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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Japanese Empire" redirects here. For the relationship between Japan and its colonies, see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonial empire</a>. For the book by Sarah C. Paine, see <a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_Empire_(book)" title="The Japanese Empire (book)"><i>The Japanese Empire</i> (book)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><p>The <b>Empire of Japan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Japanese Empire</b> or <b>Imperial Japan</b>, was the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that existed from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> on 3 January 1868 until the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> took effect on 3 May 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndlconstitution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">1910</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">1945</a>, it included the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kurils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_concessions_in_China#List_of_concessions" title="Foreign concessions in China">Concessions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a> were <i>de jure</i> not parts of the empire but dependent territories. In the closing stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with Japan defeated alongside the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, the formalized <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a> was issued on 2 September 1945 in compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, and the empire's territory subsequently shrunk to cover only the Japanese archipelago resembling modern Japan. </p><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Empire of Japan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">大日本帝國</span></span></li><li><i>Dai Nippon Teikoku</i> or <br><i>Dai Nihon Teikoku</i></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1868–1947</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Japan"><img alt="Flag of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="Imperial Seal of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/85px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/128px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/170px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990"></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan"> Imperial Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><br>(1868–1912)<br><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">五箇条の御誓文</a><br><i>Gokajō no Goseimon</i><br>"<a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">The Oath in Five Articles</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br>(1869–1945)<br>君が代<br><i><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></i><br>"His Imperial Majesty's Reign"<br><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="Kimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Kimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Kimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg/Kimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKimi_ga_Yo_1930.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></span><figcaption>noicon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Japanese_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Empire of Japan at its peak in 1942: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-center: 0.6em; text-align: center;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#145A37; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#148237; color:white;"> </span> Colonies (<a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a>) / <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Mandates</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5FAF5F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state#Imperial_Japan" title="Puppet state">Puppet states</a> / <a href="/wiki/Protectorate#Japan" title="Protectorate">Protectorates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_occupied_by_Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan">Occupied territories</a></div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> (1868−1945)<br><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Military occupation</a> (1945–1947)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> (1868–1869)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a> (1869–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (1943–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Tokyo City (1868–1943)</li> <li>Tokyo (1943–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>De jure:</i> <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><i>De facto:</i> <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state ideology</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><br>(1868–1889)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter198431–32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter198431%E2%80%9332-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>under <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter198431–32_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter198431%E2%80%9332-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>(1868–1885)</dd></dl> <p>Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a><br>(1889–1947)<sup id="cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndlconstitution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>under <a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied occupation of Japan">military occupation</a><br> (1945–1947)</dd></dl> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1868–1912 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912–1926 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1926–1947 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Japan#Empire_of_Japan_(1868%E2%80%931947)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Japan">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1885–1888 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946–1947 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Shigeru Yoshida</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>) (1868–1871)<br><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a> (1871–1889)<br><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> (since 1889)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a> (1889–1947)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a> (from 1890)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 January 1868<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 February 1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1894</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1904</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 August 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 July 1937</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Founding of the IRAA</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Surrender of Japan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Reconstituted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 May 1947<sup id="cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndlconstitution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1938<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,984,000 km<sup>2</sup> (766,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1942<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">7,400,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,900,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">77,700,000<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">105,200,000<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_yen" title="Korean yen">Korean yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_yen" title="Taiwanese yen">Taiwanese yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Tokugawa_Shogunate.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Tokugawa_Shogunate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Tokugawa_Shogunate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Tokugawa_Shogunate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Tokugawa_Shogunate.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Tokugawa_Shogunate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450"></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/20px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/30px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/40px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupied Japan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420"></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">56.0 million lived in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Japan" title="Mainland Japan">naichi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li value="2">73.1 million lived in the <i>naichi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Japanese Empire</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">だいにっぽんていこく<br>だいにほんていこく</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ダイニッポンテイコク<br>ダイニホンテイコク</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大日本帝國</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大日本帝国</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn"><i>Dai Nippon Teikoku</i><br><i>Dai Nihon Teikoku</i></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Official Term name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Official Term</th><td class="infobox-data">Japanese Empire</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Literal Translation name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal Translation</th><td class="infobox-data">Imperial State of Greater Japan or the Great Japanese Empire</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under the slogans of <span style="margin-right:.09em"><i><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">fukoku kyōhei</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>shokusan kōgyō</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which followed the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> and the restoration of power to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a>, Japan underwent a <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">period of large-scale industrialization and militarization</a>, often regarded as the fastest modernization of any country to date. All of these aspects contributed to Japan's emergence as a great power following the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Economic and political turmoil in the 1920s, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">statism</a> and authoritarianism, and this ideological shift eventually culminated in Japan joining the Axis alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, and also conquering a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the Japanese army committed many atrocities, including the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>. However, there has been a debate over defining the political system of Japan as a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sjlee_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjlee-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a> initially achieved large-scale military successes during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. However, from 1942 onwards, and particularly after decisive Allied advances at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway Atoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a>, Japan was forced to adopt a defensive stance against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The American-led <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island-hopping campaign</a> led to the eventual loss of many of Japan's Oceanian island possessions in the following three years. Eventually, the American military captured <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa Island</a>, leaving the Japanese mainland unprotected and without a significant naval defense force. By August 1945, plans had been made for an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Allied invasion of mainland Japan</a>, but were shelved after Japan surrendered in the face of a major breakthrough by the Western Allies and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>. The Pacific War officially came to an end on 2 September 1945, leading to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied occupation of Japan</a>, during which United States military leader <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> administered the country. In 1947, through Allied efforts, a new Japan's constitution was enacted, officially ending the Japanese Empire and forming modern <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. During this time, the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces were dissolved. It was later replaced by the current <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> in 1954. Reconstruction under the Allied occupation continued until 1952, consolidating the modern <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Japanese constitutional monarchy</a>. </p><p>In total, the Empire of Japan had three emperors: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa</a>. The Imperial era came to an end partway through <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa's reign</a>, and he remained emperor until 1989. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Boshin_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Boshin War</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Meiji_era_(1868%E2%80%931912)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Meiji era (1868–1912)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Transposition_in_social_order_and_cultural_destruction"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Transposition in social order and cultural destruction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Political_reform"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Political reform</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Economic_development"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Economic development</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#First_Sino-Japanese_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">First Sino-Japanese War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Boxer_Rebellion"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Boxer Rebellion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Russo-Japanese_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Russo-Japanese War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Annexation_of_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Annexation of Korea</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Taish%C5%8D_era_(1912%E2%80%931926)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Taishō era (1912–1926)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#World_War_I"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">World War I</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Siberian_Intervention"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Siberian Intervention</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#%22Taish%C5%8D_Democracy%22"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">"Taishō Democracy"</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931930)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Early Shōwa (1926–1930)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Rise_of_militarism_and_its_social_organisations"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rise of militarism and its social organisations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Nationalism_and_decline_of_democracy"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nationalism and decline of democracy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economic_factors"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Economic factors</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Later_Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1931%E2%80%931941)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Later Shōwa (1931–1941)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Prewar_expansionism"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prewar expansionism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="#Manchuria"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Manchuria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24"><a href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second Sino-Japanese War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="#Clashes_with_the_Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Clashes with the Soviet Union</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-26"><a href="#Tripartite_Pact"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tripartite Pact</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#World_War_II_(1941%E2%80%931945)"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">World War II (1941–1945)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Japanese_conquests"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Japanese conquests</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Tide_turns"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tide turns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Surrender"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Surrender</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#End_of_the_Empire_of_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">End of the Empire of Japan</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Occupation_of_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Occupation of Japan</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Influential_personnel"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Influential personnel</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Political"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Political</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Diplomats"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Diplomats</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Imperial_Japanese_Army"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Imperial Japanese Army</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-38"><a href="#Early_period"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-39"><a href="#World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Imperial_Japanese_Navy"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Imperial Japanese Navy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-41"><a href="#Early_period_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-42"><a href="#World_War_II_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Notable_scholars/scientists"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notable scholars/scientists</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">19th century</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Anthropologists,_ethnologists,_archaeologists,_and_historians"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Anthropologists, ethnologists, archaeologists, and historians</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Medical_scientists,_biologists,_evolutionary_theorists,_and_geneticists"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medical scientists, biologists, evolutionary theorists, and geneticists</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Inventors,_industrialists,_engineers"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Inventors, industrialists, engineers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Philosophers,_educators,_mathematicians,_and_polymaths"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophers, educators, mathematicians, and polymaths</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Chemists,_physicists,_and_geologists"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Chemists, physicists, and geologists</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Timeline_(1926%E2%80%931947)"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline (1926–1947)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Emperors"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Emperors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Emblems"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Emblems</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The historical state is frequently referred to as the "Empire of Japan", the "Japanese Empire", or "Imperial Japan" in English. In Japanese it is referred to as <i>Dai Nippon Teikoku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大日本帝國</span></span>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shillony_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillony-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which translates to "Empire of Great Japan" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:大"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dai</i></span></a> "Great", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:日本"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nippon</i></span></a> "Japanese", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:帝国"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Teikoku</i></span></a> "Empire"). <i>Teikoku</i> is itself composed of the nouns <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:帝"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tei</i></span></a> "referring to an emperor" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:国"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">-koku</i></span></a> "nation, state", literally "Imperial State" or "Imperial Realm" (compare the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Kaiserreich</a></i>). The name "Empire of Japan" appeared for the first time in the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>. </p><p>This meaning is significant in terms of geography, encompassing Japan, and its surrounding areas. The nomenclature <i>Empire of Japan</i> had existed since the anti-Tokugawa domains, <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū</a>, which founded their new government during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, with the intention of forming a modern state to resist <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> domination. Later the Empire emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> in the world. </p><p>Due to its name in <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i> characters and its flag, it was also given the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonyms</a> "Empire of the Sun" and "Empire of the Rising Sun". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></div> <p>After two centuries, the seclusion policy, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">sakoku</a></i>, under the <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōguns</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> which came when <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> arrived in Japan in 1854. Thus, the period known as <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a> began. </p><p>The following years saw increased foreign trade and interaction; commercial treaties between the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and Western countries were signed. In large part due to the humiliating terms of these <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a>, the shogunate soon faced internal hostility, which materialized into a radical, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> movement, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">sonnō jōi</a></i> (literally "Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200434_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200434-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1863, the Emperor issued the "<a href="/wiki/Order_to_expel_barbarians" title="Order to expel barbarians">order to expel barbarians</a>." Although the shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Namamugi_Incident" title="Namamugi Incident">Namamugi Incident</a> during 1862 led to the murder of an Englishman, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox_Richardson" title="Charles Lennox Richardson">Charles Lennox Richardson</a>, by a party of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> from <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Province" title="Satsuma Province">Satsuma</a>. The British demanded reparations but were denied. While attempting to exact payment, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was fired on from coastal batteries near the town of <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>. They responded by <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">bombarding the port of Kagoshima</a> in 1863. The Tokugawa government agreed to pay an indemnity for Richardson's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002314–315_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002314%E2%80%93315-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelling of foreign shipping in <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a> and attacks against foreign property led to the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Shimonoseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Shimonoseki">bombardment of Shimonoseki</a> by a multinational force in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200435_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200435-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chōshū clan also launched the failed coup known as the <a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Kinmon incident</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Satch%C5%8D_Alliance" title="Satchō Alliance">Satsuma-Chōshū alliance</a> was established in 1866 to combine their efforts to overthrow the Tokugawa <i>bakufu</i>. In early 1867, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a> died of smallpox and was replaced by his son, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Crown Prince Mutsuhito (Meiji)</a>. </p><p>On November 9, 1867, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a> resigned from his post and authorities to the emperor, agreeing to "be the instrument for carrying out" imperial orders,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatow1921282_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatow1921282-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeene2002116_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene2002116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002310–311_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002310%E2%80%93311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while Yoshinobu's resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. Moreover, the shogunal government, the Tokugawa family in particular, remained a prominent force in the evolving political order and retained many executive powers,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a prospect hard-liners from Satsuma and Chōshū found intolerable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatow1921286_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatow1921286-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 3, 1868, Satsuma-Chōshū forces seized the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace" title="Kyoto Imperial Palace">imperial palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, and the following day had the fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji declare his own restoration to full power. Although the majority of the imperial consultative assembly was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa, <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a>, leader of the Satsuma clan, threatened the assembly into abolishing the title <i>shōgun</i> and ordered the confiscation of Yoshinobu's lands.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 17, 1868, Yoshinobu declared "that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the Restoration and called on the court to rescind it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeene2002124_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene2002124-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 24, Yoshinobu decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces. This decision was prompted by his learning of a series of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> attacks in Edo, starting with the burning of the outworks of <a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo Castle</a>, the main Tokugawa residence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boshin_War">Boshin War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg/220px-Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg/220px-Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg/330px-Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg/440px-Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Naval Battle of Hakodate">Naval Battle of Hakodate</a>, May 1869; in the foreground, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_corvette_Kasuga" title="Japanese corvette Kasuga"><i>Kasuga</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu"><i>Kōtetsu</i></a> of the Imperial Japanese Navy</figcaption></figure> <p>The Boshin War<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">戊辰戦争</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Boshin Sensō</i></span>)</span> was fought between January 1868 and May 1869. The alliance of samurai from southern and western domains and court officials had now secured the cooperation of the young Emperor Meiji, who ordered the dissolution of the two-hundred-year-old Tokugawa shogunate. Tokugawa Yoshinobu launched a military campaign to seize the emperor's court in Kyoto. However, the tide rapidly turned in favor of the smaller but relatively modernized imperial faction and resulted in defections of many <i>daimyōs</i> to the Imperial side. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Battle of Toba–Fushimi</a> was a decisive victory in which a combined army from Chōshū, Tosa, and Satsuma domains defeated the Tokugawa army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002312_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002312-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of battles were then fought in pursuit of supporters of the Shogunate; Edo surrendered to the Imperial forces and afterward, Yoshinobu personally surrendered. Yoshinobu was stripped of all his power by Emperor Meiji and most of Japan accepted the emperor's rule. </p><p>Pro-Tokugawa remnants retreated to northern Honshū (<a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuetsu_Reppan_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei">Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei</a>) and later to Ezo (present-day <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a>), where they established the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a>. An expeditionary force was dispatched by the new government and the Ezo Republic forces were overwhelmed. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Battle of Hakodate">siege of Hakodate</a> came to an end in May 1869 and the remaining forces surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002312_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002312-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_era_(1868–1912)"><span id="Meiji_era_.281868.E2.80.931912.29"></span>Meiji era (1868–1912)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg/220px-Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 312px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg/220px-Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="312" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg/330px-Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg/440px-Emperor_Meiji_in_1873.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, the 122nd emperor of Japan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government of Meiji Japan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a> was made public at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on April 7, 1868. The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji leaders</a> also aimed to boost morale and win financial support for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">new government</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iwakura_mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iwakura_mission.jpg/220px-Iwakura_mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1953"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iwakura_mission.jpg/220px-Iwakura_mission.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iwakura_mission.jpg/330px-Iwakura_mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iwakura_mission.jpg/440px-Iwakura_mission.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Prominent members of the Iwakura mission. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Kido_Takayoshi" title="Kido Takayoshi">Kido Takayoshi</a>, Yamaguchi Masuka, <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Tomomi" title="Iwakura Tomomi">Iwakura Tomomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_Toshimichi" title="Ōkubo Toshimichi">Ōkubo Toshimichi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Japan dispatched the <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Mission" title="Iwakura Mission">Iwakura Mission</a> in 1871. The mission traveled the world in order to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the United States and European countries that Japan had been forced into during the Tokugawa shogunate, and to gather information on western social and economic systems, in order to effect the modernization of Japan. Renegotiation of the unequal treaties was universally unsuccessful, but close observation of the American and European systems inspired members on their return to bring about modernization initiatives in Japan. Japan made a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1875)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)">territorial delimitation treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> in 1875, gaining all the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuril islands">Kuril islands</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin island">Sakhalin island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese government sent observers to Western countries to observe and learn their practices, and also paid "<a href="/wiki/Foreign_government_advisors_in_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan">foreign advisors</a>" in a variety of fields to come to Japan to educate the populace. For instance, the judicial system and <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">constitution</a> were modeled after <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_Ienaga" title="Saburō Ienaga">Saburō Ienaga</a> as "an attempt to control popular thought with a blend of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="German conservatism">German conservatism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also outlawed customs linked to Japan's feudal past, such as publicly displaying and wearing <a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chonmage" title="Chonmage">top knot</a>, both of which were characteristic of the samurai class, which was abolished together with the caste system. This would later bring the Meiji government into <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">conflict with the samurai</a>. </p><p>Several writers, under the constant threat of assassination from their political foes, were influential in winning Japanese support for <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernization</a>. One such writer was <a href="/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi" title="Fukuzawa Yukichi">Fukuzawa Yukichi</a>, whose works included "Conditions in the West", "<a href="/wiki/Datsu-A_Ron" title="Datsu-A Ron">Leaving Asia</a>", and "An Outline of a Theory of Civilization", which detailed Western society and his own philosophies. In the Meiji Restoration period, military and economic power was emphasized. Military strength became the means for national development and stability. Imperial Japan became the only non-Western <a href="/wiki/World_power" class="mw-redirect" title="World power">world power</a> and a major force in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> in about 25 years as a result of industrialization and economic development. </p><p>As writer <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Urach" title="Albrecht von Urach">Albrecht Fürst von Urach</a> comments in his booklet "The Secret of Japan's Strength", published in 1942, during the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> period: </p> <blockquote><p>The rise of Japan to a world power during the past 80 years is the greatest miracle in world history. The mighty empires of antiquity, the major political institutions of the Middle Ages and the early modern era, the Spanish Empire, the British Empire, all needed centuries to achieve their full strength. Japan's rise has been meteoric. After only 80 years, it is one of the few great powers that determine the fate of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transposition_in_social_order_and_cultural_destruction">Transposition in social order and cultural destruction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions#Before_World_War_II" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions § Before World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan#Opening_of_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity in Japan § Opening of Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Japan#Rediscovery_and_return" title="History of the Catholic Church in Japan">History of the Catholic Church in Japan § Rediscovery and return</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">Burakumin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></div> <p>In the 1860s, Japan began to experience great social turmoil and rapid modernization. The feudal caste system in Japan formally ended in 1869 with the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji restoration">Meiji restoration</a>. In 1871, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Era">Meiji</a> government issued a decree called <i>Senmin Haishirei</i> (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%A4%E6%B0%91%E5%BB%83%E6%AD%A2%E4%BB%A4" class="extiw" title="ja:賤民廃止令">賤民廃止令</a> <i>Edict Abolishing Ignoble Classes</i>) giving <a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">burakumin</a> equal legal status. It is currently better known as the <i>Kaihōrei</i> (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%A4" class="extiw" title="ja:解放令">解放令</a> <i>Emancipation Edict</i>). However, the elimination of their economic monopolies over certain occupations actually led to a decline in their general living standards, while social discrimination simply continued. For example, the ban on the consumption of meat from livestock was lifted in 1871, and many former <i>burakumin</i> moved on to work in <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">abattoirs</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">butchers</a>. However, slow-changing social attitudes, especially in the countryside, meant that abattoirs and workers were met with hostility from local residents. Continued ostracism as well as the decline in living standards led to former <i>burakumin</i> communities turning into slum areas. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Blood_tax_riots" title="Blood tax riots">Blood tax riots</a>, the Japanese Meiji government brutally put down revolts by Japanese samurai angry over the legal revocation of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchable</a> status of burakumin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The social tension continued to grow during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>, affecting religious practices and institutions. Conversion from traditional faith was no longer legally forbidden, officials lifted the 250-year ban on Christianity, and missionaries of established Christian churches reentered Japan. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Syncreticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncreticism">syncreticism</a> between Shinto and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> ended. Losing the protection of the Japanese government which Buddhism had enjoyed for centuries, Buddhist monks faced radical difficulties in sustaining their institutions, but their activities also became less restrained by governmental policies and restrictions. As social conflicts emerged in this last decade of the Edo period, some new religious movements appeared, which were directly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>. </p><p>Emperor Ogimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568, but to little effect. Beginning in 1587 with imperial regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi's ban on Jesuit missionaries, Christianity was repressed as a threat to national unity. Under Hideyoshi and the succeeding Tokugawa shogunate, Catholic Christianity was repressed and adherents were persecuted. After the Tokugawa shogunate banned Christianity in 1620, it ceased to exist publicly. Many Catholics went underground, becoming hidden Christians<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">隠れキリシタン</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kakure kirishitan</i></span>)</span>, while others lost their lives. After Japan was opened to foreign powers in 1853, many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox churches, though proselytism was still banned. Only after the Meiji Restoration, was Christianity re-established in Japan. Freedom of religion was introduced in 1871, giving all Christian communities the right to legal existence and preaching. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> was brought to Japan in the 19th century by St. Nicholas (baptized as Ivan Dmitrievich Kasatkin),<sup id="cite_ref-snow_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was sent in 1861 by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a>, Hokkaidō as priest to a chapel of the Russian Consulate.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Nicholas of Japan made his own translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and some other religious books (<a href="/wiki/Triodion" title="Triodion">Lenten Triodion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostarion" title="Pentecostarion">Pentecostarion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Feast Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irmologion" title="Irmologion">Irmologion</a>) into <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas has since been canonized as a saint by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Moscow">Patriarchate of Moscow</a> in 1970, and is now recognized as St. Nicholas, <a href="/wiki/Equal-to-the-Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal-to-the-Apostles">Equal-to-the-Apostles</a> to Japan. His commemoration day is February 16. <a href="/wiki/Andronic_Nikolsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronic Nikolsky">Andronic Nikolsky</a>, appointed the first Bishop of Kyoto and later martyred as the archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, was also canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a Saint and Martyr in the year 2000. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg/170px-Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg/170px-Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg/255px-Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg/340px-Nagasaki_Oura_C1378.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Twenty-Six_Holy_Martyrs_of_Japan_(Nagasaki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan (Nagasaki)">Ōura Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Divie_Bethune_McCartee" title="Divie Bethune McCartee">Divie Bethune McCartee</a> was the first ordained <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">missionary</a> to visit Japan, in 1861–1862. His gospel <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tract</a> translated into Japanese was among the first Protestant literature in Japan. In 1865, McCartee moved back to <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, China, but others have followed in his footsteps. There was a burst of growth of Christianity in the late 19th century when Japan re-opened its doors to the West. Protestant church growth slowed dramatically in the early 20th century under the influence of the military government during the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa period</a>. </p><p>Under the Meiji Restoration, the practices of the samurai classes, deemed feudal and unsuitable for modern times following the end of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sakoku</i></span> in 1853, resulted in a number of edicts intended to 'modernise' the appearance of upper class Japanese men. With the Dampatsurei Edict of 1871 issued by Emperor Meiji during the early Meiji Era, men of the samurai classes were forced to cut their hair short, effectively abandoning the chonmage (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chonmage</i></span>) hairstyle.<sup id="cite_ref-kanban_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanban-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> </p><p>During the early 20th century, the government was suspicious towards a number of unauthorized religious movements and periodically made attempts to suppress them. Government suppression was especially severe from the 1930s until the early 1940s, when the growth of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> were closely linked. Under the Meiji regime <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté">lèse majesté</a></i> prohibited insults against the Emperor and his Imperial House, and also against some major Shinto shrines which were believed to be tied strongly to the Emperor. The government strengthened its control over religious institutions that were considered to undermine State Shinto or nationalism. </p><p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Japanese castles</a> were <a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle#Meiji_Restoration" title="Japanese castle">smashed and destroyed</a> in the late 19th century in the Meiji restoration by the Japanese people and government in order to modernize and westernize Japan and break from their past feudal era of the Daimyo and Shoguns. It was only due to the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a> in Japan that cheap concrete replicas of those castles were built for tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of castles in Japan today are new replicas made out of concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959 a concrete keep was built for Nagoya castle.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Meiji restoration's <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a>, tens of thousands of Japanese Buddhist religious idols and temples were smashed and destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many statues still lie in ruins. Replica temples were rebuilt with concrete. Japan then closed and shut done tens of thousands of traditional old Shinto shrines in the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_Consolidation_Policy" title="Shrine Consolidation Policy">Shrine Consolidation Policy</a> and the Meiji government built the new modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Fifteen_Shrines_of_the_Kenmu_Restoration" title="List of the Fifteen Shrines of the Kenmu Restoration">15 shrines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kenmu_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenmu restoration">Kenmu restoration</a> as a political move to link the Meiji restoration to the Kenmu restoration for their new State Shinto cult. </p><p>Japanese had to look at old paintings in order to find out what the <a href="/wiki/Horyuji_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Horyuji temple">Horyuji temple</a> used to look like when they rebuilt it. The rebuilding was originally planned for the Shōwa era.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese used mostly concrete in 1934 to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Togetsukyo_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Togetsukyo Bridge">Togetsukyo Bridge</a>, unlike the original destroyed wooden version of the bridge from 836.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_reform">Political reform</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg/170px-Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1161"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg/170px-Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg/255px-Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg/340px-Japanese_Parliament_in_session.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Japanese Parliament</a>, showing the Prime Minister speaking addressing the House of Peers, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of a written constitution had been a subject of heated debate within and outside of the government since the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji government">Meiji government</a>. The conservative Meiji oligarchy viewed anything resembling <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> with suspicion and trepidation, and favored a gradualist approach. The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement" title="Freedom and People's Rights Movement">Freedom and People's Rights Movement</a> demanded the immediate establishment of an elected <a href="/wiki/National_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="National assembly">national assembly</a>, and the promulgation of a constitution. </p><p>The constitution recognized the need for change and modernization after the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogunate">shogunate</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>We, the Successor to the prosperous Throne of Our Predecessors, do humbly and solemnly swear to the Imperial Founder of Our House and to Our other Imperial Ancestors that, in pursuance of a great policy co-extensive with the Heavens and with the Earth, We shall maintain and secure from decline the ancient form of government. ... In consideration of the progressive tendency of the course of human affairs and in parallel with the advance of civilization, We deem it expedient, in order to give clearness and distinctness to the instructions bequeathed by the Imperial Founder of Our House and by Our other Imperial Ancestors, to establish fundamental laws. ...</p></blockquote> <p>Imperial Japan was founded, <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>, after the 1889 signing of Constitution of the Empire of Japan. The constitution formalized much of the Empire's political structure and gave many responsibilities and powers to the Emperor. </p> <ul><li>Article 1. The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal.</li> <li>Article 2. The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by Imperial male descendants, according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law.</li> <li>Article 3. The Emperor is sacred and inviolable.</li> <li>Article 4. The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution.</li> <li>Article 5. The Emperor exercises the legislative power with the consent of the Imperial Diet.</li> <li>Article 6. The Emperor gives sanction to laws, and orders them to be promulgated and executed.</li> <li>Article 7. The Emperor convokes the Imperial Diet, opens, closes and prorogues it, and dissolves the House of Representatives.</li> <li>Article 11. The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 12. The Emperor determines the organization and peace standing of the Army and Navy.</li> <li>Article 13. The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties.</li> <li>Article 14. The Emperor declares a state of siege.</li> <li>Article 15. The Emperor confers titles of nobility, rank, orders and other marks of honor.</li> <li>Article 16. The Emperor orders amnesty, pardon, commutation of punishments and rehabilitation.</li> <li>Article 17. A Regency shall be instituted in conformity with the provisions of the Imperial House Law.</li></ul> <p>In 1890, the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> was established in response to the Meiji Constitution. The Diet consisted of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Japan">House of Representatives of Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a>. Both houses opened seats for colonial people as well as Japanese. The Imperial Diet continued until 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndlconstitution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png/170px-Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png/170px-Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png" data-width="170" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png/255px-Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png/340px-Baron_Tarokaja_Masuda_c1915.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Baron Masuda Tarokaja, a member of the House of Peers (<i><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></i>). His father, Baron <a href="/wiki/Masuda_Takashi" title="Masuda Takashi">Masuda Takashi</a>, was responsible for transforming <i><a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a></i> into a <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy of the Empire of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#20th_century" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history of Japan § 20th century</a></div> <p>Economic development was characterized by rapid <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, the development of a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist economy">capitalist economy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Odagiri_&_Goto_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odagiri_&_Goto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the transformation of many <a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan hierarchy">feudal</a> workers to <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>. The use of strike action also increased, and 1897, with the establishment of a union for metalworkers, the foundations of the modern <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_Japan" title="Labor unions in Japan">Japanese trade-union movement</a> were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samurai were allowed to work in any occupation they wanted. Admission to universities was determined based on examination results. The government also recruited more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (<a href="/wiki/O-yatoi_gaikokujin" class="mw-redirect" title="O-yatoi gaikokujin">O-yatoi gaikokujin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> was still low due to samurai and their descendants being overrepresented in the new elite class.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After sending observers to the United States, the Empire of Japan initially copied the decentralized American system with no central bank.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, the <i>New Currency Act</i> of Meiji 4 (1871) abolished the local currencies and established the <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a> as the new decimal currency. It had parity with the Mexican silver dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Sino-Japanese_War">First Sino-Japanese War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, fought in 1894 and 1895, revolved around the issue of control and influence over Korea under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a>. Korea had traditionally been a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> of China's <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a>, which exerted large influence over the conservative Korean officials who gathered around the royal family of the Joseon kingdom. On February 27, 1876, after several confrontations between Korean isolationists and the Japanese, Japan imposed the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876</a>, forcing Korea open to Japanese trade. The act blocked any other power from dominating Korea, resolving to end the centuries-old Chinese <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. </p><p>On June 4, 1894, Korea requested aid from the Qing Empire in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Rebellion</a>. The Qing government sent 2,800 troops to Korea. The Japanese countered by sending an 8,000-troop expeditionary force (the Oshima Composite Brigade) to Korea. The first 400 troops arrived on June 9 en route to <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, and 3,000 landed at <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> on June 12.<sup id="cite_ref-Seth_2010_225_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seth_2010_225-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing government turned down Japan's suggestion for Japan and China to cooperate to reform the Korean government. When Korea demanded that Japan withdraw its troops from Korea, the Japanese refused. In early June 1894, the 8,000 Japanese troops captured the Korean king Gojong, occupied the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Royal Palace</a> in Seoul and, by June 25, installed a puppet government in Seoul. The new pro-Japanese Korean government granted Japan the right to expel Qing forces while Japan dispatched more troops to Korea. </p><p>China objected and war ensued. Japanese ground troops routed the Chinese forces on the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, and nearly destroyed the Chinese navy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yalu_River_(1894)" title="Battle of the Yalu River (1894)">Battle of the Yalu River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> was signed between Japan and China, which ceded the Liaodong Peninsula and the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a> to Japan. After the peace treaty, Russia, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> forced Japan to withdraw from Liaodong Peninsula in the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a>. Soon afterward, Russia occupied the Liaodong Peninsula, built the <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_naval_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Arthur naval base">Port Arthur</a> fortress, and based the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Russian Pacific Fleet</a> in the port. Germany occupied <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_Bay" title="Jiaozhou Bay">Jiaozhou Bay</a>, built Tsingtao fortress and based the German <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron" title="East Asia Squadron">East Asia Squadron</a> in this port. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxer_Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="3006"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Komura_Jutaro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Marquess <a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Komura Jutaro</a>. Komura became Minister for Foreign Affairs under the first Katsura administration, and signed the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> on behalf of Japan.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></div> <p>In 1900, Japan joined an international military coalition set up in response to the Boxer Rebellion in the Qing Empire of China. Japan provided the largest contingent of troops: 20,840, as well as 18 warships. Of the total, 20,300 were Imperial Japanese Army troops of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">5th Infantry Division</a> under Lt. General Yamaguchi Motoomi; the remainder were 540 naval <i>rikusentai</i> (marines) from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the Boxer Rebellion the Japanese only had 215 troops in northern China stationed at Tientsin; nearly all of them were naval <i>rikusentai</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kasagi" title="Japanese cruiser Kasagi"><i>Kasagi</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Atago" title="Japanese gunboat Atago"><i>Atago</i></a>, under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Shimamura_Hayao" title="Shimamura Hayao">Shimamura Hayao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIon201444_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIon201444-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese were able to contribute 52 men to the <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Expedition" title="Seymour Expedition">Seymour Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIon201444_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIon201444-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 June 1900, the advance of the Seymour Expedition was halted some 50 kilometres (30 mi) from the capital, by mixed Boxer and Chinese regular army forces. The vastly outnumbered allies withdrew to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, having suffered more than 300 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200997_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200997-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff">army general staff</a> in Tokyo had become aware of the worsening conditions in China and had drafted ambitious contingency plans,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the wake of the Triple Intervention five years before, the government refused to deploy large numbers of troops unless requested by the western powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However three days later, a provisional force of 1,300 troops commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Yasumasa" title="Fukushima Yasumasa">Fukushima Yasumasa</a> was to be deployed to northern China. Fukushima was chosen because he spoke fluent English which enabled him to communicate with the British commander. The force landed near Tianjin on July 5.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 June 1900, naval <i>Rikusentai</i> from the <i>Kasagi</i> and <i>Atago</i> had joined British, Russian, and German sailors to seize the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Taku_Forts_(1900)" title="Battle of the Taku Forts (1900)">Dagu forts</a> near Tianjin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of the precarious situation, the British were compelled to ask Japan for additional reinforcements, as the Japanese had the only readily available forces in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain at the time was heavily engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a>, so a large part of the British army was tied down in South Africa. Further, deploying large numbers of troops from its <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">garrisons in India</a> would take too much time and weaken internal security there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overriding personal doubts, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Aoki_Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D" title="Aoki Shūzō">Aoki Shūzō</a> calculated that the advantages of participating in an allied coalition were too attractive to ignore. Prime Minister Yamagata agreed, but others in the cabinet demanded that there be guarantees from the British in return for the risks and costs of the major deployment of Japanese troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 6, 1900, the 5th Infantry Division was alerted for possible deployment to China, but no timetable was set for this. Two days later, with more ground troops urgently needed to lift the siege of the foreign legations at Peking, the British ambassador offered the Japanese government one million British pounds in exchange for Japanese participation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterward, advance units of the 5th Division departed for China, bringing Japanese strength to 3,800 personnel out of the 17,000 of allied forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the 5th Division, Lt. General Yamaguchi Motoomi, had taken operational control from Fukushima. Japanese troops were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tientsin" title="Battle of Tientsin">storming of Tianjin</a> on July 14,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the allies consolidated and awaited the remainder of the 5th Division and other coalition reinforcements. By the time the siege of legations was lifted on August 14, 1900, the Japanese force of 13,000 was the largest single contingent and made up about 40% of the approximately 33,000 strong allied expeditionary force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese troops involved in the fighting had acquitted themselves well, although a British military observer felt their aggressiveness, densely-packed formations, and over-willingness to attack cost them excessive and disproportionate casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200999_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, during the Tianjin fighting, the Japanese suffered more than half of the allied casualties (400 out of 730) but comprised less than one quarter (3,800) of the force of 17,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200999_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly at Beijing, the Japanese accounted for almost two-thirds of the losses (280 of 453) even though they constituted slightly less than half of the assault force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200999_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the uprising, Japan and the Western countries signed the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> with China, which permitted them to station troops on Chinese soil to protect their citizens. After the treaty, Russia continued to occupy all of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russo-Japanese_War">Russo-Japanese War</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/220px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="894"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/220px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/330px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg/440px-Assaut-Kin-Tch%C3%A9ou.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>French illustration of a Japanese assault on entrenched Russian troops during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AEmpire_of_Japan&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Empire+of+Japan">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> was a conflict for control of Korea and parts of Manchuria between the Russian Empire and Empire of Japan that took place from 1904 to 1905. The victory greatly raised Japan's stature in the world of global politics.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war is marked by the Japanese opposition of Russian interests in Korea, Manchuria, and China, notably, the Liaodong Peninsula, controlled by the city of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Ryojun</a>. </p><p>Originally, in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Ryojun had been given to Japan. This part of the treaty was overruled by Western powers, which gave the port to the Russian Empire, furthering Russian interests in the region. These interests came into conflict with Japanese interests. The war began with a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern fleet stationed at Port Arthur, which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</a>. Those elements that attempted escape were defeated by the Japanese navy under Admiral Togo Heihachiro at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Battle of the Yellow Sea</a>. Following a late start, the Russian Baltic fleet was denied passage through the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. The fleet arrived on the scene a year later, only to be annihilated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>. While the ground war did not fare as poorly for the Russians, the Japanese forces were significantly more aggressive than their Russian counterparts and gained a political advantage that culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a>, negotiated in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American president</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. As a result, Russia lost the part of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> Island south of <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_north" title="50th parallel north">50 degrees North</a> latitude (which became <a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto Prefecture</a>), as well as many mineral rights in Manchuria. In addition, Russia's defeat cleared the way for Japan to <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Annexation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty">annex Korea outright</a> in 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annexation_of_Korea">Annexation of Korea</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div> <p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, various Western countries actively competed for influence, trade, and territory in East Asia, and Japan sought to join these modern colonial powers. The newly modernised Meiji government of Japan turned to Korea (under the Joseon dynasty), then in the <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> of China's Qing dynasty. The Japanese government initially sought to separate Korea from Qing and make Korea a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> in order to further their security and national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1876, following the Meiji Restoration, Japan employed <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> to pressure the Joseon Dynasty into signing the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, which granted <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial rights</a> to Japanese citizens and opened three Korean ports to Japanese trade. The rights granted to Japan under this <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were similar to those granted western powers in Japan following the visit of Commodore Perry.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese involvement in Korea increased during the 1890s, a period of political upheaval. </p><p>Korea (under the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>) was occupied and declared a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a>. After proclaimed the founding of the Korean Empire, Korea was officially <a href="/wiki/Annexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexed">annexed</a> in Japan through the annexation treaty in 1910. </p><p>In Korea, the period is usually described as the "Time of Japanese Forced Occupation" (<a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">일제 강점기</span></span>; <i>Ilje gangjeomgi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 日帝强占期). Other terms include "Japanese Imperial Period" (<a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">일제시대</span></span>, <i>Ilje sidae</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 日帝時代) or "Japanese administration" (<a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">왜정</span></span>, <i>Wae jeong</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 倭政</span></span>). In Japan, a more common description is "The Korea of Japanese rule"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本統治時代の朝鮮</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nippon Tōchi-jidai no Chōsen</i></span>)</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> was officially part of the Empire of Japan for 35 years, from August 29, 1910, until the formal Japanese rule ended, <i>de jure</i>, on September 2, 1945, upon the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The 1905 and 1910 treaties were eventually declared "null and void" by both Japan and South Korea in 1965. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taishō_era_(1912–1926)"><span id="Taish.C5.8D_era_.281912.E2.80.931926.29"></span>Taishō era (1912–1926)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg/170px-Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1836"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg/170px-Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg/255px-Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg/340px-Emperor_Taish%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a>, the 123rd emperor of Japan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japanese entry into World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a></div> <p>Japan entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in 1914, seizing the opportunity of Germany's distraction with the European War to expand its sphere of influence in China and the Pacific. Japan declared war on Germany on August 23, 1914. Japanese and allied British Empire forces soon moved to occupy Tsingtao fortress, the German East Asia Squadron base, German-leased territories in China's <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong Province</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas">Marianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> in the Pacific, which were part of <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>. The swift invasion in the German territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiautschou Bay concession">Kiautschou Bay concession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a> proved successful. The German colonial troops surrendered on November 7, 1914, and Japan gained the German holdings. In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> established the South Seas Mandate under Japanese administration to replace German New Guinea. </p><p>With its Western allies, notably the United Kingdom, heavily involved in the war in Europe, Japan <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I#Events_of_1917" title="Japan during World War I">dispatched a Naval fleet</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to aid Allied shipping. Japan sought further to consolidate its position in China by presenting the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a> to China in January 1915. In the face of slow negotiations with the Chinese government, widespread <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">anti-Japanese sentiment in China</a>, and international condemnation, Japan withdrew the final group of demands, and treaties were signed in May 1915. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> was renewed and expanded in scope twice, in 1905 and 1911, before its demise in 1921. It was officially terminated in 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siberian_Intervention">Siberian Intervention</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_Graves,_U.S.A.,_Gen._Otani,_Japanese_Army,_and_Staff,_Vladivostok,_Siberia.,_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg/220px-Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2116"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg/220px-Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg/330px-Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg/440px-Major_General_Graves%2C_U.S.A.%2C_Gen._Otani%2C_Japanese_Army%2C_and_Staff%2C_Vladivostok%2C_Siberia.%2C_ca._1918_-_ca._1919_-_NARA_-_533738.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Commanding Officers and Chiefs of Staff of the Allied Military Mission to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Allied intervention</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Intervention">Siberian Intervention</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Japanese intervention in Siberia</a></div> <p>After the fall of the Tsarist regime and the later provisional regime in 1917, the new <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">government</a> signed a separate peace <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">treaty</a> with Germany. After this, various factions that succeeded the Russian Empire fought amongst themselves in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">a multi-sided civil war</a>. </p><p>In July 1918, President Wilson asked the Japanese government to supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 25,000 troops planned to support the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Expeditionary Force Siberia">American Expeditionary Force Siberia</a>. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi Masatake</a> agreed to send 12,000 troops but under the Japanese command rather than as part of an international coalition. The Japanese had several hidden motives for the venture, which included an intense hostility and fear of communism; a determination to recoup historical losses to Russia; and the desire to settle the <i>"northern problem"</i> in Japan's security, either through the creation of a buffer state or through outright territorial acquisition. </p><p>By November 1918, more than 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese troops</a> under Chief of Staff Yui Mitsue had occupied all ports and major towns in the <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Russian Maritime Provinces</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Japan received 765 <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> orphans from Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1920, around 450 Japanese civilians and 350 Japanese soldiers, along with Russian White Army supporters, were massacred by partisan forces associated with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nikolayevsk_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolayevsk Incident">Nikolayevsk on the Amur River</a>; the United States and its allied coalition partners consequently withdrew from Vladivostok after the capture and execution of White Army leader Admiral <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kolchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Kolchak">Aleksandr Kolchak</a> by the Red Army. However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily due to fears of the spread of Communism so close to Japan and Japanese-controlled Korea and Manchuria. The Japanese army provided military support to the Japanese-backed <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Provisional Priamurye Government</a> based in Vladivostok against the Moscow-backed <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a>. </p><p>The continued Japanese presence concerned the United States, which suspected that Japan had territorial designs on Siberia and the Russian Far East. Subjected to intense diplomatic pressure by the United States and United Kingdom, and facing increasing domestic opposition due to the economic and human cost, the administration of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D" title="Katō Tomosaburō">Katō Tomosaburō</a> withdrew the Japanese forces in October 1922. Japanese casualties from the expedition were 5,000 dead from combat or illness, with the expedition costing over 900 million yen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='"Taishō_Democracy"'><span id=".22Taish.C5.8D_Democracy.22"></span>"Taishō Democracy"</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg/170px-Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="3438"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 269px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg/170px-Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="269" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg/255px-Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg/340px-Itagaki_Taisuke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Count <a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki Taisuke</a> is credited as being the first Japanese party leader and an important force for liberalism in Meiji Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two-party political system that had been developing in Japan since the turn of the century came of age after World War I, giving rise to the nickname for the period, "<a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a>". The public grew disillusioned with the growing national debt and the new election laws, which retained the old minimum tax qualifications for voters. Calls were raised for universal suffrage and the dismantling of the old political party network. Students, university professors, and journalists, bolstered by labor unions and inspired by a variety of democratic, socialist, communist, anarchist, and other thoughts, mounted large but orderly public demonstrations in favor of universal male suffrage in 1919 and 1920. </p><p>On 1 September 1923, at a magnitude of 7.9, an <a href="/wiki/Great_Kant%C5%8D_Earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Kantō Earthquake">earthquake struck Kantō Plain</a>. The death toll was estimated to have exceeded to 140,000 lives lost. On the same day, the Imperial Japanese Army and its nationalists committed a <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">massacre</a> of Korean residents. </p><p>The election of <a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Katō Komei</a> as Prime Minister of Japan continued democratic reforms that had been advocated by influential individuals on the left. This culminated in the passage of universal male suffrage in March 1925. This bill gave all male subjects over the age of 25 the right to vote, provided they had lived in their electoral districts for at least one year and were not homeless. The electorate thereby increased from 3.3 million to 12.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the political milieu of the day, there was a proliferation of new parties, including socialist and communist parties. Fear of a broader electorate, left-wing power, and the growing social change led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a> in 1925, which forbade any change in the political structure or the abolition of private property. </p><p>In 1932, Park Chun-kum was elected to the House of Representatives in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_general_election,_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese general election, 1932">Japanese general election</a> as the first person elected from a colonial background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-shugiin150_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shugiin150-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, democracy was introduced in Taiwan and in response to Taiwanese public opinion, local assemblies were established.<sup id="cite_ref-nittaikyo_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nittaikyo-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, 38 colonial people were elected to local assemblies of the Japanese homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-shugiin150_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shugiin150-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unstable coalitions and divisiveness in the Diet led the <a href="/wiki/Kenseikai" title="Kenseikai">Kenseikai</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">憲政会</span></span> <i>Constitutional Government Association</i>) and the Seiyū Hontō (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">政友本党</span></span> <i>True Seiyūkai</i>) to merge as the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Constitutional Democratic Party (Japan)">Rikken Minseitō</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">立憲民政党</span></span> <i>Constitutional Democratic Party</i>) in 1927. The <a href="/wiki/Rikken_Minseit%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikken Minseitō">Rikken Minseitō</a> platform was committed to the parliamentary system, democratic politics, and world peace. Thereafter, until 1932, the <a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Seiyūkai</a> and the Rikken Minseitō alternated in power. </p><p>Despite the political realignments and hope for more orderly government, domestic economic crises plagued whichever party held power. Fiscal austerity programs and appeals for public support of such conservative government policies as the Peace Preservation Law—including reminders of the moral obligation to make sacrifices for the emperor and the state—were attempted as solutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Shōwa_(1926–1930)"><span id="Early_Sh.C5.8Dwa_.281926.E2.80.931930.29"></span>Early Shōwa (1926–1930)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/220px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/220px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/330px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg/440px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Army_1938-1-8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a> during an army inspection on January 8, 1938</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Article 11 of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> and how the military had/gained influence in the civilian cabinet. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AEmpire_of_Japan&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Empire+of+Japan">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Empire of Japan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> ascended to the throne on 25 December 1926, upon the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a>. He would rule Japan as the 126th emperor to claim direct descent from <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_the_sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddess of the sun">goddess of the sun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_militarism_and_its_social_organisations">Rise of militarism and its social organisations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Japanese militarism</a></div> <p>Important institutional links existed between the party in government (<a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8Dha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōdōha">Kōdōha</a>) and military and political organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Young_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Young Federation">Imperial Young Federation</a> and the "Political Department" of the <a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a>. Amongst the himitsu kessha (secret societies), the <a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Kokuryu-kai</a> and Kokka Shakai Shugi Gakumei (National Socialist League) also had close ties to the government. The <a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a> (residents committee) groups, the Nation Service Society (national government trade union), and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Farmers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Farmers Association">Imperial Farmers Association</a> were all allied as well. Other organizations and groups related with the government in wartime were the <a href="/wiki/Double_Leaf_Society" title="Double Leaf Society">Double Leaf Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokuhonsha" title="Kokuhonsha">Kokuhonsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Taisei Yokusankai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Youth_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Youth Corps">Imperial Youth Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_services_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Police services of the Empire of Japan">Keishichō</a> (to 1945), Shintoist Rites Research Council, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Fighting_Corps" title="Volunteer Fighting Corps">Volunteer Fighting Corps</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nationalism_and_decline_of_democracy">Nationalism and decline of democracy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a>, <a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">May 15 Incident</a>, and <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Sadao Araki</a> was an important figurehead and founder of the Army party and the most important militarist thinker in his time. His first ideological works date from his leadership of the Kōdōha (Imperial Benevolent Rule or Action Group), opposed by the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Tōseiha</a> (Control Group) led by General <a href="/wiki/Kazushige_Ugaki" title="Kazushige Ugaki">Kazushige Ugaki</a>. He linked the ancient (<i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushido</a></i> code) and contemporary local and European fascist ideals (see <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism in Shōwa Japan</a>), to form the ideological basis of the movement (Shōwa nationalism). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG/170px-226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG/170px-226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG/255px-226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG/340px-226_Police_HQ_Rebels.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rebel troops assembling at police headquarters during the <a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 Incident</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From September 1931, the Japanese were becoming more locked into the course that would lead them into the Second World War, with Araki leading the way. Increasing authoritarianism, ultranationalism, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> were to become the rule, with fewer voices able to speak against it. In a September 23 news conference, Araki first mentioned the philosophy of "Kōdōha" (The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a>). The concept of Kodo linked the Emperor, the people, land, and morality as indivisible. This led to the creation of a "new" Shinto and increased <a href="/wiki/Emperor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor worship">Emperor worship</a>. </p><p>On February 26, 1936, a coup d'état was attempted (the <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a>). Launched by the ultranationalist Kōdōha faction with the military, it ultimately failed due to the intervention of the Emperor. Kōdōha members were purged from the top military positions and the Tōseiha faction gained dominance. However, both factions believed in expansionism, a strong military, and a coming war. Furthermore, Kōdōha members, while removed from the military, still had political influence within the government. </p><p>The state was being transformed to serve the Army and the Emperor. Symbolic katana swords came back into fashion as the martial embodiment of these beliefs, and the <a href="/wiki/Nambu_pistol" title="Nambu pistol">Nambu pistol</a> became its contemporary equivalent, with the implicit message that the Army doctrine of close combat would prevail. The final objective, as envisioned by Army thinkers such as Sadao Araki and right-wing line followers, was a return to the old Shogunate system, but in the form of a contemporary Military Shogunate. In such a government the Emperor would once more be a figurehead (as in the Edo period). Real power would fall to a leader very similar to a führer or duce, though with the power less nakedly held. On the other hand, the traditionalist Navy militarists defended the Emperor and a constitutional monarchy with a significant religious aspect. </p><p>A third point of view was supported by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Chichibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Chichibu">Prince Chichibu</a>, a brother of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shōwa">Emperor Shōwa</a>, who repeatedly counseled him to implement a <i>direct imperial rule</i>, even if that meant suspending the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the launching of the <a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a> in 1940 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a>, Japan would turn to a form of government that resembled totalitarianism. This unique style of government, similar to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, was known as "Shōwa Statism".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There has been a debate among historians over defining the political system of Japan as a dictatorship and its resemblance to European Fascism: the arguments in favour of this view were "the subordination of both country and society to militarism, control by a rigid style of leadership exercising authoritarian discipline, and the most brutal treatment of occupied areas", but it was noted that the Japanese far-right organizations lacked a mass movement similar to the mass Fascist movement in Europe, and some pluralism continued to exist even during the World War II: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> describes Japan as "somewhat pluralistic authoritarian system which exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, but it did not develop fascism's most distinctive and revolutionary aspects" and had more in common with the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> during the World War I than with the Third Reich. It was also noted that this political system lacked the figure of a single person with an absolute authority and a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a>, since Hirohito couldn't be referred to as a dictator because of being a monarch, and since his authority existed along with party politics, while Hideki Tojo never had an absolute authority and was forced to resign, while the IRAA, according to <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, was "little more than a bureaucratic fiction"; as historians noted, the ideological base for Japanese "was traditional, even if the methods of communication and control were modern and European", and that the traditional society of Japan was "to a large degree differential", while its institutions remained too elitist and conservative to follow such practices as a "democratic mass mobilization" characteristic of totalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-sjlee_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjlee-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sgpayne_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgpayne-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early twentieth century, a distinctive style of architecture was developed for the empire. Now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown Style</a> (帝冠様式, <i>teikan yōshiki</i>), before the end of World War II, it was originally referred to as <i>Emperor's Crown Amalgamate Style</i>, and sometimes <i>Emperor's Crown Style</i> (帝冠式, Teikanshiki). The style is identified by Japanese-style roofing on top of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> styled buildings; and can have a centrally elevated structure with a pyramidal dome. The prototype for this style was developed by architect <a href="/wiki/Shimoda_Kikutaro" title="Shimoda Kikutaro">Shimoda Kikutaro</a> in his proposal for the Imperial Diet Building (present National Diet Building) in 1920 – although his proposal was ultimately rejected. Outside of the Japanese mainland, in places like <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, Imperial Crown Style architecture often included regional architectural elements.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, during the 1920s, Japan changed its direction toward a democratic system of government. However, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary government">parliamentary government</a> was not rooted deeply enough to withstand the economic and political pressures of the 1930s, during which military leaders became increasingly influential. These shifts in power were made possible by the ambiguity and imprecision of the Meiji Constitution, particularly as regarded the position of the Emperor in relation to the constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_factors">Economic factors</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG/170px-Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1381"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG/170px-Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG/255px-Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG/340px-Bank_run_during_the_Showa_Financial_Crisis.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A bank run during the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a>, March 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1920s, the whole global economy was dubbed as "a decade of global uncertainty". At the same time, the <i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a></i> trading groups (principally <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo">Sumitomo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yasuda_zaibatsu" title="Yasuda zaibatsu">Yasuda</a>) looked towards great future expansion. Their main concern was a shortage of raw materials. Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe combined social concerns with the needs of capital, and planned for expansion. Their economic growth was stimulated by certain domestic policies and it can be seen in the steady and progressive increase of materials such as in the iron, steel and chemical industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENish200278_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENish200278-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main goals of Japan's expansionism were acquisition and protection of spheres of influence, maintenance of territorial integrity, acquisition of raw materials, and access to Asian markets. Western nations, notably the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, had for long exhibited great interest in the commercial opportunities in China and other parts of Asia. These opportunities had attracted Western investment because of the availability of raw materials for both domestic production and re-export to Asia. Japan desired these opportunities in planning the development of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, just as in many other countries, hindered Japan's economic growth. The Japanese Empire's main problem lay in that rapid industrial expansion had turned the country into a major manufacturing and industrial power that required raw materials; however, these had to be obtained from overseas, as there was a critical lack of natural resources on the home islands. </p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Japan needed to import raw materials such as iron, rubber, and oil to maintain strong economic growth. Most of these resources came from the United States. The Japanese felt that acquiring resource-rich territories would establish economic self-sufficiency and independence, and they also hoped to jump-start the nation's economy in the midst of the depression. As a result, Japan set its sights on East Asia, specifically Manchuria with its many resources; Japan needed these resources to continue its economic development and maintain national integrity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Shōwa_(1931–1941)"><span id="Later_Sh.C5.8Dwa_.281931.E2.80.931941.29"></span>Later Shōwa (1931–1941)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prewar_expansionism">Prewar expansionism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Manchuria">Manchuria</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg/220px-Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg/220px-Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg/330px-Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Mukden_1931_japan_shenyang.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Japanese troops entering <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a>, 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1931, Japan invaded and conquered Northeast China (Manchuria) with little resistance. Japan claimed that this invasion was a liberation of the local <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchus</a> from the Chinese, although the majority of the population were <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">large scale settlement of Chinese in Manchuria</a> in the 19th century. Japan then established a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> called <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">滿洲國</span>), and installed the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">Manchu Emperor of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, as the official <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rehe_Province" title="Rehe Province">Rehe</a>, a Chinese territory bordering Manchukuo, was later also taken in 1933. This puppet regime had to carry on a protracted pacification campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_Volunteer_Armies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies">Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies</a> in Manchuria. In 1936, Japan created a similar Mongolian puppet state in Inner Mongolia named <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">蒙疆</span>), which was also predominantly Chinese as a result of recent Han immigration to the area. At that time, East Asians were banned from immigration to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">Australia</a>, but the newly established Manchukuo was open to immigration of Asians. Japan had an emigration plan to encourage colonization; the Japanese population in Manchuria subsequently grew to 850,000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With rich natural resources and labor force in Manchuria, army-owned corporations turned Manchuria into a solid material support machine of the Japanese Army.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/220px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="863"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/220px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/330px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg/440px-First_pictures_of_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Peiping_in_China.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Japanese occupation of Beiping (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) in China, on August 13, 1937. Japanese troops are shown passing from Beiping into the Tartar City through <a href="/wiki/Zhengyangmen" title="Zhengyangmen">Zhengyangmen</a>, the main gate leading onward to the palaces in the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan invaded China proper in 1937, beginning a war against both <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s Nationalists and also the Communists of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">united front</a>. On December 13 of that same year, the Nationalist capital of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">surrendered to Japanese troops</a>. In the event known as the "<a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>", Japanese troops killed many tens-of-thousands of people associated with the defending garrison. It is estimated that as many as 200,000 to 300,000 including civilians, may have been killed, although the actual numbers are uncertain and possibly inflated—coupled with the fact that the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> has never undertaken a full accounting of the massacre. In total, an estimated 20 million Chinese, mostly civilians, were killed during World War II. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">A puppet state</a> was also set up in China quickly afterwards, headed by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>. The Second Sino-Japanese War continued into World War II with the Communists and Nationalists in a temporary and uneasy nominal alliance against the Japanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Clashes_with_the_Soviet_Union">Clashes with the Soviet Union</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></div> <p>In 1938, the Japanese 19th Division entered territory claimed by the Soviet Union, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a>. This incursion was founded in the Japanese belief that the Soviet Union misinterpreted the demarcation of the boundary, as stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peking">Treaty of Peking</a>, between Imperial Russia and Manchu China (and subsequent supplementary agreements on demarcation), and furthermore, that the demarcation markers were tampered with. </p><p>On May 11, 1939, in the Nomonhan Incident <i>(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a>)</i>, a Mongolian cavalry unit of some 70 to 90 men entered the disputed area in search of grazing for their horses, and encountered Manchukuoan cavalry, who drove them out. Two days later the Mongolian force returned and the Manchukoans were unable to evict them. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IJA_23rd_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 23rd Division">IJA 23rd Division</a> and other units of the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> then became involved. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a>, the Red Army's high command, to develop a plan for a counterstrike against the Japanese. In late August, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> employed encircling tactics that made skillful use of superior artillery, armor, and air forces; this offensive nearly annihilated the 23rd Division and decimated the <a href="/wiki/IJA_7th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 7th Division">IJA 7th Division</a>. On September 15 an armistice was arranged. Nearly two years later, on April 13, 1941, the parties signed a <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Neutrality Pact</a>, in which the Soviet Union pledged to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Manchukuo, while Japan agreed similarly for the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tripartite_Pact">Tripartite Pact</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg/220px-Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg/220px-Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg/330px-Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg/440px-Signing_ceremony_for_the_Axis_Powers_Tripartite_Pact.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Signing ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>, September 27, 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1938, Japan prohibited the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in Japan, Manchuria, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> in accordance with the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">racial equality</a> on which Japan had insisted for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-mof_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mof-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gosho_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosho-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the <a href="/wiki/Panay_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Panay incident">Panay incident</a> and the Nanjing Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States and its allies placed embargoes on Japan of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_material" title="Strategic material">strategic materials</a> such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>—specifically <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). </p><p>On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>. Their objectives were to "establish and maintain a new order of things" in their respective world regions and spheres of influence, with Germany and Italy in Europe, and Japan in Asia. The signatories of this <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">alliance</a> became known as the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>. The pact also called for mutual protection—if any one of the member powers was attacked by a country not already at war, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and for technological and economic cooperation between the signatories. </p><p>For the sake of their own people and nation, Prime Minister Konoe formed the Taisei Yokusankai (Imperial Rule Assistance Association) on October 12, 1940, as a ruling party in Japan. </p><p>In 1940 Japan <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%83%E5%85%AD%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:紀元二千六百年記念行事">celebrated the 2600th anniversary of Jimmu's ascension</a> and built a monument to <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a> despite the fact that all historians knew Jimmu was a made up figure. In 1941 the Japanese government charged the one historian who dared to challenge Jimmu's existence publicly, Tsuda Sokichi.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the firm <a href="/wiki/Iwanami_Shoten" title="Iwanami Shoten">Iwanami Shoten</a> was repeatedly censored because of its positions against the war and the Emperor. Shigeo Iwanami was even sentenced to two months in prison for the publication of the banned works of Tsuda Sōkichi (a sentence which he did not serve, however). Shortly before his death in 1946, he founded the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Sekai_(magazine)" title="Sekai (magazine)">Sekai</a></i>, which had a great influence in post-war Japanese intellectual circles.<sup id="cite_ref-echo_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early 20th century historian <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E7%94%B0%E5%B7%A6%E5%8F%B3%E5%90%89" class="extiw" title="ja:津田左右吉">Tsuda Sōkichi</a>, who put forward the then-controversial theory that the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span>'s accounts were not based on history (as Edo period <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokugaku</i></span> and State Shinto ideology believed them to be) but rather propagandistic myths concocted to explain and legitimize the rule of the imperial dynasty, also saw <a href="/wiki/Susanoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Susanoo">Susanoo</a> as a negative figure, arguing that he was created to serve as the rebellious opposite of the imperial ancestress Amaterasu.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> in 20th century, Sokichi Tsuda's view of history, which has become mainstream after the World War II, is based on his idea. Many scholars today also believe that the mythology of <a href="/wiki/Takamagahara" title="Takamagahara">Takamagahara</a> in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> was created by the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> to make people believe that the class was precious because they originated in the heavenly realm.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1941–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II (1941–1945)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/220px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/220px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/330px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/440px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of Japanese conquests from 1937 to 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 5, 1941, Yamamoto issued his "Top Secret Operation Order no. 1" to the Combined Fleet. This document lays out the position that the Empire of Japan must drive out Britain and America from Greater East Asia, and hasten the settlement of China. Once Britain and America were driven out from the Philippines and Dutch East Indies, an independent, self-supporting economic entity was to be established, mirroring the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Facing an oil embargo by the United States as well as dwindling domestic reserves, the Japanese government decided to execute a plan developed by <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> to attack the United States Pacific Fleet in Hawaii. While the United States was <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> and continued negotiating with Japan for possible peace in Asia, the Imperial Japanese Navy at the same time made its surprise <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> on December 7, 1941. As a result, the U.S. battleship fleet was decimated and almost 2,500 people died in the attack that day. The primary objective of the attack was to incapacitate the United States long enough for Japan to establish its long-planned South East Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The American public saw the attack as barbaric and treacherous and rallied against the Japanese. Four days later, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> of Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. The United States entered the <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre">European Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater</a> in full force, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. </p><p>Even as they launched the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese were well aware that the United States had the capability to mount a counter-offensive against them. However, they believed that they could maintain their defensive perimeter and push back any attempt by the British and Americans that could incur enough losses to make the Allied forces consider making peace on the basis of Japan's retainment of the territories she had gained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison201081_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison201081-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_conquests">Japanese conquests</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg/220px-JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg/220px-JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg/330px-JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg/440px-JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Victorious Japanese troops marching through the city center of <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">city's capture</a> in February 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks in <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonial_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="History of colonial Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>, British Malaya and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong surrendered</a> to the Japanese on December 25. In <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Malaya</a> the Japanese overwhelmed an Allied army composed of British, Indian, <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> forces. The Japanese were quickly able to advance down the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Peninsula">Malayan Peninsula</a>, forcing the Allied forces to retreat towards <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>. The Allies lacked aircover and tanks; the Japanese had complete air superiority. The <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">sinking of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i> and HMS <i>Repulse</i></a> on December 10, 1941, led to the east coast of Malaya being exposed to Japanese landings and the elimination of British naval power in the area. By the end of January 1942, the last Allied forces crossed the strait of Johore and into Singapore. </p><p>On January 11, 1942, a Japanese submarine shelled the United States naval Station at Pago Pago in Samoa, suggesting that the Japanese were advancing to the direction of Australia and nearby Oceanic regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison2010259_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison2010259-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Philippines (1941–42)">the Philippines</a>, the Japanese pushed the combined American-Filipino force towards <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">the Bataan Peninsula</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">island of Corregidor</a>. By January 1942, <a href="/wiki/General_Douglas_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="General Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> were <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur%27s_escape_from_the_Philippines" title="Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines">forced to flee</a> in the face of Japanese advance. This marked one of the worst defeats suffered by the Americans, leaving over 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war in the custody of the Japanese. On February 15, 1942, <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>, due to the overwhelming superiority of Japanese forces and encirclement tactics, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">fell to the Japanese</a>, causing the largest <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a> of British-led military personnel in history. An estimated 80,000 Australian, British and Indian troops were taken as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, joining 50,000 taken in the Japanese invasion of Malaya (modern day <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>). The Japanese then seized the key oil production zones of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch forces">Dutch forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Allied sabotage had made it difficult for the Japanese to restore oil production to its pre-war peak.<sup id="cite_ref-combinedfleet.com_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-combinedfleet.com-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese then consolidated their lines of supply through capturing key islands of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tide_turns">Tide turns</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Midway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A model representing the attack by dive bombers from <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">USS <i>Yorktown</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> on the Japanese aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū"><i>Sōryū</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi"><i>Akagi</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga"><i>Kaga</i></a> in the morning of June 4, 1942, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese military strategists were keenly aware of the unfavorable discrepancy between the industrial potential of Japan and the United States. Because of this they reasoned that Japanese success hinged on their ability to extend the strategic advantage gained at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> with additional rapid strategic victories. The Japanese Command reasoned that only decisive destruction of the United States' Pacific Fleet and conquest of its remote outposts would ensure that the Japanese Empire would not be overwhelmed by America's industrial might. </p><p>In April 1942, Japan was bombed for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a>. During the same month, after the Japanese victory in the Battle of Bataan, the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a> was conducted, where 5,650 to 18,000 Filipinos died under the rule of the imperial army.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1942, failure to decisively defeat the Allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>, in spite of Japanese numerical superiority, equated to a strategic defeat for the Japanese. This setback was followed in June 1942 by the catastrophic loss of four fleet carriers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, the first decisive defeat for the Imperial Japanese Navy. It proved to be the turning point of the war as the Navy lost its offensive strategic capability and never managed to reconstruct the "'critical mass' of both large numbers of carriers and well-trained air groups".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian land forces defeated Japanese Marines in New Guinea at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Battle of Milne Bay</a> in September 1942, which was the first land defeat suffered by the Japanese in the Pacific. Further victories by the Allies at <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a> in September 1942 and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> in 1943 put the Empire of Japan on the defensive for the remainder of the war, with Guadalcanal in particular sapping their already-limited oil supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-combinedfleet.com_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-combinedfleet.com-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1943 and 1944, Allied forces, backed by the industrial might and vast raw material resources of the United States, advanced steadily towards Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth United States Army">Sixth United States Army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/General_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="General MacArthur">General MacArthur</a>, landed on <a href="/wiki/Leyte_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyte Island">Leyte</a> on October 20, 1944. The <a href="/wiki/Palawan_massacre" title="Palawan massacre">Palawan massacre</a> was committed by the imperial army against Filipinos in December 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent months, during the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1944–45)">Philippines campaign (1944–45)</a>, the Allies, including the combined United States forces together with the native guerrilla units, recaptured the Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surrender">Surrender</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">Victory over Japan Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo,_Etajima_(Japan),_on_8_October_1945_(80-G-351726).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg/220px-Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4632" data-file-height="3047"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg/220px-Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg/330px-Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg/440px-Sunken_Japanese_battleship_Haruna_off_Koyo%2C_Etajima_%28Japan%29%2C_on_8_October_1945_%2880-G-351726%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The rebuilt battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna"><i>Haruna</i></a> sank at her moorings in the naval base of <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a> on July 24 during a <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">series of bombings</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1944, the Allies had seized or bypassed and neutralized many of Japan's strategic bases through amphibious landings and bombardment. This, coupled with the losses inflicted by <a href="/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">Allied submarines</a> on Japanese shipping routes, began to strangle Japan's economy and undermine its ability to supply its army. By early 1945, the US Marines had wrested control of the <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogasawara Islands">Ogasawara Islands</a> in several hard-fought battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a>, marking the beginning of the fall of the islands of Japan. After securing airfields in <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> in the summer of 1944, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> conducted an intense <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing campaign</a> by having <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Superfortress</a> bombers in nighttime low altitude incendiary raids, burning Japanese cities in an effort to pulverize Japan's war industry and <a href="/wiki/Demoralization_(warfare)" title="Demoralization (warfare)">shatter its morale</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meetinghouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Meetinghouse">Operation Meetinghouse</a> raid on Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945, led to the deaths of approximately 120,000 civilians. Approximately 350,000–500,000 civilians died in 67 Japanese cities as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">incendiary bombing</a> campaign on Japan. Concurrent with these attacks, Japan's vital coastal shipping operations were severely hampered with extensive aerial mining by the US's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Operation Starvation</a>. Regardless, these efforts did not succeed in persuading the Japanese military to surrender. In mid-August 1945, the United States dropped <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> on the Japanese cities of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. These bombings were the first and only combat use of nuclear weaponry. These two bombs killed approximately 120,000 people in a matter of seconds, and as many as a result of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear radiation">nuclear radiation</a> in the following weeks, months and years. The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta agreement">Yalta agreement</a>, the US, the UK, and the USSR had agreed that the USSR would enter the war on Japan within three months of the defeat of Germany in Europe. This <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a> led to the fall of Japan's Manchurian occupation, Soviet occupation of <a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a> island, and a real, imminent threat of Soviet invasion of the home islands of Japan. This was a significant factor for some internal parties in the Japanese decision to surrender to the US<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gain some protection, rather than face simultaneous Soviet invasion as well as defeat by the US and its allies. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">superior numbers of the armies of the Soviet Union in Europe</a> was a factor in the US decision to demonstrate the use of atomic weapons to the USSR,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is this opinion? Is this documented? Is this historians collecting welfare? (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> just as the Allied victory in Europe was evolving into the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of Germany">division of Germany</a> and Berlin, the division of Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>Having ignored (<a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">mokusatsu</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, the Empire of Japan surrendered and <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">ended World War II</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, the declaration of war by the Soviet Union and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a> and other territories. In a national radio address on August 15, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> announced the surrender to the Japanese people by <i><a href="/wiki/Gyokuon-h%C5%8Ds%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyokuon-hōsō">Gyokuon-hōsō</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Empire_of_Japan">End of the Empire of Japan</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupation_of_Japan">Occupation of Japan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet,_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg/220px-The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="586"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg/220px-The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg/330px-The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg/440px-The_Imperial_Japanese_Diet%2C_Tokyo_-_the_House_of_Representatives_Art.IWMARTLD5841.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A drawing depicting a speech in the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Imperial Japanese Diet</a> on November 1, 1945, following the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of the Second World War</a>. In the foreground are several Allied soldiers watching the proceedings from the back of the balcony.</figcaption></figure> <p>A period known as <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Japan">occupied Japan</a> followed after the war, largely spearheaded by US Army General Douglas MacArthur to revise the Japanese constitution and democratized the nation. The Allied occupation, including concurrent economic and political assistance, continued until 1952. Allied forces ordered Japan to abolish the Meiji Constitution and enforce the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>. This new constitution was imposed by the United States under the supervision of MacArthur. MacArthur included <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Article 9</a> which changed Japan into a <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon adoption of the 1947 constitution, the Empire of Japan was dissolved and became simply the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">modern state of Japan</a>. With the formal surrender before, the empire's territory was much reduced to the Japanese archipelago; mostly the islands of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>. This was confirmed by the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> about Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> historically belonged to Japan<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were first inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a> before coming under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Matsumae_clan" title="Matsumae clan">Matsumae clan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo Period">Edo Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1945, Kuril has belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and now <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>Japan adopted a parliamentary-based political system, and the role of the Emperor became symbolic. The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">US occupation forces</a> were fully responsible for protecting Japan from external threats. Japan only had a minor police force for domestic security. Japan was under the sole control of the United States. This was the only time in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">Japanese history</a> that it was occupied by a foreign power.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General MacArthur later commended the new Japanese government that he helped establish and the new Japanese period when he was about to send the American forces to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The Japanese people, since the war, have undergone the greatest reformation recorded in modern history. With a commendable will, eagerness to learn, and marked capacity to understand, they have, from the ashes left in war's wake, erected in Japan an edifice dedicated to the supremacy of individual liberty and personal dignity; and in the ensuing process there has been created a truly representative government committed to the advance of political morality, freedom of economic enterprise, and social justice. Politically, economically, and socially Japan is now abreast of many free nations of the earth and will not again fail the universal trust. ... I sent all four of our occupation divisions to the Korean battlefront without the slightest qualms as to the effect of the resulting power vacuum upon Japan. The results fully justified my faith. I know of no nation more serene, orderly, and industrious, nor in which higher hopes can be entertained for future constructive service in the advance of the human race.</p></blockquote> <p>For historian <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>In retrospect, apart from the military officer corps, the purge of alleged militarists and ultranationalists that was conducted under the Occupation had relatively small impact on the long-term composition of men of influence in the public and private sectors. The purge initially brought new blood into the political parties, but this was offset by the return of huge numbers of formerly purged conservative politicians to national as well as local politics in the early 1950s. In the bureaucracy, the purge was negligible from the outset. ... In the economic sector, the purge similarly was only mildly disruptive, affecting less than sixteen hundred individuals spread among some four hundred companies. Everywhere one looks, the corridors of power in postwar Japan are crowded with men whose talents had already been recognized during the war years, and who found the same talents highly prized in the 'new' Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Influential_personnel">Influential personnel</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_government_and_military_commanders_of_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese government and military commanders of World War II">List of Japanese government and military commanders of World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3></div> <p>In the administration of Japan dominated by the military political movement during World War II, the civil central government was under the management of military men and their right-wing civilian allies, along with members of the nobility and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial Family</a>. The Emperor was in the center of this power structure as supreme <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Imperial Armed Forces and head of state. </p><p>Early period: </p> <ul><li>HIH Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kitashirakawa_Yoshihisa" title="Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa">Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa</a></li> <li>HIH Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhisa_Kitashirakawa" title="Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa">Kitashirakawa Naruhisa</a></li> <li>HIH Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Komatsu_Akihito" title="Prince Komatsu Akihito">Komatsu Akihito</a></li> <li>HIH Marquess Michitsune Koga</li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a></li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a></li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a></li></ul> <p>World War II: </p> <ul><li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Kōki Hirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince Itō Hirobumi"><noscript><img alt="Prince Itō Hirobumi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg/120px-IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1392"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg/120px-IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg" data-alt="Prince Itō Hirobumi" data-width="120" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg/180px-IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg/240px-IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prince <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="His Imperial Highness Prince Kitashirakawa Naruhisa, the 3rd head of a collateral branch of the Japanese Imperial Family"><noscript><img alt="His Imperial Highness Prince Kitashirakawa Naruhisa, the 3rd head of a collateral branch of the Japanese Imperial Family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg/119px-HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="569"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 119px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg/119px-HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg" data-alt="His Imperial Highness Prince Kitashirakawa Naruhisa, the 3rd head of a collateral branch of the Japanese Imperial Family" data-width="119" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg/179px-HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg/239px-HIH_Prince_Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">His Imperial Highness Prince <a href="/wiki/Kitashirakawa_Naruhisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitashirakawa Naruhisa">Kitashirakawa Naruhisa</a>, the 3rd head of a collateral branch of the Japanese Imperial Family</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="His Imperial Highness Marquess Michitsune Koga, a member of the Imperial Family, descending from Emperor Murakami. He was the former Governor of Tokyo Prefecture."><noscript><img alt="His Imperial Highness Marquess Michitsune Koga, a member of the Imperial Family, descending from Emperor Murakami. He was the former Governor of Tokyo Prefecture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg/116px-Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 116px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg/116px-Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg" data-alt="His Imperial Highness Marquess Michitsune Koga, a member of the Imperial Family, descending from Emperor Murakami. He was the former Governor of Tokyo Prefecture." data-width="116" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg/174px-Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg/232px-Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">His Imperial Highness Marquess Michitsune Koga, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Family">Imperial Family</a>, descending from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Murakami" title="Emperor Murakami">Emperor Murakami</a>. He was the former Governor of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Prefecture">Tokyo Prefecture</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="His Imperial Highness Count Nagayoshi Ogasawara, a member of the Imperial Family"><noscript><img alt="His Imperial Highness Count Nagayoshi Ogasawara, a member of the Imperial Family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg/120px-Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg/120px-Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg" data-alt="His Imperial Highness Count Nagayoshi Ogasawara, a member of the Imperial Family" data-width="120" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg/180px-Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg/240px-Nagayoshi_Ogasawara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">His Imperial Highness Count Nagayoshi Ogasawara, a member of the Imperial Family</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomats">Diplomats</h3></div> <p>Early period </p> <ul><li>Marquess <a href="/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D" title="Komura Jutarō">Komura Jutarō</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li> <li>Count <a href="/wiki/Mutsu_Munemitsu" title="Mutsu Munemitsu">Mutsu Munemitsu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li>Count <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Tadasu" title="Hayashi Tadasu">Hayashi Tadasu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li>Count <a href="/wiki/Kaneko_Kentar%C5%8D" title="Kaneko Kentarō">Kaneko Kentarō</a>: envoy to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li>Viscount <a href="/wiki/Aoki_Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D" title="Aoki Shūzō">Aoki Shūzō</a>: Foreign Minister of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation" title="Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation">Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation</a></li> <li>Viscount <a href="/wiki/Torii_Tadafumi" title="Torii Tadafumi">Torii Tadafumi</a>: Vice Consul to the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Kingdom of Hawaii</a></li> <li>Viscount <a href="/wiki/Ishii_Kikujir%C5%8D" title="Ishii Kikujirō">Ishii Kikujiro</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93Ishii_Agreement" title="Lansing–Ishii Agreement">Lansing–Ishii Agreement</a></li></ul> <p>World War II </p> <ul><li>Baron <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a>: Japanese ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan">Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshals_Kawamura,_Inoue,_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg/220px-Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="982"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg/220px-Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg/330px-Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg/440px-Marshals_Kawamura%2C_Inoue%2C_Oku_and_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>From left to right: Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Heihachirō Tōgō</a> (1848–1934), Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Oku_Yasukata" title="Oku Yasukata">Oku Yasukata</a> (1847–1930), Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Yoshika" title="Inoue Yoshika">Yoshika Inoue</a> (1845–1929) and Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Kawamura_Kageaki" title="Kawamura Kageaki">Kageaki Kawamura</a> (1850–1926), at the unveiling ceremony of the bronze statue of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cyama_Iwao" title="Ōyama Iwao">Iwao Ōyama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Empire of Japan's military was divided into two main branches: the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. To coordinate operations, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a>, headed by the Emperor, was established in 1893. Prominent generals and leaders: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_Japanese_Army">Imperial Japanese Army</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_period">Early period</h5></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gensui_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)">Field Marshal</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army, Prime Minister of Japan, Founder of the IJA</li> <li>Field Marshal Prince <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cyama_Iwao" title="Ōyama Iwao">Ōyama Iwao</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army</li> <li>Field Marshal Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Komatsu_Akihito" title="Prince Komatsu Akihito">Komatsu Akihito</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army</li> <li>Field Marshal Marquis <a href="/wiki/Nozu_Michitsura" title="Nozu Michitsura">Nozu Michitsura</a>:</li> <li>General Count <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a>: Governor of Taiwan</li> <li>General Count <a href="/wiki/Akiyama_Yoshifuru" title="Akiyama Yoshifuru">Akiyama Yoshifuru</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army</li> <li>General Count <a href="/wiki/Kuroki_Tamemoto" title="Kuroki Tamemoto">Kuroki Tamemoto</a></li> <li>General Count <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_Gaishi" title="Nagaoka Gaishi">Nagaoka Gaishi</a></li> <li>Lieutenant General Baron <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshima_Ken%27ichi" title="Ōshima Ken'ichi">Ōshima Ken'ichi</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Army" title="Ministry of the Army">Minister of War</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li>General Viscount <a href="/wiki/Kodama_Gentar%C5%8D" title="Kodama Gentarō">Kodama Gentarō</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army, Governor of Taiwan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="World_War_II">World War II</h5></div> <ul><li>Field Marshal Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kan%27in_Kotohito" title="Prince Kan'in Kotohito">Kotohito Kan'in</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army</li> <li>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Sugiyama" title="Hajime Sugiyama">Hajime Sugiyama</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Senj%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Hayashi" title="Senjūrō Hayashi">Senjūrō Hayashi</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army, Prime Minister of Japan</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tōjō</a>: Prime Minister of Japan</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Yoshijir%C5%8D_Umezu" title="Yoshijirō Umezu">Yoshijirō Umezu</a>: Chief of Staff of the Army</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_Japanese_Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_period_2">Early period</h5></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gensui_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)">Marshal Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Higashifushimi_Yorihito" title="Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito">Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito</a> (1867–1922)</li> <li>Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a> (1847–1934), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a></li> <li>Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Sukeyuki" title="Itō Sukeyuki">Itō Sukeyuki</a> (1843–1914)</li> <li>Admiral Count <a href="/wiki/Kawamura_Sumiyoshi" title="Kawamura Sumiyoshi">Kawamura Sumiyoshi</a> (1836–1904)</li> <li>Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a> <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Yoshika" title="Inoue Yoshika">Inoue Yoshika</a> (1845–1929)</li> <li>Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Ijuin_Gor%C5%8D" title="Ijuin Gorō">Ijuin Gorō</a> (1852–1921)</li> <li>Marshal Admiral Baron <a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D" title="Katō Tomosaburō">Katō Tomosaburō</a> (1861–1923)</li> <li>Admiral Baron Akamatsu Noriyoshi (1841–1920)</li> <li>Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Akiyama_Saneyuki" title="Akiyama Saneyuki">Akiyama Saneyuki</a> (1868–1918), Battle of Tsushima</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h5></div> <ul><li>Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mineichi_Koga" title="Mineichi Koga">Mineichi Koga</a> (1885–1944)</li> <li>Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> (1884–1943), <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li>Marshal Admiral <a href="/wiki/Osami_Nagano" title="Osami Nagano">Osami Nagano</a> (1880–1947)</li> <li>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Chūichi Nagumo</a> (1887–1944), attack on Pearl Harbor, Battle of Midway<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a> <a href="/wiki/Morio_Matsudaira" title="Morio Matsudaira">Morio Matsudaira</a> (1878–1944)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demography of the Empire of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AEmpire_of_Japan&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Empire+of+Japan">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1920).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png/220px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5768" data-file-height="7280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png/220px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png/330px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png/440px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281920%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Population density map of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril</a> (1920)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1940).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png/220px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5768" data-file-height="7280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png/220px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png/330px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png/440px-Population_Density_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_%281940%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Population density map of the Japanese archipelago and southern Kuril (1940)</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy of the Empire of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AEmpire_of_Japan&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Empire+of+Japan">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education in the Empire of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AEmpire_of_Japan&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Empire+of+Japan">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_scholars/scientists"><span id="Notable_scholars.2Fscientists"></span>Notable scholars/scientists</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hirase Sakugorō (1856–1925) was a botanist, who won the Imperial Prize in 1912."><noscript><img alt="Hirase Sakugorō (1856–1925) was a botanist, who won the Imperial Prize in 1912." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg/116px-Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 116px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg/116px-Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg" data-alt="Hirase Sakugorō (1856–1925) was a botanist, who won the Imperial Prize in 1912." data-width="116" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg/174px-Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg/232px-Sakugoro_Hirase.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hirase_Sakugor%C5%8D" title="Hirase Sakugorō">Hirase Sakugorō</a> (1856–1925) was a botanist, who won the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Prize_of_the_Japan_Academy" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy">Imperial Prize</a> in 1912.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png" class="mw-file-description" title='Ōtsuki Fumihiko (1847–1928), editor of two well-known Japanese-language dictionaries, Genkai (言海, "sea of words", 1891) and its successor Daigenkai (大言海, "great sea of words", 1932–1937)'><noscript><img alt='Ōtsuki Fumihiko (1847–1928), editor of two well-known Japanese-language dictionaries, Genkai (言海, "sea of words", 1891) and its successor Daigenkai (大言海, "great sea of words", 1932–1937)' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png/120px-Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png/120px-Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png" data-alt='Ōtsuki Fumihiko (1847–1928), editor of two well-known Japanese-language dictionaries, Genkai (言海, "sea of words", 1891) and its successor Daigenkai (大言海, "great sea of words", 1932–1937)' data-width="120" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png/180px-Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png/240px-Otsuki_Fumihiko_signed_photo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuki_Fumihiko" title="Ōtsuki Fumihiko">Ōtsuki Fumihiko</a> (1847–1928), editor of two well-known Japanese-language <a href="/wiki/Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionaries">dictionaries</a>, <i>Genkai</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">言海</span></span>, "sea of words", 1891) and its successor <i>Daigenkai</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大言海</span></span>, "great sea of words", 1932–1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ito_Keisuke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baron Keisuke Ito (1803–1901) was a biologist and a professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo (University of Tokyo)."><noscript><img alt="Baron Keisuke Ito (1803–1901) was a biologist and a professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo (University of Tokyo)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ito_Keisuke.jpg/116px-Ito_Keisuke.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1247"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 116px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ito_Keisuke.jpg/116px-Ito_Keisuke.jpg" data-alt="Baron Keisuke Ito (1803–1901) was a biologist and a professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo (University of Tokyo)." data-width="116" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ito_Keisuke.jpg/175px-Ito_Keisuke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ito_Keisuke.jpg/233px-Ito_Keisuke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baron <a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Ito_(botanist)" title="Keisuke Ito (botanist)">Keisuke Ito</a> (1803–1901) was a biologist and a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Universities" title="Imperial Universities">Imperial University in Tokyo</a> (University of Tokyo).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiyoo Wadati (1902–1995) was a seismologist, who won the Imperial Prize in 1932."><noscript><img alt="Kiyoo Wadati (1902–1995) was a seismologist, who won the Imperial Prize in 1932." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg/120px-Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg/120px-Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg" data-alt="Kiyoo Wadati (1902–1995) was a seismologist, who won the Imperial Prize in 1932." data-width="120" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg/180px-Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg/240px-Kiyoo_Wadachi_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kiyoo_Wadati" title="Kiyoo Wadati">Kiyoo Wadati</a> (1902–1995) was a seismologist, who won the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Prize_of_the_Japan_Academy" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy">Imperial Prize</a> in 1932.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teiji Takagi (1875–1960) was a mathematician who made seminal contributions to class field theory, and a member of the selection committee for the first Fields Medal."><noscript><img alt="Teiji Takagi (1875–1960) was a mathematician who made seminal contributions to class field theory, and a member of the selection committee for the first Fields Medal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg/120px-Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="2553"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg/120px-Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg" data-alt="Teiji Takagi (1875–1960) was a mathematician who made seminal contributions to class field theory, and a member of the selection committee for the first Fields Medal." data-width="120" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg/180px-Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg/240px-Teiji_Takagi_photographed_by_Shigeru_Tamura.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Teiji_Takagi" title="Teiji Takagi">Teiji Takagi</a> (1875–1960) was a mathematician who made seminal contributions to <a href="/wiki/Class_field_theory" title="Class field theory">class field theory</a>, and a member of the selection committee for the first <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anthropologists,_ethnologists,_archaeologists,_and_historians"><span id="Anthropologists.2C_ethnologists.2C_archaeologists.2C_and_historians"></span>Anthropologists, ethnologists, archaeologists, and historians</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuki_Fumihiko" title="Ōtsuki Fumihiko">Ōtsuki Fumihiko</a> (1847–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuke_Hashiba" title="Yusuke Hashiba">Yusuke Hashiba</a> (1851–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koganei_Yoshikiyo" title="Koganei Yoshikiyo">Koganei Yoshikiyo</a> (1859–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nait%C5%8D_Torajir%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Naitō Torajirō">Naitō Torajirō</a> (1866–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C5%8D_Kanori" title="Inō Kanori">Inō Kanori</a> (1867–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torii_Ry%C5%ABz%C5%8D" title="Torii Ryūzō">Torii Ryūzō</a> (1870–1953)</li> <li>Fujioka Katsuji (1872–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Anesaki" title="Masaharu Anesaki">Masaharu Anesaki</a> (1873–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunio_Yanagita" title="Kunio Yanagita">Kunio Yanagita</a> (1875–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushinosuke_Mori" title="Ushinosuke Mori">Ushinosuke Mori</a> (1877–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABsaku_Tsunoda" title="Ryūsaku Tsunoda">Ryūsaku Tsunoda</a> (1877–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsaku_Hamada" title="Kōsaku Hamada">Kōsaku Hamada</a> (1881–1938)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dsuke_Kindaichi" title="Kyōsuke Kindaichi">Kyōsuke Kindaichi</a> (1882–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsuji_Morohashi" title="Tetsuji Morohashi">Tetsuji Morohashi</a> (1883–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuruko_Haraguchi" title="Tsuruko Haraguchi">Tsuruko Haraguchi</a> (1886–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinobu_Orikuchi" title="Shinobu Orikuchi">Shinobu Orikuchi</a> (1887–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zench%C5%AB_Nakahara" title="Zenchū Nakahara">Zenchū Nakahara</a> (1890–1964)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_scientists,_biologists,_evolutionary_theorists,_and_geneticists"><span id="Medical_scientists.2C_biologists.2C_evolutionary_theorists.2C_and_geneticists"></span>Medical scientists, biologists, evolutionary theorists, and geneticists</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Ito_(botanist)" title="Keisuke Ito (botanist)">Keisuke Ito</a> (1803–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusumoto_Ine" title="Kusumoto Ine">Kusumoto Ine</a> (1827–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagayo_Sensai" title="Nagayo Sensai">Nagayo Sensai</a> (1838–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Yoshio" title="Tanaka Yoshio">Tanaka Yoshio</a> (1838–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagai_Nagayoshi" title="Nagai Nagayoshi">Nagai Nagayoshi</a> (1844–1929)</li> <li>Miyake Hiizu (1848–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaki_Kanehiro" title="Takaki Kanehiro">Takaki Kanehiro</a> (1849–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Kitasato Shibasaburō</a> (1853–1931)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hirase_Sakugor%C5%8D" title="Hirase Sakugorō">Hirase Sakugorō</a> (1856–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Jinzō Matsumura">Jinzō Matsumura</a> (1856–1928)</li> <li>Juntaro takahashi (1856–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoyama_Tanemichi" title="Aoyama Tanemichi">Aoyama Tanemichi</a> (1859–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichir%C5%8D_Hirase" title="Yoichirō Hirase">Yoichirō Hirase</a> (1859–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Chiyomatsu" title="Ishikawa Chiyomatsu">Ishikawa Chiyomatsu</a> (1861–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomitaro_Makino" title="Tomitaro Makino">Tomitaro Makino</a> (1862–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagiwa_Katsusabur%C5%8D" title="Yamagiwa Katsusaburō">Yamagiwa Katsusaburō</a> (1863–1930)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Yu Fujikawa (1865–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiro_Katsurada" title="Fujiro Katsurada">Fujiro Katsurada</a> (1867–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakichi_Kishinouye" title="Kamakichi Kishinouye">Kamakichi Kishinouye</a> (1867–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuyoshi_Shirasawa" title="Yasuyoshi Shirasawa">Yasuyoshi Shirasawa</a> (1868–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuji_Iwasaki" title="Takuji Iwasaki">Takuji Iwasaki</a> (1869–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyoshi_Shiga" title="Kiyoshi Shiga">Kiyoshi Shiga</a> (1871–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heijiro_Nakayama" title="Heijiro Nakayama">Heijiro Nakayama</a> (1871–1956)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sunao_Tawara" title="Sunao Tawara">Sunao Tawara</a> (1873–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunz%C5%8D_Hayata" title="Bunzō Hayata">Bunzō Hayata</a> (1874–1934)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ryukichi_Inada" title="Ryukichi Inada">Ryukichi Inada</a> (1874–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensuke_Mitsuda" title="Kensuke Mitsuda">Kensuke Mitsuda</a> (1876–1964)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hideyo_Noguchi" title="Hideyo Noguchi">Hideyo Noguchi</a> (1876–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushi_Masaichi" title="Fukushi Masaichi">Fukushi Masaichi</a> (1878–1956)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Takaoki_Sasaki" title="Takaoki Sasaki">Takaoki Sasaki</a> (1878–1966)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Gennosuke_Fuse" title="Gennosuke Fuse">Gennosuke Fuse</a> (1880–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_Yasui" title="Kono Yasui">Kono Yasui</a> (1880–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakaru_Hashimoto" title="Hakaru Hashimoto">Hakaru Hashimoto</a> (1881–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichiro_Miyake" title="Ichiro Miyake">Ichiro Miyake</a> (1881–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Hashida" title="Kunihiko Hashida">Kunihiko Hashida</a> (1882–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takenoshin_Nakai" title="Takenoshin Nakai">Takenoshin Nakai</a> (1882–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyusaku_Ogino" title="Kyusaku Ogino">Kyusaku Ogino</a> (1882–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen-ichi_Koidzumi" title="Gen-ichi Koidzumi">Gen-ichi Koidzumi</a> (1883–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Nishimura" title="Makoto Nishimura">Makoto Nishimura</a> (1883–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintar%C5%8D_Hirase" title="Shintarō Hirase">Shintarō Hirase</a> (1884–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamezo_Mori" title="Tamezo Mori">Tamezo Mori</a> (1884–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanesuke_Hara" title="Kanesuke Hara">Kanesuke Hara</a> (1885–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dzabur%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Chōzaburō Tanaka">Chōzaburō Tanaka</a> (1885–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michiyo_Tsujimura" title="Michiyo Tsujimura">Michiyo Tsujimura</a> (1888–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaichir%C5%8D_Okada" title="Yaichirō Okada">Yaichirō Okada</a> (1892–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikuro_Takahashi_(botanist)" title="Ikuro Takahashi (botanist)">Ikuro Takahashi</a> (1892–1981)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Kihara" title="Hitoshi Kihara">Hitoshi Kihara</a> (1893–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyu_Yamaguti" title="Satyu Yamaguti">Satyu Yamaguti</a> (1894–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinichiro_Sakaguchi" title="Kinichiro Sakaguchi">Kinichiro Sakaguchi</a> (1897–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoru_Shirota" title="Minoru Shirota">Minoru Shirota</a> (1899–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genkei_Masamune" title="Genkei Masamune">Genkei Masamune</a> (1899–1993)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inventors,_industrialists,_engineers"><span id="Inventors.2C_industrialists.2C_engineers"></span>Inventors, industrialists, engineers</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Hisashige" title="Tanaka Hisashige">Tanaka Hisashige</a> (1799–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshima_Takat%C5%8D" title="Ōshima Takatō">Ōshima Takatō</a> (1826–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamao_Y%C5%8Dz%C5%8D" title="Yamao Yōzō">Yamao Yōzō</a> (1837–1917)</li> <li>Murata Tsuneyoshi (1838–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masuda_Takashi" title="Masuda Takashi">Masuda Takashi</a> (1848–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sas%C5%8D_Sach%C5%AB" title="Sasō Sachū">Sasō Sachū</a> (1852–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisaka_Nariakira" title="Arisaka Nariakira">Arisaka Nariakira</a> (1852–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furuichi_K%C5%8Di" title="Furuichi Kōi">Furuichi Kōi</a> (1854–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirai_Seijir%C5%8D" title="Hirai Seijirō">Hirai Seijirō</a> (1856–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Takuma" title="Dan Takuma">Dan Takuma</a> (1858–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikimoto_K%C5%8Dkichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikimoto Kōkichi">Mikimoto Kōkichi</a> (1858–1954)</li> <li>Shimose Masachika (1860–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotaro_Shimomura" title="Kotaro Shimomura">Kotaro Shimomura</a> (1861–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABhachi_Ninomiya" title="Chūhachi Ninomiya">Chūhachi Ninomiya</a> (1866–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakichi_Toyoda" title="Sakichi Toyoda">Sakichi Toyoda</a> (1867–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kijir%C5%8D_Nambu" title="Kijirō Nambu">Kijirō Nambu</a> (1869–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namihei_Odaira" title="Namihei Odaira">Namihei Odaira</a> (1874–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujiro_Matsuda" title="Jujiro Matsuda">Jujiro Matsuda</a> (1875–1952)</li> <li>Masuda Tarokaja (1875–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Yazu" title="Ryōichi Yazu">Ryōichi Yazu</a> (1878–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshisuke_Aikawa" title="Yoshisuke Aikawa">Yoshisuke Aikawa</a> (1880–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noritsugu_Hayakawa" title="Noritsugu Hayakawa">Noritsugu Hayakawa</a> (1881–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miekichi_Suzuki" title="Miekichi Suzuki">Miekichi Suzuki</a> (1882–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikuhei_Nakajima" title="Chikuhei Nakajima">Chikuhei Nakajima</a> (1884–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidetsugu_Yagi" title="Hidetsugu Yagi">Hidetsugu Yagi</a> (1886–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Suzuki_(inventor)" title="Michio Suzuki (inventor)">Michio Suzuki</a> (1887–1982)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasujiro_Niwa" title="Yasujiro Niwa">Yasujiro Niwa</a> (1893–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokuji_Hayakawa" title="Tokuji Hayakawa">Tokuji Hayakawa</a> (1893–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dnosuke_Matsushita" title="Kōnosuke Matsushita">Kōnosuke Matsushita</a> (1894–1989)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kinjiro_Okabe" title="Kinjiro Okabe">Kinjiro Okabe</a> (1896–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiwo_Doko" title="Toshiwo Doko">Toshiwo Doko</a> (1896–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenjiro_Takayanagi" title="Kenjiro Takayanagi">Kenjiro Takayanagi</a> (1899–1990)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophers,_educators,_mathematicians,_and_polymaths"><span id="Philosophers.2C_educators.2C_mathematicians.2C_and_polymaths"></span>Philosophers, educators, mathematicians, and polymaths</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a> (1799–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimura_Shigeki" title="Nishimura Shigeki">Nishimura Shigeki</a> (1828–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_Amane" title="Nishi Amane">Nishi Amane</a> (1829–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Dairoku" title="Kikuchi Dairoku">Kikuchi Dairoku</a> (1855–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokiyuki_(Scouting)" title="Hōjō Tokiyuki (Scouting)">Hōjō Tokiyuki</a> (1858–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikitaro_Fujisawa" title="Rikitaro Fujisawa">Rikitaro Fujisawa</a> (1861–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsutaro_Shirai" title="Mitsutaro Shirai">Mitsutaro Shirai</a> (1863–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitobe_Inaz%C5%8D" title="Nitobe Inazō">Nitobe Inazō</a> (1862–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsuchihashi" title="Paul Tsuchihashi">Paul Tsuchihashi</a> (1866–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintar%C3%B4_Okamura" title="Kintarô Okamura">Kintarô Okamura</a> (1867–1935)</li> <li>Totsudō Katō (1870–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuruichi_Hayashi" title="Tsuruichi Hayashi">Tsuruichi Hayashi</a> (1873–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Mikami" title="Yoshio Mikami">Yoshio Mikami</a> (1875–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiji_Takagi" title="Teiji Takagi">Teiji Takagi</a> (1875–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsusaburo_Fujiwara" title="Matsusaburo Fujiwara">Matsusaburo Fujiwara</a> (1881–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshishige_Abe" title="Yoshishige Abe">Yoshishige Abe</a> (1883–1966)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dichi_Kakeya" title="Sōichi Kakeya">Sōichi Kakeya</a> (1886–1947)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemists,_physicists,_and_geologists"><span id="Chemists.2C_physicists.2C_and_geologists"></span>Chemists, physicists, and geologists</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takamine_J%C5%8Dkichi" title="Takamine Jōkichi">Jōkichi Takamine</a> (1854–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamakawa_Kenjir%C5%8D" title="Yamakawa Kenjirō">Yamakawa Kenjirō</a> (1854–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekiya_Seikei" title="Sekiya Seikei">Sekiya Seikei</a> (1855–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanakadate_Aikitsu" title="Tanakadate Aikitsu">Tanakadate Aikitsu</a> (1856–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikunae_Ikeda" title="Kikunae Ikeda">Kikunae Ikeda</a> (1864–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masataka_Ogawa" title="Masataka Ogawa">Masataka Ogawa</a> (1865–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantaro_Nagaoka" title="Hantaro Nagaoka">Hantaro Nagaoka</a> (1865–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusakichi_Omori" title="Fusakichi Omori">Fusakichi Omori</a> (1868–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Hirayama" title="Shin Hirayama">Shin Hirayama</a> (1868–1945)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Kimura" title="Hisashi Kimura">Hisashi Kimura</a> (1870–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitsune_Imamura" title="Akitsune Imamura">Akitsune Imamura</a> (1870–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotaro_Honda" title="Kotaro Honda">Kotaro Honda</a> (1870–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harutaro_Murakami" title="Harutaro Murakami">Harutaro Murakami</a> (1872–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Shinjo" title="Shinzo Shinjo">Shinzo Shinjo</a> (1873–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umetaro_Suzuki" title="Umetaro Suzuki">Umetaro Suzuki</a> (1874–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyotsugu_Hirayama" title="Kiyotsugu Hirayama">Kiyotsugu Hirayama</a> (1874–1943)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Suekichi_Kinoshita" title="Suekichi Kinoshita">Suekichi Kinoshita</a> (1877–1935)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Torahiko_Terada" title="Torahiko Terada">Torahiko Terada</a> (1878–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_%C5%8Ck%C5%8Dchi" title="Masatoshi Ōkōchi">Masatoshi Ōkōchi</a> (1878–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiichi_Aichi" title="Keiichi Aichi">Keiichi Aichi</a> (1880–1923)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jun_Ishiwara" title="Jun Ishiwara">Jun Ishiwara</a> (1881–1947)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasuhiko_Asahina" title="Yasuhiko Asahina">Yasuhiko Asahina</a> (1881–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoyasu_Iimori" title="Satoyasu Iimori">Satoyasu Iimori</a> (1885–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Ogata" title="Akira Ogata">Akira Ogata</a> (1887–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Nishina" title="Yoshio Nishina">Yoshio Nishina</a> (1890–1951)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokushichi_Mishima" title="Tokushichi Mishima">Tokushichi Mishima</a> (1893–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masuzo_Shikata" title="Masuzo Shikata">Masuzo Shikata</a> (1895–1964)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hakaru_Masumoto" title="Hakaru Masumoto">Hakaru Masumoto</a> (1895–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuro_Oikawa" title="Okuro Oikawa">Okuro Oikawa</a> (1896–1970)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy"><noscript><img alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/18px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png" data-alt="Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/27px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg/36px-Japanese_Crest_Jyuuroku_Kiku.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ozawa_Yoshiaki" title="Ozawa Yoshiaki">Ozawa Yoshiaki</a> (1899–1929)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mako_(actor)" title="Mako (actor)">Mako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoji_Ito" title="Yoji Ito">Yoji Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satosi_Watanabe" title="Satosi Watanabe">Satosi Watanabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiji_Naruse" title="Seiji Naruse">Seiji Naruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Doi_(aircraft_designer)" title="Takeo Doi (aircraft designer)">Takeo Doi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsuo_Hasegawa" title="Tatsuo Hasegawa">Tatsuo Hasegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiro_Honjo" title="Kiro Honjo">Kiro Honjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiro_Horikoshi" title="Jiro Horikoshi">Jiro Horikoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Itokawa" title="Hideo Itokawa">Hideo Itokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soichiro_Honda" title="Soichiro Honda">Soichiro Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanosuke_Hirai" title="Yanosuke Hirai">Yanosuke Hirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuji_Miyazaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsuji Miyazaki">Katsuji Miyazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinroku_Momose" title="Shinroku Momose">Shinroku Momose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryoichi_Nakagawa" title="Ryoichi Nakagawa">Ryoichi Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiro_Tanaka" title="Jiro Tanaka">Jiro Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noriaki_Fukuyama" title="Noriaki Fukuyama">Noriaki Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eizaburo_Nishibori" title="Eizaburo Nishibori">Eizaburo Nishibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Shin'ichirō Tomonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyoo_Wadati" title="Kiyoo Wadati">Kiyoo Wadati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shokichi_Iyanaga" title="Shokichi Iyanaga">Shokichi Iyanaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Hatanaka" title="Takeo Hatanaka">Takeo Hatanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Kubokawa" title="Kazuo Kubokawa">Kazuo Kubokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomizo_Yoshida" title="Tomizo Yoshida">Tomizo Yoshida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyosi_It%C3%B4" title="Kiyosi Itô">Kiyosi Itô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoichi_Sakata" title="Shoichi Sakata">Shoichi Sakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Taniyama" title="Yutaka Taniyama">Yutaka Taniyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B4di_Husimi" title="Kôdi Husimi">Kôdi Husimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishi_Kikuchi" title="Seishi Kikuchi">Seishi Kikuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taketani_Mitsuo" title="Taketani Mitsuo">Taketani Mitsuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahiko_Yamanouchi" title="Takahiko Yamanouchi">Takahiko Yamanouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeyoshi_Matsumae" title="Shigeyoshi Matsumae">Shigeyoshi Matsumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeo_Shingo" title="Shigeo Shingo">Shigeo Shingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuchika_Sugimura" title="Nobuchika Sugimura">Nobuchika Sugimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisaburo_Ohwi" title="Jisaburo Ohwi">Jisaburo Ohwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Takenaka" title="Yo Takenaka">Yo Takenaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshi_Imai" title="Sanshi Imai">Sanshi Imai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikutaro_Baba" title="Kikutaro Baba">Kikutaro Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuzo_Kuronuma" title="Katsuzo Kuronuma">Katsuzo Kuronuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasunori_Miyoshi" title="Yasunori Miyoshi">Yasunori Miyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuma_Dan" title="Katsuma Dan">Katsuma Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Nakamura_(biochemist)" title="Hiroshi Nakamura (biochemist)">Hiroshi Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukichiro_Nakaya" title="Ukichiro Nakaya">Ukichiro Nakaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuke_Hagihara" title="Yusuke Hagihara">Yusuke Hagihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isao_Imai_(physicist)" title="Isao Imai (physicist)">Isao Imai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintaro_Uda" title="Shintaro Uda">Shintaro Uda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinjiro_Okabe" title="Kinjiro Okabe">Kinjiro Okabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_Yoshiaki" title="Ozawa Yoshiaki">Ozawa Yoshiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issac_Koga" title="Issac Koga">Issaku Koga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzuru_Hiraga" title="Yuzuru Hiraga">Yuzuru Hiraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiro_Horikoshi" title="Jiro Horikoshi">Jiro Horikoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiro_Okabe" title="Yoshiro Okabe">Yoshiro Okabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motonori_Matuyama" title="Motonori Matuyama">Motonori Matuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masauji_Hachisuka" title="Masauji Hachisuka">Masauji Hachisuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubei_Kuroda" title="Tokubei Kuroda">Tokubei Kuroda</a></li> <li>Hikosaka Tadayoshi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunsaku_Arakatsu" title="Bunsaku Arakatsu">Bunsaku Arakatsu</a></li> <li>Shinji Maejima</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahito,_Prince_Mikasa" title="Takahito, Prince Mikasa">Takahito, Prince Mikasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshihiko_Izutsu" title="Toshihiko Izutsu">Toshihiko Izutsu</a></li> <li>Kawachi Yoshihiro</li> <li>Katsutada Sezawa</li> <li>Katsura Kotaro</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Timeline_(1926–1947)"><span id="Timeline_.281926.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Timeline (1926–1947)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a> dies (December 25).</li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi" title="Tanaka Giichi">Tanaka Giichi</a> becomes prime minister (April 20).</li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a> is formally installed as emperor (November 10).</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Osachi Hamaguchi</a> becomes prime minister (July 2).</li> <li>1930: Hamaguchi is wounded in an assassination attempt (November 14).</li> <li>1931: Hamaguchi dies and <a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki Reijirō</a> becomes prime minister (April 14). <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan occupies Manchuria</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> (September 18). <a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai Tsuyoshi</a> becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China.</li> <li>1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Incident">shell the city</a> (January 29). <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> is established with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pu_Yi" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pu Yi">Henry Pu Yi</a> as emperor (February 29). Inukai is assassinated during <a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">a coup attempt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Makoto" title="Saitō Makoto">Saitō Makoto</a> becomes prime minister (May 15). Japan is censured by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (December 7).</li> <li>1933: Japan leaves the League of Nations (March 27).</li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Okada" title="Keisuke Okada">Keisuke Okada</a> becomes prime minister (July 8). Japan withdraws from the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> (December 29).</li> <li>1936: Coup attempt (<a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a>). <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Kōki Hirota</a> becomes prime minister (March 9). Japan signs <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">its first pact</a> with Germany (November 25) and <a href="/wiki/Qingdao#1938%E2%80%931945" title="Qingdao">reoccupies</a> <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Tsingtao</a> (December 3). <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> established in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.</li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Senj%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Hayashi" title="Senjūrō Hayashi">Senjūrō Hayashi</a> becomes prime minister (February 2). Prince <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> becomes prime minister (June 4). <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Battle of Lugou Bridge</a> (July 7). Japan <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping%E2%80%93Tianjin" title="Battle of Beiping–Tianjin">captures Beijing</a> (July 31). Japanese troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">occupy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (December 13), beginning the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a>.</li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">Battle of Taierzhuang</a> (March 24). <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Operation" title="Canton Operation">falls</a> to Japanese forces (October 21).</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Hiranuma_Kiichir%C5%8D" title="Hiranuma Kiichirō">Hiranuma Kiichirō</a> becomes prime minister (January 5). Japan annexs the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> (March 30). <a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">Abe Nobuyuki</a> becomes prime minister (August 30).</li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Mitsumasa Yonai</a> becomes prime minister (January 16). Konoe becomes prime minister for a second term (July 22). <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a> (August–September). Japan <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">occupies French Indochina</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">fall of Paris</a>, and signs the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> (September 27).</li> <li>1941: General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a> becomes prime minister (October 18). <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese naval forces attack Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii (December 7), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8). Japan <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">conquers Hong Kong</a> (December 25). Japan annexs the <a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> in 1941.</li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Battle of Ambon</a> (January 30 – February 3). <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang" title="Battle of Palembang">Battle of Palembang</a> (February 13–15). <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Singapore">Singapore surrenders</a> to Japan (February 15). <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Japan bombs Australia (February 19)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a> (March 31 – April 10). <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> on Tokyo (April 18). <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a> (May 4–8). U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Filipino</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Philippines (1942)">Battle of the Philippines (1942)</a> surrender (May 8). Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> (June 6). Allied victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Battle of Milne Bay</a> (September 5). <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a> (October 25–27).</li> <li>1943: Allied victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guadalcanal">Battle of Guadalcanal</a> (February 9). Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Battle of Tarawa</a> (November 23).</li> <li>1944: Tojo resigns and <a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a> becomes prime minister (July 22). <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a> (October 23–26).</li> <li>1945: Allied bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> (March 26). Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a> becomes prime minister (April 7). Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a> (June 21). The US drops <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> (August 6) and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> (August 9), the Soviet Union and Mongolia invade <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>), and Japan (northern <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>) (August 9 – September 2). Japan surrenders (September 2): Allied occupation begins.</li> <li>1947: The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> comes into force.<sup id="cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndlconstitution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Emperors">Emperors</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a><sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Given name<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>Childhood name<sup>3</sup> </th> <th>Period of reign </th> <th>Era name<sup>4</sup> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Meiji<br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明治天皇</span></span></span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Mutsuhito</a><br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">睦仁</span></span></span>) </td> <td>Sachi-no-miya<br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">祐宮</span></span></span>) </td> <td>1868–1912<br>(1890–1912)<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>Meiji </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Taisho<br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大正天皇</span></span></span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Yoshihito</a><br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">嘉仁</span></span></span>) </td> <td>Haru-no-miya<br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明宮</span></span></span>) </td> <td>1912–26 </td> <td>Taishō </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Showa<br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">昭和天皇</span></span></span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a><br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">裕仁</span></span></span>) </td> <td>Michi-no-miya<br>(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">迪宮</span></span></span>) </td> <td>1926–89<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>Shōwa </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"><b>1</b> Each posthumous name was given after the respective era names as <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> Dynasties of China. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"><b>2</b> The Japanese imperial family name has no surname or dynastic name. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"><b>3</b> Emperor Meiji was known only by the appellation <i>Sachi-no-miya</i> from his birth until November 11, 1860, when he was proclaimed heir apparent to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a> and received the personal name <i>Mutsuhito</i>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"><b>4</b> No multiple era names were given for each reign after Emperor Meiji. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"><b>5</b> Constitutionally </td></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"><b>6</b> Constitutionally. The reign of the Shōwa Emperor in fact continued until 1989 since he did not abdicate after World War II. However, he lost his status as a living god and influence on politics after the 1947 constitution was adopted. </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Emblems">Emblems</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Empire of Japan from 1870 to 1999"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Empire of Japan from 1870 to 1999" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Empire of Japan from 1870 to 1999" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the Empire of Japan from 1870 to 1999</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_(1868%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army"><noscript><img alt="War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/120px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/120px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" data-alt="War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/180px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/240px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval ensign of the Empire of Japan"><noscript><img alt="Naval ensign of the Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/120px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/120px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Naval ensign of the Empire of Japan" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/180px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/240px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval ensign of the Empire of Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Japanese Emperor"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Japanese Emperor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Japanese Emperor" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the Japanese Emperor</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demography of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_and_during_World_War_II" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before and during World War II">Germany–Japan industrial co-operation before World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production in Shōwa Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Japanese nuclear weapon program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties of the Empire of Japan</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modified version used in 1880–1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the Empire of Japan officially had no state religion,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> played an important part for the Japanese state. <a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Marius Jansen</a> states: "The Meiji government had from the first incorporated, and in a sense created, Shinto, and utilized its tales of the divine origin of the ruling house as the core of its ritual addressed to ancestors 'of ages past'. As the Japanese empire grew the affirmation of a divine mission for the Japanese race was emphasized more strongly. Shinto was imposed on colonial lands in Taiwan and Korea, and public funds were utilized to build and maintain new shrines there. Shinto priests were attached to army units as chaplains, and the cult of war dead, enshrined at the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasukuni Jinja">Yasukuni Jinja</a> in Tokyo, took on ever greater proportions as their number grew."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002669_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002669-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">大日本帝国</span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dai Nippon Teikoku</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dai Nihon Teikoku</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"During the second half of the nineteenth century, Japan's nation-builders forged the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji</a> nation-state out of an older, heterogeneous <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa</a> realm, integrating semi-autonomous domain states into a unified political community."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009234_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Rather than restore an ancient (and probably imaginary) center-periphery order, the Meiji Restoration hastened the creation of a new and unambiguously centralized and modern nation-state. Within a few decades of the official beginning of the nation-building project, Tokyo had become the political and economic capital of a state that replaced semi-autonomous domains with newly created prefectures subordinate to central laws and centrally appointed administrators."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009433_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009433-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">富国強兵</span></span>, "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">殖産興業</span></span>, "Promote Industry"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During a recess, Saigō, who had his troops outside, "remarked that it would take only one short sword to settle the discussion".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word used for "dagger" was <i>tantō</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/explore/national/index.html">"Explore Japan National Flag and National Anthem"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+Japan+National+Flag+and+National+Anthem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Fkidsweb%2Fexplore%2Fnational%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040038/http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2270.html">"National Symbols"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2270.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Symbols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan-guide.com%2Fe%2Fe2270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellinger_and_Salkin1996" class="citation book cs1">Schellinger and Salkin, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA515">"Kyoto"</a>. <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i>. UK: Routledge. p. 515ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kyoto&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=515ff&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26pg%3DPA515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ānanda (2012). <i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41234-4"><bdi>978-0-226-41234-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-41234-4&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason+%C4%80nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Thomas, Jolyon Baraka (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01xp68kg357"><i>Japan's Preoccupation with Religious Freedom</i></a> (Ph.D.). Princeton University. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Japan%27s+Preoccupation+with+Religious+Freedom&rft.inst=Princeton+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jolyon+Baraka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farks.princeton.edu%2Fark%3A%2F88435%2Fdsp01xp68kg357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002669-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002669_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJansen2002">Jansen 2002</a>, p. 669.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter198431–32-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter198431%E2%80%9332_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter198431%E2%80%9332_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter1984">Hunter 1984</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ndlconstitution-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ndlconstitution_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/history05.html">"Chronological table 5 December 1, 1946 – June 23, 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>. <q>In 1942, at the moment of its greatest extension, the empire encompassed territories spanning over 7,400,000 square kilometers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Dialectics+of+Remembrance%3A+Memories+of+Empire+in+Cold+War+Japan&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146284542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43908281%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417513000601&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F199424523.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSTOR-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaeuberBeal1945" class="citation journal cs1">Taeuber, Irene B.; Beal, Edwin G. (January 1945). "The Demographic Heritage of the Japanese Empire". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>. <b>237</b>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271624523700108">10.1177/000271624523700108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1025496">1025496</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144547927">144547927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Demographic+Heritage+of+the+Japanese+Empire&rft.volume=237&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1945-01&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144547927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1025496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271624523700108&rft.aulast=Taeuber&rft.aufirst=Irene+B.&rft.au=Beal%2C+Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009234-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009234_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsutsui2009">Tsutsui 2009</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009433-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsutsui2009433_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsutsui2009">Tsutsui 2009</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2018" class="citation web cs1">Townsend, Susan (July 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_quest_empire_01.shtml">"Japan's Quest for Empire 1931–1945"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Quest+for+Empire+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fjapan_quest_empire_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sjlee-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sjlee_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sjlee_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Lee. <i>European Dictatorships 1918-1945</i>. 4th edition, 2016. p. 364: "There has also been some debate as to whether Japan was even a 'dictatorship'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shillony-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shillony_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillony2013" class="citation book cs1">Shillony, Ben-Ami (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQoNuRfzqNMC&pg=PA83"><i>Ben-Ami Shillony – Collected Writings</i></a>. Routledge. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25230-5"><bdi>978-1-134-25230-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben-Ami+Shillony+%E2%80%93+Collected+Writings&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25230-5&rft.aulast=Shillony&rft.aufirst=Ben-Ami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQoNuRfzqNMC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200434-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200434_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagiwara2004">Hagiwara 2004</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002314–315-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002314%E2%80%93315_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJansen2002">Jansen 2002</a>, pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200435-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagiwara200435_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagiwara2004">Hagiwara 2004</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatow1921282-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatow1921282_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatow1921">Satow 1921</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene2002116-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeene2002116_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeene2002">Keene 2002</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002310–311-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002310%E2%80%93311_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJansen2002">Jansen 2002</a>, pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeene2002">Keene 2002</a>, pp. 120–121, and <a href="#CITEREFSatow1921">Satow 1921</a>, p. 283. Moreover, <a href="#CITEREFSatow1921">Satow (1921</a>, p. 285) speculates that Yoshinobu had agreed to an assembly of <i>daimyōs</i> in the hope that such a body would reinstate him.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatow1921286-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatow1921286_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatow1921">Satow 1921</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeene2002">Keene 2002</a>, p. 122. Original quotation (Japanese): "短刀一本あればかたづくことだ." in <a href="#CITEREFHagiwara2004">Hagiwara 2004</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene2002124-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeene2002124_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeene2002">Keene 2002</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2002312-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002312_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2002312_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJansen2002">Jansen 2002</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeene2002">Keene 2002</a>, p. 340, notes that one might "describe the Oath in Five Articles as a constitution for all ages".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.go.jp/ayumi/kobetsu/m08_1875_02.html">"明治8年（1875）4月｜漸次立憲政体樹立の詔が発せられ、元老院・大審院が設置される：日本のあゆみ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB8%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881875%EF%BC%894%E6%9C%88%EF%BD%9C%E6%BC%B8%E6%AC%A1%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E6%A8%B9%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%94%E3%81%8C%E7%99%BA%E3%81%9B%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%80%81%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2%E3%83%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%A9%E9%99%A2%E3%81%8C%E8%A8%AD%E7%BD%AE%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%81%82%E3%82%86%E3%81%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.go.jp%2Fayumi%2Fkobetsu%2Fm08_1875_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazuhiro2007" class="citation book cs1">Kazuhiro, Takii (2007). <i>The Meiji Constitution. The Japanese Experience Of The West And The Shaping Of The Modern State</i>. International House of Japan. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meiji+Constitution.+The+Japanese+Experience+Of+The+West+And+The+Shaping+Of+The+Modern+State&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=International+House+of+Japan&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kazuhiro&rft.aufirst=Takii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/japan.htm">The Secret of Japan's Strength</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711230850/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/japan.htm">Archived</a> July 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.calvin.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snow-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snow_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Equal-to-the-Apostles St. Nicholas of Japan, Russian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist web-site, Washington D.C.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxjapan.jp/daishukyou.html">"日本の正教会の歴史と現代 "History of Japanese Orthodox Church and Now"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Japanese). The Orthodox Church in Japan. February 1, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3+%22History+of+Japanese+Orthodox+Church+and+Now%22&rft.pub=The+Orthodox+Church+in+Japan&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxjapan.jp%2Fdaishukyou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Orthodox translation of Gospel into Japanese, Pravostok Orthodox Portal, October 2006</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanban-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kanban_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Pate2017" class="citation book cs1">Scott Pate, Alan (May 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4ofDgAAQBAJ&dq=Dampatsurei+Edict&pg=PA149"><i>Kanban: Traditional Shop Signs of Japan</i></a>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17647-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17647-5</bdi></a>. <q>In 1871 the Dampatsurei edict forced all samurai to cut off their topknots, a traditional source of identity and pride.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanban%3A+Traditional+Shop+Signs+of+Japan&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17647-5&rft.aulast=Scott+Pate&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da4ofDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDampatsurei%2BEdict%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tengulife.com/2017/05/the-rise-of-concrete-castle.html">"The Rise of the Concrete Castle"</a>. <i>TenguLife: The curious guide to Japan</i>. May 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TenguLife%3A+The+curious+guide+to+Japan&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Concrete+Castle&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tengulife.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fthe-rise-of-concrete-castle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoo2019" class="citation web cs1">Foo, Audrey (January 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.gaijinpot.com/a-race-across-japan-to-see-its-last-original-castles/">"A Race Across Japan to See its Last Original Castles"</a>. <i>GaijinPot</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GaijinPot&rft.atitle=A+Race+Across+Japan+to+See+its+Last+Original+Castles&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.aulast=Foo&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.gaijinpot.com%2Fa-race-across-japan-to-see-its-last-original-castles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2296.html">"Japanese castles History of Castles"</a>. <i>Japan Guide</i>. 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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6716-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-6716-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6716-0&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJtMGXyGlUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIon201444-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIon201444_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIon201444_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIon2014">Ion 2014</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200997-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200997_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrea2009">Drea 2009</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200998-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200998_66-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrea2009">Drea 2009</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea200999-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200999_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200999_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea200999_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrea2009">Drea 2009</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Sarah. <i>The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero</i>. p. 503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+in+Global+Perspective%3A+World+War+Zero&rft.pages=503&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuus1995" class="citation book cs1">Duus, Peter (1995). <i>The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+1917%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%88%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A36%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%99%82%E3%81%AB%E3%80%81%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E5%9C%A8%E7%95%99%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AD%A4%E5%85%90%E3%82%92%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E3%81%8C%E6%95%91%E6%B8%88%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E8%AA%BF%E3%81%B9%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%80%82&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fmofaj%2Fannai%2Fhonsho%2Fshiryo%2Fqa%2Ftaisho_01.html%230908_02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101112081121/http://www.city.tsuruga.lg.jp/sypher/free/kk-museum/polish-orhpans/polish-orhpans.html">"Polish orphans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui" title="Tsuruga, Fukui">Tsuruga city</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.tsuruga.lg.jp/sypher/free/kk-museum/polish-orhpans/polish-orhpans.html">the original</a> on November 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+orphans&rft.pub=Tsuruga+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.tsuruga.lg.jp%2Fsypher%2Ffree%2Fkk-museum%2Fpolish-orhpans%2Fpolish-orhpans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hane, Mikiso, <i>Modern Japan: A Historical Survey</i> (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992) 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shugiin150-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shugiin150_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shugiin150_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200616/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_kaigiroku.nsf/html/kaigiroku/007115020001116012.htm?OpenDocument">"第150回国会政治倫理の確立及び公職選挙法改正に関する特別委員会第12号平成12年11月16日（木曜日）"</a>. House of Representatives of Japan. November 16, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_kaigiroku.nsf/html/kaigiroku/007115020001116012.htm?OpenDocument">the original</a> on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC150%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A+%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E3%81%AE%E7%A2%BA%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%85%AC%E8%81%B7%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E6%B3%95%E6%94%B9%E6%AD%A3%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%9A+%E7%AC%AC12%E5%8F%B7+%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%9012%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%88%E6%9C%A8%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=House+of+Representatives+of+Japan&rft.date=2000-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shugiin.go.jp%2Fitdb_kaigiroku.nsf%2Fhtml%2Fkaigiroku%2F007115020001116012.htm%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nittaikyo-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nittaikyo_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411052847/http://www.nittaikyo-ei.join-us.jp/koichi.html">"戦間期台湾地方選挙に関する考察"</a>. <i>古市利雄</i>. 台湾研究フォーラム【台湾研究論壇】. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nittaikyo-ei.join-us.jp/koichi.html">the original</a> on April 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%82%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%84&rft.atitle=%E6%88%A6%E9%96%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nittaikyo-ei.join-us.jp%2Fkoichi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Bix">Herbert Bix</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a></i>, 2001, p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sgpayne-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sgpayne_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC"><i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Pres. January 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7"><bdi>978-0-299-14873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=1996-01&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14873-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_MeR06xqXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2013" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Roger (October 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQFUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154"><i>The Nature of Fascism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-14588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-14588-9"><bdi>978-1-136-14588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Fascism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-14588-9&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQFUAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Chia-Hui_Lin2015" class="citation book cs1">Francis Chia-Hui Lin (January 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYIcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT85"><i>Heteroglossic Asia: The Transformation of Urban Taiwan</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62637-4"><bdi>978-1-317-62637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heteroglossic+Asia%3A+The+Transformation+of+Urban+Taiwan&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62637-4&rft.au=Francis+Chia-Hui+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYIcBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENish200278-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENish200278_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNish2002">Nish 2002</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin McDowell. Japan in Manchuria: Agricultural Emigration in the Japanese Empire, 1932–1945. University of Arizona</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/essays/en/asia-second-world-war-ghosts">"The Unquiet Past Seven decades on from the defeat of Japan, memories of war still divide East Asia"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. August 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dower, <i>Japan in War & Peace</i>, New press, 1993, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen_L." class="citation web cs1">Klemen L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/nagumo.html">"Vice-Admiral Chuichi Nagumo"</a>. <i>Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630044158/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/nagumo.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=Vice-Admiral+Chuichi+Nagumo&rft.au=Klemen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fnagumo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenesch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Benesch, Oleg (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/133333/1/Benesch_Castles_and_the_Militarisation_of_Urban_Society_in_Imperial_Japan_TRHS_Accepted_Manuscript.pdf">"Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>28</b>: 107–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440118000063">10.1017/S0080440118000063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4401">0080-4401</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26862244">26862244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158403519">158403519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Castles+and+the+Militarisation+of+Urban+Society+in+Imperial+Japan&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=107-134&rft.date=2018-12&rft.issn=0080-4401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158403519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26862244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440118000063&rft.aulast=Benesch&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F133333%2F1%2FBenesch_Castles_and_the_Militarisation_of_Urban_Society_in_Imperial_Japan_TRHS_Accepted_Manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandlerCribbNarangoa2016" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David P.; Cribb, Robert; Narangoa, Li, eds. 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Lawrence (Kan.): University press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1663-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1663-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1663-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Imperial+Army%3A+its+rise+and+fall%2C+1853-1945&rft.place=Lawrence+%28Kan.%29&rft.series=Modern+war+studies&rft.pub=University+press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1663-3&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ih3PgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorimasaToshihiko2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norimasa, Kanbashi; Toshihiko, Mōri (2004). <bdi lang="ja">図説西郷隆盛と大久保利通</bdi> [<i>Illustrated life of <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_Toshimichi" title="Ōkubo Toshimichi">Ōkubo Toshimichi</a></i>] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: <a href="/wiki/Kawade_Shob%C5%8D_Shinsha" title="Kawade Shobō Shinsha">Kawade Shobō Shinsha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-309-76041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-309-76041-4"><bdi>978-4-309-76041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%B3%E8%AA%AC+%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%B7%E9%9A%86%E7%9B%9B%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%85%E4%BF%9D%E5%88%A9%E9%80%9A&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.pub=Kawade+Shob%C5%8D+Shinsha&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-4-309-76041-4&rft.aulast=Norimasa&rft.aufirst=Kanbashi&rft.au=Toshihiko%2C+M%C5%8Dri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagiwara2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hagiwara, Kōichi (2004). <bdi lang="ja">図説西郷隆盛と大久保利通</bdi> [<i>Illustrated life of <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_Toshimichi" title="Ōkubo Toshimichi">Ōkubo Toshimichi</a></i>] (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Kawade_Shob%C5%8D_Shinsha" title="Kawade Shobō Shinsha">Kawade Shobō Shinsha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-309-76041-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-309-76041-4"><bdi>4-309-76041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%B3%E8%AA%AC+%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%B7%E9%9A%86%E7%9B%9B%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%85%E4%BF%9D%E5%88%A9%E9%80%9A&rft.pub=Kawade+Shob%C5%8D+Shinsha&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=4-309-76041-4&rft.aulast=Hagiwara&rft.aufirst=K%C5%8Dichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotta2013" class="citation book cs1">Hotta, Eri (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pOS_5EfYtEEC"><i>Japan 1941: countdown to infamy</i></a>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-73974-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-73974-2"><bdi>978-0-307-73974-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+1941%3A+countdown+to+infamy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-307-73974-2&rft.aulast=Hotta&rft.aufirst=Eri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOS_5EfYtEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIon2014" class="citation book cs1">Ion, Hamish (2014). "The Idea of Naval Imperialism: The China Squadron and the Boxer Uprising". <i>British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900–2000: Influences and Actions</i>. 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03910-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03910-0&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bf4g447YdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Jansen, Marius B.</a> (1995). Jansen, Marius B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwPxgoaNVWEC"><i>The Emergence of Meiji Japan</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48238-7"><bdi>978-0-521-48238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Meiji+Japan&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48238-7&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwPxgoaNVWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1984" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Janet E. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MyP6i06z-4C"><i>Concise dictionary of modern Japanese history</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04557-6"><bdi>978-0-520-04557-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+dictionary+of+modern+Japanese+history&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04557-6&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Janet+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MyP6i06z-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Keene, Donald</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorofjapanme00keen"><i>Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his world, 1852-1912</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12341-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Japan%3A+Meiji+and+his+world%2C+1852-1912&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12341-9&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorofjapanme00keen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/46731178">OCLC 46731178</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010092101/http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/46731178">Archived</a> October 10, 2017, at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2019" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Meyer, Carlton (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_zgYqi6GRo"><i>Teaching Japan Imperialism</i></a>. Tales of the American Empire – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teaching+Japan+Imperialism&rft.pub=Tales+of+the+American+Empire&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Carlton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6_zgYqi6GRo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNish2002" class="citation book cs1">Nish, Ian Hill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJCybygKzJIC"><i>Japanese foreign policy in the interwar period</i></a>. Praeger studies of foreign policies of the great powers. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94791-0"><bdi>978-0-275-94791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+foreign+policy+in+the+interwar+period&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.series=Praeger+studies+of+foreign+policies+of+the+great+powers&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94791-0&rft.aulast=Nish&rft.aufirst=Ian+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJCybygKzJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1918" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Robert P. (1918). <i>Japan: The Rise of a Modern Power</i>. Oxford ; Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-98994-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-98994-0"><bdi>978-0-665-98994-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+The+Rise+of+a+Modern+Power&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=978-0-665-98994-0&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatow1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mason_Satow" title="Ernest Mason Satow">Satow, Ernest Mason</a> (1921). <i>A Diplomat in Japan</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Seeley,_Service" title="Seeley, Service">Seeley, Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090000">1090000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diplomat+in+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seeley%2C+Service&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090000&rft.aulast=Satow&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakemaeRicketts2003" class="citation book cs1">Takemae, Eiji; Ricketts, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ba5hXsfeyhMC"><i>The allied occupation of Japan</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1521-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+allied+occupation+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1521-9&rft.aulast=Takemae&rft.aufirst=Eiji&rft.au=Ricketts%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBa5hXsfeyhMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsutsui2009" class="citation book cs1">Tsutsui, William M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KC2T9HchWTEC"><i>A companion to Japanese history</i></a>. Blackwell companions to world history. Malden, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9339-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-9339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Japanese+history&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Blackwell+companions+to+world+history&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9339-9&rft.aulast=Tsutsui&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKC2T9HchWTEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmpire+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Empire_of_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a></i><br>1603−1868</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a><br></b>Empire of Japan<b> </b><br>1868−1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war Japan</a></i><br>1945–present<br><i><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></i><br>1945–1952</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Empire_of_Japan&params=35_40_57_N_139_45_10_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°40′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">139°45′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.68250°N 139.75278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.68250; 139.75278</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&oldid=1258952880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&oldid=1258952880</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Moo1882" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732288323"> <span>Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 15:12</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japannese_Keiserryk" title="Japannese Keiserryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Japannese Keiserryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إمبراطورية اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_del_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Imperiu del Xapón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu del Xapón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C3%B5_Mburuvi" title="Hapõ Mburuvi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hapõ Mburuvi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Yaponiya imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="ژاپون ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژاپون ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="জাপান সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপান সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Japang" title="Kakaisaran Japang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kakaisaran Japang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i_Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi Ji̍t-pún Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Японская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Японская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_kan_Hapon" title="Imperyo kan Hapon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyo kan Hapon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Японска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Japan" title="Impalaeriezh Japan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Japan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Япон эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Япон эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Japon%C3%A8s" title="Imperi Japonès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Japonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Япони империйĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япони империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Japonské císařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonské císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejserriget_Japan" title="Kejserriget Japan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kejserriget Japan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanisches_Kaiserreich" title="Japanisches Kaiserreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanisches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_Keisririik" title="Jaapani Keisririik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani Keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορία της Ιαπωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία της Ιαπωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_del_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Imperio del Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio del Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_Imperio" title="Japana Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniar_Inperioa" title="Japoniar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="امپراتوری ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_du_Japon" title="Empire du Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire du Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impiraght_y_%C3%87hapaan" title="Impiraght y Çhapaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Impiraght y Çhapaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_do_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Imperio do Xapón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio do Xapón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Ngi%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_Ti-koet" title="Thai Ngi̍t-pún Ti-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai Ngi̍t-pún Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="일본 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճապոնական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जापानी साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansko_Carstvo" title="Japansko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonian_imperio" title="Japonian imperio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Japonian imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Jepang" title="Imperium Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_de_Japon" title="Imperio de Japon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio de Japon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Japanska keisaradæmið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Japanska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_giapponese" title="Impero giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה היפנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה היפנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იაპონიის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონიის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ອານາຈັກຍີ່ປຸ່ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອານາຈັກຍີ່ປຸ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81nas_Imp%C4%93rija" title="Japānas Impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japānas Impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonijos_imperija" title="Japonijos imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japonijos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_Birodalom" title="Japán Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जपानी साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იაპონიაშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იაპონიაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امبراطورية اليابان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطورية اليابان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Jepun" title="Empayar Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Japang" title="Kakaisaran Japang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Japang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2i-n%C4%ADk-bu%C5%8Dng_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dâi-nĭk-buōng Dá̤-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-nĭk-buōng Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Японы эзэнт гүрэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Японы эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျပန်အင်ပါယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျပန်အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans_Keizerrijk" title="Japans Keizerrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japans Keizerrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जापानी साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जापानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大日本帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiserriket_Japan" title="Keiserriket Japan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiserriket Japan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F" title="ଜାପାନୀ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାପାନୀ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_imperiyasi" title="Yaponiya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yaponiya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="جاپان سترواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاپان سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ចក្រភពជប៉ុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពជប៉ុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Wielkiej_Japonii" title="Cesarstwo Wielkiej Japonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Wielkiej Japonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Império do Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império do Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Japonez" title="Imperiul Japonez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Japonez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Японьска ріша – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Японьска ріша" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Японская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_o_Japan" title="Empire o Japan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Empire o Japan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_e_Japonis%C3%AB" title="Perandoria e Japonisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria e Japonisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Empire of Japan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A9_cis%C3%A1rstvo_(1868_%E2%80%93_1945)" title="Japonské cisárstvo (1868 – 1945) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Japonské cisárstvo (1868 – 1945)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonski_imperij" title="Japonski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japonski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ژاپۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ژاپۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Јапанско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапанско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansko_Carstvo" title="Japansko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanin_keisarikunta" title="Japanin keisarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanin keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_imperiet" title="Japanska imperiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Japanska imperiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_ng_Hapon" title="Imperyo ng Hapon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyo ng Hapon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சப்பானியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சப்பானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Япон империясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Япон империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Japon İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japon İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Японська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Японська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطنت جاپان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت جاپان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_japoneze" title="Inpero japoneze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero japoneze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Đế quốc Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大日本帝國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大日本帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大日本帝國 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大日本帝國" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大日本帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大日本帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大日本帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-bmmrq","wgBackendResponseTime":264,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.259","walltime":"2.789","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21276,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":793801,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":60233,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":91,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":417132,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2058.076 1 -total"," 20.13% 414.214 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 19.94% 410.480 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.18% 188.937 28 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