaga" shape="rect" coords="10,154,51,161" alt="Cytophaga" title="Cytophaga" /><area href="/wiki/Planctomycetes" shape="rect" coords="12,126,65,132" alt="Planctomyces" title="Planctomyces" /><area href="/wiki/Cianobacterias" shape="rect" coords="17,111,72,116" alt="Cianobacterias" title="Cianobacterias" /><area href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" shape="rect" coords="40,95,97,101" alt="Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Spirochetes" shape="rect" coords="69,64,114,69" alt="Spirochetes" title="Spirochetes" /><area href="/wiki/Bacterias_Gram-positivas" shape="rect" coords="114,76,148,89" alt="Bacterias Gram-positivas" title="Bacterias Gram-positivas" /><area href="/wiki/Cloroflexos" shape="rect" coords="130,47,176,67" alt="Bacterias filamentosas verdes" title="Bacterias filamentosas verdes" /><area href="/wiki/Pyrodictium" shape="rect" coords="153,138,197,143" alt="Pyrodictium" title="Pyrodictium" /><area href="/wiki/Thermoproteus" shape="rect" coords="152,126,212,132" alt="Thermoproteus" title="Thermoproteus" /><area href="/wiki/Thermococcus" shape="rect" coords="186,117,213,121" alt="Thermococcus celer" title="Thermococcus celer" /><area href="/wiki/Methanococcus" shape="rect" coords="161,102,220,107" alt="Methanococcus" title="Methanococcus" /><area href="/wiki/Metanobacterias" shape="rect" coords="162,89,231,93" alt="Methanobacterium" title="Methanobacterium" /><area href="/wiki/Methanosarcina" shape="rect" coords="185,78,244,83" alt="Methanosarcina" title="Methanosarcina" /><area href="/wiki/Halobacteria" shape="rect" coords="253,89,286,94" alt="Halófilas" title="Halófilas" /><area href="/wiki/Entamoebae" shape="rect" coords="263,60,306,65" alt="Entamoebae" title="Entamoebae" /><area href="/wiki/Myxomycota" shape="rect" coords="307,42,356,46" alt="Myxomycota" title="Myxomycota" /><area href="/wiki/Animal" shape="rect" coords="349,68,379,72" alt="Animais" title="Animais" /><area href="/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" shape="rect" coords="363,76,391,82" alt="Fungos" title="Fungos" /><area href="/wiki/Plantas" shape="rect" coords="362,94,390,101" alt="Plantas" title="Plantas" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliados" shape="rect" coords="363,108,391,114" alt="Ciliados" title="Ciliados" /><area href="/wiki/Flaxelados" shape="rect" coords="364,128,406,135" alt="Flaxelados" title="Flaxelados" /><area href="/wiki/Trichomonas" shape="rect" coords="364,148,418,154" alt="Tricomónadas" title="Tricomónadas" /><area href="/wiki/Microsporidios" shape="rect" coords="365,165,421,171" alt="Microsporidios" title="Microsporidios" /><area href="/wiki/Diplomon%C3%A1didos" shape="rect" coords="363,187,419,193" alt="Diplomónadas" title="Diplomónadas" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articole principale: <a href="/wiki/Sistematic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistematică">Sistematică</a> și <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie">Taxonomie</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p>Diferite <a href="/wiki/Specia%C8%9Bie" title="Speciație">speciații</a> au dus la crearea copacului filogenetic, astfel că relațiile dintre diversele specii existente pe pământ poate fi reprezentată sub forma unui arbore. Rolul sistematicii sau taxonomiei este acela de a studia aceste relații și astfel de a identifica diferențele și asemănările dintre specii sau grupele de specii.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, sistematica a fost un subiect de interes activ cu mult timp înaintea dezvoltării teoriei evolutive.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În teoria mai veche, organismele vii erau împărțire în cinci regnuri: <a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă">Plantae</a> și <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, în prezent majoritatea oamenilor de știință consideră că acest sistem ar fi unul învechit. Sistemele moderne alternative de clasificare încep având la bază un model bazat pe trei domenii principale: <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> (original Archaebacteria), <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (original Eubacteria) și <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">Eukaryota</a> (incluzând <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">protistele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă">plantele</a> și <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animalele</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-domain_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domain-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiecare dintre aceste domenii sunt caracterizate prin prezența sau lipsa nucleului celular, dar și prin diferențele date de <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">compoziția chimică</a> a principalelor <a href="/wiki/Biomolecul%C4%83" title="Biomoleculă">biomolecule</a> componente, precum sunt <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-domain_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domain-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În continuare, clasificarea taxonomică a fiecărei specii se face incluzând-o pe aceasta în fiecare unitate taxonomică sau <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> corespunzător din punct de vedere filogenetic; astfel, ordinea taxonilor în ierarhia taxonomică este următoarea: <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_(biologie)" title="Domeniu (biologie)">domeniu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regn" title="Regn">regn</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură">încrengătură</a> (sau filum), <a href="/wiki/Clas%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Clasă (biologie)">clasă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordin_(biologie)" title="Ordin (biologie)">ordin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Familie_(biologie)" title="Familie (biologie)">familie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen_(biologie)" title="Gen (biologie)">gen</a> și <a href="/wiki/Specie" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Specie">specie</a>. </p><p>Există și anumite structuri care nu se încadrează în aceste categorii, și anume <a href="/wiki/Parazit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parazit">paraziții</a> obligatoriu intracelulari, entități biologice care sunt considerate ca fiind „la limita vieții”<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> datorită activității lor <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolice</a>. Cu alte cuvinte, aceste entități nu sunt considerate ca fiind structuri vii datorită lipsei a una sau mai multe dintre funcțiile fundamentale caracteristice unui organism viu. Acestea sunt <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virusurile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">viroizii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prionii</a> și virusurile satelite. </p><p>Denumirea științifică atribuită unui organism este binomială și se face reunind numele <a href="/wiki/Gen_(biologie)" title="Gen (biologie)">genului</a> din care face parte și un adjectiv în <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">limba latină</a> care este corespunzător speciei respective. De exemplu, omul este denumit <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>, după numele genului <i>Homo</i> și numele <i>sapiens</i> corespunzător speciei. La scrierea numelui științific al unui organism, se consideră corectă scrierea denumirii genului cu prima literă mare, iar denumirea speciei cu litere mici.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În plus, se consideră corectă scrierea de tip cursiv (italic), în cadrul publicațiilor, a denumirilor genurilor și a speciilor.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sistemul utilizat și acceptat în prezent este bazat pe sistemul de <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia_linnean%C4%83" title="Taxonomia linneană">taxonomie linneană</a>, care presupune împărțirea fiecărui taxon și denumirea speciilor în conformitate cu <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura_binar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclatura binară">nomenclatura binară</a> sau binomială. Modul de denumire al organismelor este decis de către organe internaționale precum <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> (ICN), <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature — pagină inexistentă">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) și <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria — pagină inexistentă">International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria</a> (ICNB). Clasificarea <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virusurilor</a> este realizată de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses — pagină inexistentă">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> (ICTV) și este cunoscută sub denumirea de International Code of Viral Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ictvdbpopsi_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictvdbpopsi-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ictvdbprions_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictvdbprions-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ictvdbsatel_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictvdbsatel-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totuși, mai există și alte sisteme de clasificare. De exemplu, BioCode a fost publicat în anul 1997 în încercarea de a standardiza nomenclatura din aceste trei domenii, dar nu a fost încă acceptat formal.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BioCode a primit o atenție scăzută de la publicare, iar o revizuire a sa a fost propusă în 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regnuri">Regnuri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Regnuri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Regnuri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Regn_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regn (biologie)">Regn (biologie)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627" /> <p>Mai jos se regăsește câte un reprezentat din fiecare dintre regnurile prezentate. Au fost incluse în această galerie și virusurile. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animalia – Bos primigenius taurus"><img alt="Animalia – Bos primigenius taurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/120px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/180px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg/240px-Guriezo_Adino_vaca_toro_terneras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animalia</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Boar" title="Boar">Bos primigenius</a> taurus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantae – genul Triticum"><img alt="Plantae – genul Triticum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/120px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg/250px-Zbo%C5%BCe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="4286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> – genul <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A2u" title="Grâu">Triticum</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fungi – Morchella esculenta"><img alt="Fungi – Morchella esculenta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/90px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/135px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg/180px-Morchella_esculenta_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Morchella_esculenta" title="Morchella esculenta">Morchella esculenta</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Fucus_serratus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stramenopila/Chromista – Fucus serratus"><img alt="Stramenopila/Chromista – Fucus serratus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fucus_serratus2.jpg/120px-Fucus_serratus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fucus_serratus2.jpg/180px-Fucus_serratus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fucus_serratus2.jpg/240px-Fucus_serratus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stramenopila/<a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fucus_serratus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fucus serratus — pagină inexistentă">Fucus serratus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacteria – Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (-=1 micrometru)"><img alt="Bacteria – Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (-=1 micrometru)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/120px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg/250px-Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonas_aurantiaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonas aurantiaca — pagină inexistentă">Gemmatimonas aurantiaca</a></i> (-=1 micrometru)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archaea – Halobacteria"><img alt="Archaea – Halobacteria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/120px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/250px-Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacteria — pagină inexistentă">Halobacteria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gamma_phage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Virus – fagul gamma"><img alt="Virus – fagul gamma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/88px-Gamma_phage.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/132px-Gamma_phage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gamma_phage.png/175px-Gamma_phage.png 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fag" title="Fag">fagul</a> gamma</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecologic_și_de_mediu"><span id="Ecologic_.C8.99i_de_mediu"></span>Ecologic și de mediu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ecologic și de mediu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ecologic și de mediu"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdomenii">Subdomenii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Subdomenii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Subdomenii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Majoritatea științelor biologice sunt discipline specializate, grupate în subdomenii după tipul de organism care se cercetează în cadrul lor: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică">botanică</a> — studiul <a href="/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă">plantelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie">zoologie</a> — studiul <a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animalelor</a> și <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">microbiologie</a> — studiul <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganismelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">biochimie</a> — studiul proceselor chimice care au loc în organisme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_celular%C4%83" title="Biologie celulară">biologie celulară</a> — studiul <a href="/wiki/Celul%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Celulă (biologie)">celulelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiziologie" title="Fiziologie">fiziologie</a> — studiul funcțiunilor de <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aesut" class="mw-redirect" title="Țesut">țesuturi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ" title="Organ">organe</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sistem_de_organe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem de organe">sisteme de organe</a> ale <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">ecologie</a> — studiul interacțiunilor între organismele însăși și între ele și ambianță</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologie_marin%C4%83" title="Biologie marină">biologie marină</a> – studiul vieții în bazinele <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanice</a>, diversității viețuitoarelor marine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definiții_ale_diverșilor_autori"><span id="Defini.C8.9Bii_ale_diver.C8.99ilor_autori"></span>Definiții ale diverșilor autori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Definiții ale diverșilor autori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Definiții ale diverșilor autori"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>După Teofil Craciun (1989) <small>(4)</small>, biologia este știința despre viață și materie vie, ea studiind: originea, evoluția, reproducerea, ereditatea, caracteristicile morfo-fiziologice, obiceiurile etc. plantelor și animalelor.</li> <li>După Kósa <i>et al.</i> (2000) <small>(5)</small>, biologia este un sistem de discipline care studiază legile vieții. Ea cercetează originea, dezvoltarea, complexitatea organismelor vii.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramuri_ale_biologiei">Ramuri ale biologiei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ramuri ale biologiei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Ramuri ale biologiei"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Datorită aprofundării cunoștințelor din domeniul biologiei după inventarea microscopului de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._van_Leeuwenhoek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. van Leeuwenhoek — pagină inexistentă">A. van Leeuwenhoek</a> la mijlocul secolului al XVII-a, în interiorul biologiei au început să se formeze numeroase ramuri cu domenii de studiu bine definite. Unele din aceste ramuri au un caracter predominant teoretic precum <a href="/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică">botanica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie">zoologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie">taxonomia</a>, iar altele — un caracter predominant practic precum <a href="/wiki/Agricultur%C4%83" title="Agricultură">agricultura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horticultur%C4%83" title="Horticultură">horticultura</a>. </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <th><center> Categoria sistematică studiată </center> </th> <th><center> Regnul studiat</center> </th> <th><center> Domeniul de studiu </center> </th> <th><center> Ramura biologiei </center> </th> <th><center> Subramura biologiei </center> </th> <th><center> Subramura biologiei </center> </th></tr> <tr> <th><center> 1 </center> </th> <th><center> 2 </center> </th> <th><center> 3 </center> </th> <th><center> 4 </center> </th> <th><center> 5 </center> </th> <th><center> 6 </center> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entitate_(Biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entitate (Biologie) — pagină inexistentă">Entitate (Biologie)</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virusuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruși</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virusologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Virusologie">Virusologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="37"><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organisme</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regn_Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Regn Monera">Regn Monera</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">Bacterii</a> <small>(3)</small> și <a href="/wiki/Alg%C4%83_albastr%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Algă albastră">alge albastre</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">Microbiologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Regn_Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Regn Fungi">Regn Fungi</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ciuperc%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciupercă">Ciuperci</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Micologie" title="Micologie">Micologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Regn_Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Regn Protista">Regn Protista</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protozoar" title="Protozoar">Protozoare</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protozoologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoologia">Protozoologia</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixomicete" title="Mixomicete">Mixomicete</a>, <small>(3)</small> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acrasiomicete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrasiomicete — pagină inexistentă">Acrasiomicete</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alge" title="Alge">Alge</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Algologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Algologie">Algologia</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Regn_Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Regn Plantae">Regn Plantae</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă">Plante</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică">Botanica</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citologie_vegetal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citologie vegetală — pagină inexistentă">Citologie vegetală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anatomie_vegetal%C4%83" title="Anatomie vegetală">Anatomie vegetală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiziologie_vegetal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiziologie vegetală — pagină inexistentă">Fiziologie vegetală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embriologie_vegetal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embriologie vegetală — pagină inexistentă">Embriologie vegetală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Palinologie" title="Palinologie">Palinologie</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Filogenie_vegetal%C4%83" title="Filogenie vegetală">Filogenie vegetală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_vegetal%C4%83" title="Taxonomie vegetală">Taxonomie vegetală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="18"><a href="/wiki/Regn_Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regn Animalia">Regn Animalia</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th rowspan="18"><a href="/wiki/Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">Animale</a> <small>(3)</small> </th> <th rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie">Zoologia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoologia_nevertebratelor" title="Zoologia nevertebratelor">Zoologia nevertebratelor</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">Entomologie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Zoologia_vertebratelor" title="Zoologia vertebratelor">Zoologia vertebratelor</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ichtiologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichtiologie">Ichtiologie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Herpetologie" title="Herpetologie">Herpetologie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ornitologie" title="Ornitologie">Ornitologie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mammologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammologie">Mammologie</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Mammologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammologie">Teriologie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embriologie_animal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embriologie animală — pagină inexistentă">Embriologie animală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hidrobiologie" title="Hidrobiologie">Hidrobiologie</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiziologie_animal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiziologie animală — pagină inexistentă">Fiziologie animală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_animal%C4%83" title="Taxonomie animală">Taxonomie animală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Filogenie_animal%C4%83" title="Filogenie animală">Filogenie animală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">Anatomie</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomia_comparat%C4%83_a_vertebratelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomia comparată a vertebratelor — pagină inexistentă">Anatomia comparată a vertebratelor</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anatomie_uman%C4%83" title="Anatomie umană">Anatomie umană</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Neurobiologie" title="Neurobiologie">Neurobiologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Etologie" title="Etologie">Etologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie">Antropologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Imunologie" title="Imunologie">Imunologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th>- </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83_uman%C4%83" title="Genetică umană">Genetică umană</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Ramuri ale biologiei care studiază <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entitate_(Biologie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entitate (Biologie) — pagină inexistentă">entități</a> și <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisme</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">- </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică">Genetica</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic%C4%83_general%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetică generală — pagină inexistentă">Genetică generală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genetica_popula%C8%9Biilor" title="Genetica populațiilor">Genetica populațiilor</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Ramuri ale biologiei care studiază organisme aparținând mai multor regnuri </th> <th rowspan="3">Bacterii, ciuperci, protozoare, plante, animale </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">Ecologie</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ecologie_marin%C4%83" title="Ecologie marină">Ecologie marină</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecologie_terestr%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecologie terestră — pagină inexistentă">Ecologie terestră</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">Paleontologie</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Protozoare, animale </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parazitologie" title="Parazitologie">Parazitologie</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parazitologie_general%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parazitologie generală — pagină inexistentă">Parazitologie generală</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Helmintologie" title="Helmintologie">Helmintologie</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parazitologie_medical%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parazitologie medicală — pagină inexistentă">Parazitologie medicală</a> </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_de_grani%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Științe de graniță — pagină inexistentă">Științe de graniță</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Biofizic%C4%83" title="Biofizică">Biofizica</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th>- </th> <th>- </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">Biochimia</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th>- </th> <th>- </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bioacustic%C4%83" title="Bioacustică">Bioacustica</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th>- </th> <th>- </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografia</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th>- </th> <th>- </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Biomatematic%C4%83" title="Biomatematică">Biomatematica</a> </th> <th>- </th> <th>- </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificarea_organismelor">Clasificarea organismelor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificarea organismelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificarea organismelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordinea în clasificări este cea filogenetică, dată de autorii respectivi pentru coloanele 2, 3, 4, 5. </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td><center>Clasificarea făcută de Aristotel (384 - 322) îHr <small>( din 5)</small>. </center></td> <td><center>După Withaker-Margulis (1978) <small>( din 5)</small> </center></td> <td><center>Clasificarea după <a href="/wiki/Anca_S%C3%A2rbu" title="Anca Sârbu">Sârbu Anca</a>, 1999 <small> (3) </small> </center></td> <td><center>Clasificarea după Mohan GH. et all, 2004 <small>(2)</small> </center></td> <td><center>Clasificare după Ariniș I. et al. 2000, <small>(1)</small> </center></td></tr> <tr> <td><center>1 </center></td> <td><center>2 </center></td> <td><center>3 </center></td> <td><center>4 </center></td> <td><center>5 </center></td></tr> <tr> <td><center>Nevertebrate </center></td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/Regnul_Monera" title="Regnul Monera"> Monera</a> </center></td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/Regnul_Monera" title="Regnul Monera"> Monera</a> </center></td> <td><center> <a href="/wiki/Regnul_Monera" title="Regnul Monera"> Monera</a> (Procariote) </center></td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/Regnul_Monera" title="Regnul Monera"> Procariota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regnul_Monera" title="Regnul Monera"> Monera</a>) </center></td></tr> <tr> <td><center>Pești </center></td> <td><center>Protista </center></td> <td><center>Fungi </center></td> <td><center>Protoctista (Protista) </center></td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> </center></td></tr> <tr> <td><center>Broaște </center></td> <td><center>Fungi </center></td> <td><center>Protista </center></td> <td><center>Plantae (Metaphyta) </center></td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> (Ciuperci) </center></td></tr> <tr> <td><center>Reptile </center></td> <td><center>Plantae </center></td> <td><center>Plantae </center></td> <td><center>Fungi (Eumycota) </center></td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> (Plante) </center></td></tr> <tr> <td><center>Păsări </center></td> <td><center>Animalia </center></td> <td><center>Animalia </center></td> <td><center>Animalia (Metazoa) </center></td> <td><center><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> (Animale) </center></td></tr> <tr> <td><center>Mamifere </center></td> <td><center>- </center></td> <td><center>- </center></td> <td><center>- </center></td> <td><center>- </center></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bibliografia folosită pentru acest tabel </p> <ol><li>Ariniș I. et al. <i>Biologie. Manual pentru clasa a IX-a</i>. Editura All, 2000 (Aprobat de Ministerul Educației și Cercetării cu OMEC nr.4205 din 12 august 1999);</li> <li>Mohan GH., Corneanu C., Ardelean A. <i>Biologie Manual pentru clasa a IX-a</i>, Editura Corint,2004. (Manualul a fost aprobat cu nr. 3886 din 24.05.2004 de Ministerul Educației și Cercetării);</li> <li>Sârbu Anca, <i>Biologie vegetală</i>, Editura Universității din București,1999.</li> <li>Crăciun T., Crăciun L.L., <i>Dictionar de Biologie</i>, Editura Albatros, 1989;</li> <li>Hósa Maria, Rákosy-Tican Lenuța, DezsöAndrás, Biologie Manual pentru clasa a IX-a Editura Niculescu ABC, București, 2000.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_biologilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista biologilor">Lista biologilor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_biologiei" title="Istoria biologiei">Istoria biologiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fiziologie_sau_Medicin%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiul Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină">Premiul Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_zoologi_dup%C4%83_abrevierile_de_autor" title="Listă de zoologi după abrevierile de autor">Listă de zoologi după abrevierile de autor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etape_%C3%AEn_dezvoltarea_biologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etape în dezvoltarea biologiei — pagină inexistentă">Etape în dezvoltarea biologiei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aquarenagloss-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aquarenagloss_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Based on definition from: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040608113114/http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html">„Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms”</a>. Texas State University at San Marcos. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Glossary/glossary.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2004-06-08">8 iunie 2004</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquarena+Wetlands+Project+glossary+of+terms&rft.pub=Texas+State+University+at+San+Marcos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.txstate.edu%2F~wetlands%2FGlossary%2Fglossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A. (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html"><i>Biology: Exploring Life</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-13-250882-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-13-250882-6">0-13-250882-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/75299209">75299209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75299209&rft.isbn=0-13-250882-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Davies, PC; Rieper, E; Tuszynski, JA (ianuarie 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712629">„Self-organization and entropy reduction in a living cell”</a>. <i>Bio Systems</i>. <b>111</b> (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biosystems.2012.10.005">10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.10.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0303-2647">0303-2647</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712629">3712629</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23159919">23159919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bio+Systems&rft.atitle=Self-organization+and+entropy+reduction+in+a+living+cell&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3712629&rft.issn=0303-2647&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23159919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biosystems.2012.10.005&rft.au=Davies%2C+PC%3B+Rieper%2C+E%3B+Tuszynski%2C+JA&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3712629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Modell, Harold; Cliff, William; Michael, Joel; McFarland, Jenny; Wenderoth, Mary Pat; Wright, Ann (decembrie 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4669363">„A physiologist's view of homeostasis”</a>. <i>Advances in Physiology Education</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 259–66. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fadvan.00107.2015">10.1152/advan.00107.2015</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4046">1043-4046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4669363">4669363</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628646">26628646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Physiology+Education&rft.atitle=A+physiologist%27s+view+of+homeostasis&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=259-66&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4669363&rft.issn=1043-4046&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26628646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fadvan.00107.2015&rft.aulast=Modell&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Cliff%2C+William&rft.au=Michael%2C+Joel&rft.au=McFarland%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Wenderoth%2C+Mary+Pat&rft.au=Wright%2C+Ann&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4669363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus</i> a fost un <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> german care s-a născut la <a href="/wiki/4_februarie" title="4 februarie">4 februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1776" title="1776">1776</a> la <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> și a decedat la <a href="/wiki/16_februarie" title="16 februarie">16 februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> în același oraș.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">King, TJ & Roberts, MBV (<time datetime="1986">1986</time>). <i>Biology: A Functional Approach</i>. Thomas Nelson and Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0174480358" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0174480358">978-0174480358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/20717292">20717292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+A+Functional+Approach&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20717292&rft.isbn=978-0174480358&rft.au=King%2C+TJ+%26+Roberts%2C+MBV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Craig, Nancy (<time datetime="2014">2014</time>). <i>Molecular Biology, Principles of Genome Function</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0199658572" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0199658572">978-0199658572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology%2C+Principles+of+Genome+Function&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199658572&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mosconi, Francesco; Julou, Thomas; Desprat, Nicolas; Sinha, Deepak Kumar; Allemand, Jean-François; Vincent Croquette; Bensimon, David (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0951-7715/21/i=8/a=T03">„Some nonlinear challenges in biology”</a>. <i>Nonlinearity</i> (în engleză). <b>21</b> (8): T131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Nonli..21..131M">2008Nonli..21..131M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0951-7715%2F21%2F8%2FT03">10.1088/0951-7715/21/8/T03</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-7715">0951-7715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nonlinearity&rft.atitle=Some+nonlinear+challenges+in+biology&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=T131&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0951-7715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0951-7715%2F21%2F8%2FT03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Nonli..21..131M&rft.aulast=Mosconi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Julou%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Desprat%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Deepak+Kumar&rft.au=Allemand%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Vincent+Croquette&rft.au=Bensimon%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0951-7715%2F21%2Fi%3D8%2Fa%3DT03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AB-20141208-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AB-20141208_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Howell, Elizabeth (<time datetime="2014-12-08">8 decembrie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrobio.net/origin-and-evolution-of-life/life-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth/">„How Did Life Become Complex, And Could It Happen Beyond Earth?”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiology_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrobiology Magazine — pagină inexistentă">Astrobiology Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-02-14">14 februarie 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Did+Life+Become+Complex%2C+And+Could+It+Happen+Beyond+Earth%3F&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Forigin-and-evolution-of-life%2Flife-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509211839/http://topics.info.com/Who-coined-the-term-biology_716">„Who coined the term biology?”</a>. <i>Info.com</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.info.com/Who-coined-the-term-biology_716">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-05-09">9 mai 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-06-03">3 iunie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Info.com&rft.atitle=Who+coined+the+term+biology%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.info.com%2FWho-coined-the-term-biology_716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=biology&allowed_in_frame=0">„biology”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary — pagină inexistentă">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307163258/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=biology&allowed_in_frame=0">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-03-07">7 martie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=biology&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dbiology%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Richards, Robert J. (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=X7N4_i7vrTUC&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0226712109" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0226712109">978-0226712109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romantic+Conception+of+Life%3A+Science+and+Philosophy+in+the+Age+of+Goethe&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0226712109&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DX7N4_i7vrTUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Magner, Lois N. (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKJ6gVYbrGwC"><i>A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0203911006" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0203911006">978-0203911006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324125937/http://books.google.com/books?id=YKJ6gVYbrGwC">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2015-03-24">24 martie 2015</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Life+Sciences%2C+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0203911006&rft.aulast=Magner&rft.aufirst=Lois+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKJ6gVYbrGwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Serafini, Anthony (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Z3oECAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&q=biology%20egypt"><i>The Epic History of Biology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1489963277" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1489963277">978-1489963277</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-14">14 iulie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+History+of+Biology&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1489963277&rft.aulast=Serafini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZ3oECAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2%26q%3Dbiology%2520egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acest articol conține text din</i> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (<time datetime="1911">1911</time>). „<a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Theophrastus" class="extiw" title="s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>”. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_1911" title="Encyclopædia Britannica 1911">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (ed. 11). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theophrastus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" />, <i>o publicație aparținând <a href="/wiki/Domeniu_public" title="Domeniu public">domeniului public</a>.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Conway Zirkle (1941), Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i> <b>84</b> (1): 71-123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brater-449-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brater-449_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", <i>Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics</i> <b>67</b> (5), p. 447-450 [449].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine">Islamic medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208031923/http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-02-08">8 februarie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutchinson_Encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutchinson Encyclopedia — pagină inexistentă">Hutchinson Encyclopedia</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabbagh-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dabbagh_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Al-Dabbagh (1978). "Ibn Al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> <b>1</b>, p. 1148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayr-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Mayr — pagină inexistentă">Mayr, E</a> (<time datetime="1985">1985</time>). <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i>. Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0674364462" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0674364462">978-0674364462</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/185404286">185404286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Biological+Thought&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185404286&rft.isbn=978-0674364462&rft.au=Mayr%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Magner, LN (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <i>A History of the Life Sciences</i>. TF-CRC. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0824708245" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0824708245">978-0824708245</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50410202+59472935+70724799">50410202 59472935 70724799</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=TF-CRC&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50410202+59472935+70724799&rft.isbn=978-0824708245&rft.au=Magner%2C+LN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahd-815-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fahd-815_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFahd1996" class="citation book">Fahd, Toufic (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). „Botany and agriculture”. În Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science — pagină inexistentă">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</a></i>. <b>3</b>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 815. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0415124102" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0415124102">978-0415124102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Botany+and+agriculture&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pages=815&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0415124102&rft.aulast=Fahd&rft.aufirst=Toufic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Magner, Lois N. (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKJ6gVYbrGwC"><i>A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 133–44. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0203911006" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0203911006">978-0203911006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324125937/http://books.google.com/books?id=YKJ6gVYbrGwC">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2015-03-24">24 martie 2015</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Life+Sciences%2C+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pages=133-44&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0203911006&rft.aulast=Magner&rft.aufirst=Lois+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKJ6gVYbrGwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Sapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Sapp — pagină inexistentă">Sapp, Jan</a> (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). „7”. <i>Genesis: The Evolution of Biology</i>. New York.: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0195156188" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0195156188">978-0195156188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+The+Evolution+of+Biology&rft.place=New+York.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0195156188&rft.aulast=Sapp&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coleman, William (<time datetime="1977">1977</time>). <i>Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0521292931" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0521292931">978-0521292931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Problems+of+Form%2C+Function%2C+and+Transformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0521292931&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mayr, Ernst. <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i>, chapter 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mayr, Ernst. <i>The Growth of Biological Thought</i>, chapter 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futuyma-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma_28-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Futuyma, DJ (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0878931873" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0878931873">978-0878931873</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57311264+57638368+62621622">57311264 57638368 62621622</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57311264+57638368+62621622&rft.isbn=978-0878931873&rft.au=Futuyma%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coleman, W (<time datetime="1978">1978</time>). <i>Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function and Transformation</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0521292931" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0521292931">978-0521292931</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/233977360+3360878+59235625">233977360 3360878 59235625</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Problems+of+Form%2C+Function+and+Transformation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233977360+3360878+59235625&rft.isbn=978-0521292931&rft.au=Coleman%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Allen, GE (<time datetime="1978">1978</time>). <i>Life Science in the Twentieth Century</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0521292962" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0521292962">978-0521292962</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/123208035+16496514+222077989+3344997+43439593+61082591">123208035 16496514 222077989 3344997 43439593 61082591</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Science+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123208035+16496514+222077989+3344997+43439593+61082591&rft.isbn=978-0521292962&rft.au=Allen%2C+GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fruton, JS (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0300076080" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0300076080">978-0300076080</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39700430">39700430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proteins%2C+Enzymes%2C+Genes%3A+The+Interplay+of+Chemistry+and+Biology&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39700430&rft.isbn=978-0300076080&rft.au=Fruton%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morange, M & Cobb, M (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <i>A History of Molecular Biology</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0674001695" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0674001695">978-0674001695</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43960135">43960135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43960135&rft.isbn=978-0674001695&rft.au=Morange%2C+M+%26+Cobb%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smocovitis, VB (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>Unifying Biology</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0691033433" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0691033433">978-0691033433</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/231696189+34411399">231696189 34411399</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|oclc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_oclc" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unifying+Biology&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231696189+34411399&rft.isbn=978-0691033433&rft.au=Smocovitis%2C+VB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Avila, Vernon L. (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <i>Biology: Investigating life on earth</i>. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 11–18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-86720-942-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-86720-942-9">0-86720-942-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Investigating+life+on+earth&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=11-18&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-86720-942-9&rft.au=Avila%2C+Vernon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mazzarello, P (mai 1999). „A unifying concept: the history of cell theory”. <i>Nature Cell Biology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): E13–15. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F8964">10.1038/8964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10559875">10559875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=A+unifying+concept%3A+the+history+of+cell+theory&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E13-15&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F8964&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10559875&rft.au=Mazzarello%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin (<time datetime="2003-02-20">20 februarie 2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8psJCtI0gC"><i>The Origin of Life</i></a>. Courier Dover Publications. p. vi. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-486-49522-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-486-49522-4">978-0-486-49522-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-12-22">22 decembrie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Life&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2003-02-20&rft.isbn=978-0-486-49522-4&rft.au=Aleksandr+Ivanovich+Oparin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJv8psJCtI0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">De Duve, Christian (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <i>Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0195156058" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0195156058">978-0195156058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Evolving%3A+Molecules%2C+Mind%2C+and+Meaning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0195156058&rft.aulast=De+Duve&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futuyma1-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma1_38-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Futuyma, DJ (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Evolution</i>. Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0878931873" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0878931873">978-0878931873</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57311264">57311264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57311264&rft.isbn=978-0878931873&rft.au=Futuyma%2C+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p15-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p15_39-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Packard, Alpheus Spring (<time datetime="1901">1901</time>). <i>Lamarck, the founder of Evolution: his life and work with translations of his writings on organic evolution</i>. New York: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0405125621" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0405125621">978-0405125621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lamarck%2C+the+founder+of+Evolution%3A+his+life+and+work+with+translations+of+his+writings+on+organic+evolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green.&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=978-0405125621&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Alpheus+Spring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html">„The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography”</a>. darwin-online.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107165048/http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2007-01-07">7 ianuarie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2006-12-15">15 decembrie 2006</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Darwin+Online+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=darwin-online.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dobzhansky, T. (<time datetime="1973">1973</time>). „Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”. <i>The American Biology Teacher</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 125–29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4444260">10.2307/4444260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4444260">4444260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Biology+Teacher&rft.atitle=Nothing+in+biology+makes+sense+except+in+the+light+of+evolution&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-29&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4444260&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4444260&rft.aulast=Dobzhansky&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carroll, Joseph, ed. (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <i>On the origin of species by means of natural selection</i>. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1551113371" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1551113371">978-1551113371</a>. <q>As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "<i>The Origin of Species</i> has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world ... It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+origin+of+species+by+means+of+natural+selection&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Broadview&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1551113371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Shermer p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1859). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Origin_of_Species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Origin of Species — pagină inexistentă">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, John Murray.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GGS-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GGS_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gaylord_Simpson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Gaylord Simpson — pagină inexistentă">Simpson, George Gaylord</a> (<time datetime="1967">1967</time>). <i>The Meaning of Evolution</i> (ed. Second). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0300009521" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0300009521">978-0300009521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Evolution&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0300009521&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=George+Gaylord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio-medicine.org/q-more/biology-definition/phylogeny/">„Phylogeny”</a>. Bio-medicine.org. <time datetime="2007-11-11">11 noiembrie 2007</time>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224700/http://www.bio-medicine.org/q-more/biology-definition/phylogeny/">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-10-04">4 octombrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-10-02">2 octombrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phylogeny&rft.pub=Bio-medicine.org&rft.date=2007-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-medicine.org%2Fq-more%2Fbiology-definition%2Fphylogeny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Montévil, M; Mossio, M; Pocheville, A; Longo, G (octombrie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27942089">„Theoretical principles for biology: Variation”</a>. <i>Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology</i>. From the Century of the Genome to the Century of the Organism: New Theoretical Approaches. <b>122</b> (1): 36–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2016.08.005">10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27530930">27530930</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320150224/http://www.academia.edu/27942089/Theoretical_principles_for_biology_Variation">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2018-03-20">20 martie 2018</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Biophysics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Theoretical+principles+for+biology%3A+Variation&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-50&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2016.08.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27530930&rft.au=Mont%C3%A9vil%2C+M%3B+Mossio%2C+M%3B+Pocheville%2C+A%3B+Longo%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27942089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Marcial, Gene G. (13 august 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-08-12/from-sembiosys-a-new-kind-of-insulin">From SemBiosys, A New Kind Of Insulin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029034450/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-08-12/from-sembiosys-a-new-kind-of-insulin">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-10-29">29 octombrie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. businessweek.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thanbichler, M; Wang, SC; Shapiro, L (octombrie 2005). „The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure”. <i>Journal of Cellular Biochemistry</i>. <b>96</b> (3): 506–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20519">10.1002/jcb.20519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15988757">15988757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cellular+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+nucleoid%3A+a+highly+organized+and+dynamic+structure&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-21&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcb.20519&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15988757&rft.au=Thanbichler%2C+M%3B+Wang%2C+SC%3B+Shapiro%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8472">„Genotype definition – Medical Dictionary definitions”</a>. Medterms.com. <time datetime="2012-03-19">19 martie 2012</time>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054803/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8472">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-09-21">21 septembrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-10-02">2 octombrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genotype+definition+%E2%80%93+Medical+Dictionary+definitions&rft.pub=Medterms.com&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medterms.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D8472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Raven, PH; Johnson, GB (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>Biology</i> (ed. Fifth). Boston: Hill Companies. p. 1058. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0697353535" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0697353535">978-0697353535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=1058&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Hill+Companies&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0697353535&rft.au=Raven%2C+PH%3B+Johnson%2C+GB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rodolfo, Kelvin (ianuarie 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-homeostasis/">„What is homeostasis?”</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020456/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-homeostasis">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-12-03">3 decembrie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=What+is+homeostasis%3F&rft.date=2000-01&rft.aulast=Rodolfo&rft.aufirst=Kelvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fwhat-is-homeostasis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">James, Norman (martie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/diabetes/normal-regulation-blood-glucose">„Normal Regulation of Blood Glucose”</a>. <i>Endocrine Web</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Web&rft.atitle=Normal+Regulation+of+Blood+Glucose&rft.date=2016-03&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.endocrineweb.com%2Fconditions%2Fdiabetes%2Fnormal-regulation-blood-glucose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryantfrigaard-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_54-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bryant, DA; Frigaard, NU (noiembrie 2006). „Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated”. <i>Trends in Microbiology</i>. <b>14</b> (11): 488–96. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001">10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997562">16997562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Prokaryotic+photosynthesis+and+phototrophy+illuminated&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=488-96&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2006.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16997562&rft.au=Bryant%2C+DA%3B+Frigaard%2C+NU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smith, AL (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). <i>Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0198547686" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0198547686">978-0198547686</a>. <q>Photosynthesis – the synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, esp. carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than the oxidation of chemical compounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+dictionary+of+biochemistry+and+molecular+biology&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0198547686&rft.au=Smith%2C+AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Edwards, Katrina. „Microbiology of a Sediment Pond and the Underlying Young, Cold, Hydrologically Active Ridge Flank”. <i>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woods+Hole+Oceanographic+Institution&rft.atitle=Microbiology+of+a+Sediment+Pond+and+the+Underlying+Young%2C+Cold%2C+Hydrologically+Active+Ridge+Flank&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). „6”. <i>Biology</i>. Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0805366242" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0805366242">978-0805366242</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47521441">47521441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47521441&rft.isbn=978-0805366242&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Reece%2C+Jane+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colvard,_2009-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colvard,_2009_58-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bartsch, John; Colvard, Mary P. (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). <i>The Living Environment</i>. New York State: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0133612028" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0133612028">978-0133612028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Environment&rft.place=New+York+State&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0133612028&rft.aulast=Bartsch&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Colvard%2C+Mary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Neill, Campbell (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>Biology; Fourth edition</i>. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. p. G-21 (Glossary). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0805319408" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0805319408">978-0805319408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3B+Fourth+edition&rft.pages=G-21+%28Glossary%29&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0805319408&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Futuyma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Futuyma — pagină inexistentă">Douglas, Futuyma</a> (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <i>Evolutionary Biology; Third edition</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinauer_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinauer Associates — pagină inexistentă">Sinauer Associates</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0878931897" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0878931897">978-0878931897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Biology%3B+Third+edition&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0878931897&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Futuyma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Margulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Margulis — pagină inexistentă">Margulis, Lynn; Schwartz, KV</a> (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). <i>Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth</i> (ed. 3rd). WH Freeman & Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0716731832" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0716731832">978-0716731832</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/223623098">223623098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Kingdoms%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+Phyla+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=WH+Freeman+%26+Co&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223623098&rft.isbn=978-0716731832&rft.au=Margulis%2C+Lynn%3B+Schwartz%2C+KV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-domain-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-domain_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-domain_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese, CR; Kandler, O; Wheelis, ML (iunie 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">„Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744">2112744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-79&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.au=Woese%2C+CR%3B+Kandler%2C+O%3B+Wheelis%2C+ML&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rybicki, EP (<time datetime="1990">1990</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230603479">„The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics”</a>. <i>S Afr J Sci</i>. <b>86</b>: 182–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718162450/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230603479_The_classification_of_organisms_at_the_edge_of_life_or_problems_with_virus_systematics">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2017-07-18">18 iulie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S+Afr+J+Sci&rft.atitle=The+classification+of+organisms+at+the+edge+of+life%2C+or+problems+with+virus+systematics&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=182-86&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Rybicki%2C+EP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F230603479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McNeill, J; Barrie, FR; Buck, WR; Demoulin, V; Greuter, W; Hawksworth, DL; et al. (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title"><i>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</i></a>. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3874294256" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3874294256">978-3874294256</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104060236/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-11-04">4 noiembrie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.pub=A.R.G.+Gantner+Verlag+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3874294256&rft.au=McNeill%2C+J&rft.au=Barrie%2C+FR&rft.au=Buck%2C+WR&rft.au=Demoulin%2C+V&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+DL&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+PS&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S&rft.au=Marhold%2C+K&rft.au=Prado%2C+J&rft.au=Prud%27homme+Van+Reine%2C+WF&rft.au=Smith%2C+GF&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+JH&rft.au=Turland%2C+NJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /> Recommendation 60F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Silyn-Roberts, Heather (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=hVUU7Gq8QskC&lpg=PA198"><i>Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation</i></a>. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0750646369" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0750646369">978-0750646369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+for+Science+and+Engineering%3A+Papers%2C+Presentation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0750646369&rft.aulast=Silyn-Roberts&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DhVUU7Gq8QskC%26lpg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp">„ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2009”</a>. Ictvonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225742/http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-10-04">4 octombrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-10-02">2 octombrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICTV+Virus+Taxonomy+2009&rft.pub=Ictvonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictvonline.org%2FvirusTaxonomy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ictvdbpopsi-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ictvdbpopsi_67-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813214826/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_pospi.htm">Index of Viruses – Pospiviroidae</a></i> (2006). In: ICTVdB – The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA. Version 4 is based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813214826/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/report8.htm">Virus Taxonomy</a>, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses, 8th ICTV Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Fauquet, CM; Mayo, MA; Maniloff, J; Desselberger, U; Ball, LA (editors) (2005) Elsevier/Academic Press, pp. 1259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ictvdbprions-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ictvdbprions_68-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Prusiner, SB; Baldwin, M; Collinge, J; DeArmond, SJ; Marsh, R; Tateishi, J; Weissmann, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827131816/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_prion.htm">„90. Prions – ICTVdB Index of Viruses”</a>. United States National Institutes of Health. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_prion.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2009-08-27">27 august 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-10-28">28 octombrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=90.+Prions+%E2%80%93+ICTVdB+Index+of+Viruses&rft.pub=United+States+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.au=Prusiner%2C+SB%3B+Baldwin%2C+M%3B+Collinge%2C+J%3B+DeArmond%2C+SJ%3B+Marsh%2C+R%3B+Tateishi%2C+J%3B+Weissmann%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FICTVdb%2FIctv%2Ffs_prion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ictvdbsatel-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ictvdbsatel_69-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mayo, MA; Berns, KI; Fritsch, C; Jackson, AO; Leibowitz, MJ; Taylor, JM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501015827/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_satel.htm">„81. Satellites – ICTVdB Index of Viruses”</a>. United States National Institutes of Health. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_satel.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2009-05-01">1 mai 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-10-28">28 octombrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=81.+Satellites+%E2%80%93+ICTVdB+Index+of+Viruses&rft.pub=United+States+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.au=Mayo%2C+MA%3B+Berns%2C+KI%3B+Fritsch%2C+C%3B+Jackson%2C+AO%3B+Leibowitz%2C+MJ%3B+Taylor%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FICTVdb%2FIctv%2Ffs_satel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">McNeill, John (noiembrie 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html">„The BioCode: Integrated biological nomenclature for the 21st century?”</a>. <i>Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20140104161223/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2014-01-04">4 ianuarie 2014</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+BioCode%3A+Integrated+biological+nomenclature+for+the+21st+century%3F&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+a+Mini-Symposium+on+Biological+Nomenclature+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=1996-11&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsystematics.org%2Freveal%2Fpbio%2Fnomcl%2Fmcne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bionomenclature.net/index.html">„The Draft BioCode (2011)”</a>. International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613061901/http://www.bionomenclature.net/index.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-06-13">13 iunie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Draft+BioCode+%282011%29&rft.pub=International+Committee+on+Bionomenclature+%28ICB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bionomenclature.net%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Greuter, W; Garrity, G; Hawksworth, DL; Jahn, R; Kirk, PM; Knapp, S; McNeill, J, Michel, E; Patterson, DJ; Pyle, R; Tindall, BJ (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00019">„Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms”</a>. <i>Taxon</i>. <b>60</b>: 201–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024010515/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00019">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2012-10-24">24 octombrie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Draft+BioCode+%282011%29%3A+Principles+and+rules+regulating+the+naming+of+organisms&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=201-12&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W%3B+Garrity%2C+G%3B+Hawksworth%2C+DL%3B+Jahn%2C+R%3B+Kirk%2C+PM%3B+Knapp%2C+S%3B+McNeill%2C+J%2C+Michel%2C+E%3B+Patterson%2C+DJ%3B+Pyle%2C+R%3B+Tindall%2C+BJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fiapt%2Ftax%2F2011%2F00000060%2F00000001%2Fart00019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hawksworth, David L (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00018">„Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011)”</a>. <i>Taxon</i>. <b>60</b>: 199–200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024010529/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00018">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2012-10-24">24 octombrie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Draft+BioCode+%282011%29&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=199-200&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hawksworth&rft.aufirst=David+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fiapt%2Ftax%2F2011%2F00000060%2F00000001%2Fart00018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABiologie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537" /></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gheorghe Mohan, Aurel Ardelean. Enciclopedie de biologie. București: ALL Educational, 2007</li> <li>Marin Andrei. Dicționar de biologie : clasică și actuală. Editura Victor B Victor. 2009</li> <li>Gheorghe Mohan, Aurel Ardelean. Dicționar enciclopedic de biologie. Editura ALL Educational. 2007</li> <li>Elizabeth Martin. Oxford - Dictionar de biologie. Editura Univers Enciclopedic. 1999</li> <li>Petre Neacșu, Zoe Apostolache-Stoicescu. Dicționar de ecologie. Editura științifică și enciclopedică, București, 1982</li> <li>Constantin Pârvu. Dicționar enciclopedic de mediu (DEM), Volumul 1-2. Regia Autonomă Monitorul oficial, 2005</li> <li><i>„Mică enciclopedie de biologie și medicină”</i>, Victor Sahleanu, Bogdan Stugren, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1976</li> <li>Ariniș I. <i>et al.</i> <i>Biologie. Manual pentru clasa a IX-a</i>, Editura All, 2000 (Aprobat de Ministerul Educației și Cercetării cu OMEC nr.4205 din 12 august 1999);</li> <li>Mohan GH., Corneanu C., Ardelean A. <i>Biologie Manual pentru clasa a IX-a</i>, Editura Corint, 2004. (Manualul a fost aprobat cu nr. 3886 din 24.05.2004 de Ministerul Educației și Cercetării);</li> <li>Hósa Maria, Rákosy-Tican Lenuța, Dezsö András, <i>Biologie Manual pentru clasa a IX-a</i>, Editura Niculescu ABC, București, 2000.</li> <li>Sârbu Anca, <i>Biologie vegetală</i>, Editura Universității din București,1999.</li> <li>Crăciun T., Crăciun L.L., <i>Dicționar de Biologie</i>, Editura Albatros, 1989;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Zarnea" title="Gheorghe Zarnea">G. Zarnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Popescu" title="Octavian Popescu">O.V. Popescu</a>. Dicționar de microbiologie generală și biologie moleculară. Editura Academiei Române, București, 2011</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologie&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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title="Discuție Format:Științele naturale — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bele_naturale&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Științele_naturale" class="whiteText" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_naturale" title="Științe naturale">Științele naturale</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biologie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie">Chimie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">Fizică</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bele_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Științele Pământului">Științele Pământului</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elementele_naturii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Natur%C4%83" title="Format:Natură"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Natur%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Natură — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" 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title="Materie">Materie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Particul%C4%83" title="Particulă">particule</a> • <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">elemente chimice</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83#Schimbare" title="Matematică">Schimbare</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ">Pământ</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bele_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Științele Pământului">Științele Pământului</a> • <a href="/wiki/Istoria_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Istoria Pământului">Istoria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_geologic%C4%83_a_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria geologică a Pământului — pagină inexistentă">geologică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Straturile_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Straturile Pământului">Structură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">Geologie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tectonica_pl%C4%83cilor" title="Tectonica plăcilor">Tectonica plăcilor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ipoteza_Gaia" title="Ipoteza Gaia">Ipoteza Gaia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Viitorul_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Viitorul Pământului">Viitor</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme">Vreme</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Meteorologie" title="Meteorologie">Meteorologie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Atmosfera Pământului">Atmosfera <span style="font-size:90%;">(Pământ)</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Clim%C4%83" title="Climă">Climă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nor" title="Nor">Nor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ploaie" title="Ploaie">Ploaie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83pad%C4%83" title="Zăpadă">Zăpadă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83_solar%C4%83" title="Lumină solară">Lumină solară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maree" title="Maree">Maree</a> • <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2nt" title="Vânt">Vânt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornad%C4%83" title="Tornadă">tornadă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclon_tropical" title="Ciclon tropical">ciclon tropical</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediu" title="Mediu">Mediu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">Ecologie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ecosistem" title="Ecosistem">Ecosistem</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_(fizic%C4%83)" title="Câmp (fizică)">Câmp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie" title="Radiație">Radiație</a> • <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83lb%C4%83ticie" title="Sălbăticie">Sălbăticie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Incendiu_de_p%C4%83dure" title="Incendiu de pădure">Incendiu de pădure</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață">Viață</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abiogenez%C4%83" title="Abiogeneză">Origine <span style="font-size:90%;">(abiogeneză)</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Istoria_evolu%C8%9Bionar%C4%83_a_vie%C8%9Bii" class="mw-redirect" title="Istoria evoluționară a vieții">Istorie evoluționară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biosfer%C4%83" title="Biosferă">Biosferă</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organizare_biologic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organizare biologică — pagină inexistentă">Ierarhie</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biologie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie">astrobiologie</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversitate" title="Biodiversitate">Biodiversitate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote">Eucariote</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flor%C4%83" title="Floră">floră</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă">plante</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Faun%C4%83" title="Faună">faună</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regnul_Animalia" title="Regnul Animalia">animale</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi">fungi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protiste" title="Protiste">protiste</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Procariote" title="Procariote">Procariote</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arhee" title="Arhee">arhee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacterie</a>) • <i><a href="/wiki/Virusuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Virusuri">Virusuri</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Categorie"><img alt="Categorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524700">XX524700</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119440835">cb119440835</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119440835">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006851-1">4006851-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008256">008256</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85014203">sh85014203</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639636">10639636</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570263">00570263</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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