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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-7th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 7th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 10th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 11th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 12th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 13th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 14th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 15th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shepherd_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shepherd_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Shepherd culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shepherd_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vlachs</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96" title="Валахі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валахі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Власи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Власи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolochn" title="Wolochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wolochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasi" title="Vlasi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlasi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valacs" title="Valacs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valacs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C5%A1i_(severn%C3%AD_Karpaty)" title="Valaši (severní Karpaty) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valaši (severní Karpaty)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaker" title="Valaker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valaker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walachen" title="Walachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B9_(%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Βλάχοι (όρος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βλάχοι (όρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valacos" title="Valacos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valacos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlakoj" title="Vlakoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vlakoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakiar" title="Valakiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Valakiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ولاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaques" title="Valaques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valaques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachen" title="Flachen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flachen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC%ED%9D%90%EC%9D%B8" title="블라흐인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블라흐인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վալախներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալախներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasi" title="Vlasi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlasi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach" title="Vlach – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vlach" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valacchi" title="Valacchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valacchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ולאכים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולאכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valachi" title="Valachi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Valachi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakai_(tauta)" title="Valakai (tauta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valakai (tauta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachok" title="Vlachok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vlachok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachen" title="Vlachen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlachen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E4%BA%BA" title="ヴラフ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴラフ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voloxlar" title="Voloxlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Voloxlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82osi" title="Wołosi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wołosi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A1quios" title="Valáquios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valáquios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlahi" title="Vlahi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vlahi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Валахи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валахи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlleh%C3%ABt" title="Vllehët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vllehët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach" title="Vlach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vlach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valasi_(severn%C3%A9_Karpaty)" title="Valasi (severné Karpaty) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Valasi (severné Karpaty)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlahi" title="Vlahi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vlahi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8)" title="Власи (Романи) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Власи (Романи)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasi" title="Vlasi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vlasi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valakit" title="Valakit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valakit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaker" title="Valaker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valaker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulahlar" title="Ulahlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulahlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1vi%CC%B1lak" title="A̱vi̱lak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱vi̱lak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Волохи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Волохи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="弗拉赫人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗拉赫人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romance-speaking populations in the Balkans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vlachs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vlachs (disambiguation)">Vlachs (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vlach", "Wallach", and "Oláh" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vlach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Vlach (disambiguation)">Vlach (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wallach (disambiguation)">Wallach (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ol%C3%A1h_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oláh (disambiguation)">Oláh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio,_P%C3%A2tre_valaque_de_Zabalcz,_Romanian_shepherd_from_Z%C4%83bal%C8%9B,_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_P%C3%A2tre_valaque_de_Zabalcz%2C_Romanian_shepherd_from_Z%C4%83bal%C8%9B%2C_1852.jpg/300px-Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_P%C3%A2tre_valaque_de_Zabalcz%2C_Romanian_shepherd_from_Z%C4%83bal%C8%9B%2C_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_P%C3%A2tre_valaque_de_Zabalcz%2C_Romanian_shepherd_from_Z%C4%83bal%C8%9B%2C_1852.jpg/450px-Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_P%C3%A2tre_valaque_de_Zabalcz%2C_Romanian_shepherd_from_Z%C4%83bal%C8%9B%2C_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_P%C3%A2tre_valaque_de_Zabalcz%2C_Romanian_shepherd_from_Z%C4%83bal%C8%9B%2C_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio" title="Théodore Valerio">Théodore Valerio</a>, 1852: Pâtre valaque de Zabalcz ("Wallachian Shepherd from <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83bal%C8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Zăbalț">Zăbalț</a>")</figcaption></figure> Vlach (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vlɑːk, vlæk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VLA(H)K</a>), also Wallachian and many other variants,<a href="#cite_note-Significance-1">[1]</a> is a term and <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> used from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Era">Modern Era</a> to designate speakers of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>—south of the Danube (the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a>) and north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Although it has also been used to name present-day <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, the term "Vlach" today refers primarily to speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a> who live south of the Danube, in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. These people include the ethnic groups of the <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a> and, in Serbia, the <a href="/wiki/Romanians_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanians of Serbia">Timok Romanians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-3">[3]</a> The term also became a synonym in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> for the social category of shepherds,<a href="#cite_note-sugar-4">[4]</a> and was also used for non-Romance-speaking peoples, in recent times in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans#Western_Balkans" title="Balkans">western Balkans</a> derogatively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2004203-5">[5]</a> The term is also used to refer to the ethnographic group of <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Vlachs</a> who speak a Slavic language but originate from Romanians, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Morlachs" title="Morlachs">Morlachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">Walhaz</a></div> The word Vlach/Wallachian (and other variants such as Vlah, Valah, Valach, Voloh, Blac, Oláh, Vlas, Ilac, Ulah, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Significance-1">[1]</a>) is etymologically derived from the ethnonym of a <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2004203-5">[5]</a> adopted into Proto-<a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> *<a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">Walhaz</a>, which meant 'stranger', from *Wolkā-<a href="#cite_note-Ringe_2009-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Volcae, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ouolkai).<a href="#cite_note-NuorluotoLeiwo2001-8">[8]</a> Via <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, as *walhs, the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> took on the meaning 'foreigner' or 'Romance-speaker' and later "shepherd', 'nomad'.<a href="#cite_note-NuorluotoLeiwo2001-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2004203-5">[5]</a> The term was adopted into Greek as Vláhoi or Blachoi (Βλάχοι), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> vllah, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> as Vlah (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> Vlasi) or Voloh, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> as oláh and olasz, etc.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199632-11">[11]</a> The root word was notably adopted in Germanic for <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a>, and in Switzerland for <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>-speakers (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Welsch),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2004203-5">[5]</a> and in Poland Włochy or in Hungary olasz became an exonym for Italians.<a href="#cite_note-NuorluotoLeiwo2001-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Significance-1">[1]</a> The Slovenian term Lahi has also been used to designate Italians.<a href="#cite_note-WilsonDonnan2005-12">[12]</a> The same name is still used in <a href="/wiki/Wlochy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wlochy">Polish</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> (Włochy, Włosi, włoskie) and Hungarian<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> (Olasz, Olaszország) as an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> for Italy, while in Slovak<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> (Vlach - pl. Vlasi, Valach - pl. Valasi), Czech<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> (Vlachy) and Slovenian<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> (Laško,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Láh, Láhinja, laško) it was replaced with the endonym Italia. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci3.jpg/250px-Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci3.jpg/375px-Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci3.jpg/500px-Bosniangraves_bosniska_gravar_februari_2007_stecak_stecci3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Medieval necropolis in <a href="/wiki/Ste%C4%87ak_necropolis_Radimlja" title="Stećak necropolis Radimlja">Radimlja</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> Other forms which were recognised by linguists to designate the "Vlachs" are: Blaci, Blauen, Blachi found in Western medieval sources, Balachi, Walati found in Western sources derived from medieval German, while the Germanic population from Transylvania used also the variants Woloch, Blôch. French sources used mostly Valaques while the medieval <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">Song of Roland</a> used Blos. In English and in modern German the forms Wallachians, Walachen appear, respectively. In the Balkan Peninsula various names such as Rumer, Tzintzars, Morlachs, Maurovlachs, Armâns, Cincars, Koutzovlachs were used, while Muslim sources speak of Ulak, Ilak, Iflak.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical uses">edit</a>]</div> The term 'Vlach' first appeared in medieval sources and was generally used as an exonym for speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-3">[3]</a> But testimonies from the 13th and the 14th centuries show that, although in Europe and beyond, they were called Vlachs or Wallachians (oláh in Hungarian, Vláchoi (Βλάχοι) in Greek, Volóxi (Воло́хи) in Russian, Walachen in German, Valacchi in Italian, Valaques in French, Valacos in Spanish), the Romanians used the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> rumân or român, from the Latin romānus, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-Significance-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Also Aromanians use the endonym armãn (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: armãni) or rãmãn (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: rãmãni), from romānus.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-3">[3]</a> From Latin romānus are also the Albanian forms rëmen and rëmër, 'vlach'.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Megleno-Romanians designate themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian (language)">Macedonian</a> form Vla (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: Vlaš) in their own language.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-3">[3]</a> In historical sources the term "Vlach" could also refer to different peoples: "Slovak, Hungarian, Balkan, Transylvanian, Romanian, or even Albanian".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In late Byzantine documents, the Vlachs are sometimes mentioned as Bulgaro-Albano-Vlachs (Bulgaralbanitoblahos), or Serbo-Albano-Bulgaro-Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to the Serbian historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Sima Ćirković</a>, the name "Vlach" in medieval sources had the same rank as the name "<a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serb</a>" or "Latin".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaniansInBalkans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/RomaniansInBalkans.png/250px-RomaniansInBalkans.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/RomaniansInBalkans.png/330px-RomaniansInBalkans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/RomaniansInBalkans.png/500px-RomaniansInBalkans.png 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting the current distribution of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance-speaking</a> peoples</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Balkans">Western Balkans</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the word also acquired a socio-economic component, being used as an internal name for the pastoral population in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">medieval Kingdom of Serbia</a>, one that was also often engaged in the transport of goods, colonisation of empty lands, and military service. It will then expand to local interpretations with religious, ethnic, and social status particularities across the wider region, being employed as a name for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a> speaking people, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> population in opposition to Catholic population, for the rural population of the hinterlands, the Christian population in general as opposed to Muslim population, or a combination of these aspects.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> During the early history of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the Balkans, there was a military class of <a href="/wiki/Vlachs_(social_class)" title="Vlachs (social class)">Vlachs</a> in Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Ottoman Macedonia</a>, made up of Christians who served as auxiliary forces and were exempted of certain taxes until the beginning of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-sugar-4">[4]</a> In this context, a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Hinterland" title="Dalmatian Hinterland">Dalmatian hinterland</a> was repopulated by Slavic settlers, both Orthodox and Catholic, speaking the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> dialect and called Vlach or <a href="/wiki/Morlachs" title="Morlachs">Morlach</a> by the inhabitants of the Dalmatian coast and islands. In these areas, the term Vlah evolved to Vlaj (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> Vlaji) and is still used as a derogatory term to refer to the rural inhabitants of the hinterland, both Croats and Serbs, as "peasants" and "ignorants".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, the ethnonym Vlach is used by the <a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian-speaking</a> Croatian inhabitants to refer to the Istro-Romanians and the Slavs who settled in the 15th and 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Nowadays, the term Vlachs (also known under other names, such as "Koutsovlachs", "Tsintsars", "Karagouni", "Chobani", "Vlasi", etc.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>) is used in scholarship for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a>-speaking communities in the Balkans, especially those in Greece, Albania and North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirtaş-Coşkun2001-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2004-35">[35]</a> In Serbia the term Vlach (Serbian Vlah, plural Vlasi) is also used to refer to Romanian speakers, especially those living in eastern Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-3">[3]</a> In modern <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, Valasi, other than denoting people of Vlachian ethnicity or origin, is synonymously and even more prominently used to describe <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a>, more commonly apprentice shepherds. The term originated following Vlachian arrival in mounts and hills of present-day Slovakia in 14th century and coinciding development in sheep herding and dairy industry.<a href="#cite_note-horváth-36">[36]</a> Further west, in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the area of Moravian Wallachia is known as <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Valašsko</a> and the inhabitants as Valaši, names usually translated in English as Wallachia and Wallachians, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vlachs#Order_of_entries" title="Talk:Vlachs">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (December 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aromanians" title="History of the Aromanians">History of the Aromanians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of southeastern Europe, delineating Roman and Greek influence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png/250px-Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png/330px-Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png/500px-Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a> between Latin- and Greek-language Roman inscriptions</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">theory of Daco-Roman continuity</a>, the ancestors of modern Vlachs and Romanians originated from <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-38">[38]</a> For proponents of this theory, Eastern Romance languages prove the survival of the <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Romans</a> in the lower Danube basin during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On the other hand, opponents of this theory say that the Romanians and the Vlachs, including the ancestors of present-day Aromanians, were originally part of the same group of speakers of Eastern Romance languages, and that their origins should be sought in the southern Balkans. Early Romanian-speakers would have then moved northwards from the 12th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-:5-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th_century">7th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 7th century">edit</a>]</div> The first likely attestation of Romanian language and implicitly of Vlachs/Romanians comes from <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylactus Simocatta</a> Histories, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 630, narrating an episode from <a href="/wiki/Maurice%27s_Balkan_campaigns" title="Maurice's Balkan campaigns">Maurice's Balkan campaigns</a>:<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A beast of burden had shucked off his load. It happened as his master was marching in front of him. But the ones who were coming from behind and saw the animal dragging his burden after him, had shouted to the master to turn around and straighten the burden. Well, this event was the reason for a great agitation in the army, and started a flight to the rear, because the shout was known to the crowd: the same words were also a signal, and it seemed to mean "run", as if the enemies had appeared nearby more rapidly than could be imagined. There was a great turmoil in the host, and a lot of noise; all were shouting loudly and goading each other to turn back, calling with great unrest in the language of the country "torna, torna", as a battle had suddenly started in the middle of the night.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th_century">10th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 10th century">edit</a>]</div> During the Middle Ages, the term "Magna Vlachia" appears in Byzantine documents. This name was used for <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and present-day North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a> mentioned the Vlachs in 976, as guides and guards of Byzantine caravans in the Balkans. Between <a href="/wiki/Prespa" title="Prespa">Prespa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a>, they met and fought with <a href="/wiki/David_of_Bulgaria" title="David of Bulgaria">David of Bulgaria</a>. The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nad%C4%ABm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Nadīm">Ibn al-Nadīm</a> published in 998 the work <a href="/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-Fihrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitāb al-Fihrist">Kitāb al-Fihrist</a> mentioning "Turks, Bulgars and Blaghā". According to B. Dodge the ethnonym Blaghā could refer to Wallachians/Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> It is important to note, however, that the original Arabic text does not contain the word "Blaghā" but rather "البلغار," which translates to "al-Bulghār," the term used in contemporary Arabic texts to refer to <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a> The new Arabic edition also features the word "al-Bulghār" ("البلغار") instead of "Blaghā."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Furthermore, the first critical edition edited by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Gustav Flügel">Gustav Flügel</a> in 1871, which includes the original Arabic text, likewise uses the designation "البلغار" ("al-Bulghār").<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The word "البلغار" ("al-Bulghār") appears instead of "البلغم" ("al-Blagham") in both the 1971/1973/1988 <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>/<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> critical editions as well.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Thus, Bayard's translation is incorrect, as he mistakenly read "البلغار" ("al-Bulghār") as "البلغم" ("al-Blagham"). Therefore, the original Arabic text refers to Volga Bulgaria, not the Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a> A monastic document from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> mentions that 300 Vlach families live near the mountain, and in their own language they call their settlements "Catuns".<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a> Byzantine writer <a href="/wiki/Kekaumenos" title="Kekaumenos">Kekaumenos</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Kekaumenos" title="Strategikon of Kekaumenos">Strategikon</a> (1078), writes about a leader, <a href="/wiki/Nikulitsa" title="Nikulitsa">Nikulitsa</a>, who is given command by <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> over the Vlachs in <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas theme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikulitsa" title="Nikulitsa">Nikulitsa</a> switched alliance to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuel of Bulgaria</a> after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a> by the Bulgarian Tsar.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Mutahhar al-Maqdisi, "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj, Alans, Greeks and many other peoples."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 11th century">edit</a>]</div> Vlachs were present in large numbers, on the <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalcidice peninsula</a> around 1000, according to monastic documents from <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. On the peninsula, the Vlachs were famous for their cheese and meat products. In these texts sometimes they are called "Vlachorynhinii", which may be a mixture of the name "Vlach" and "<a href="/wiki/Rhynchinoi" title="Rhynchinoi">Rynhini</a>" a Slavic tribe who settled in the same area in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1013, a Byzantine document mentions the settlement of "Kimbalongu" in the mountains near <a href="/wiki/Strumitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Strumitsa">Strumitsa</a>, which was a Vlach settlement.<a href="#cite_note-:24-58">[58]</a> The names <a href="/wiki/Blakumen" title="Blakumen">Blakumen</a> or Blökumenn is mentioned in Nordic sagas dating between the 11th and 13th centuries, with respect to events that took place in either 1018 or 1019 somewhere at the northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and believed by some to be related to the Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:_Spinei_1-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a>, however, point out that the texts probably refer to a nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> people, since the "Blakumen" in the texts are "non-christian heathens" and nomadic horsemans.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Spinei contrasts Pritsak's view by claiming that there are several mentions of the Blakumen or Blökumen in contexts taking place decades before the earliest appearance of the Cumans in the Pontic steppe, and that translating the name to "Black Cumans" is not concordant with the Varangian ethnic terminology.<a href="#cite_note-:_Spinei_1-60">[60]</a> In 1020, the Archdiocese of <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> was founded, which was responsible for "the spiritual care of all the Vlachs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202196–97-62">[62]</a> In 1022, Vlach shepherds from Thessaly and the Pindus mountains provided cheese for Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 1025, the <a href="/wiki/Annales_Barenses" title="Annales Barenses">Annales Barenses</a> mentions a people called "Vlach" who live near the river <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Axios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The same chronicle the Annales Barenses describes that in 1027 the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> army led by Orestes that tried to recapture <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, also included many Vlachs recruited from <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kekaumenos" title="Kekaumenos">Kekaumenos</a> writes about the revolt in 1066 in the region of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nikoulitzas_Delphinas" title="Nikoulitzas Delphinas">Nikoulitzas Delphinas</a>, nephew of the homonymous 10th century military commander, and father in law of the writer.<a href="#cite_note-Madgearu_2001_57–58-67">[67]</a> In 1071, a Byzantine document mentions that the herds of the Vlachs and their household spend the months of April to September beyond <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, in the high mountains of Bulgaria, where it is very cold. (it is clear from the text that we are talking about the mountains of today's <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>). The same text describes that the homeland of the Vlachs is Thessaly, precisely the part of the region divided by the river Pleres.<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Florin Curta adds that <a href="/wiki/Kekaumenos" title="Kekaumenos">Kekaumenos</a> calls Vlachs "migrants from the northern parts", as <a href="/wiki/Kekaumenos" title="Kekaumenos">Kekaumenos</a> associates them with <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a> of Antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Florin_Curta_page_37-70">[70]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> author, <a href="/wiki/Kekaumenos" title="Kekaumenos">Kekaumenos</a> writes about the Vlachs in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in connection about their origin and way of life in the <a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Kekaumenos" title="Strategikon of Kekaumenos">Strategikon</a> in 1075–1078.<a href="#cite_note-Mocsy-71">[71]</a> According to Kekaumenos, the Vlachs were <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> and Bessi, who lived near and south from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> live now. They feigned loyalty to the Romans while they were constantly attacked and pillaged, therefore, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> launched a war, their leader, <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> was also killed, and then the Vlachs were scattered in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202197–98-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elekes-73">[73]</a> According to Hungarian historians, Kekaumenos made the Dacians the ancestors of the Vlachs because he knew about the deceitfulness of the Dacians against the Romans, and according to him the Dacians and Vlachs had a perfectly matching nature, treachery and political unreliability, so much that in his opinion they should not be believed even if the Vlachs take an oath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202197–98-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elekes-73">[73]</a> Kekaumenos arbitrarily identified the Vlachs with the Dacians according to the archaizing efforts of his time, because the tendency to refer to later peoples with classical names was common in Byzantium at the time of Kekaumenos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202197–98-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mocsy-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elekes-73">[73]</a> Kekaumenos also confused the Roman province <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia Traiana</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a>, and even he placed it further west where it actually was, that is why he mentioned the Serbian territory as the homeland,<a href="#cite_note-Mocsy-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elekes-73">[73]</a> the Bessus tribe was a neighbor of the Roman province Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Mocsy-71">[71]</a> Alexius Komnenos mentions that in 1082 he passed through a Vlach settlement called Exeva in Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> mentions in her <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">Alexiad</a> that in 1091 <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Emperor Alexios</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Melissenos" title="Nikephoros Melissenos">Nikephoros Melissenos</a> to raise an army against invading <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>. Melissenos recruited, among others, Bulgarians and "the nomadic tribes called Vlachs in popular parlance".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> According to the Alexiad, in 1094–1095, Emperor Alexius Komnenos was notified by a Vlach chieftain called Poudila about the crossing of the Danube by a <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a> army, and that to prepare himself for the attack,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202198-76">[76]</a> then the Vlachs likewise led the Cumans through the gorges of the Balkan Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202198-76">[76]</a> Also in 1094 the first mention of Vlachs in <a href="/wiki/Almopia" title="Almopia">Moglena</a> region is made, the document is kept in the archive of the monastery Great Lavra on Mount Athos. According to this Emperor Alexios I Komnenos replies to the monks of the monastery complaining that people on their domain are not paying taxes. The document contains some of the first Romanian names, such as Stan, Radu cel Şchiop, and Peducel.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 1097, many Vlachs were resettled from the <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalcidice peninsula</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> by order of the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 1099, <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">crusading armies</a> were attacked by Vlachs, in the mountains along the road from <a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_District" title="Braničevo District">Braničevo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Naissus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202198-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madgearu_2001_57–58-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century">12th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 12th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Honterus_Septemcastrensis_de_Corona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Johann_Honterus_Septemcastrensis_de_Corona.jpg/220px-Johann_Honterus_Septemcastrensis_de_Corona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Johann_Honterus_Septemcastrensis_de_Corona.jpg/330px-Johann_Honterus_Septemcastrensis_de_Corona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Johann_Honterus_Septemcastrensis_de_Corona.jpg/440px-Johann_Honterus_Septemcastrensis_de_Corona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Map of Central-Southern Europe during the late Middle Ages/early Modern period by <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxon</a> humanist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Honterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Honterus">Johannes Honterus</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1113 states that the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> settled beside the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, then the Volochi people attacked the Slavs, settled among them and did them violence, leading to the Slavs departing and settling around the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> under the name of Leshi.<a href="#cite_note-Demetrius_Dvoichenko-Markov_Byzantion_Vol_1979_pp._175–187-79">[79]</a> According to the chronicle the Slavs settled there first, and the Volochi seized the territory of the Slavs; later, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> drove the Volochi away, took their land and settled among the Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor20132,_8-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Primary Chronicle thus contains a possible reference to Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199632-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demetrius_Dvoichenko-Markov_Byzantion_Vol_1979_pp._175–187-79">[79]</a> Other non-Romanian historians consider the Volochi the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, as their country is placed west to <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and near <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> by the author of the work, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_the_Chronicler" title="Nestor the Chronicler">Nestor the Chronicler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a> stretched from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. The Byzantine princess and scholar <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a>, in her book <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">Alexiad</a>, mentions a Vlach settlement called Ezeba, which was near <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a> and Androneia. In the same work she also describes the Vlachs as "the nomadic tribes, called Vlachs in popular parlance".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 1109, monks on <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> mention the Vlachs in <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a> and that the presence of women disturbed the monachal activities.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Traveler <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> (1130–1173) of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> was one of the first writers to use the word Vlachs for a Romance-speaking population.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In his work he mentions that these Vlachs live high up in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, and from there they sometimes come down to plunder, which they do quickly, as swift as deers, for which reasons there is no king to rule them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202196-88">[88]</a> In 1167, Vlachs living by the border of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Principality of Halych</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Osmomysl" title="Yaroslav Osmomysl">Yaroslav Osmomysl</a>, captured Andronicus and returned him to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Emperor Manuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/John_Kinnamos" title="John Kinnamos">John Kinnamos</a> described Leon Vatatzes' military expedition along the northern Danube, where Vatatzes mentioned the participation of Vlachs in battles with the Magyars (Hungarians) in 1167.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kinnamos" title="John Kinnamos">John Kinnamos</a> says Vlachs were "colonists brought from Italy".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prosek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prosek.png/250px-Prosek.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prosek.png/330px-Prosek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prosek.png/500px-Prosek.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the fortress <a href="/wiki/Prosek,_North_Macedonia" title="Prosek, North Macedonia">Prosek</a>, seat of Dobromir Chrysos</figcaption></figure> The uprising of brothers Asen and Peter was a <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs</a> living in the theme of Paristrion of the Byzantine Empire, caused by a tax increase. It began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, also known in its early history as the Empire of Bulgarians and Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-Florin_Curta_page_37-70">[70]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a>, after the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Emperor Isaac II Angelos</a> lost his wife, he wanted to marry the daughter of Bela III of Hungary, but there was not enough money for the wedding, so he imposed taxes in the regions and cities of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">empire</a>, but he angered the "barbarians who dwelt in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Haemos</a> mountains, who were once called <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesians</a>, but are now called Vlachs".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Mentions of Vlachs in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Medieval Bulgaria</a> also come from <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a> who writes about a Vlach called <a href="/wiki/Dobromir_Chrysos" title="Dobromir Chrysos">Dobromir Chrysos</a> who established an autonomous polity in the upper region of <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar river</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almopia" title="Almopia">Moglena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A similar event is recorded by the same author in the area of <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Philippopolis</a> where a Vlach called <a href="/wiki/Ivanko_(boyar)" title="Ivanko (boyar)">Ivanko</a>, formerly a boyar at the <a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Asen</a> brothers' court was given military command by Emperor Isaac and expanded his rule to <a href="/wiki/Smolyan" title="Smolyan">Smolyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosynopolis" title="Mosynopolis">Mosynopolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xanthi" title="Xanthi">Xanthi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a>, Thessaly and Macedonia is called "Magna Vlachia", <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a> and Acarnata are called "Little Vlachia" and north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> is called "Upper Vlachia".<a href="#cite_note-Timaru-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a> According to Niketas Choniates, the Vlachs are the barbarians who live in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan mountains</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1183 Hungarian documents mention, that <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">King Béla III of Hungary</a>, in his campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, sacked <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, and among the defenders there were many Vlachs. The King used the opportunity and "... took home a number of these valiant mountain soldiers, and settled them in the <a href="/wiki/Szeben_County" title="Szeben County">Szeben County</a>."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A Byzantine church document mentions that in 1190, "the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and the Vlachs take the relics of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Ryli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Ryli (page does not exist)">Saint Ryli</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tirnovo</a> with a great pomp."<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Priest_of_Duklja" title="Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja">Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja</a>, the authenticity of which is highly disputed by historians, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 AD the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a>, then, attacking further south, ravaged <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and the "land of the black Latins, now called <a href="/wiki/Morlachs" title="Morlachs">Morvlachs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The first mention of Vlachs in Serbian medieval chronicles is dated from the time of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned" title="Stefan the First-Crowned">Stefan Nemanjić</a>, most probably 1198–1199, and it is related to a donation act towards restoration of <a href="/wiki/Hilandar" title="Hilandar">Hilandar monastery</a> with aid from the inhabitants of the area of <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Expedition_of_the_Emperor_Frederick" title="History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick">History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick</a> mention the Vlachs as people living in the mountains and forests of the Balkans. The chronicle also describes the Vlachs' homeland as being near <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. The chronicle describes how the Crusaders captured several Vlachs who told them that the Vlachs live in Macedonia, Thessaly and Bulgaria, and that because they were heavily taxed, they were rebelling.<a href="#cite_note-:25-101">[101]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> documents from the very end of the 12th century speak of Vlach shepherds in the mountains between the <a href="/wiki/Drina" title="Drina">Drina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Morava_Valley" title="Morava Valley">Morava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century">13th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 13th century">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>, written around the year 1200, appears a certain Duke Ramunc of Wallachia (Herzog Ramunc aus dem Walachenland) among <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>'s guests at his wedding with Kriemhild; in another passage, the Vlachs (Wlâchen) are mentioned as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199675-103">[103]</a> Romanian historians claim the name of this fictional character could be derived from the Romanian ethnonym itself.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> According to Pop, the author's anachronistic view that Vlachs were contemporaries with Attila stems from oral tradition noting that Hungarians encountered Vlachs upon arriving in Pannonia. Since Huns were seen as their ancestors, Vlachs were retrospectively placed as Attila’s contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199676-105">[105]</a> However, the environment described there is from the 9th-12th centuries. The presence of the Russians, Pechenegs, Poles and Hungarians as contemporary with Attila confirms that.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a> was given the title imperator Caloihannes dominus omnium Bulgarorum atque Blachorum ("Emperor Kaloyan, Lord of All Bulgarians and Vlachs") by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_All_Bulgaria" title="Patriarch of All Bulgaria">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Basil_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Basil I of Bulgaria">Basil I of Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and the title Rex Bulgarorum et Blachorum ("King of the Bulgarians and the Vlachs") by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 1204 and 1205 <a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a> mentions the Vlachs as enemies of <a href="/wiki/Boniface_I,_Marquis_of_Montferrat" title="Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat">Boniface of Montferrat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Florin_Curta_page_27-109">[109]</a> After 1207 <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Villehardouin" title="Geoffrey of Villehardouin">Geoffrey of Villehardouin</a> mentions twelve times the Vlachs part of the armies of <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan of Bulgaria</a>, either as defenders against <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Flanders" title="Henry of Flanders">Henry of Flanders</a> or among the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)" title="Battle of Adrianople (1205)">attackers of Adrianopole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Around the same time <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Valenciennes" title="Henry of Valenciennes">Henry of Valenciennes</a> writes about the country he calls Blasquie ruled by Burile (Borilă). <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Flanders" title="Henry of Flanders">Henry of Flanders</a> conquers this land and awards it to Burile's cousin Esclas (Slav). From there on the country will be known as Blakie la Grant (Great Valachia).<a href="#cite_note-Florin_Curta_page_27-109">[109]</a> Sándor Timaru-Kast alleges that the Venetian Chronicle refers to the land that would become Wallachia as "Black Cumania", "the colony of black Vlachs who migrated northwards".<a href="#cite_note-Timaru-96">[96]</a> According to the medieval Hungarian chronicle, the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a> ("The deeds of the Hungarians"), written in the early 13th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Grand Prince Árpád</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">conquered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>, at that time <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> and Blachij, and also the <a href="/wiki/Shepherds_of_the_Romans" title="Shepherds of the Romans">shepherds of the Romans</a> (sclauij, Bulgarij et Blachij, ac pastores romanorum) inhabited Pannonia.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Most researchers say that the Blachij are the Vlachs,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> some Hungarian scholars claim that they are the <a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a>, a Turkic people.<a href="#cite_note-:6-113">[113]</a> László Makkai writes that "this hypothesis does not bear the test of scholarly scrutiny".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The chronicle's authenticity is in question in <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, because it confuses the peoples living in the area in the 12th century and the peoples of the 9th century. Among others, it includes the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, who arrived only centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-:7-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-41">[41]</a> Romanian historian <a href="/wiki/Ioan-Aurel_Pop" title="Ioan-Aurel Pop">Ioan-Aurel Pop</a> states that some exaggerations and inaccuracies, typical of a chronicle at the time and mostly in favour of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Royal House</a>, are not a sufficient reason to discredit the entire document as a historical source.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199684-85-118">[118]</a> It is important to note, however, that the chronicle mentions many rulers, but none of them is mentioned in any other contemporary chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-:10-82">[82]</a> According to Romanian historian <a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Florin Curta</a> and leading Romanian medievalist Radu Popa, during the 1960–1989 period, the archaeological evidences were manipulated to meet the demands of the nationalist policies of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușescu's</a> regime, and Romanian archaeologists made every possible attempt to prove that the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a> is a reliable source for the Romanian presence in Transylvania prior to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest</a>, however no archaeological evidence was found to prove the subject. Hungarian archaeologist István Bóna also accused Romanian archaeologists of hiding evidence that did not fit their interpretation regarding the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a> during the excavation of the early medieval hillfort at <a href="/wiki/D%C4%83b%C3%A2ca" title="Dăbâca">Dăbâca</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gelou" title="Gelou">Gelou's</a> capital city.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Whether archeology supports the Gesta or not is disputed among historians.<a href="#cite_note-:Madgearu-120">[120]</a> British-Romanian historian <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a> states the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a> shows that is too naive to claim it is an immaculate source, just as it is foolhardy to totally discredit its reliability, and the conclusion, the cases for and against the existence of <a href="/wiki/Gelou" title="Gelou">Gelou</a> and the Vlachs simply cannot be proven.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">Carlile Aylmer Macartney</a> writes in his critical and analytical guide of Anonymus that all Romanian historians refer to <a href="/wiki/Anonymus_(notary_of_B%C3%A9la_III)" title="Anonymus (notary of Béla III)">Anonymus</a>, but they are not credible in the subject and the chronicle is not evidence for presence of Vlachs in Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Madgearu attempts to prove that a Vlach-Slav population existed in Transylvania before the arrival of the Hungarians by recounting place names of Slavic origin he believes weren't adopted to Romanian via Hungarian.<a href="#cite_note-:Madgearu-120">[120]</a> In 1213, an army of Vlachs, <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Hermannstadt" title="Count of Hermannstadt">Count of Sibiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_T%C3%BCrje" title="Joachim Türje">Joachim Türje</a>, attacked the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baba_Vida" title="Baba Vida">fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> After this, all Hungarian battles in the Carpathian region were supported by Romance-speaking soldiers from Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned" title="Stefan the First-Crowned">Stefan the First-Crowned</a> donates 200 families of Vlachs from <a href="/wiki/Prokletije" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokletije">Prokletije</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peći</a> to <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da" title="Žiča">Žiča</a> monastery.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 1220, king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned" title="Stefan the First-Crowned">Stefan the First-Crowned</a> proclaimed that all Vlachs of his kingdom belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_%C5%BDi%C4%8Da" title="Eparchy of Žiča">Eparchy of Žiča</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrcak.srce.hr-126">[126]</a> A royal chancellery document from 1223, connected to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2r%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Cârța Monastery">abbey at Cârța</a> around 1202,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006354-127">[127]</a> which was granted land, mentions it was built in the land of the Vlachs/Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994189-128">[128]</a> This is also the first mention of the Vlachs in Hungarian documents.<a href="#cite_note-Anonymus_on_the_Hungarian_Conquest_of_Transylvania-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003140–141-130">[130]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Diploma_Andreanum" title="Diploma Andreanum">Diploma Andreanum</a> issued by King <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II of Hungary</a> in 1224, "silva blacorum et bissenorum" was given to the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxon</a> settlers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Orthodox Vlachs spread further northward along the Carpathians to the present day territory of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and were granted autonomy under the ''<a href="/wiki/Vlach_law" title="Vlach law">Vlach law</a>''.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 1230 <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Akropolites" title="Constantine Akropolites">Constantine Akropolites</a>, in his writing about the conquests of Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen, notes that the "Magna Vlachia" is next to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> wrote several letters to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Hungarian king</a>, in which he talks about the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> who lived in the southern part of present-day Romania (<a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>). In one of his letters he mentions the Vlachs, asking <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">King Béla IV of Hungary</a> to let them into his country: "for the sake of God, give refuge to those poor Vlachs who tried to escape from their Cuman rulers."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 1247, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a> gives the "<a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Severin" title="Banate of Severin">Land of Severin</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitallers" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Hospitallers">Knights Hospitallers</a> with two polities (kenezatus of <a href="/wiki/John_(knez)" title="John (knez)">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farca%C8%99" title="Farcaș">Farkas</a>), except kenezatus of <a href="/wiki/Voivode_(Vlach_leader)" title="Voivode (Vlach leader)">voivode</a> <a href="/wiki/Litovoi" title="Litovoi">Litovoi</a> which was left to the Vlachs as they held it.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The land of <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Ha%C8%9Begului" title="Țara Hațegului">Hateg</a> is excepted, while the voivodate of Seneslaus the king keeps for himself.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 1252 King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a>, for his services in various foreign embassies, donates to Vince, Comes of the Szekler of Sebus, the land called Zek between the territory of the Vlachs of Kyrch, the Saxons of Barasu, and the Szeklers of Sebus, which once belonged to a Saxon estate called Fulkun, but has been uninhabited since the Mongol invasion.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In 1256 King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a>, upon the complaint of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Benedict_II,_Archbishop_of_Esztergom" title="Benedict II, Archbishop of Esztergom">Benedict</a> of <a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a>, confirms the right of the archdiocese to tithes from mining wages and from animal taxes collected from the Szeklers and Vlachs to the king or anyone else, among the judicial, accommodation and taxation privileges of the archdiocese, with the exception of land rents from Saxons, but also from Vlachs from everywhere and from anywhere they came.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a> reports to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> that about <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kressenbrunn" title="Battle of Kressenbrunn">the defeated</a> of King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a> on 12 July 1260, on the border between Hungary and Austria, near the castle and town of Hemburg on the Moraua River. Among the people that fought in Béla's army Vlachs, called Walachorum, are named.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In 1272, King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus</a> donates the royal lands or villages of Budula and Tohou, also known as Olahteleky, to Simon's son, Nicholas of Brașov.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> From 1276 King Ladislaus allows the chapter of Alba Iulia to settle 60 Romanian households (mansiones) on the border of his estates called Fülesd and Enyed, separated from the episcopal lands, and to exempt them from all royal taxes, fiftieth and tithes.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In a grant (around 1280) Queen Helena confirmed the grant given by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Vladislav" title="Stefan Vladislav">Stefan Vladislav</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vranjina_Monastery" title="Vranjina Monastery">Vranjina monastery</a>, the Vlachs are separately mentioned, along with <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Albanians_and_Albania#Arbanasi" title="Names of the Albanians and Albania">Arbanasi</a> (Albanians), Latins, and Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-hrcak.srce.hr-126">[126]</a> In the 1280s, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za" title="Simon of Kéza">Simon of Kéza</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hunnorum_et_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum">Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum</a> mentions the Vlachs in his work three times: After the land had been conquered by King <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, several people left <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, the Vlachs (Blackis) were elected to remain in Pannonia who had been their shepherds and husbandmen. The <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> were settled with the Vlachs (Blackis) in the border mountains, mingling with them, and adopting their alphabet. After the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, the only people left in Pannonia were immigrants, Slavs, Greeks, Germans, Moravians, and Vlachs (Ulahis) who had been servants of Attila.<a href="#cite_note-Ryszard_2016-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy2021127,_155–156-145">[145]</a> Miskolczy points out that the (Ulahis advenis) "Vlach newcomer", the adjective classifying Romanians as immigrants was omitted from the Romanian translation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy2021127,_155–156-145">[145]</a> Pop on other hand argues that Moravians (Slavs), as well as the Byzantines (Greeks), Germans (Teutons, East Franks), Bulgarians (Messians) and Romanians (Vlachs) are confirmed by other sources as being present in Pannonia or, at least, on its edges in the period preceding the appearance of the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199675-103">[103]</a> Some Hungarian scholars noted that Simon of Kéza used different spellings for Blackis and Ulahis, arguing that Blackis were actually the Turkic people <a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a> who were confused with the Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-Vásáry2005-146">[146]</a> According to Polish historian Ryszard Grzesik, the Vlachs appeared in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> only in the 12th century, therefore Hungarian chroniclers identified the semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Vlachs as a distinguishing characteristic. Kézai wrote that the Vlachs gave script to the Székelys, but the reality is different, because Kézai wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Székelys runs</a>, and his opinion was based on the observation that the Vlach shepherds engraved symbols while counting their sheep.<a href="#cite_note-Ryszard_2016-142">[142]</a> Kézai confused the Székely runs with the Cyrillic script which was used by the Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy2021127,_155–156-145">[145]</a> Several sources cite that the passes of the Carpathians in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> were defended by the Vlachs together with <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second Mongol invasion of Hungary</a> in 1285.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> According to the old Russian chronicle, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV of Hungary</a> asked for help from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> because he feared an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Tartars</a>. Constantinople sent an army of Vlachs from what is now <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, but after the victorious battle, the Vlachs refused to go home and settled in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-149">[149]</a> Also in 1285, <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> decides to move the Vlachs from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asia-Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Minor">Asia-Minor</a>, fearing their possible alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. The same emperor, in 1289, confirms the rights of St. Andrew Monastery from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> over the village Praktikatous or Vlachokatouna.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 1288, as external threats from the Tatars, Cumans, Saracens, and other pagans arose (omnino Tartarorum vel Cumanum Saracenum vel Meugarium), the universitas of the Vlachs was called to join the other Estates, including Hungarian nobles, Saxons and Szeklers (universisque nobilibus Ungarorum, Saxonibus, Syculis et Volachis), along with Church representatives from Brașov and Sibiu counties. This assembly was convened to defend the Christian faith, as stated in a letter from Lodomer, Archbishop of Esztergom.<a href="#cite_note-Gau-151">[151]</a> According to a legend, in 1290 <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus the Cuman</a> was assassinated; the new Hungarian king allegedly drove <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> <a href="/wiki/Radu_Negru" title="Radu Negru">Radu Negru</a> and his people across the Carpathians, where they formed <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> along with its first capital <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung" title="Câmpulung">Câmpulung</a>, as a Hungarian vassal state.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In 1291 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III of Hungary</a> presides over a meeting of "Nobles, Saxons, Szeklers, and Vlachs" in <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurze-154">[154]</a> In 1292, Andrew III of Hungary allows some Hungarian nobles to invite Vlachs to the country, to their estates called "Ilye", "Szád" and "Fenes".<a href="#cite_note-:26-155">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In 1293, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III of Hungary</a>, publishes an "angry" charter to the Transylvanian nobility, mentions that all the Vlachs were supposed to be settled on the royal crown's property called "Székes", not on their own estates.<a href="#cite_note-:24-58">[58]</a> In November 1293, King Andrew confirms King Ladislaus's earlier concession to the chapter of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a> to keep the 60 households of Romanians (mansiones Olacorum) free from all taxes and services on the lands of Dalya, Ompaycza, Fylesd and Enugd, separated from the episcopal estates. These Romanians should not be forced by any royal tax collector to pay taxes, dues, or fiftieths. The charter, confirmed by a double seal, is dated by the hand of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tengerdi" title="Theodore Tengerdi">Theodore</a>, provost of Fehérvár, vice-chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 14th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Mauro_map,_sector_XXIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fra_Mauro_map%2C_sector_XXIX.jpg/330px-Fra_Mauro_map%2C_sector_XXIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fra_Mauro_map%2C_sector_XXIX.jpg/500px-Fra_Mauro_map%2C_sector_XXIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fra_Mauro_map%2C_sector_XXIX.jpg/960px-Fra_Mauro_map%2C_sector_XXIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3078" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Fra Mauro's map, sector XXIX, showing Vlachia Piccola in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and Monte de Murlachi in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450 CE</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Milutin" title="Stefan Milutin">Stefan Milutin</a> Serbian king donated 6 <a href="/wiki/Katun_(community)" title="Katun (community)">katuns</a> to the church of St. Nikita in Bania.<a href="#cite_note-:25-101">[101]</a> Stefan Milutin, in another medieval Serbian document, mentions that 30 Vlach families live on a church estate near <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-101">[101]</a> In 1321 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a>, a priest gave land to the church, and the given land extended to the land of Kneže, where Vlachs lived.<a href="#cite_note-:22-157">[157]</a> In a battle, Vlachs fought alongside <a href="/wiki/Mladen_II_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_of_Bribir" title="Mladen II Šubić of Bribir">Mladen Šubić</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Trogir</a> in 1322.<a href="#cite_note-:22-157">[157]</a> King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a> attacks Brandenburg with neighboring Vlach reinforcements "etiam vicinorum populorum, videlicet Ruthenorum, Walachorum et Lithwanorum stipatusc".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Goods sold by the Vlachs are mentioned in after 1328 by Ragusan documents, among them formaedi vlacheschi, a type of cheese.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> First mention of a Vlach called Radul in 1329, in the <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istrian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Madgearu_2001_59-160">[160]</a> In 1330 <a href="/wiki/Stefan_De%C4%8Danski" title="Stefan Dečanski">Stefan Dečanski</a> gifts to <a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani" title="Visoki Dečani">Visoki Dečani</a> monastery the Vlach pastures and katuns along Drim and Lim rivers.<a href="#cite_note-hrcak.srce.hr-126">[126]</a> Croatian chronicler Miha de Barbazanis writes that Vlachs from the area of <a href="/wiki/Cetina" title="Cetina">Cetina River</a> fought for <a href="/wiki/Mladen_II_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_of_Bribir" title="Mladen II Šubić of Bribir">Mladen II Šubić of Bribir</a> against <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> and Ban John Babonić.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Papal_Tithes_from_1332%E2%80%931337_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="List of Papal Tithes from 1332–1337 in the Kingdom of Hungary">list of Papal Tithes from 1332–1337</a> in the Kingdom of Hungary, one settlement mentioned in the source as Romanian: "Căprioara". This Romanian place-name is the first recorded Romanian toponym in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:203-164">[164]</a> In 1335, a royal commissioner, on the orders of the King of Hungary, arranges for a Vlach voivode named Bogdan to move to the Kingdom of Hungary "with his entire household and people". According to the charter, the settlement of the Vlach voivode and his people lasted from 1 November 1334 to 15 August 1335.<a href="#cite_note-:23-165">[165]</a> In 1341, a Hungarian royal document notes that the Hungarian Czibak noble family can invite and settle more Vlachs to their <a href="/wiki/Tileagd" title="Tileagd">Mező-Telegd</a> estate, "from the south".<a href="#cite_note-:14-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> styles himself "Imperator Raxie et Romanie, dispotus Lartae et Blachie comes" – Emperor of Rascia and Romania, despot of Arta and <a href="/wiki/Isp%C3%A1n" title="Ispán">ispan</a> of Vlachia.<a href="#cite_note-Timaru-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> donates 320 Vlach families to the <a href="/wiki/Bistrica_(Leskovac)" title="Bistrica (Leskovac)">Bistrica</a> monastery.<a href="#cite_note-:25-101">[101]</a> A charter, issued by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a>, mentions that, Dobrodoliane is inhabited by Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-:19-133">[133]</a> Morlachs are first recorded in 1344, during the struggle between the counts of the <a href="/wiki/Kurjakovi%C4%87_noble_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurjaković noble family">Kurjaković</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelipi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelipić">Nelipić</a> families, in the regions near <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krbava" title="Krbava">Krbava</a>, when a region called "Morlacorum" mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-:21-6">[6]</a> A letter from 1345 from Pope Clement VI to the Hungarian king Louis I, the phrase quod Olachi Romani appears, which can be interpreted as an expression of the papal chancellery's conviction about the Roman origin of the Wallachians.<a href="#cite_note-Obara-Pawłowska-168">[168]</a> In 1349, another Hungarian royal charter mentions the Vlachs, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> voivode to send a Vlach priest to <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, thus encouraging more Vlachs to settle in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian kingdom</a> from the south.<a href="#cite_note-:14-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-169">[169]</a> A Hungarian charter of 1352 states that, the lord lieutenant of <a href="/wiki/Krass%C3%B3-Sz%C3%B6r%C3%A9ny_County" title="Krassó-Szörény County">Krassó County</a> Szeri Pósa invited Vlachs to Hungary, to populate the area around the Mutnok stream.<a href="#cite_note-:2-149">[149]</a> Around 1355, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I of Moldavia">Bogdan of Cuhea</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivode of Maramureș</a>, but now in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a>, crosses the mountains with other Vlachs from <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a> and takes over <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In 1359, the King of Hungary allowed a Vlach noble family and their household to settle in the country, first giving them 13 villages, and then 6 years later another 5 villages in the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-165">[165]</a> Also in 1359, the village of Lakság "near <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Várad</a>", reports in a letter to the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Várad</a> that "the first Vlach inhabitants have arrived".<a href="#cite_note-:14-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In 1365 <a href="/wiki/Balc_of_Moldavia" title="Balc of Moldavia">Balc</a>, son of Voivode <a href="/wiki/Sas_of_Moldavia" title="Sas of Moldavia">Sas of Moldavia</a>, defeated by <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I of Moldavia">Bogdan</a>, moves to the Kingdom of Hungary and is given by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a> the confiscated domains of his opponent. Later, Balc became the head of <a href="/wiki/Szatm%C3%A1r_County" title="Szatmár County">Szatmár</a> (Sătmar), <a href="/wiki/Ugocsa_County" title="Ugocsa County">Ugocsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ramaros_County" title="Máramaros County">Máramaros</a> (Maramureș) counties in the Kingdom of Hungary, and he was also invested with the title of <a href="/wiki/Count_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Count of the Székelys">Count of the Székelys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Vlachs from the domain of Vidčeselo, between <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zrmanja" title="Zrmanja">Zrmanja</a>, are rewarded for their military support by the <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">ban of Croatia</a> .<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In June 1366 King Louis I of Hungary grants through the <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_Turda" title="Decree of Turda">Decree of Turda</a> special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen to take measures against malefactors belonging to any nation, especially the Vlachs.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In 1370, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a> decreed that only those Vlach settlers who were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> could receive royal grants.<a href="#cite_note-:2-149">[149]</a> The village of <a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82od%C5%BA" title="Wołodź">Wołodź</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenia</a> was first documented in 1373 as a Vlach settlement.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In a letter dates to 1374, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">Cathedral chapter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Várad</a> complains that he has only 9 Vlach villages, and asks for permission "to invite more Vlachs into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">the country</a>" and to "settle them on his estates". Also in the same letter, he asks the "border nobles" that "if strangers come from Wallachia, do not stop them".<a href="#cite_note-:14-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-169">[169]</a> Papal documents from late 14th century reference the conquest of Medieș fortress "from the hands of schismatic Vlachs" by an unnamed King of Hungary. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ioan-Aurel_Pop" title="Ioan-Aurel Pop">Ioan-Aurel Pop</a> places this event close to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-153">[153]</a> In 1374, the Cathedral chapter of <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Várad</a> complained that the Vlachs living in its territory are not willing to give up their nomadic lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-:14-166">[166]</a> In 1374, Bishop László of <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Várad</a> obliges his successors not to prevent the Vlach <a href="/wiki/Knez_(Vlach_leader)" title="Knez (Vlach leader)">knezes</a> from settle further "foreigners" to the border areas of Bónafalva, <a href="/wiki/Topli%C8%9Ba,_Hunedoara" title="Toplița, Hunedoara">Királybányatoplica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristian,_Bra%C8%99ov" title="Cristian, Brașov">Keresztényfalva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-169">[169]</a> In 1376 the ban of Knin is also called "comes Holachorum".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In 1381 Croatian documents from <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a> mention "universitas Valachorum".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-177">[177]</a> In 1383 the so-called "Peace convention of Christian" is signed by Saxons and Romanians (Vlachs) from the area of Sibiu, aimed to ensure the peace between the two communities.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Vlachs are a documented presence in <a href="/wiki/Belz" title="Belz">Belz region</a> since the rule of <a href="/wiki/Siemowit_IV,_Duke_of_Masovia" title="Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia">Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia</a>, probably as early as 1388.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In the 14th century, royal charters from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a> included segregation policies stating that "a Serb shall not marry a Vlach".<a href="#cite_note-Ćirković-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> However, these laws were not successful and intermarriage between Slavs, Vlachs and also Albanians did take place.<a href="#cite_note-Ćirković-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 15th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vlachs-Wallachians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Vlachs-Wallachians.png/250px-The_Vlachs-Wallachians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Vlachs-Wallachians.png/330px-The_Vlachs-Wallachians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Vlachs-Wallachians.png/500px-The_Vlachs-Wallachians.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance peoples</a></figcaption></figure> In 1412, the captain of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> saved 3000 ducats to organise an army against the looting <a href="/wiki/Morlachs" title="Morlachs">Morlachs</a>, who lived in Ostravica, whose castle has even been taken by them. The leader of the <a href="/wiki/Morlachs" title="Morlachs">Morlahcs</a> was a person called Sandallor.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The biggest caravan shipment between <a href="/wiki/Podvisoki" title="Podvisoki">Podvisoki</a> in <a href="/wiki/Visoko_during_the_Middle_Ages" title="Visoko during the Middle Ages">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> was recorded on 9 August 1428, where Vlachs transported 1500 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Dry_measure" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">modius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> with 600 horses.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 1433 Vlach <a href="/wiki/Knez_(Vlach_leader)" title="Knez (Vlach leader)">knezes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voivode_(Vlach_leader)" title="Voivode (Vlach leader)">voievodes</a>, and juzi from Croatia vow to respect the property right of the local St. John church.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-177">[177]</a> Vlachs are mentioned in a document of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kremenets" title="Kremenets">Kremenets</a>, as part of the local population subject to mayor of Busk legal authority.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Ilok" title="Nicholas of Ilok">Nicholas of Ilok</a> styled himself as "Bosniae and Valachiae Rex".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 1450, the Vlachs are granted a privilege in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a>, allowing the Vlachs to enter the town if they call themselves <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-157">[157]</a> Italian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Poggio_Bracciolini" title="Poggio Bracciolini">Poggio Bracciolini</a> claims in 1450 that <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> left a colony among the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> which still retains much of the Latin vocabulary, and that its members say: "oculum, digitum, manum, panem, and many other things, from which it appears that the Latins, who remained there as settlers, used the Latin language."<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In 1453, <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Biondo" title="Flavio Biondo">Flavio Biondo</a> notes that "the Dacians or Vlachs claim to have Roman origins and they think this fact is a decoration in itself" and that "when they spoke the language of their common and simple people it scent of a grammatically incorrect peasant Latin".<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias</a> confirmed the liberties of the Vlachs in an open letter, issued March 31, 1474 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ru%C5%BEomberok" title="Ružomberok">Ružomberok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a> in his Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae wrote about Vlachs in Medieval Poland – Małopolska region, theorizing their origin as a population that came from Italy or <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> who expelled the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a> (Slavic) population from the Danube settlements, and then they themselves settled in the fertile lands there.<a href="#cite_note-Obara-Pawłowska-168">[168]</a> An attested reference to Romanian comes from a Latin title of an oath made in 1485 by the Moldavian Prince <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a> to the Polish King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir</a>, in which it is reported that "Haec Inscriptio ex Valachico in Latinam versa est sed Rex Ruthenica Lingua scriptam accepta"—"This Inscription was translated from Valachian (Romanian) into Latin, but the King has received it written in the Ruthenian language (Slavic)."<a href="#cite_note-ErnstGleßgen2008-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the ethnic groups of Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians who emerged during the Migration Period, other Vlachs could be found as far north as Poland, as far west as Moravia and Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In search of better pasture, they were called Vlasi or Valaši by the Slavs. States mentioned in medieval chronicles were:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> – between the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern Carpathians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tara_Romaneasca" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara Romaneasca">Ţara Românească</a> in Romanian); Bassarab-Wallachia (<a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Bassarab's Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ungro-Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungro-Wallachia">Ungro-Wallachia</a> or Wallachia Transalpina in administrative sources;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> – between the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> river (Bogdano-Wallachia; Bogdan's Wallachia,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Moldo-Wallachia or Maurovlachia; Black Wallachia, Moldovlachia or Rousso-Vlachia in Byzantine sources<a href="#cite_note-:11-193">[193]</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, between the Carpathians and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> – Regnum Bulgarorum et Blachorum in documents by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Terra Prodnicorum (or Terra <a href="/wiki/Brodnici" title="Brodnici">Brodnici</a>), mentioned by Pope Honorius III in 1222. Vlachs led by Ploskanea supported the Tatars in the 1223 Battle of Kalka. Vlach lands near <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> in the north, Moldova in the south and the Bolohoveni lands in the east were conquered by Galicia.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vlachs" title="Talk:Vlachs">disputed</a>]</li></ul> Regions and places are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Wallachia" title="White Wallachia">White Wallachia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-195">[195]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wallachia">Great Wallachia</a> (Μεγάλη Βλαχία, Megáli vlahía) in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-195">[195]</a></li> <li>Small Wallachia (Μικρή Βλαχία, Mikrí vlahía) in <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorida" title="Dorida">Dorida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locrida" class="mw-redirect" title="Locrida">Locrida</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morlachia" title="Morlachia">Morlachia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li>Upper Wallachia (Άνω Βλαχία, Áno Vlahía) in southern <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li>Magna Vlachia in southern <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a><a href="#cite_note-Timaru-96">[96]</a></li> <li>Stari Vlah ("the Old Vlach"), a region in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li>Maior Vlachia, a region in southwestern part of Croatia mentioned in 1373<a href="#cite_note-Madgearu_2001_59-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanija" title="Romanija">Romanija</a> mountain (Romanija planina) in eastern <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vla%C8%99ca_County" title="Vlașca County">Vlașca County</a>, a former county of southern Wallachia (derived from Slavic Vlaška)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Wallachia">Greater Wallachia</a>, an older name for the region of Muntenia, southeastern Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Wallachia">Lesser Wallachia</a>, an older name for the region of Oltenia, southwestern Romania</li> <li>An Italian writer called the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> Valachia citeriore ("Wallachia on this side") in 1550.<a href="#cite_note-MușatArdeleanu1985-197">[197]</a></li> <li>Valahia transalpina, including <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Făgăraș">Făgăraș</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ha%C8%9Beg" title="Hațeg">Hațeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Wallachia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Moravské Valašsko), in the <a href="/wiki/Beskid_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Beskid Mountains">Beskid Mountains</a> (Czech: Beskydy) of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shepherd_culture">Shepherd culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shepherd culture">edit</a>]</div> As national states appeared in the area of the former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, new state borders were developed that divided the summer and winter habitats of many of the <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> groups. During the Middle Ages, many Vlachs were shepherds who drove their flocks through the mountains of Central and Eastern Europe. Vlach shepherds may be found as far north as southern Poland (<a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a>) and the eastern Czech Republic (<a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>) by following the Carpathians, the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a> in the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak language</a>, the term Valasi became a synonym for apprentice shepherds.<a href="#cite_note-horváth-36">[36]</a> Some researchers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bogumil_Hrabak" title="Bogumil Hrabak">Bogumil Hrabak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_Wenzel" title="Marian Wenzel">Marian Wenzel</a>, theorized that the origins of <a href="/wiki/Ste%C4%87ci" class="mw-redirect" title="Stećci">Stećci</a> tombstones, which appeared in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Bosnia">medieval Bosnia</a> between 12th and 16th century, could be attributed to Vlach <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial culture</a> of Bosnia and Herzegovina of that times.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio,_Paysans_valaques_des_environs_de_Lugos,_Romanian_peasants_from_around_Lugos,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Théodore Valerio, Paysans valaques des environs de Lugos. Vlach/Romanian peasants from around Lugoj, 1851."><img alt="Théodore Valerio, Paysans valaques des environs de Lugos. Vlach/Romanian peasants from around Lugoj, 1851." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_Paysans_valaques_des_environs_de_Lugos%2C_Romanian_peasants_from_around_Lugos%2C_1851.jpg/250px-Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_Paysans_valaques_des_environs_de_Lugos%2C_Romanian_peasants_from_around_Lugos%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_Paysans_valaques_des_environs_de_Lugos%2C_Romanian_peasants_from_around_Lugos%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A9odore_Valerio%2C_Paysans_valaques_des_environs_de_Lugos%2C_Romanian_peasants_from_around_Lugos%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Théodore Valerio, Paysans valaques des environs de Lugos. Vlach/Romanian peasants from around <a href="/wiki/Lugoj" title="Lugoj">Lugoj</a>, 1851.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlach shepherd of Banat (Auguste Raffet, c. 1837)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg/160px-Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg/240px-Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg/321px-Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2903" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vlach shepherd of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Auguste_Raffet" title="Auguste Raffet">Auguste Raffet</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1837)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Morlach_couple,_Geissler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Morlach couple (Vlachs that live in Croatia), Christian Geissler, before 1844"><img alt="A Morlach couple (Vlachs that live in Croatia), Christian Geissler, before 1844" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_Morlach_couple%2C_Geissler.jpg/120px-A_Morlach_couple%2C_Geissler.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_Morlach_couple%2C_Geissler.jpg/250px-A_Morlach_couple%2C_Geissler.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="798" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Morlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Morlach">Morlach</a> couple (<a href="/wiki/Vlachs_in_the_history_of_Croatia" title="Vlachs in the history of Croatia">Vlachs that live in Croatia</a>), Christian Geissler, before 1844</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumanians_in_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanian immigrants in Ellis Island, United States"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rumanians_in_America.jpg/200px-Rumanians_in_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rumanians_in_America.jpg/300px-Rumanians_in_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rumanians_in_America.jpg/400px-Rumanians_in_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="503" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanian immigrants in <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Femmes_valaques_rev%C3%AAtues_du_costume_national_-_Van_Den_Brule_Alfred_-_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlach women in traditional dress, North Macedonia/Greece, Van Den Brule Alfred, 1907"><img alt="Vlach women in traditional dress, North Macedonia/Greece, Van Den Brule Alfred, 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Femmes_valaques_rev%C3%AAtues_du_costume_national_-_Van_Den_Brule_Alfred_-_1907.jpg/250px-Femmes_valaques_rev%C3%AAtues_du_costume_national_-_Van_Den_Brule_Alfred_-_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Femmes_valaques_rev%C3%AAtues_du_costume_national_-_Van_Den_Brule_Alfred_-_1907.jpg/330px-Femmes_valaques_rev%C3%AAtues_du_costume_national_-_Van_Den_Brule_Alfred_-_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Femmes_valaques_rev%C3%AAtues_du_costume_national_-_Van_Den_Brule_Alfred_-_1907.jpg/500px-Femmes_valaques_rev%C3%AAtues_du_costume_national_-_Van_Den_Brule_Alfred_-_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="651" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vlach women in traditional dress, North Macedonia/Greece, Van Den Brule Alfred, 1907</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlach_revolutionaries_from_Ber_or_Veria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlach revolutionaries in the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization against the Ottoman Empire from Veria (today in northern Greece), between 1900 and 1908"><img alt="Vlach revolutionaries in the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization against the Ottoman Empire from Veria (today in northern Greece), between 1900 and 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vlach_revolutionaries_from_Ber_or_Veria.jpg/154px-Vlach_revolutionaries_from_Ber_or_Veria.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vlach_revolutionaries_from_Ber_or_Veria.jpg/231px-Vlach_revolutionaries_from_Ber_or_Veria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vlach_revolutionaries_from_Ber_or_Veria.jpg/308px-Vlach_revolutionaries_from_Ber_or_Veria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vlach revolutionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> against the Ottoman Empire from <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Veria</a> (today in northern Greece), between 1900 and 1908</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koutso-Valaques_rentrant_dans_leur_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlachs returning to their village in Koutso, Greece, 1915"><img alt="Vlachs returning to their village in Koutso, Greece, 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koutso-Valaques_rentrant_dans_leur_village.jpg/200px-Koutso-Valaques_rentrant_dans_leur_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koutso-Valaques_rentrant_dans_leur_village.jpg/300px-Koutso-Valaques_rentrant_dans_leur_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koutso-Valaques_rentrant_dans_leur_village.jpg/400px-Koutso-Valaques_rentrant_dans_leur_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4152" data-file-height="3008" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vlachs returning to their village in <a href="/wiki/Koutso" title="Koutso">Koutso</a>, Greece, 1915</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> According to Ilona Czamańska "for several recent centuries the investigation of the Vlachian ethnogenesis was so much dominated by political issues that any progress in this respect was incredibly difficult". The transhumance of Vlachs, the heirs of Roman citizens, may be a key for solving the problem of <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>, but the problem is that many migrations were in multiple directions during the same time. These migrations were not just part of the history of the Balkans and the Carpathians, they exist in the Caucasus, the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic islands">Adriatic islands</a> and possibly over the entire region of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Because of this, our knowledge concerning primary migrations of the Vlachs and the ethnogenesis is more than modest.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Researcher have also raised a concern about <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> of Vlach heritage in the Balkans, denial of Vlach descend of various groups and personalities, and exclusion from political life.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ol%C3%A1h_(surname)" title="Oláh (surname)">Oláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morlachs" title="Morlachs">Morlachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Romania in the Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statuta_Valachorum" title="Statuta Valachorum">Statuta Valachorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplex_Libellus_Valachorum" title="Supplex Libellus Valachorum">Supplex Libellus Valachorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_(Ottoman_social_class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach (Ottoman social class)">Vlach (Ottoman social class)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_law" title="Vlach law">Vlach law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_in_medieval_Serbia" title="Vlachs in medieval Serbia">Vlachs in medieval Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_in_the_history_of_Croatia" title="Vlachs in the history of Croatia">Vlachs in the history of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_in_medieval_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina">Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Significance-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Significance_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Significance_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Significance_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Significance_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIoan-Aurel_Pop" class="citation web cs1">Ioan-Aurel Pop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/48209/1/Pop%2bIoan%2bAurel-Despre%2bsemnificatia%2bunor%2bnume-2009.pdf">"On the Significance of Certain Names: Romanian/Wallachian and Romania/Wallachia"</a> (PDF). 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Ljubljana: Modrijan Založba ZRC. pp. 106, 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-961-241-360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-961-241-360-6"><bdi>978-961-241-360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etimolo%C5%A1ki+slovar+slovenskih+zemljepisnih+imen&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pages=106%2C+227&rft.pub=Modrijan+Zalo%C5%BEba+ZRC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-961-241-360-6&rft.aulast=Snoj&rft.aufirst=Marko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPintescu2020" class="citation web cs1">Pintescu, Florin (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340580493">"Vlachs and Scandinavians in the Early Middle Ages"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Vlachs+and+Scandinavians+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.date=2020-04&rft.aulast=Pintescu&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F340580493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFH._C._Darby1957" class="citation book cs1">H. C. Darby (1957). "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries". The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 1. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+face+of+Europe+on+the+eve+of+the+great+discoveries&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1957&rft.au=H.+C.+Darby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrel2000" class="citation book cs1">Orel, Vladimir (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvKH56aT5mEC">A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian</a>. Brill. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11647-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11647-8"><bdi>90-04-11647-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Historical+Grammar+of+the+Albanian+Language%3A+Reconstruction+of+Proto-Albanian&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11647-8&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvKH56aT5mEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Jan Gawron; (2020) Locators of the settlements under Wallachian law in the Sambor starosty in XVth and XVIth c. Territorial, ethnic and social origins. p. 274–275; BALCANICA POSNANIENSIA xxVI, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/bp/article/view/19800">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1996" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1996) [1st pub. 1994]. Bosnia. A Short History. New York: New York University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814755615" title="Special:BookSources/0814755615"><bdi>0814755615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia.+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0814755615&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2020" class="citation book cs1">Ćirković, Sima (2020). Živeti sa istorijom. Belgrade: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BDiveti+sa+istorijom&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Helsin%C5%A1ki+odbor+za+ljudska+prava+u+Srbiji&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKursar2013" class="citation web cs1">Kursar, Vjeran (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7453833">"Being an Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity(ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th–18th Centuries)"</a>. Academia.edu. pp. 116–118. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Being+an+Ottoman+Vlach%3A+On+Vlach+Identity%28ies%29%2C+Role+and+Status+in+Western+Parts+of+the+Ottoman+Balkans+%2815th%E2%80%9318th+Centuries%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kursar&rft.aufirst=Vjeran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7453833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŠkegro2004" class="citation journal cs1">Škegro, Ante (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/73544097">"Zef Mirdita, Vlasi u historiografiji [Vlachs in historiography], "Hrvatski institut za povijest", Zagreb 2004., 562 str"</a>. Časopis za suvremenu povijest: 506.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%8Casopis+za+suvremenu+povijest&rft.atitle=Zef+Mirdita%2C+Vlasi+u+historiografiji+%5BVlachs+in+historiography%5D%2C+%26quot%3BHrvatski+institut+za+povijest%26quot%3B%2C+Zagreb+2004.%2C+562+str.&rft.pages=506&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.aulast=%C5%A0kegro&rft.aufirst=Ante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F73544097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGavrilović2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gavrilović, Danijela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/pas/pas2003/pas2003-02.pdf">"Elements of Ethnic Identification of the Serbs"</a> (PDF). Facta Universitatis. Series: Philosophy, Sociology and Psychology. 2 (10): 717–730.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facta+Universitatis.+Series%3A+Philosophy%2C+Sociology+and+Psychology&rft.atitle=Elements+of+Ethnic+Identification+of+the+Serbs&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E730&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gavrilovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Danijela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacta.junis.ni.ac.rs%2Fpas%2Fpas2003%2Fpas2003-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStjepanović2018" class="citation book cs1">Stjepanović, Dejan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004716379">Multiethnic regionalisms in Southeastern Europe: statehood alternatives</a>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58585-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58585-1"><bdi>978-1-137-58585-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004716379">1004716379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiethnic+regionalisms+in+Southeastern+Europe%3A+statehood+alternatives&rft.place=London&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004716379&rft.isbn=978-1-137-58585-1&rft.aulast=Stjepanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1004716379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpicijarić_Paškvan2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spicijarić Paškvan, Nina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/926881.studii_si_cercetari_2014.pdf">"Vlasi i krčki Vlasi u literaturi i povijesnim izvorima"</a> [Vlachs from the Island Krk in the Primary Historical and Literature Sources] (PDF). Studii şi cercetări. Actele Simpozionului "Banat – istorie şi multiculturalitate". Zrenianin – 2012, Reşiţa – 2013 (in Croatian). Novi Sad, Zrenjanin: Editura Fundaţiei. p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vlasi+i+kr%C4%8Dki+Vlasi+u+literaturi+i+povijesnim+izvorima&rft.btitle=Studii+%C5%9Fi+cercet%C4%83ri.+Actele+Simpozionului+%22Banat+%E2%80%93+istorie+%C5%9Fi+multiculturalitate%22.+Zrenianin+%E2%80%93+2012%2C+Re%C5%9Fi%C5%A3a+%E2%80%93+2013&rft.place=Novi+Sad%2C+Zrenjanin&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Editura+Funda%C5%A3iei&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Spicijari%C4%87+Pa%C5%A1kvan&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F926881.studii_si_cercetari_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/balkan-vlachs-born-assimilate">The Balkan Vlachs: Born to Assimilate?</a> at culturalsurvival.org </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirtaş-Coşkun2001-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirtaş-Coşkun2001_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirtaş-Coşkun2001">Demirtaş-Coşkun 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2004-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner2004_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanner2004">Tanner 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-horváth-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horváth_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horváth_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorváth2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Horváth, Stanislav (9 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/valasi/">"Valasi"</a>. Centrum pre tradičnú ľudovú kultúru (in Slovak). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529152407/https://www.ludovakultura.sk/polozka-encyklopedie/valasi/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centrum+pre+tradi%C4%8Dn%C3%BA+%C4%BEudov%C3%BA+kult%C3%BAru&rft.atitle=Valasi&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.aulast=Horv%C3%A1th&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ludovakultura.sk%2Fpolozka-encyklopedie%2Fvalasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKošťálová2022" class="citation journal cs1">Košťálová, Petra (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/res/5138">"Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia"</a>. Revue des Études Slaves. 93: 99–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fres.5138">10.4000/res.5138</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249359362">249359362</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Slaves&rft.atitle=Contested+Landscape%3A+Moravian+Wallachia+and+Moravian+Slovakia&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fres.5138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249359362%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%A1%C5%A5%C3%A1lov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fres%2F5138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-38"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C">The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> According to Cornelia Bodea, Ştefan Pascu, Liviu Constantinescu: "România: Atlas Istorico-geografic", Academia Română 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-27-0500-0" title="Special:BookSources/973-27-0500-0">973-27-0500-0</a>, chap. II, "Historical landmarks", p. 50 (English text), the survival of the <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Romans</a> in the Lower <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> basin during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> is an obvious fact: Thraco-Romans haven't vanished in the soil & Vlachs haven't appeared after 1000 years by spontaneous generation. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-40"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/nm/kosovo.html">Kosovo, a short history</a>. London: Macmilan. pp. 22–40. <q>The name 'Vlach' was a word used by the Slavs for those they encountered who spoke a strange, usually Latinate, language; the Vlachs' own name for themselves is 'Aromanians' (Aromani). As this name suggests, the Vlachs are closely linked to the Romanians: their two languages (which, with a little practice, are mutually intelligible) diverged only in the ninth or tenth century. While Romanian historians have tried to argue that the Romanian-speakers have always lived in the territory of Romania (originating, it is claimed, from Romanized Dacian tribes and/or Roman legionaries), there is compelling evidence to show that the Romanian-speakers were originally part of the same population as the Vlachs, whose language and way of life were developed somewhere to the south of the Danube. Only in the twelfth century did the early Romanian-speakers move northwards into Romanian territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2C+a+short+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Macmilan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Fen%2Fnm%2Fkosovo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_41-1">b</a> Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (1953). The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Al. Rosetti, "Despre torna, torna, fratre" ("About torna, torna, fratre"), Bucharest, 1960, p. 467–468 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae, II, 15, 6–9, ed. De Boor, Leipzig, 1887; cf. FHDR 1970 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlagojević1997" class="citation book cs1">Blagojević, Miloš (1997). Lexikon des Mittelalters. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+des+Mittelalters&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Blagojevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchramm1981" class="citation book cs1">Schramm, Gottfried (1981). Eroberer und Eingesessene. Geographische Lehnnamen Sùdosteuropas im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Stuttgart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eroberer+und+Eingesessene.+Geographische+Lehnnamen+S%C3%B9dosteuropas+im+1.+Jahrtausend+n.+Chr.&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Schramm&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Spinei, V. (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Brill, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Ibn al Nadim, al-Fihrist. English translation: The Fihrist of al-Nadim. Editor și traducător: B. Dodge, New York, Columbia University Press, 1970, p. 37 with n.82 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Spinei, Victor, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Brill. 2009, p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIstván1989" class="citation book cs1">István, Zimonyi (1989). The Origins of the Volga Bulgars. Soros Foundation. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Volga+Bulgars&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Soros+Foundation&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Zimonyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFمحمد_بن_إسحاق" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">محمد بن إسحاق, أبو الفرج. الفهرست (in Arabic). p. 12. <q>الكلام على الترك وما جانسهم فأما الترك والبلغر والبلغار والبرغز والخزر واللان وأجناس الصغار الأعين المفرطي البياض فلا قلم لهم يعرف سوى البلغر والتبت فإنهم يكتبون بالصينية والمنانية والحزر تكتب بالعبرانية والذي تادى إلى من أمر الترك ما حدثني به أبو الحسن محمد بن الحسن بن أشناس قال حدثني حمود حرار التركي المكلي وكان من التوزونية ممن خرج عن بلده على كبر وتنفط أن ملك الترك الأعظم إذا أراد أن يكتب إلى ملك من الأصاغر وزيره وأمر بشق نشابه ونقش الوزير عليها نقوشا يعرفها أفاضل الأتراك تدل على المعاني التي يريدها الملك ويعرفها المرسل إليه وزعم أن النقش اليسير يحتمل المعاني الكثيرة وإنما يفعلون ذلك عند مهادناتهم ومسالماتهم وفي أوقات حروبهم أيضا وذكر أن ذلك النشاب المكتوب عليه يحتفظون به ويفون من أجله والله أعلم</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA&rft.pages=12&rft.aulast=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82&rft.aufirst=%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Roediger1872" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Roediger, Gustav Flügel, August Müller (1872). Kitab al-Fihrist (II. ed.). Leipzig: F. C. W. Vogel, German Oriental Society. p. 702.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Fihrist&rft.pages=702&rft.edition=II.&rft.pub=Leipzig%3A+F.+C.+W.+Vogel%2C+German+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Johannes+Roediger&rft.aufirst=Gustav+Fl%C3%BCgel%2C+August+M%C3%BCller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn1971" class="citation book cs1">Ibn, al-Nadim (1971). al-Fihrist (Tehran, Beirut, Cairo ed.). p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Fihrist&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=Tehran%2C+Beirut%2C+Cairo&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Ibn&rft.aufirst=al-Nadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_53-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFöldes1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Földes, János (1907). Az Oláh erdei pásztornépről (in Hungarian). Székely és Illés. pp. 4–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Az+Ol%C3%A1h+erdei+p%C3%A1sztorn%C3%A9pr%C5%91l&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Sz%C3%A9kely+%C3%A9s+Ill%C3%A9s&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6ldes&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> G. Murnu, Când si unde se ivesc românii întâia dată în istorie, în "Convorbiri Literare", XXX, pp. 97–112 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2001" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din peninsula Balcanică] [The Medieval Origin of Conflict Centers in the Balkan Peninsula]. Editura Corint. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-653-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/973-653-191-0"><bdi>973-653-191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Originea+medieval%C4%83+a+focarelor+de+conflict+din+peninsula+Balcanic%C4%83%5D&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Editura+Corint&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=973-653-191-0&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> A. Decei, V. Ciocîltan, "La mention des Roumains (Walah) chez Al-Maqdisi", in Romano-arabica I, Bucharest, 1974, pp. 49–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBujduveanu2002" class="citation book cs1">Bujduveanu, Tănase (2002). Aromâni si Muntele Athos. Societatea Académica Moscopolitană.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arom%C3%A2ni+si+Muntele+Athos&rft.pub=Societatea+Acad%C3%A9mica+Moscopolitan%C4%83&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bujduveanu&rft.aufirst=T%C4%83nase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPál1885" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pál, Hunfalvy (1885). Hogyan csinálódik némely história? (in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. pp. 60–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hogyan+csin%C3%A1l%C3%B3dik+n%C3%A9mely+hist%C3%B3ria%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Magyar+Tudom%C3%A1nyos+Akad%C3%A9mia&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1l&rft.aufirst=Hunfalvy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana, in Drei lygisogur, ed. Å. Lagerholm (Halle/Saale, 1927), p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-:_Spinei_1-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:_Spinei_1_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:_Spinei_1_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpinei2009" class="citation book cs1">Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Brill. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-789-04742880-0" title="Special:BookSources/9-789-04742880-0"><bdi>9-789-04742880-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+and+the+Turkic+Nomads+North+of+the+Danube+Delta+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Mid-Thirteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9-789-04742880-0&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1981" class="citation book cs1">Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas. 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A román nép története. Budapest: ELTE BTK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+rom%C3%A1n+n%C3%A9p+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=ELTE+BTK&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1ndor&rft.aufirst=B%C3%ADr%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlajos1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olajos, Terézia (1988). A felhasználhatatlan Bizánci forrás a Román nép történetéhez (in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. p. 514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+felhaszn%C3%A1lhatatlan+Biz%C3%A1nci+forr%C3%A1s+a+Rom%C3%A1n+n%C3%A9p+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net%C3%A9hez&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Magyar+Tudom%C3%A1nyos+Akad%C3%A9mia&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Olajos&rft.aufirst=Ter%C3%A9zia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madgearu_2001_57–58-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madgearu_2001_57–58_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madgearu_2001_57–58_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2001" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din peninsula Balcanică] [The Medieval Origin of Conflict Centers in the Balkan Peninsula]. 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București/Suceava: Romanian Academy. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imaginea+vlahilor+la+cronicarii+Cruciadei+a+IV-a.+P%C3%A2n%C4%83+unde+r%C4%83zbate+ecoul+discu%C8%9Biilor+intelectuale+de+la+Constantinopol%3F&rft.btitle=Archeologia+Moldovei+XXXVIII&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti%2FSuceava&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Romanian+Academy&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20297336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202198-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202198_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202198_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202198_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiskolczy2021">Miskolczy 2021</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Emil Țîrcomnicu: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docslib.org/doc/6914758/emil-%C5%A3%C3%AErcomnicu1-rom%C3%A2nia-aspecte">Historical Aspects Regarding the Megleno-Romanian Groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania</a> page 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLászló2001" class="citation book cs1">László, Botos (2001). Út a trianoni békeparancshoz. Magna Lingua. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9At+a+trianoni+b%C3%A9keparancshoz&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Magna+Lingua&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Botos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demetrius_Dvoichenko-Markov_Byzantion_Vol_1979_pp._175–187-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demetrius_Dvoichenko-Markov_Byzantion_Vol_1979_pp._175–187_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demetrius_Dvoichenko-Markov_Byzantion_Vol_1979_pp._175–187_79-1">b</a> The Russian Primary Chronicle and the Vlachs of Eastern Europe. Demetrius Dvoichenko-Markov Byzantion Vol. 49 (1979), pp. 175–187, Peeters Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor20132,_8-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor20132,_8_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor2013">Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013</a>, pp. 2, 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire: 1790–1918, Faber & Faber, 4 sept. 2014, paragraf.185 </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_82-1">b</a> Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895–1324).Lucidus Kiadó. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9465-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-9465-12-7">963-9465-12-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeletant1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Deletant, Dennis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20351101">"Ethnos and Mythos in the History of Transylvania: the case of the chronicler Anonymus"</a>. Historians and the History of Transylvania. Vol. East European Monographs. 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Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Unitate+romanic%C4%83+%C8%99i+diversitate+balcanic%C4%83&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tana%C8%99oca&rft.aufirst=Anca&rft.au=Tana%C8%99oca%2C+Nicolae-%C8%98erban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10219111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/fcurta/tudela.html">"Tudela"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tudela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.clas.ufl.edu%2Ffcurta%2Ftudela.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202196-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskolczy202196_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiskolczy2021">Miskolczy 2021</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurta2022" class="citation journal cs1">Curta, Florin (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/91856550">"Aging levee. 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Modern Humanities Research Association. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsee.2009.0062">10.1353/see.2009.0062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141192138">141192138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Gesta+Hungarorum+of+Anonymus%2C+the+Anonymous+Notary+of+King+B%C3%A9la&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsee.2009.0062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141192138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F18975%2F1%2F18975.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> E.g. Armbruster, Adolf (1972). Romanitatea românilor: Istoria unei idei; Kristó, Gyula (2002). Magyar historiográfia I.: Történetírás a középkori Magyarországon; Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-113"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_113-0">^</a> E.g. Györffy, György (1963). Az Árpád-kori Magyarország Történeti Földrajza; Faragó, Imre (2017). Térképészeti földrajz; Rásonyi, László (1979), Bulaqs and Oguzs in Medieval Transylvania </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLászló_Makkai2001" class="citation cs2">László Makkai (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/59.html">"Anonymus on the Hungarian Conquest of Transylvania"</a>, History of Transylvania: From the Beginnings to 1606, vol. 1, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anonymus+on+the+Hungarian+Conquest+of+Transylvania&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+1606&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-479-7&rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Makkai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F59.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-115"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_115-0">^</a> Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). 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Lukács, Ţara Făgăraşului, 156; T. Sălăgean, Transilvania în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIII-lea. Afirmarea regimului congregaţional, Cluj-Napoca, 2003, 26-27 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Zef Mirdita (1995). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/157940">Balkanski Vlasi u svijetlu podataka Bizantskih autora</a>". Povijesni Prilozi (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Croatian History Institute. 14 (14): 27-31 (Serbian), 31-33 (Crusades) </li> <li id="cite_note-hrcak.srce.hr-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrcak.srce.hr_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrcak.srce.hr_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrcak.srce.hr_126-2">c</a> Zef Mirdita (1995). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/157940">Balkanski Vlasi u svijetlu podataka Bizantskih autora</a>". Povijesni Prilozi (in Serbo-Croatian). 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Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Northern+Extent+of+Settlements+on+the+Wallachian+Law+in+Medieval+Poland&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jawor&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F98988253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ćirković-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ćirković_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ćirković_180-1">b</a> Sima Ćirković; (2004) The Serbs p. 130; Wiley-Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631204717" title="Special:BookSources/0631204717">0631204717</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Srđan Rudić, Selim Aslantaş: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35270955/State%20and%20Society%20in%20the%20Balkans%20before%20and%20after%20Establisment%20of%20Ottoman%20Rule%20full%20text">State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule</a>, 2017, page 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaciur2021" class="citation book cs1">Caciur, Dana (2021). The Morlachs of Dalmatia during the 15th and 16th century. Poznań. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-66355-68-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-66355-68-2"><bdi>978-83-66355-68-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morlachs+of+Dalmatia+during+the+15th+and+16th+century.&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-83-66355-68-2&rft.aulast=Caciur&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtović2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtović, Esad (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31875091">"Esad Kurtović, Konj u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Filozofski fakultet, Sarajevo 2014"</a>. Filozofski Fakultet, Sarajevo: 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filozofski+Fakultet%2C+Sarajevo&rft.atitle=Esad+Kurtovi%C4%87%2C+Konj+u+srednjovjekovnoj+Bosni%2C+Filozofski+fakultet%2C+Sarajevo+2014.&rft.pages=205&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Kurtovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Esad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31875091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> „Crainich Miochouich et Stiepanus Glegieuich ad meliustenendem super se et omnia eorum bona se obligando promiserunt ser Тhome de Bona presenti et acceptanti conducere et salauum dare in Souisochi in Bosna Dobrassino Veselcouich nomine dicti ser Тhome modia salis mille quingenta super equis siue salmis sexcentis. Et dicto sale conducto et presentato suprascripto Dobrassino in Souisochi medietatem illius salis dare et mensuratum consignare dicto Dobrassino. Et aliam medietatem pro eorum mercede conducenda dictum salem pro ipsius conductoribus retinere et habere. Promittentes vicissim omnia et singularia suprascripta firma et rata habere et tenere ut supra sub obligatione omnium suorum bonorum. Renuntiando" (09.08. 1428.g.), Div. Canc., XLV, 31v. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJawor2023" class="citation web cs1">Jawor, Grzegorz (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369850426">"Kolonizacja wołoska na obszarach Wołynia w XV i XVI wieku"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Kolonizacja+wo%C5%82oska+na+obszarach+Wo%C5%82ynia+w+XV+i+XVI+wieku&rft.date=2023-04&rft.aulast=Jawor&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F369850426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadgearu2001" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din peninsula Balcanică] [The Medieval Origin of Conflict Centers in the Balkan Peninsula]. Editura Corint. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-653-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/973-653-191-0"><bdi>973-653-191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Originea+medieval%C4%83+a+focarelor+de+conflict+din+peninsula+Balcanic%C4%83%5D&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Editura+Corint&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=973-653-191-0&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> "Apud superiores Sarmatas colonia est ab Traiano, ut aiunt, derelicta, quae nunc etiam inter tantam barbariem multa retinet latina vocabula, ab Italis, qui eo profecti sunt, notata. Oculum dicunt, digitum, manum, panem multaque alia quibus apparet ab Latinis, qui coloni ibidem relicti fureant manasse, eamque coloniam fuisse latino sermone usam." Poggio Bracciolini, Historia convivalis, utrum priscis Romanis latina lingua omnibus communis fuerit... in: Mirko Tavoni, Latino, grammatica, volgare: storia di una questione umanistica, 1984, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> "Et qui e regione Danubio item adiacent Ripenses Daci, sive Valachi, originem, quam ad decus prae se ferunt praedicantque Romanam, loquela ostendunt, quos catholice christianos Romam quotannis et Apostolorum limina invisentes aliquando gavisi sumus ita loquentes audire, ut, quae vulgari communique gentis suae more dicunt, rusticam male grammaticam redoleant latinitatem." Flavio Biondo, Ad Alphonsum Aragonensem serenissimum regem de expeditione in Turchos Blondus Flavius Forliviensis in: Mirko Tavoni, Latino, grammatica, volgare: storia di una questione umanistica, 1984, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiaconescu2015" class="citation web cs1">Diaconescu, Marius (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30713382">"Census Valachorum in mid 16th century Upper Hungary"</a>. Academia.edu. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Census+Valachorum+in+mid+16th+century+Upper+Hungary&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Diaconescu&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30713382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ErnstGleßgen2008-190"><a href="#cite_ref-ErnstGleßgen2008_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahmen2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dahmen, Wolfgang (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FzgmKbTN70C&pg=PA738">"Externe Sprachgeschichte des Rumänischen"</a>. In Ernst, Gerhard; Gleßgen, Martin-Dietrich; Schmitt, Christian; Schweickard, Wolfgang (eds.). Romanische Sprachgeschichte: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Geschichte der romanischen Sprachen (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 738. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014694-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014694-3"><bdi>978-3-11-014694-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Externe+Sprachgeschichte+des+Rum%C3%A4nischen&rft.btitle=Romanische+Sprachgeschichte%3A+Ein+internationales+Handbuch+zur+Geschichte+der+romanischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=738&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014694-3&rft.aulast=Dahmen&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FzgmKbTN70C%26pg%3DPA738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomescu1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomescu, Mircea (1968). Istoria cărții românești de la începuturi până la 1918 (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">București</a>: Editura Științifică. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+c%C4%83r%C8%9Bii+rom%C3%A2ne%C8%99ti+de+la+%C3%AEnceputuri+p%C3%A2n%C4%83+la+1918&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Tomescu&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammel,_E._A._and_Kenneth_W._Wachter" class="citation web cs1">Hammel, E. A. and Kenneth W. Wachter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demog.berkeley.edu/~gene/hammel_1-fmt.html">"The Slavonian Census of 1698. Part I: Structure and Meaning, European Journal of Population"</a>. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slavonian+Census+of+1698.+Part+I%3A+Structure+and+Meaning%2C+European+Journal+of+Population&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.au=Hammel%2C+E.+A.+and+Kenneth+W.+Wachter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demog.berkeley.edu%2F~gene%2Fhammel_1-fmt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-193"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVásáry2005" class="citation book cs1">Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83756-9"><bdi>978-0-521-83756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumans+and+Tatars%3A+Oriental+Military+in+the+Pre-Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1185%E2%80%931365&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83756-9&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> A. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Victor Frunza, Bucuresti 1992, pp 98–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_195-2">c</a> Since Theophanes Confessor and Kedrenos, in : A.D. Xenopol, Istoria Românilor din Dacia Traiană, Nicolae Iorga, Teodor Capidan, C. Giurescu : Istoria Românilor, Petre Ș. Năsturel Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, vol. XVI, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Map of Yugoslavia, file East, sq. B/f, Istituto Geografico de Agostini, Novara, in : Le Million, encyclopédie de tous les pays du monde, vol. IV, ed. Kister, Geneve, Switzerland, 1970, pp. 290–291, and many other maps & old atlases – these names disappear after 1980. </li> <li id="cite_note-MușatArdeleanu1985-197"><a href="#cite_ref-MușatArdeleanu1985_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMircea_MușatIon_Ardeleanu1985" class="citation book cs1">Mircea Mușat; Ion Ardeleanu (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPsJAQAAIAAJ">From Ancient Dacia to Modern Romania</a>. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. <q>that in 1550 a foreign writer, the Italian Gromo, called the Banat "Valachia citeriore" (the Wallachia that stands on this side).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ancient+Dacia+to+Modern+Romania&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+Enciclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Mircea+Mu%C8%99at&rft.au=Ion+Ardeleanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPsJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Z. Konečný, F. Mainus, Stopami minulosti: Kapitoly z dějin Moravy a Slezska/Traces of the Past: Chapters from the History of Moravia and Silesia, Brno:Blok,1979 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Silviu Dragomir: "Vlahii din nordul peninsulei Balcanice în evul mediu"; 1959, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Marian Wenzel, "Bosnian and Herzegovinian Tombstobes—Who Made Them and Why?" Sudost-Forschungen 21 (1962): 102–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Ilona Czamańska; (2015) The Vlachs – several research problems p. 14; BALCANICA POSNANIENSIA XXII/1 IUS VALACHICUM I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/bp/article/view/3895/0">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41875863/Cultural%20appropriation%20of%20the%20Vlachs%20heritage%20in%20Balkans">Octavian Ciobanu: Cultural appropriation of the Vlachs' heritage in Balkans</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>G. Weigand, Die Aromunen, Bd.Α΄-B΄, J. A. Barth (A.Meiner), Leipzig 1895–1894.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murnu" title="George Murnu">George Murnu</a>, Istoria românilor din Pind, Vlahia Mare 980–1259 ("History of the Romanians of the Pindus, Greater Vlachia, 980–1259"), Bucharest, 1913</li> <li>Ilie Gherghel, Câteva consideraţiuni la cuprinsul noţiunii cuvântului "Vlach". Bucuresti: Convorbiri Literare, (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Capidan" title="Theodor Capidan">Theodor Capidan</a>, Aromânii, dialectul aromân. Studiul lingvistic ("Aromanians, Aromanian dialect, Linguistic Study"), Bucharest, 1932</li> <li>A.Hâciu, Aromânii, Comerţ. Industrie. Arte. Expasiune. Civiliytie, tip. Cartea Putnei, Focşani 1936.</li> <li>Steriu T. Hagigogu, "Romanus şi valachus sau Ce este romanus, roman, român, aromân, valah şi vlah", Bucharest, 1939</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf">The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor</a> (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Primary+Chronicle%2C+Laurentian+Text.+Translated+and+edited+by+Samuel+Hazzard+Cross+and+Olgerd+P.+Sherbowitz-Wetzor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=The+Mediaeval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hazzard&rft.au=Sherbowitz-Wetzor%2C+Olgerd+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgh-bibliothek.de%2Fdokumente%2Fa%2Fa011458.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"> (First edition published in 1930. The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction.) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor2013" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530225833/http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf">SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL)</a> (PDF). Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SLA+218.+Ukrainian+Literature+and+Culture.+Excerpts+from+The+Rus%27+Primary+Chronicle+%28Povest+vremennykh+let%2C+PVL%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Electronic+Library+of+Ukrainian+Literature%2C+University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hazzard&rft.au=Sherbowitz-Wetzor%2C+Olgerd+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.utoronto.ca%2Felul%2FEnglish%2F218%2FPVL-selections.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Τ. Winnifrith, The Vlachs. The History of a Balkan People, Duckworth 1987</li> <li>A. Koukoudis, Oi mitropoleis kai i diaspora ton Vlachon [Major Cities and Diaspora of the Vlachs], publ. University Studio Press, Thessaloniki 1999.</li> <li>A. Keramopoulos, Ti einai oi koutsovlachoi [What are the Koutsovlachs?], publ 2 University Studio Press, Thessaloniki 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemirtaş-Coşkun2001" class="citation book cs1">Birgül Demirtaş-Coşkun; Ankara University. Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mYYvAQAAMAAJ">The Vlachs: a forgotten minority in the Balkans</a>. Frank Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vlachs%3A+a+forgotten+minority+in+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Birg%C3%BCl+Demirta%C5%9F-Co%C5%9Fkun&rft.au=Ankara+University.+Center+for+Eurasian+Strategic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmYYvAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Victor A. Friedman, "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" in Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, et al. Slavica Helsingiensa: 21, Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 2001. 26–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farsarotul.org/The%20Vlah%20Minority%20in%20Macedonia.pdf">full text</a> Though focussed on the Vlachs of North Macedonia, has in-depth discussion of many topics, including the origins of the Vlachs, their status as a minority in various countries, their political use in various contexts, and so on.</li> <li>Asterios I. Koukoudis, The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7760-86-7" title="Special:BookSources/960-7760-86-7">960-7760-86-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanner2004" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Arno (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQtCPAo1XU8C&pg=PA203">The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries</a>. East-West Books. pp. 203–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-91-6808-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-91-6808-8"><bdi>978-952-91-6808-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Minorities+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+The+History+and+Today+of+Selected+Ethnic+Groups+in+Five+Countries&rft.pages=203-&rft.pub=East-West+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-952-91-6808-8&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQtCPAo1XU8C%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Th Capidan, Aromânii, Dialectul Aromân, ed2 Εditură Fundaţiei Culturale Aromâne, București 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Trifon" title="Nicolas Trifon">Trifon, Nicolas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210081132/http://balkans.courriers.info/article16636.html">Les Aroumains, un peuple qui s'en va (Paris, 2005); Cincari, narod koji nestaje (Beograd, 2010)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKristó2003" class="citation book cs1">Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895–1324). Budapest: Lucidus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9465-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-9465-12-7"><bdi>963-9465-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Transylvania+%28895%E2%80%931324%29&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Lucidus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9465-12-7&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiskolczy2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miskolczy, Ambrus (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/22600/22639/22639.pdf">A román középkor időszerű kérdései</a> [Timely questions of the Romanian Middle Ages] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyarságkutató Intézet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-41-0"><bdi>978-615-6117-41-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2677-0261">2677-0261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+rom%C3%A1n+k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor+id%C5%91szer%C5%B1+k%C3%A9rd%C3%A9sei&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Magyars%C3%A1gkutat%C3%B3+Int%C3%A9zet&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2677-0261&rft.isbn=978-615-6117-41-0&rft.aulast=Miskolczy&rft.aufirst=Ambrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F22600%2F22639%2F22639.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPop1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Românii și maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania] [Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century. The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State] (in Romanian). Center for Transylvanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-5770-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-5770-04-4"><bdi>978-973-5770-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rom%C3%A2nii+%C8%99i+maghiarii+%C3%AEn+secolele+IX-XIV.+Geneza+statului+medieval+%C3%AEn+Transilvania%5D+%5BRomanians+and+Hungarians+from+the+9th+to+the+14th+Century.+The+Genesis+of+the+Transylvanian+Medieval+State%5D.&rft.pub=Center+for+Transylvanian+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-973-5770-04-4&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlachs" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Watchmen, a documentary film by Alastair Kenneil and Tod Sedgwick (US) 1971 describes life in the Vlach village of Samarina in Epiros, Northern Greece.</li> <li>John Kennedy Campbell, 'Honour Family and Patronage' A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1974.</li> <li>Gheorghe Bogdan, Memory, Identity, Typology: An Interdisciplinary Reconstruction of Vlach Ethnohistory, B.A., University of British Columbia, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Vogel" title="Franck Vogel">Franck Vogel</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.fr/photos/reportages-geo/les-valaques-le-peuple-le-plus-discret-des-balkans">a photo-essay on the Valchs published by GEO magazine (France), 2010.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231000/http://www.geo.fr/photos/reportages-geo/les-valaques-le-peuple-le-plus-discret-des-balkans">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Adina Berciu-Drăghicescu, Aromâni, meglenoromâni, istroromâni : aspecte identitare şi culturale, Editura Universităţii din București, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-16-0148-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-16-0148-6">978-606-16-0148-6</a>.</li> <li>Octavian Ciobanu, "The Role of the Vlachs in the Bogomils' Expansion in the Balkans.", Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, Year 4, Issue 7, December 2021, pp. 11–32.</li> <li>A.J.B Wace, M.A. & M.S. Thompson, M.A. 'The Nomads of The Balkans' An Account Of Life And Customs Among The Vlachs of Northen Pindus, Methuen & Co. LTD. London, 1914.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vlach" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Vlach">Vlach</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vlachs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vlachs">Vlachs</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vlachs" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vlachs">Vlachs</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/maria_magiru_romanii_balcanici_aromanii.pdf">Romănii Balcanici Aromânii </a> – Maria Magiru about Aromanians (in Romanian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm">The Vlach Connection and Further Reflections on Roman History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbilat.com/General_Survey/Terms--Wallachians_Walloons_Welschen_etc.html">Orbis Latinus: Wallachians, Walloons, Welschen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm">Vlachs in Greece</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40985166/CULTURAL_APPROPRIATION_OF_THE_VLACHS_HERITAGE_IN_BALKANS.">Cultural appropriation of Vlachs' heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armanami.org/index.php">French Vlachs Association (in Vlach, EN and FR)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlachs.gr/uk/index-uk.htm">Studies on the Vlachs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813180023/http://www.vlachs.gr/uk/index-uk.htm">Archived</a> 13 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Asterios Koukoudis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlahoi.net">Vlachs' in Greece</a> (in Greek)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.CTArm.org">Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj, Youth Aromanian community and their Projects</a> (in Vlach, EN and RO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRsOwn5V59c">Old Wallachia</a> – a short Czech film from 1955 depicting life of Vlachs in Czech Moravia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36939351/The_heritage_of_Western_Balkan_Vlachs">Western Balkan Vlachs</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&oldid=1282654821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlachs&oldid=1282654821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Romance_people" 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