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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early plans (1551–1909)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_plans_(1551–1909)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early plans (1551–1909) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_plans_(1551–1909)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_legal_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_legal_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early legal agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_legal_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaraguan_Canal_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaraguan_Canal_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nicaraguan Canal Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaraguan_Canal_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_efforts_against_the_Nicaragua_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_efforts_against_the_Nicaragua_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lobbying efforts against the Nicaragua Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_efforts_against_the_Nicaragua_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Panama_Canal_(1910–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Panama_Canal_(1910–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>After the Panama Canal (1910–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Panama_Canal_(1910–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1990–2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HKND_project_(2010–2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HKND_project_(2010–2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>HKND project (2010–2024)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HKND_project_(2010–2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&params=11.5_N_85_W_scale:3000000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.5°N 85.0°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.5; -85.0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Nicaraguan_Canal&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Nicaraguan Canal">History of the Nicaraguan Canal</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png/220px-1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png/330px-1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png/440px-1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="2685" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>A proposed routing of the canal, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span>, which followed the southern route</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_canal_proposals_-_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nicaragua_canal_proposals_-_de.svg/220px-Nicaragua_canal_proposals_-_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nicaragua_canal_proposals_-_de.svg/330px-Nicaragua_canal_proposals_-_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nicaragua_canal_proposals_-_de.svg/440px-Nicaragua_canal_proposals_-_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>Various Nicaragua canal proposals. Panama Canal is also shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Attempts to build a canal across Nicaragua to connect the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> stretch back to the early colonial era. Construction of such a shipping route—using the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a> as an access route to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>—was first proposed then. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> wrote an article about its feasibility in the middle of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">United States</a> abandoned plans to construct a waterway in Nicaragua in the early 20th century after it purchased the French interests in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, which has served as the main connecting route across <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> since its completion. </p><p>Because the steady increase in world shipping may make it an economically viable project, speculation on a new shipping route has continued. In June 2013, <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">Nicaragua's National Assembly</a> approved a bill to grant a 50-year <a href="/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concession</a> to the <a href="/wiki/HKND" class="mw-redirect" title="HKND">Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Company (HKND Group)</a> to manage the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Canal_and_Development_Project" title="Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project">Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project</a> to build the canal,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but little development took place, and the concession to HKND was cancelled in May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesmay2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesmay2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ticotimesmay2024_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ticotimesmay2024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Route">Route</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several possible routes have been proposed for a Nicaragua canal, all making use of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following six routes have been discussed to carry traffic from the Caribbean Sea to Lake Nicaragua, which is at an elevation of 32 m (105 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>: </p> <ol><li>Route 1 goes from a point near <a href="/wiki/Kukra_Hill" title="Kukra Hill">Kukra Hill</a> on the Caribbean coast of the <a href="/wiki/South_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" title="South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region</a> (RACCS) to the <a href="/wiki/Escondido_River_(Nicaragua)" title="Escondido River (Nicaragua)">Escondido River</a> and from there to Lake Nicaragua.</li> <li>Route 2 goes from a point near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roca_Caiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roca Caiman (page does not exist)">Roca Caiman</a> on the Caribbean coast of RACCS to the <a href="/wiki/Escondido_River_(Nicaragua)" title="Escondido River (Nicaragua)">Escondido River</a> and from there to Lake Nicaragua.</li> <li>Route 3 goes from the city of <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> on the Caribbean coast of RACCS to the <a href="/wiki/Escondido_River_(Nicaragua)" title="Escondido River (Nicaragua)">Escondido River</a> and from there to Lake Nicaragua.</li> <li>Routes 4 and 5 go from a point near <a href="/wiki/Barra_de_Punta_Gorda" class="mw-redirect" title="Barra de Punta Gorda">Barra de Punta Gorda</a> on the Caribbean coast of RACCS to Lake Nicaragua.</li> <li>Route 6 goes from the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="San Juan de Nicaragua">San Juan de Nicaragua</a> via the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a> to Lake Nicaragua, which is the route of the older proposal, the <a href="/wiki/Ecocanal" title="Ecocanal">Ecocanal</a>.</li></ol> <p>All the above proposed routes lead from port at or near <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> in the Caribbean Sea to <a href="/wiki/Morrito" title="Morrito">Morrito</a>, a small town located on the eastern shore of Lake Nicaragua. From Morrito, ships would continue westward across Lake Nicaragua to a port near the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Virgen,_Rivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Virgen, Rivas (page does not exist)">La Virgen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rivas,_Nicaragua" title="Rivas, Nicaragua">Department of Rivas</a>. At that point, ships would enter a manmade canal and navigate 18–24 kilometers across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rivas,_Nicaragua" title="Rivas, Nicaragua">Rivas</a> to reach <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brito,_Rivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brito, Rivas (page does not exist)">Brito</a>, a port on the Pacific Ocean in the Department of Rivas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_plans_(1551–1909)"><span id="Early_plans_.281551.E2.80.931909.29"></span>Early plans (1551–1909)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early plans (1551–1909)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1895NicaraguaCanalCartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1895NicaraguaCanalCartoon.jpg/220px-1895NicaraguaCanalCartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1895NicaraguaCanalCartoon.jpg/330px-1895NicaraguaCanalCartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/1895NicaraguaCanalCartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>An 1895 cartoon advocating United States action to build the Nicaragua Canal</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of constructing a manmade waterway through Central America is old. The routes suggested usually ran across Nicaragua, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a> in Mexico. The colonial administration of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> conducted preliminary surveys as early as 1551, under the supervision of a Spanish explorer named Gormara. Nothing came of this initial attempt, but the idea was revived in 1781 by the Spanish Crown and surveys were made again, this time under the supervision of an officer named Galisteo. Construction did not occur, as the crown was unable to secure adequate funding.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1825, the newly established country <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> (FRCA) considered the waterway. That year, FRCA government authorities hired surveyors to chart the route and contacted the government of the United States to seek financing and the engineering technology needed for building the shipping route, to the advantage of both nations. A survey from the 1830s stated that the waterway would be 278 km (172.7 mi) in length and would generally follow the San Juan River from the Caribbean Sea to Lake Nicaragua, then go through a series of locks and tunnels from the lake to the Pacific Ocean. </p><p>While officials in Washington, D.C. thought the project had merit, and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> formally presented it to the <a href="/wiki/19th_United_States_Congress" title="19th United States Congress">Congress of the United States</a> in 1826, the plan was not approved. The United States was worried about the poverty and political instability of Nicaragua, as well as the rival strategic and economic interests of the British government, which controlled both <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_legal_agreements">Early legal agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early legal agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 26, 1849, the Nicaraguan government signed a contract with the United States businessman <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>. It granted his <a href="/wiki/Accessory_Transit_Company" title="Accessory Transit Company">Accessory Transit Company</a> the exclusive right to construct a waterway within 12 years and gave the same company sole administration of a temporary trade route in which the overland crossing through the isthmus of Rivas was done by train and stagecoach. The temporary route operated successfully, quickly becoming one of the main avenues of trade between New York City and San Francisco. Civil war in Nicaragua and an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibuster</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> intervened to prevent the canal from being completed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (September 2019)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Continued interest in the route was an important factor in the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Clayton%E2%80%93Bulwer_Treaty" title="Clayton–Bulwer Treaty">Clayton–Bulwer Treaty</a> of 1850. The canal idea was discussed seriously by businessmen and governments throughout the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Colquhoun1895_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colquhoun1895-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888 a bill was proposed in the US house of Representatives to incorporate a Nicaragua Canal company.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, the American-owned Nicaragua Canal Construction Company held its third annual meeting, while brush was being cleared along the canal route. Many workers fell ill and were hospitalized due to tropical illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter sent to the Nicaragua Canal Board in 1895, Swiss geographer and nearby Costa Rica resident <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pittier" title="Henri François Pittier">Henri François Pittier</a> warned that construction of the project would be difficult to carry out, as earthquakes and heavy rainfall were common in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canalsurvey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Pittier did not believe earthquakes alone could hamper any future construction,<sup id="cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canalsurvey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he acknowledged that an earthquake or any other seismic activity for that matter would bring catastrophic landslides if carried out in areas where soil is soaked with heavy amounts of water.<sup id="cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canalsurvey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Pittier also suggested that a study could be conducted in the country's western isthmus between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean, as rainfall was less common in this part of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canalsurvey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaraguan_Canal_Commission">Nicaraguan Canal Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nicaraguan Canal Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1897, the newly named United States Nicaraguan Canal Commission proposed the idea of building the canal, as did the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Canal_Commission_of_1899" title="Isthmian Canal Commission of 1899">Isthmian Canal Commission of 1899</a>. The commission also recommended that the French work on the Panama Canal be taken over if it could be purchased for no more than US$40 million. Since the French effort was in disarray, in 1902 the United States purchased the French concession, equipment, and excavations for US$40 million under the Spooner Act. </p><p>The Nicaraguan Canal Commission carried out the most thorough hydrological survey yet of the San Juan River and its watershed, and in 1899 concluded that an interoceanic project was feasible at a total cost of US$138 million. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a> published the "Physiography and Geology of Region Adjacent to the Nicaragua Canal Route" in its Bulletin in May 1899, which remains one of the most detailed geological surveys of the San Juan River region.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the United States government negotiated with President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">José Santos Zelaya</a> to lease the land to build a canal through Nicaragua. Luis Felipe Corea, the Nicaraguan minister in Washington, wrote to United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> expressing the Zelaya government's support for such a canal. The United States signed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1nchez%E2%80%93Merry_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sánchez–Merry Treaty (page does not exist)">Sánchez–Merry Treaty</a> with Nicaragua in case the negotiations for a canal through <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> fell through, although the treaty was later rejected by John Hay.<sup id="cite_ref-byu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying_efforts_against_the_Nicaragua_Canal">Lobbying efforts against the Nicaragua Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lobbying efforts against the Nicaragua Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before Corea completed a draft of the Nicaragua proposal, Congress was considering the <a href="/wiki/Spooner_Act" title="Spooner Act">Spooner Act</a> to authorize the Panama Canal. In addition to the promise of earlier completion of the Panama Canal, opponents of the Nicaraguan canal cited the risk of volcanic activity at the <a href="/wiki/Momotombo" title="Momotombo">Momotombo</a> volcano. They favored construction of a canal through the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byu_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, the chief of the French Canal Syndicate (a group that owned large swathes of land across Panama), Philippe Bunau Varilla, hired <a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_Cromwell" title="William Nelson Cromwell">William Nelson Cromwell</a> to lobby the United States Congress for the Panama Canal. In 1902, taking advantage of a year with increased volcanic activity in the Caribbean Sea, Cromwell planted a story in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Sun" title="The New York Sun">The New York Sun</a></i> reporting that the Momotombo volcano had erupted and caused a series of seismic shocks. This caused concern about its possible effects on a Nicaraguan canal.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinzer2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinzer2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Momotombo_1900_Edition_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Momotombo_1900_Edition_Stamp.jpg/220px-Momotombo_1900_Edition_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Momotombo_1900_Edition_Stamp.jpg/330px-Momotombo_1900_Edition_Stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Momotombo_1900_Edition_Stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Momotombo 1900 Edition Stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>Cromwell arranged for leaflets with stamps featuring Momotombo to be sent to every Senator as "proof" of the volcanic activity in Nicaragua. An eruption in May 1902 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e#1902_eruption" title="Mount Pelée">30,000 human fatalities</a>. This catastrophe persuaded most of the United States Congress to vote in favor of constructing the canal in Panama, leaving only eight votes in favor of Nicaragua. The decision to build the Panama Canal passed by four votes. Cromwell was paid US$800,000 for his lobbying efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinzer2006_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinzer2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicaraguan president Zelaya later tried to arrange for Germany and Japan to finance the building of a canal that would traverse <a href="/wiki/Zelaya_Department" title="Zelaya Department">Zelaya Department</a> in Nicaragua. Having settled on the Panama route, the United States opposed this proposal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Panama_Canal_(1910–1989)"><span id="After_the_Panama_Canal_.281910.E2.80.931989.29"></span>After the Panama Canal (1910–1989)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the Panama Canal (1910–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Panama Canal opened in 1914, the Nicaragua route has been reconsidered. Its construction would shorten the water distance between New York and San Francisco by nearly 800 kilometers (500 mi). Under the <a href="/wiki/Bryan%E2%80%93Chamorro_Treaty" title="Bryan–Chamorro Treaty">Bryan–Chamorro Treaty</a> of 1916, the United States paid Nicaragua US$3 million for an option in perpetuity and free of taxation, including 99-year leases of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> and a site for a naval base on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a>. </p><p>In 1929, the United States Interocean Canal Board approved out a two-year detailed study for a ship canal route, known as the Sultan Report after its author, the United States Army engineer Colonel <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Sultan">Daniel Sultan</a>. From 1930 to 1931 a United States Army Corps of Engineers survey team of 300 men surveyed the route of a future canal, called the <i>Forty-Niners</i> route because it followed closely the route that miners took in the 1840s California Gold Rush.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-On_The_Trail_of_The_Forty-Niners_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_The_Trail_of_The_Forty-Niners-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan estimated that the proposed canal would be three times longer than the Panama Canal, have larger locks and cost twice as much.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sultan also acknowledged that he and his team also encountered problems due to heavy rainfall and poisonous wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-On_The_Trail_of_The_Forty-Niners_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_The_Trail_of_The_Forty-Niners-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Army engineers on the project included future <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> engineers lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a>, who also assisted in recovery after the <a href="/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1931 Nicaragua earthquake">1931 Nicaragua earthquake</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> they carried out extensive demolitions to save portions of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> protested that Costa Rican rights to the San Juan River had been infringed, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> maintained that the proposed naval base would affect both it and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. Both protests were upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Court_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Court of Justice">Central American Court of Justice</a> in rulings that were not recognized by either Nicaragua or the United States. Both nations repealed the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty on July 14, 1970. </p><p>Between 1939 and 1940, with war in Europe underway, a new study was made for the construction of a barge canal. Three variants were considered, with minimum channel depths of six, ten, and twelve feet (1.8, 3.0, and 3.7 m).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a larger canal, with part of the excavating work to be done with atomic bombs, was revived in the 1960s as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plowshare" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Plowshare">Operation Plowshare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990–2009"><span id="1990.E2.80.932009"></span>1990–2009</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1990–2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Nicaragua's National Assembly unanimously approved an exploration concession, Law 319,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the construction of a shallow-draft waterway along the San Juan River, known as the <a href="/wiki/Ecocanal" title="Ecocanal">Ecocanal</a>. This would connect Lake Nicaragua to the Caribbean Sea, but would lack the inter-oceanic link to the Pacific Ocean. This project is loosely based on the 1939–40 study. </p><p>In 2000, the Nicaraguan government granted a concession to Canal Interoceánico de Nicaragua SA (CINN), a company formed and led by New York attorney Don Mario Bosco, to build a railway "dry canal" connecting Nicaragua's coasts. However, CINN was unable to obtain financing to begin construction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that these schemes could exist in parallel to the proposed inter-ocean canal.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the Nicaraguan government again proposed a canal through the country—large enough to handle <a href="/wiki/Post-Panamax" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Panamax">post-Panamax</a> ships of up to 250,000 tons, as compared to the approximately 65,000 tons that the Panama Canal can accommodate. The estimated cost of this scheme may be as much as US$25 billion, 25 times Nicaragua's annual budget. Former president <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Bola%C3%B1os" title="Enrique Bolaños">Enrique Bolaños</a> sought foreign investors to support the project. The scheme met with strong opposition from environmentalists, who protested the damage that would be done to the rivers and jungle. The project was similar to the original plans, except that the United States government would buy the land for investors to begin construction on the project. </p><p>In addition to the governmental waterway proposal, private proposals have been based on a land bridge across Nicaragua. The Intermodal System for Global Transport (SIT Global), involving Nicaraguan and Canadian and American investors, proposed a combined railway, oil pipeline, and fiberoptic cable; a competing group, the Inter-Ocean Canal of Nicaragua, proposes building a railway linking ports on either coast. </p><p>On October 2, 2006, President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Bola%C3%B1os" title="Enrique Bolaños">Enrique Bolaños</a>, at a summit for defense ministers of the Western Hemisphere, officially announced that Nicaragua intended to proceed with the project.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolaños said that there was sufficient demand for two canals within the Central American isthmus. He proclaimed that the project would cost an estimated US$18 billion and would take approximately 12 years to construct. It would take one of six possible routes at approximately 280 km (170 mi), reduce the transit time from New York to California by one day and 800 km (500 mi), considerably reduce transit costs from Europe to China and Japan, and have capacity for ships of up to 250,000 tons. </p><p>The construction of the canal alone would more than double Nicaragua's GDP (excluding other investments as a result of the canal's construction). Some sources suggest that construction of the canal would enable Nicaragua to become one of the wealthiest countries in Central America, and one of the wealthiest countries in Latin America in per capita terms.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has been studying proposals for such a development. Supporters believe that all of Central America would benefit from the construction of the canal. If a Nicaraguan canal were built, "it would bring an economic effervescence never seen before in Central America", Bolaños said.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimitry_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitry Medvedev">Dimitry Medvedev</a> suggested that Russia would be interested in pursuing the construction of the interoceanic waterway. However, no progress has been made to date and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Third Set of Locks</a> for the Panama Canal has apparently dampened Russian enthusiasm for the project.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a> of the United Arab Emirates has also expressed interest in sponsoring an interoceanic canal project.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HKND_project_(2010–2024)"><span id="HKND_project_.282010.E2.80.932024.29"></span>HKND project (2010–2024)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: HKND project (2010–2024)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Canal_and_Development_Project" title="Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project">Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project</a></div> <p>In 2010, Nicaragua signed a contract with two Korean developers, Dongmyeong Engineering & Architecture Consultants (DMEC) and Ox Investment, to construct a deepwater port and facilities at <a href="/wiki/Monkey_Point" title="Monkey Point">Monkey Point</a> on the Caribbean coast to improve capacity there.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 27, 2012, engineering services provider <a href="/wiki/Royal_HaskoningDHV" title="Royal HaskoningDHV">Royal HaskoningDHV</a> announced<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Nicaraguan government commissioned a feasibility study to be completed in early 2013 at a cost of US$720,000. The contract has been awarded to a consortium made up of Royal HaskoningDHV and Ecorys. The feasibility study examined the route that followed the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a>. The study suggested that this route would both be cheaper and also offer environmental benefits over other routes. This because it would not be necessary to create an artificial lake to foresee the locks of water, and it would also require but the moving of small amounts of soil (compared to the other routes). Also, it would not require the digging of a new canal which would cause the San Juan river to receive less water (which again has ecological consequences).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 26, 2012, the Nicaraguan government and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/HKND" class="mw-redirect" title="HKND">Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Group</a> (HKND) signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the intentions of HKND Group to financing and building the Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project.<sup id="cite_ref-nicaraguadispatch.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicaraguadispatch.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insidecostarica.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidecostarica.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HKND_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKND-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HKND Group is a private enterprise led by billionaire <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jing_(businessman)" title="Wang Jing (businessman)">Wang Jing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HKND Group entered the study phase of development to assess the technological and economic feasibility of constructing a canal in Nicaragua, as well as the potential environmental, social, and regional implications of various routes.<sup id="cite_ref-HKND_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKND-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal and other associated projects would have been financed by investors throughout the world and would have generated jobs for Nicaragua and other Central American countries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 22, 2014, HKND announced construction started in <a href="/wiki/Rivas,_Nicaragua" title="Rivas, Nicaragua">Rivas, Nicaragua</a>. HKND Group Chairman <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jing_(businessman)" title="Wang Jing (businessman)">Wang Jing</a> spoke during the starting ceremony of the first works of the canal in Brito town. Construction of the new waterway would be run by HKND Group—Hong Kong-based HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co Ltd., which is controlled by Wang Jing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2016, no significant construction had taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-BloomburgMar2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloomburgMar2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No "major works" such as dredging will take place until after a Pacific Ocean wharf is finished and the wharf's construction will not start until sometime after August 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-BloomburgMar2016_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloomburgMar2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 3, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Daley" title="Suzanne Daley">Suzanne Daley</a>, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, reported that progress on the project seemed stalled.<sup id="cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nytimes2016-04-03-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daley reported that Nicaraguan President <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> had not mentioned the Canal in months,<sup id="cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nytimes2016-04-03-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he remarked that cows were still browsing for grass in the field where Wang held his ground-breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nytimes2016-04-03-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also reported that Wang had financial setbacks unrelated to the Nicaragua project, and that he had lost 80% of his net worth.<sup id="cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nytimes2016-04-03-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following financial difficulties, Wang finally closed the <a href="/wiki/HKND" class="mw-redirect" title="HKND">HKND</a> Headquarter in China in April 2018, leaving no forwarding address or telephone numbers to be reached. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though HKND vanished, the Nicaraguan government indicates that it will go ahead with the vast land expropriations of 908 km<sup>2</sup> (351 sq mi) under land expropriation Law 840 enacted in 2013, which includes a concession for carrying out seven sub-projects, among them ports, oil pipelines, free-trade zones, and develop tourist areas that could be realized in any part of the national territory.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FIDH_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, this law denies any right to appeal against the expropriation decision and provides a derisory level of compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDH_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also allows the investor (HKND) to buy and sell its rights over the various sub-projects "in parts", which is a highly profitable enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDH_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been called a "land grab" and it has prompted protests,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some violent confrontations against security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activists noted that the canal contract established that it must be dissolved in 72 months, if the investor has not obtained the money to start the project; that deadline was 14 June 2019, so they assert that the Law 840 (related expropriations) must be repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2024, Law 840, which gave the concession to HKND, was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nicaragua">National Assembly of Nicaragua</a>, and Law 800, governing the Canal Authority, was reformed.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesmay2024_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesmay2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ticotimesmay2024_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ticotimesmay2024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Corridor_of_the_Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23058301">"Nicaragua canal plan not a joke - Chinese businessman"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2013-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+canal+plan+not+a+joke+-+Chinese+businessman&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-23058301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2013" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Jonathan (6 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/nicaragua-chinese-plan-canal-panama">"Nicaragua fast-tracks Chinese plan to build canal to rival Panama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+fast-tracks+Chinese+plan+to+build+canal+to+rival+Panama&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F11%2Fnicaragua-chinese-plan-canal-panama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsRichards2013" class="citation web cs1">Watts, Jonathan; Richards, Gareth (6 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nicaragua-china-panama-canal">"Nicaragua gives Chinese firm contract to build alternative to Panama Canal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+gives+Chinese+firm+contract+to+build+alternative+to+Panama+Canal&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Richards%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F06%2Fnicaragua-china-panama-canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22899744">"Nicaragua Congress approves ocean-to-ocean canal plan"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2013-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+Congress+approves+ocean-to-ocean+canal+plan&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-22899744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimesmay2024-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimesmay2024_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimesmay2024_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-05-08/nicaragua-cancels-a-controversial-chinese-interoceanic-canal-concession-after-nearly-a-decade">Nicaragua cancels a controversial Chinese inter-oceanic canal concession after nearly a decade</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> 8 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ticotimesmay2024-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ticotimesmay2024_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ticotimesmay2024_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ticotimes.net/2024/05/08/major-shift-in-nicaraguas-interoceanic-canal-project">"Major Shift in Nicaragua’s Interoceanic Canal Project"</a>, <i>Tico Times</i>, May 8, 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070848/http://e360.yale.edu/slideshow/nicaragua_approves_canal_linking_atlantic_and_pacific/200/1/">"Nicaragua canal routes reference 2"</a>. E360.yale.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e360.yale.edu/slideshow/nicaragua_approves_canal_linking_atlantic_and_pacific/200/1/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicaragua+canal+routes+reference+2&rft.pub=E360.yale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Fslideshow%2Fnicaragua_approves_canal_linking_atlantic_and_pacific%2F200%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Rogers/_Nicaragua_Dispatch2012" class="citation web cs1">Tim Rogers/ Nicaragua Dispatch (5 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicaraguadispatch.com/news/2012/06/ortega-revives-nicaragua-canal-fantasy/4200">"Nicaragua canal routes reference 3"</a>. <i>Nicaragua Dispatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nicaragua+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+canal+routes+reference+3&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.au=Tim+Rogers%2F+Nicaragua+Dispatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicaraguadispatch.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F06%2Fortega-revives-nicaragua-canal-fantasy%2F4200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nicaragua Canal Project is 304 years old" Hamilton Spectator, April 25, 1891, p 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colquhoun1895-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colquhoun1895_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColquhoun1895" class="citation web cs1">Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/keypacificnicar02colqgoog#page/n6/mode/2up">"The key of the Pacific: the Nicaragua canal"</a>. Westminster, England: Archibald Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+key+of+the+Pacific%3A+the+Nicaragua+canal&rft.place=Westminster%2C+England&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Colquhoun&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkeypacificnicar02colqgoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galveston Daily News, December 26, 1888, p 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH18900620.2.3&srpos=15&e=-------en--20-LAH%2cLASTAR-1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22Soda+springs%22-ARTICLE------1">Los Angeles Herald, Volume 34, Number 68, 20 June 1890</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canalsurvey-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canalsurvey_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5FBAAAAIAAJ&q=nicaragua+canal+earthquake+zone&pg=PA146">"Nicaragua Canal: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Report of the Board of Engineers for the Purpose of Ascertaining the Feasibility, Permanence and Cost of Construction and Completion of the Nicaragua Canal by the Route Contemplated and Provided for by the Act which Passed the Senate January 28, 1895"</a>. 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicaragua+Canal%3A+Message+from+the+President+of+the+United+States+Transmitting+the+Report+of+the+Board+of+Engineers+for+the+Purpose+of+Ascertaining+the+Feasibility%2C+Permanence+and+Cost+of+Construction+and+Completion+of+the+Nicaragua+Canal+by+the+Route+Contemplated+and+Provided+for+by+the+Act+which+Passed+the+Senate+January+28%2C+1895&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5FBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dnicaragua%2Bcanal%2Bearthquake%2Bzone%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1899" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, C Willard (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2396750">"Physiography and Geology of Region Adjacent to the Nicaragua Canal Route"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Geological Society of America</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 285–348. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1899GSAB...10..285H">1899GSAB...10..285H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-10-285">10.1130/GSAB-10-285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Physiography+and+Geology+of+Region+Adjacent+to+the+Nicaragua+Canal+Route&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=285-348&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FGSAB-10-285&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1899GSAB...10..285H&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=C+Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2396750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byu-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byu_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byu_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/Panama/Panama02.htm">"Campaign in America against the Nicaragua canal… chapter VII"</a>. Brigham Young University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaign+in+America+against+the+Nicaragua+canal%E2%80%A6+chapter+VII&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fcomment%2FPanama%2FPanama02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinzer2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinzer2006_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinzer2006_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Kinzer, S</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overthrow00step/page/56">"From a whorehouse to a White House"</a></span>. <i>Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq</i> (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overthrow00step/page/56">56–77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805082401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805082401"><bdi>978-0805082401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+a+whorehouse+to+a+White+House&rft.btitle=Overthrow%3A+America%27s+Century+of+Regime+Change+from+Hawaii+to+Iraq&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56-77&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company%2C+LLC&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0805082401&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foverthrow00step%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA52">"On The Trail of The Forty-Niners"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i> (map of surveyed route). Hearst Magazines. January 1932. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=On+The+Trail+of+The+Forty-Niners&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1932-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_The_Trail_of_The_Forty-Niners-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-On_The_Trail_of_The_Forty-Niners_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-On_The_Trail_of_The_Forty-Niners_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA52">"On The Trail of The Forty-Niners"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i> (map of surveyed route). Hearst Magazines. January 1932. pp. 52–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=On+The+Trail+of+The+Forty-Niners&rft.pages=52-55&rft.date=1932-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56">"On The Trail of The Forty-Niners"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i> (map of surveyed route). Hearst Magazines. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hknd-group.com/the-project/">the original</a> on 2014-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+project&rft.pub=HKND+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhknd-group.com%2Fthe-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnamericas.com/news/infraestructura/promotora-china-de-canal-interoceanico-de-nicaragua-de-us40000mn-es-100-privada1">"Promotora china de canal interoceanico de Nicaragua de US$40mn es 100% privada"</a> [Chinese promoter of Nicaragua’s US$4b interoceanic canal is 100% private]. <i>BN Americas</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BN+Americas&rft.atitle=Promotora+china+de+canal+interoceanico+de+Nicaragua+de+US%2440mn+es+100%25+privada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnamericas.com%2Fnews%2Finfraestructura%2Fpromotora-china-de-canal-interoceanico-de-nicaragua-de-us40000mn-es-100-privada1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130616032436/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/news-summary-nicaragua-looking-to-give-chinese-company-concession-to-build-canal/2013/06/06/7882725a-cebc-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html">"Nicaragua looking to give Chinese company concession to build canal"</a>. Business. <i>The Washington post</i>. 2013-06-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/news-summary-nicaragua-looking-to-give-chinese-company-concession-to-build-canal/2013/06/06/7882725a-cebc-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+post&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+looking+to+give+Chinese+company+concession+to+build+canal&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews-summary-nicaragua-looking-to-give-chinese-company-concession-to-build-canal%2F2013%2F06%2F06%2F7882725a-cebc-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/a/20141223/42776279_0.shtml">"尼加拉瓜大运河开工中国公司拥有100年运营权"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3%E5%BC%80%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%8B%A5%E6%9C%89100%E5%B9%B4%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5%E6%9D%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fa%2F20141223%2F42776279_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloomburgMar2016-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BloomburgMar2016_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloomburgMar2016_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2016" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Michael D (March 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-17/china-slowdown-not-holding-back-nicaragua-canal-contractor-says">"China Slowdown Not Holding Back Nicaragua Canal, Contractor Says"</a>. BloombergBusiness<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Slowdown+Not+Holding+Back+Nicaragua+Canal%2C+Contractor+Says&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Michael+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-03-17%2Fchina-slowdown-not-holding-back-nicaragua-canal-contractor-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nytimes2016-04-03-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes2016-04-03_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Daley2016" class="citation news cs1">Suzanne Daley (2016-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/04/world/americas/nicaragua-canal-chinese-tycoon.html">"Lost in Nicaragua, a Chinese Tycoon's Canal Project"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. p. A4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-04</span></span>. <q>President Daniel Ortega has not talked about the canal in public for months. And there are no visible signs of progress. Cows graze in the field where Mr. Wang officially began the project.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lost+in+Nicaragua%2C+a+Chinese+Tycoon%27s+Canal+Project&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=2016-04-03&rft.au=Suzanne+Daley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fnicaragua-canal-chinese-tycoon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-26/nicaragua-canal-builder-abandons-office-in-prime-hong-kong-tower">Ex-Billionaire Abandons Office in Prime Hong Kong Tower</a>. Blake Schmidt, <i>Bloomberg</i>. 26 April 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=132547">Nicaragua Canal Project Dealt New Blow</a>. <i>The Havana Times</i>. 28 April 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIDH-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FIDH_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIDH_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIDH_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/nicaragua_sumup_english.pdf">Nicaragua : Impact of Interoceanic canal concession on human rights. The resistance of rural communities</a>. (PDF) International Federation for Human Rights. September 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/funding-evaporates-for-nicaragua-s-50-billion-ocean-to-ocean-canal/article/515542">Funding evaporates for Nicaragua's $50 billion ocean-to-ocean canal</a>. Blanca Morel, AFP. 21 February 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=133379">Nicaragua’s Anti-Canal Farmers Demand Participation and Announce Protests</a>. <i>The Havana Times</i>. 15 May 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/four-police-officers-one-protester-killed-nicaragua-protest-033725846.html">Four police officers, one protester killed in Nicaragua protest</a>. <i>AFP News</i>. 12 July 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://havanatimes.org/features/the-six-year-struggle-against-the-chinese-canal-in-nicaragua/">The Six-Year Struggle against the Chinese Canal in Nicaragua</a>. Wilfredo Miranda Aburto, <i>The Havana Times</i>. 19 June 2019.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brannstrom, Christian. "Almost a canal: visions of interoceanic communication across southern Nicaragua." <i>Ecumene</i> 2.1 (1995): 65–87.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodhead2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brodhead, Michael J. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125526/http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/8-Brodhead1.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Wet, Nasty Job': Army Engineers and the Nicaragua Canal Survey of 1929–1931"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal History</i> (4): 111–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/8-Brodhead1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+History&rft.atitle=%27A+Wet%2C+Nasty+Job%27%3A+Army+Engineers+and+the+Nicaragua+Canal+Survey+of+1929%E2%80%931931&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=111-30&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Brodhead&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshfg.org%2Fshfg%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F07%2F8-Brodhead1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chen, Jihong, et al. "The Nicaragua Canal: potential impact on international shipping and its attendant challenges." <i>Maritime Economics & Logistics</i> 21.1 (2019): 79–98. Proposals for a new canal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rail.rutgers.edu/files/Nicaragua_Canal.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Clayton, Lawrence A. "The Nicaragua canal in the nineteenth century: prelude to American empire in the Caribbean." <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i> 19.2 (1987): 323–352.</li> <li>Howard, Brian Clark, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>, February 20, 2014 "A planned rival to the Panama Canal carries environmental consequences." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214212/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140220-nicaraguan-canal-environment-conservation/?google_editors_picks=true">[1]</a></li> <li>MacDonald, N. P. "Britain and an Atlantic-Pacific Canal" <i>History Today</i> (Oct 1957), Vol. 7 Issue 10, pp. 676–684 online.</li> <li>Scheips, Paul J. "United States Commercial Pressures for a Nicaragua Canal in the 1890’s." <i>The Americas</i> 20.4 (1964): 333–358.</li> <li>Tittor, Anne. "Conflicts about Nicaragua’s Interoceanic Canal Project: framing, counterframing and government strategies." <i>Cahiers des Amériques latines</i> 87 (2018): 117–140. Re a new canal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/cal/8561">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borislav_Tsekov" title="Borislav Tsekov">Tsekov, Borislav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Modern_Politics" title="Institute of Modern Politics">Institute of Modern Politics</a>, January 6, 2015, "About Nicaragua Canal, Geopolitics and South Stream Pipeline" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.modernpolitics.org/wp-content/uploads/analyses-nicaragua-canal.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li>Turzi, Mariano. "Latin American silk road: China and the Nicaragua Canal." <i>Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad</i> 12.2 (2017): 163–178. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S1909-30632017000200008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731152125/http://www.grancanal.gob.ni/">"Gran canal"</a> [The grand Canal] (official webpage) (in Spanish). Nicaragua: Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grancanal.gob.ni/">the original</a> on July 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gran+canal&rft.place=Nicaragua&rft.pub=Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grancanal.gob.ni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttempts+to+build+a+canal+across+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua&params=11.5_N_85_W_scale:3000000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.5°N 85.0°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.5; -85.0</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template talk:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicaragua_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation (1912–1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza Family (1936–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">v. Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua_(1979%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Nicaragua (1979–1990)">Sandinista period (1979–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#Post-Sandinista_period_(1990-)" title="History of Nicaragua">Post-Sandinista period (1990–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of earthquakes in Nicaragua">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nicaragua" title="List of ecoregions in Nicaragua">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nicaragua" title="Fauna of Nicaragua">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Nicaragua" title="List of islands of Nicaragua">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Nicaragua" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Mountains of Nicaragua">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nicaragua" title="List of rivers of Nicaragua">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Nicaragua" title="Water resources management in Nicaragua">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nicaragua" title="Elections in Nicaragua">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Human rights in Nicaragua">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nicaragua">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nicaragua" title="List of political parties in Nicaragua">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua" title="Territorial disputes of Nicaragua">Territorial disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nicaragua" title="Agriculture in Nicaragua">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Nicaragua" title="Banking in Nicaragua">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Nicaragua" title="Electricity sector in Nicaragua">Energy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Nicaragua" title="Bolsa de Valores de Nicaragua">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nicaragua" title="Tourism in Nicaragua">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nicaragua" title="Transport in Nicaragua">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Society of Nicaragua">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nicaragua" title="Health in Nicaragua">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_films" title="List of Nicaraguan films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nicaragua" title="Mass media in Nicaragua">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Nicaragua" title="List of museums in Nicaragua">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Nicaragua" title="National symbols of Nicaragua">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nicaragua" title="Public holidays in Nicaragua">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nicaragua" title="Outline of Nicaragua">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related 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