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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aboriginal history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_government_and_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_government_and_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Civilian government and onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_government_and_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1920s to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>19th and early 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Copper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Soap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Primary and secondary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_and_further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_and_further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tertiary and further education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_and_further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Visual arts and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Media arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rugby_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Rugby league</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soccer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soccer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Soccer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soccer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Australian rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Rugby union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Horse racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey_and_skating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey_and_skating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Ice hockey and skating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey_and_skating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorsport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorsport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Motorsport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorsport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.10</span> <span>Netball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.11</span> <span>Water sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disasters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1989_earthquake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989_earthquake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>1989 earthquake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989_earthquake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2007_Hunter_Region_and_Central_Coast_storms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2007_Hunter_Region_and_Central_Coast_storms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>June 2007 Hunter Region and Central Coast storms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2007_Hunter_Region_and_Central_Coast_storms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Maritime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Residential architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_listings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_listings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Heritage listings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_listings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Newcastle, New South Wales</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Nieu-Suid-Wallis" title="Newcastle, Nieu-Suid-Wallis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Newcastle, Nieu-Suid-Wallis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="نيوكاسل (أستراليا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيوكاسل (أستراليا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="نیوکاسل، یئنی گونئی ولز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیوکاسل، یئنی گونئی ولز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2,_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8" title="নিউক্যাসেল, নিউ সাউথ ওয়েলস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউক্যাসেল, নিউ সাউথ ওয়েলস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ньюкасл (Аўстралія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ньюкасл (Аўстралія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ньюкасл (Аўстралія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ньюкасл (Аўстралія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Нюкасъл (Австралия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нюкасъл (Австралия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Sukembre-Nevez)" title="Newcastle (Sukembre-Nevez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Newcastle (Sukembre-Nevez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Austr%C3%A0lia)" title="Newcastle (Austràlia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Newcastle (Austràlia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(lungsod_sa_Ostralya,_State_of_New_South_Wales,_Newcastle)" title="Newcastle (lungsod sa Ostralya, State of New South Wales, Newcastle) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Newcastle (lungsod sa Ostralya, State of New South Wales, Newcastle)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Austr%C3%A1lie)" title="Newcastle (Austrálie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Newcastle (Austrálie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_De_Cymru_Newydd" title="Newcastle, De Cymru Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Newcastle, De Cymru Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(New_South_Wales)" title="Newcastle (New South Wales) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Newcastle (New South Wales)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(New_South_Wales)" title="Newcastle (New South Wales) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Newcastle (New South Wales)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Uus-L%C3%B5una-Wales)" title="Newcastle (Uus-Lõuna-Wales) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Newcastle (Uus-Lõuna-Wales)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BB_(%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Νιούκασλ (Αυστραλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιούκασλ (Αυστραλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Newcastle (Australia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Newcastle (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novkastelo" title="Novkastelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novkastelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Newcastle (Australia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Newcastle (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2" title="نیوکاسل، نیو ساوت ولز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوکاسل، نیو ساوت ولز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_N%C3%BD_Su%C3%B0ur_Wales" title="Newcastle, Ný Suður Wales – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Newcastle, Ný Suður Wales" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australie)" title="Newcastle (Australie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Newcastle (Australie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caisteal_Nuadh,_A%27_Chuimrigh_Nuadh_o_Deas" title="An Caisteal Nuadh, A' Chuimrigh Nuadh o Deas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Caisteal Nuadh, A' Chuimrigh Nuadh o Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%AC_(%EB%89%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC)" title="뉴캐슬 (뉴사우스웨일스주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴캐슬 (뉴사우스웨일스주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABk%C4%81kela" title="Nūkākela – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nūkākela" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AC_(%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Նյուքասլ (Ավստրալիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյուքասլ (Ավստրալիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Novi_Ju%C5%BEni_Wales" title="Newcastle, Novi Južni Wales – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Newcastle, Novi Južni Wales" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Ньюкасл (Австрали) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ньюкасл (Австрали)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_N%C3%BDja-Su%C3%B0ur-Wales" title="Newcastle, Nýja-Suður-Wales – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Newcastle, Nýja-Suður-Wales" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Newcastle (Australia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Newcastle (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ניוקאסל (אוסטרליה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניוקאסל (אוסטרליה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Anyar_Wales_Kidul" title="Newcastle, Anyar Wales Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Newcastle, Anyar Wales Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ნიუკასლი (ავსტრალია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუკასლი (ავსტრალია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ньюкасл (Аустралия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ньюкасл (Аустралия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Welisi_Kusini_Mpya" title="Newcastle, Welisi Kusini Mpya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Newcastle, Welisi Kusini Mpya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85%C5%ABk%C4%81sla_(Austr%C4%81lija)" title="Ņūkāsla (Austrālija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņūkāsla (Austrālija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niukaslas_(Australija)" title="Niukaslas (Australija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niukaslas (Australija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Newcastle (Australia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Newcastle (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Ausztr%C3%A1lia)" title="Newcastle (Ausztrália) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Newcastle (Ausztrália)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Њукасл (Австралија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Њукасл (Австралија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuk%C4%81hera" title="Niukāhera – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Niukāhera" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE)" title="न्यूकॅसल (ऑस्ट्रेलिया) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यूकॅसल (ऑस्ट्रेलिया)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نيوكاسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيوكاسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Ньюкасл (Австрали) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ньюкасл (Австрали)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="နယူးကာဆယ်၊ နယူးဆောက်ဝေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယူးကာဆယ်၊ နယူးဆောက်ဝေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niukaseli_(Niu_Ceva_Welesi)" title="Niukaseli (Niu Ceva Welesi) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Niukaseli (Niu Ceva Welesi)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australi%C3%AB)" title="Newcastle (Australië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Newcastle (Australië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB_(%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E5%B7%9E)" title="ニューカッスル (ニューサウスウェールズ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューカッスル (ニューサウスウェールズ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuukasel" title="Nyuukasel – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Nyuukasel" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(New_South_Wales)" title="Newcastle (New South Wales) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Newcastle (New South Wales)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_i_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle i New South Wales – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Newcastle i New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyukasl" title="Nyukasl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nyukasl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نیو کاسل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیو کاسل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuhaus" title="Niuhaus – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Niuhaus" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Newcastle (Australia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Newcastle (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Austr%C3%A1lia)" title="Newcastle (Austrália) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Newcastle (Austrália)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ньюкасл (Австралия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньюкасл (Австралия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB" title="Ньюкасл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньюкасл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niukasolo" title="Niukasolo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Niukasolo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Nou_Galles_de_su_Sud)" title="Newcastle (Nou Galles de su Sud) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Newcastle (Nou Galles de su Sud)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_Sooth_Wales" title="Newcastle, New Sooth Wales – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Newcastle, New Sooth Wales" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australien)" title="Newcastle (Australien) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Newcastle (Australien)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Nov%C3%BD_Ju%C5%BEn%C3%BD_Wales)" title="Newcastle (Nový Južný Wales) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Newcastle (Nový Južný Wales)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Novi_Ju%C5%BEni_Wales" title="Newcastle, Novi Južni Wales – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Newcastle, Novi Južni Wales" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australijo)" title="Newcastle (Australijo) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Newcastle (Australijo)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%B5_(%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="نیوکاسڵ (ئوسترالیا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیوکاسڵ (ئوسترالیا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81)" title="Њукасл (Нови Јужни Велс) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њукасл (Нови Јужни Велс)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Newcastle (Australia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Newcastle (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நியூகாசில், நியூ சவுத் வேல்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூகாசில், நியூ சவுத் வேல்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ньюкасл (Аустралия) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ньюкасл (Аустралия)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C)" title="นิวคาสเซิล (รัฐนิวเซาท์เวลส์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวคาสเซิล (รัฐนิวเซาท์เวลส์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuk%C4%81s%C4%81" title="Niukāsā – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Niukāsā" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Avustralya" title="Newcastle, Avustralya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Newcastle, Avustralya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ньюкасл (Австралія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ньюкасл (Австралія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="نیوکیسل، نیوساؤتھ ویلز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوکیسل، نیوساؤتھ ویلز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Newcastle, New South Wales" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_(Laustral%C3%A4n)" title="Newcastle (Laustralän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Newcastle (Laustralän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales – Waray" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&params=32_55_50_S_151_45_15_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°55′50″S</span> <span class="longitude">151°45′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.93056°S 151.75417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-32.93056; 151.75417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. For the local government area serving the city proper, see <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">City of Newcastle</a>. For other places called Newcastle, in Australia and elsewhere, see <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Newcastle (disambiguation)">Newcastle</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in New South Wales, Australia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><span class="fn org locality">Newcastle</span><br /><div style="font-weight:normal;font-size:88%" lang="Awabakal">Mulubinba</div><span style="font-weight:normal; font-size:88%" class="region"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_from_Nobbys_(2)_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Newcastle city centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Newcastle_from_Nobbys_%282%29_b.jpg/268px-Newcastle_from_Nobbys_%282%29_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Newcastle_from_Nobbys_%282%29_b.jpg/402px-Newcastle_from_Nobbys_%282%29_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Newcastle_from_Nobbys_%282%29_b.jpg/536px-Newcastle_from_Nobbys_%282%29_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Newcastle city centre</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Custom_House,_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Customs House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg/132px-The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg/198px-The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg/264px-The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Customs_House" title="Newcastle Customs House">Customs House</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg/132px-Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg/198px-Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg/264px-Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall_(Australia)" title="Newcastle City Hall (Australia)">City Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Christ Church Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg/130px-2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg/195px-2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg/260px-2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Newcastle" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle">Christ Church Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watt_Street_Newcastle_-_8345787232_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Watt Street Terraces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Watt_Street_Newcastle_-_8345787232_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Watt_Street_Newcastle_-_8345787232_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Watt_Street_Newcastle_-_8345787232_%28cropped%29.jpg/201px-Watt_Street_Newcastle_-_8345787232_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Watt_Street_Newcastle_-_8345787232_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Watt_Street_Newcastle_-_8345787232_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="2762" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group" title="Church and Watt Street Terrace Group">Watt Street Terraces</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobbys_Beach_Newcastle_NSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nobbys Head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nobbys_Beach_Newcastle_NSW.jpg/130px-Nobbys_Beach_Newcastle_NSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nobbys_Beach_Newcastle_NSW.jpg/195px-Nobbys_Beach_Newcastle_NSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nobbys_Beach_Newcastle_NSW.jpg/260px-Nobbys_Beach_Newcastle_NSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Head" title="Nobbys Head">Nobbys Head</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civic_Light_Rail_Stop_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Civic_Light_Rail_Stop_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Civic_Light_Rail_Stop_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Civic_Light_Rail_Stop_%28cropped%29.jpg/201px-Civic_Light_Rail_Stop_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Civic_Light_Rail_Stop_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Civic_Light_Rail_Stop_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Light Rail</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_New_South_Wales_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Newcastle is located in New South Wales"><img alt="Newcastle is located in New South Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Australia_New_South_Wales_relief_location_map.png/270px-Australia_New_South_Wales_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Australia_New_South_Wales_relief_location_map.png/405px-Australia_New_South_Wales_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Australia_New_South_Wales_relief_location_map.png/540px-Australia_New_South_Wales_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1972" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.814%;left:83.866%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Newcastle"><img alt="Newcastle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Newcastle</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="font-size: smaller;">The location of Newcastle in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&params=32_55_50_S_151_45_15_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°55′50″S</span> <span class="longitude">151°45′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.93056°S 151.75417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-32.93056; 151.75417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 508,437 (<a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>)(Significant Urban Area)<sup id="cite_ref-SUA2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUA2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">7th</a>)</li><li> 348,539 (<a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>)(Urban Centre)<sup id="cite_ref-UCL2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCL2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002431207700788737♠"></span>431.208/km<sup>2</sup> (1,116.82/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1804</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,179.1 km<sup>2</sup> (455.3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:00" title="UTC+10:00">AEST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:00" title="UTC+10:00">UTC+10:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">AEDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">UTC+11:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 162 km (101 mi) NNE of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> </li><li> 791 km (492 mi) SSW of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> </li><li> 86 km (53 mi) NE of <a href="/wiki/Gosford" title="Gosford">Gosford</a> </li><li> 166 km (103 mi) SSW of <a href="/wiki/Forster,_New_South_Wales" title="Forster, New South Wales">Forster</a> </li><li> 78 km (48 mi) SE of <a href="/wiki/Singleton,_New_South_Wales" title="Singleton, New South Wales">Singleton</a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">LGA(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">City of Newcastle</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">City of Lake Macquarie</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Maitland" title="City of Maitland">City of Maitland</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Cessnock" title="City of Cessnock">City of Cessnock</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council" title="Port Stephens Council">Port Stephens Council</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_administrative_divisions_of_Australia" title="Lands administrative divisions of Australia">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_New_South_Wales" title="Northumberland County, New South Wales">Northumberland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electorates of the Australian states and territories">State electorate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Cessnock" title="Electoral district of Cessnock">Cessnock</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Charlestown" title="Electoral district of Charlestown">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="Electoral district of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Newcastle" title="Electoral district of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Port_Stephens" title="Electoral district of Port Stephens">Port Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Swansea" title="Electoral district of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Wallsend" title="Electoral district of Wallsend">Wallsend</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Federal division(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Newcastle" title="Division of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Hunter" title="Division of Hunter">Hunter</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Paterson" title="Division of Paterson">Paterson</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Shortland" title="Division of Shortland">Shortland</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;"><b>Mean max temp</b></td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:34%;"><b>Mean min temp</b></td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;"><b>Annual rainfall</b></td> </tr><tr style="border: 1px #FFF solid" class="mergedrow"> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;"> 22.2 °C <br />72 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:34%;">15.1 °C <br />59 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;">1,034.5 mm <br />40.7 in</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Newcastle</b>, also commonly referred to as <b>Greater Newcastle</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/nj/: 'n' in 'new'">nj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEW</span>-kah-səl</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Awabakal_language" title="Awabakal language">Awabakal</a>: <i lang="awk">Mulubinba</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a large <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> area and the second-most-populous such area of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia. It includes the cities of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a><sup id="cite_ref-2006UCLmap_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006UCLmap-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is the hub of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_suburbs_in_Greater_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="List of suburbs in Greater Newcastle, New South Wales">Lower Hunter</a> region, which includes most parts of the cities of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Maitland" title="City of Maitland">Maitland</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Cessnock" title="City of Cessnock">Cessnock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council" title="Port Stephens Council">Port Stephens Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2006SDmap_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006SDmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gnbhunter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnbhunter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle is also known by its colloquial nickname, <b>Newy</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Located at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Hunter River (New South Wales)">Hunter River</a>, it is the predominant city within the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter Region</a>. Famous for its <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Coal_Chain" title="Hunter Valley Coal Chain">coal</a>, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, exporting 143 million tonnes of coal in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the central-eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Basin" title="Sydney Basin">Sydney Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aboriginal_history">Aboriginal history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aboriginal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle and the lower Hunter Region were traditionally occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Awabakal" title="Awabakal">Awabakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worimi" title="Worimi">Worimi</a> Aboriginal people,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who called the area Malubimba.<sup id="cite_ref-womens_weekly_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womens_weekly-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on Aboriginal-language references documented in maps, sketches and geological descriptions, eight landmarks have been officially dual-named by the NSW Geographic Names Board with their traditional Aboriginal names.<sup id="cite_ref-NSW_Geographic_Names_Board_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW_Geographic_Names_Board-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include <a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Head" title="Nobbys Head">Nobbys Head</a> also known as Whibayganba; Flagstaff Hill also known as Tahlbihn; Pirate Point also known as Burrabihngarn; Port Hunter also known as Yohaaba; Hunter River (South Channel) also known as Coquun; Shepherds Hill also known as Khanterin; Ironbark Creek also known as Toohrnbing and Hexham Swamp also known as Burraghihnbihng.<sup id="cite_ref-NSW_Geographic_Names_Board_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSW_Geographic_Names_Board-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_settlement">European settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dangar_Grid" title="Dangar Grid">Dangar Grid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_John_Shortland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Captain_John_Shortland.jpg/170px-Captain_John_Shortland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Captain_John_Shortland.jpg/255px-Captain_John_Shortland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Captain_John_Shortland.jpg/340px-Captain_John_Shortland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Shortland" title="John Shortland">John Shortland</a>, the first European to explore the Newcastle region</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1797, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Shortland" title="John Shortland">John Shortland</a> became the first European to explore the area. His discovery of the area was largely accidental; as he had been sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized a locally built vessel called <i>Cumberland</i> as she was sailing from <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he later described as "a very fine river", which he named after New South Wales' Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">John Hunter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned with reports of the deep-water port and the area's abundant coal. Over the next two years, coal mined from the area was the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> colony's first export.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle gained a reputation as a "hellhole" as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the 19th century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by diverse groups of men, including coal diggers, timber-cutters, and more escaped convicts. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">Philip Gidley King</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a> from 1800, decided on a more positive approach to exploit the now obvious natural resources of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Valley">Hunter Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newc_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, a convict camp called King's Town (named after the governor) was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney. This settlement closed less than a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A settlement was again attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, after <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">the English city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-womens_weekly_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womens_weekly-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name first appeared by the commission issued by Governor King on 15 March 1804 to Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Menzies_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Charles Menzies (Royal Marines officer)">Charles Menzies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">marine detachment</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Calcutta_(1795)" title="HMS Calcutta (1795)">HMS <i>Calcutta</i></a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a>, appointing him superintendent of the new settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new settlement, comprising <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convicts</a> and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lady_Nelson_(1798)" title="HMS Lady Nelson (1798)">HMS <i>Lady Nelson</i></a>, the <i>Resource</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/James_(ship)" title="James (ship)">James</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-newc_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convicts were rebels from the 1804 <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a>. The link with <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England (its namesake) and also whence many of the 19th-century coal miners came, is still obvious in some of the place-names—such as <a href="/wiki/Jesmond,_New_South_Wales" title="Jesmond, New South Wales">Jesmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexham,_New_South_Wales" title="Hexham, New South Wales">Hexham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wickham,_New_South_Wales" title="Wickham, New South Wales">Wickham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallsend,_New_South_Wales" title="Wallsend, New South Wales">Wallsend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gateshead,_New_South_Wales" title="Gateshead, New South Wales">Gateshead</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morpeth,_New_South_Wales" title="Morpeth, New South Wales">Morpeth, New South Wales</a> is a similar distance north of Newcastle as <a href="/wiki/Morpeth,_Northumberland" title="Morpeth, Northumberland">Morpeth, Northumberland</a> is north of Newcastle upon Tyne. </p><p>Under Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Wallis_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Wallis (British Army officer)">James Wallis</a>, commandant from 1815 to 1818, the convicts' conditions improved, and a building boom began. Captain Wallis laid out the streets of the town, built the first church of the site of the present <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Newcastle" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle">Christ Church Cathedral</a>, erected the old gaol on the seashore, and began work on the breakwater which now joins <a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Head" title="Nobbys Head">Nobbys Head</a> to the mainland. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only the (much reinforced) breakwater survives. During this period, in 1816, the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_School_(Colony_of_NSW)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Church School (Colony of NSW)">first school</a> was built in Newcastle.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle remained a penal settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a penal colony, the military rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners' Bay, on the inner side of <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_New_South_Wales" title="Stockton, New South Wales">Stockton</a> peninsula. There, convicts were sent to burn oyster shells for making lime.<sup id="cite_ref-newc_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military rule in Newcastle ended in 1823. Prisoner numbers were reduced to 100 (most of these were employed on the building of the breakwater), and the remaining 900 were sent to <a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie" title="Port Macquarie">Port Macquarie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_government_and_onwards">Civilian government and onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civilian government and onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Newcastle" title="Shelling of Newcastle">Shelling of Newcastle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunter_St_West,_Newcastle,_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hunter_St_West%2C_Newcastle%2C_1908.jpg/220px-Hunter_St_West%2C_Newcastle%2C_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hunter_St_West%2C_Newcastle%2C_1908.jpg/330px-Hunter_St_West%2C_Newcastle%2C_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hunter_St_West%2C_Newcastle%2C_1908.jpg/440px-Hunter_St_West%2C_Newcastle%2C_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>A parade of mounted soldiers along <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span></figcaption></figure> <p>After removal of the last convicts in 1823, the town was freed from the infamous influence of the penal law. It began to acquire the aspect of a typical Australian pioneer settlement, and a steady flow of free <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> poured into the hinterland. </p><p>During the nineteenth century the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_%26_Hunter_River_Steamship_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle & Hunter River Steamship Company">Newcastle & Hunter River Steamship Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saw the establishment of regular steamship services from <a href="/wiki/Morpeth,_New_South_Wales" title="Morpeth, New South Wales">Morpeth</a> and Newcastle with Sydney. The company had a fleet of freighters as well as several fast passenger vessels, including the PS <i>Newcastle</i> and the PS <i>Namoi</i>. The <i>Namoi</i> had first-class cabins with the latest facilities. </p><p> Because of the coal supply, small ships plied between Newcastle and Sydney, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, carrying coal to gas works and bunkers for shipping, and railways. These were commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Sixty-miler" title="Sixty-miler">sixty-milers</a>, referring to the nautical journey between Newcastle and Sydney. These ships continued in service until recent times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Newcastle, Australia, 1849, by John Rae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg/750px-Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg/1125px-Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg/1500px-Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6964" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Rae_1849_SLNSW_FL4652760.jpg" title="File:Newcastle Rae 1849 SLNSW FL4652760.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Newcastle, Australia, 1849, by John Rae</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_to_present">1920s to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1920s to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Newcastle was an important industrial centre for the Australian war effort. In 1942, the Japanese planned to <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">attack Sydney Harbour</a>. On the early hours of 8 June, the Japanese submarine <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-21" title="Japanese submarine I-21"><i>I-21</i></a> briefly shelled Newcastle. Among the areas hit within the city were dockyards, the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Steelworks" title="Newcastle Steelworks">Newcastle Steelworks</a>, Parnell Place in the city's East End, the breakwall and Art Deco Ocean baths. There were no casualties in the attack and damage was minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_of_Tasmania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Princess_of_Tasmania.jpg/220px-Princess_of_Tasmania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Princess_of_Tasmania.jpg/330px-Princess_of_Tasmania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Princess_of_Tasmania.jpg/440px-Princess_of_Tasmania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/MS_Princess_of_Tasmania" title="MS Princess of Tasmania">MS <i>Princess of Tasmania</i></a> prior to being launched at the <a href="/wiki/State_Dockyard" title="State Dockyard">State Dockyard</a> in November 1958</figcaption></figure><p>The Port of Newcastle remains the economic and trade centre for the resource-rich Hunter Valley and for much of the north and north-west of New South Wales. Newcastle is the world's largest coal export port and Australia's oldest and second-largest tonnage throughput port, with over 3,000 shipping movements handling cargo of 95.8 Mt per annum, of which coal exports represented 90.8 Mt in 2008–09.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume of coal exported, and attempts to increase coal exports, are opposed by environmental groups including Newcastle-based <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rising_Tide_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rising Tide Australia (page does not exist)">Rising Tide Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have undertaken various protests targeting the export of coal from the city, such as in 2023 when 3000 people took part in a water based blockade and 109 were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle had a shipbuilding industry with the <a href="/wiki/Walsh_Island_Dockyard_%26_Engineering_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Walsh Island Dockyard & Engineering Works">Walsh Island Dockyard & Engineering Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Dockyard" title="State Dockyard">State Dockyard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forgacs_Shipyard" title="Forgacs Shipyard">Forgacs Shipyard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years the only major ship-construction contract awarded to the area was the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Huon-class_minehunter" title="Huon-class minehunter"><i>Huon</i>-class minehunters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The era of extensive <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> passed when the steel works closed in 1999. Many of the remaining manufacturing industries have located themselves well away from the city itself. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Newcastle_1950.jpg/115px-Newcastle_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Newcastle_1950.jpg/173px-Newcastle_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Newcastle_1950.jpg/230px-Newcastle_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2207" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Trams in Newcastle, New South Wales">tram</a> halts outside the AMP building at the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street</a>, 1947.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Newcastle_1968.jpg/119px-Newcastle_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Newcastle_1968.jpg/179px-Newcastle_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Newcastle_1968.jpg/238px-Newcastle_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A bustling <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street</a>, 1968</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Newcastle has one of the oldest theatre districts in Australia. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(Newcastle)" title="Victoria Theatre (Newcastle)">Victoria Theatre</a> on Perkins Street is the oldest purpose-built theatre in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatre district that occupied the area around what is now the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street Mall</a> vanished during the 1940s. The old city centre has seen some new apartments and hotels built in recent years, but the rate of commercial and retail occupation remains low while alternate suburban centres have become more important. The CBD itself is shifting to the west, towards the major urban renewal area known as "Honeysuckle". This renewal, to run for another 10 years, is a major part of arresting the shift of business and residents to the suburbs. Commercial renewal has been accompanied by cultural renaissance. There is a vibrant arts scene in the city including a highly regarded art gallery,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an active Hunter Writers' Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent fictional representations (for example Antoinette Eklund's 'Steel River') present a new vision of the city, using the city's historic past as a backdrop for contemporary fiction. </p><p>The old central business district, located at Newcastle's eastern end, still has a considerable number of historic buildings, dominated by Christ Church Cathedral, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Anglican Bishop of Newcastle (Australia)">Anglican Bishop of Newcastle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other noteworthy buildings include <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scratchley" title="Fort Scratchley">Fort Scratchley</a>, the Ocean Baths, the old <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Customs_House" title="Newcastle Customs House">Customs House</a>, the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall_(Australia)" title="Newcastle City Hall (Australia)">City Hall</a>, the 1890s Longworth Institute (once regarded as the finest building in the colony) and the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> <a href="/wiki/University_House_(Newcastle)" class="mw-redirect" title="University House (Newcastle)">University House</a> (formerly NESCA House, seen in the film <i>Superman Returns</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_-_aerial_images_(3)_(7445134654).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newcastle_-_aerial_images_%283%29_%287445134654%29.jpg/220px-Newcastle_-_aerial_images_%283%29_%287445134654%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newcastle_-_aerial_images_%283%29_%287445134654%29.jpg/330px-Newcastle_-_aerial_images_%283%29_%287445134654%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Newcastle_-_aerial_images_%283%29_%287445134654%29.jpg/440px-Newcastle_-_aerial_images_%283%29_%287445134654%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of central Newcastle and its surrounding metropolitan area, situated on the Hunter River</figcaption></figure><p> Newcastle is on the southern bank of the Hunter River mouth. The northern side is dominated by sand dunes, swamps and multiple river channels. A "green belt" protecting plant and wildlife flanks the city from the west (Watagan mountains) around to the north where it meets the coast just north of Stockton. Urban development is mainly restricted to the hilly southern bank. The small town of <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_New_South_Wales" title="Stockton, New South Wales">Stockton</a> sits opposite central Newcastle at the river mouth and is linked by ferry. Road access between Stockton and central Newcastle is via the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_Bridge" title="Stockton Bridge">Stockton Bridge</a>, a distance of 20 km (12 mi). Much of the city is undercut by the coal measures of the Sydney sedimentary basin, and what were once numerous coal-mining villages located in the hills and valleys around the port have merged into a single urban area extending southwards to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Macquarie_(New_South_Wales)" title="Lake Macquarie (New South Wales)">Lake Macquarie</a>. The Greater Newcastle area is situated right between the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central Coast (New South Wales)">Central Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid_North_Coast" title="Mid North Coast">Mid North Coast</a> regions, with the Central Coast bordering in the south and the Mid North Coast bordering in the north as well as other <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter</a> local government areas (outside of Newcastle) bordering in the west and north-west.</p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:648px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The ANZAC Walk, looking towards Merewether and the outer suburbs"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG/640px-Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG" decoding="async" width="640" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG/960px-Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG/1280px-Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6272" data-file-height="2502" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_ANZAC_Walk.JPG" title="File:Newcastle ANZAC Walk.JPG"> </a></div>The ANZAC Walk, looking towards <a href="/wiki/Merewether" class="mw-redirect" title="Merewether">Merewether</a> and the outer suburbs</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speers_Point_lakeside_walk_near_wharf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Speers_Point_lakeside_walk_near_wharf.jpg/220px-Speers_Point_lakeside_walk_near_wharf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Speers_Point_lakeside_walk_near_wharf.jpg/330px-Speers_Point_lakeside_walk_near_wharf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Speers_Point_lakeside_walk_near_wharf.jpg/440px-Speers_Point_lakeside_walk_near_wharf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Speers Point Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle has several public parks including King Edward Park, which was designated in 1863. Features of the park include coastal views, a sunken garden and a Victorian rotunda.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another noteworthy park of Newcastle is Starrett Park in New Lambton, known for its playground and lush grass.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<i>Cfa</i>) that is typical of the Australian east coast. Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter, while the second half of the year is slightly drier on average. The climate is generally moderated by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the east. Summers are mostly warm and humid with periods of very dry and hot weather occasionally due to hot west to north-westerly winds, which can bring temperatures in excess of 40 °C (104 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) on 18 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Head" title="Nobbys Head">Nobbys Head</a> weather station.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winters are generally mild with drier conditions than summer on average. <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">Cold fronts</a> affect the area and sometimes bring strong westerly winds behind them, but due to the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Australian_foehn" title="Southeast Australian foehn">foehn effect</a> they generally <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">provide clear conditions</a> as the region lies leeward of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest recorded temperature was 1.8 °C (35.2 °F) on 27 July 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australian_east_coast_low" title="Australian east coast low">East coast lows</a> also impact Newcastle, sometimes delivering winds well above 100 km/h (62 mph) and torrential rainfall, usually lasting a couple of days. The east coast low in May 1974, the <a href="/wiki/2007_New_South_Wales_storms" title="2007 New South Wales storms">2007 New South Wales storms</a> and April 2015 are extreme examples of this type of weather. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Newcastle (Nobbys Signal Station AWS), New South Wales, Australia (1991–2020 normals, 1862–present extremes); 33 m AMSL </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(108.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(105.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.5<br />(108.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #4BFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.7<br />(4.32) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.5<br />(4.47) </td> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.0<br />(4.29) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.4<br />(4.58) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.2<br />(4.93) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.4<br />(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9<br />(2.24) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0<br />(2.44) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.3<br />(3.12) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.9<br />(2.67) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,034.5<br />(40.73) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">92.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.3<br />(56.0) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a> (temperature, precipitation, humidity 1991–2020 normals)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a> (temperature extremes 1862–present)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Newcastle University – 8.5 kilometres (5 mi) WNW of Newcastle CBD, New South Wales, Australia (1998–2021 normals and extremes); 21 m AMSL </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.9<br />(112.8) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(111.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #D00000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.9<br />(112.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3<br />(3.20) </td> <td style="background: #21FF21; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.5<br />(5.33) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.2<br />(4.93) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.1<br />(4.65) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.5<br />(3.44) </td> <td style="background: #33FF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.9<br />(5.19) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.1<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1<br />(2.25) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2<br />(2.61) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.2<br />(2.69) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.3<br />(4.03) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.6<br />(2.82) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,111.2<br />(43.75) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">92.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a> (temperature, precipitation, humidity) (1998–present normals and extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:90%;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Newcastle Water Temperature </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#ffb000; color:#000;">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background:#ffa400; color:#000;">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background:#ffa000; color:#000;">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background:#fa0; color:#000;">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background:#ffae00; color:#000;">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background:#ffbe00; color:#000;">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background:#ffc200; color:#000;">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background:#ffd344; color:#000;">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background:#ffdd6e; color:#000;">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background:#ffd54c; color:#000;">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background:#ffbe00; color:#000;">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background:#ffc200; color:#000;">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background:#ffbc00; color:#000; border-left-width:medium;">21.3<br />(70.4) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source #2: Metoc (sea temperature)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg/220px-2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg/330px-2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg/440px-2_christ_church_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Newcastle" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle">Christ Church Cathedral</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Newcastle_(Australia)" title="Anglican Diocese of Newcastle (Australia)">Anglican Diocese of Newcastle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The metropolitan area of Newcastle is the second-most-populous area in New South Wales to <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. </p><p>What is generally labelled as the 'Greater Newcastle Area' includes the LGAs of Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, Maitland, Cessnock and Port Stephens. In 2021 this region had a total population of 682,465.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of people in the Newcastle metropolitan area, 83.6 per cent were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 2.3%, New Zealand 1.0%, China 0.7%, India 0.5% and Philippines 0.4%. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.8% of the population. 88.2% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 0.7%, Macedonian 0.5%, Italian 0.4%, Greek 0.3% and Cantonese 0.3%. The most common responses for religion in Newcastle were No Religion 31.1%, Catholic 21.7% and Anglican 19.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-2016pop_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016pop-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle is often quoted as being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">seventh-largest city in Australia</a>. This is misleading as the area represented extends well beyond both the City of Newcastle and the Newcastle metropolitan area. The area, officially the Newcastle Statistical District, is referred to as <a href="/wiki/List_of_suburbs_in_Greater_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="List of suburbs in Greater Newcastle, New South Wales">Greater Newcastle</a> or the Lower Hunter Region, which includes most parts of the Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, Cessnock, Maitland and Port Stephens local government areas and, as of 30 June 2009, has an estimated population of 540,796.<sup id="cite_ref-2006SDmap_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006SDmap-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gnbhunter_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnbhunter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their proximity, all of the LGAs in the region maintain their own individual identities, separate from Newcastle. </p><p>The population of the suburb of Newcastle is 3,852 as of the 2021 census.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for the people of Newcastle is "Novocastrian", derived from Latin <i>novus</i> (new) and <i>castra</i> (castle or fort). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_from_Fort_Scratchley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Newcastle_from_Fort_Scratchley.jpg/220px-Newcastle_from_Fort_Scratchley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Newcastle_from_Fort_Scratchley.jpg/330px-Newcastle_from_Fort_Scratchley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Newcastle_from_Fort_Scratchley.jpg/440px-Newcastle_from_Fort_Scratchley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle city centre from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scratchley" title="Fort Scratchley">Fort Scratchley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle as a traditional area of heavy industry was not immune from the effects of economic downturns that plagued New South Wales and wider Australia since the 1970s. These downturns were particularly hard hitting for heavy industry which was particularly prevalent in Newcastle. The early 1990s recession caused significant job losses across Australia and the Newcastle region experienced a peak unemployment rate of 17% in February 1993, compared to 12.1% in New South Wales and 11.9% across Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, the steelworks closed after 84 years' operation and had employed about 50,000 during its existence, many for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closure of the BHP steelworks occurred at a time of strong economic expansion in Australia. At the time of the closure and since the closure Newcastle experienced a significant amount of economic diversification which has strengthened the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2003, Australia experienced the effects of the <a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> as commodities prices for major <a href="/wiki/Export_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Export good">export good</a> such as coal and iron ore rose significantly. This provided a large incentive for investment in the Newcastle and Hunter region due to its status as a major coal mining and export hub to Asian markets. Large projects related to the coal industry helped to propel the Newcastle unemployment rate to 20 year lows and allow the Newcastle region to weather the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession">late 2000s recession</a> better than NSW as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, the two largest single employers are the Hunter New England Area Health Service and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_Australia" title="National Stock Exchange of Australia">National Stock Exchange of Australia</a> (formerly Newcastle Stock Exchange) was formerly based in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_centuries">19th and early 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal">Coal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store.jpg/220px-Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store.jpg/330px-Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store.jpg/440px-Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/Earp_Gillam_Bond_Store" title="Earp Gillam Bond Store">Earp Gillam Bond Store</a> – many early merchant companies were founded on Newcastle's 19th-century trade industry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coal mining began in earnest on 3 May 1833 when the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company" title="Australian Agricultural Company">Australian Agricultural Company</a> received land grants at Newcastle plus a 31-year monopoly on that town's coal traffic. Other collieries were within a 16 km (10 mi) radius of the town. Principal coal mines were located at <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_New_South_Wales" title="Stockton, New South Wales">Stockton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tighes_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighes Hill">Tighes Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrington,_New_South_Wales" title="Carrington, New South Wales">Carrington</a> and the Newcastle Coal and Copper Company's collieries at <a href="/wiki/Merewether" class="mw-redirect" title="Merewether">Merewether</a> (includes the Glebe), <a href="/wiki/Wallsend,_New_South_Wales" title="Wallsend, New South Wales">Wallsend</a> and the Waratah collieries. All operations had closed by the early 1960s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_Bank_Company_building_DSC_0427.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Commercial_Bank_Company_building_DSC_0427.jpg/220px-Commercial_Bank_Company_building_DSC_0427.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Commercial_Bank_Company_building_DSC_0427.jpg/330px-Commercial_Bank_Company_building_DSC_0427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Commercial_Bank_Company_building_DSC_0427.jpg/440px-Commercial_Bank_Company_building_DSC_0427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The former Commercial Bank Company building</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 December 1831, the Australian Agricultural Company officially opened Australia's first railway, at the intersection of Brown & Church Streets, Newcastle. Privately owned and operated to service the <i>A Pit</i> coal mine, it was a <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast-iron">cast-iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Fishbelly_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishbelly rail">fishbelly rail</a> on an inclined plane as a <a href="/wiki/Cable_railway#Gravity_balance" title="Cable railway">gravitational railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copper">Copper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Copper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1850s, a major copper smelting works was established at Burwood, near Merewether. An engraving of this appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i> on 11 February 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English and Australian Copper Company built another substantial works at <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmeadow">Broadmeadow</a> circa 1890, and in that decade the <a href="/wiki/Cockle_Creek_Smelter" title="Cockle Creek Smelter">Cockle Creek Smelter</a> was built. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Custom_House,_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg/220px-The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg/330px-The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg/440px-The_Custom_House%2C_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Customs_House" title="Newcastle Customs House">Newcastle Customs House</a> was erected in response to the economic and trade boom of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soap">Soap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest factory of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere was constructed in 1885, on an 8.9-hectare (22-acre) site between the suburbs of Tighes Hill and Port Waratah, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Upfold" title="Charles Upfold">Charles Upfold</a>, from London, for his Sydney Soap and Candle Company, to replace a smaller factory in Wickham.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their soap products won 17 medals at International Exhibitions. At the Sydney International Exhibition they won a bronze medal "against all-comers from every part of the world", the only first prize awarded for soap and candles. Following World War I the company was sold to Messrs Lever & Kitchen (today <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>), and the factory closed in the mid-1930s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steel">Steel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1911, <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a> chose the city as the site for its steelworks due to the abundance of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land put aside was prime real estate, on the southern edge of the harbour. In 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Steelworks" title="Newcastle Steelworks">Newcastle Steelworks</a> opened, beginning a period of some 80 years dominating the steel works and heavy industry. As Mayfield and the suburbs surrounding the steelworks declined in popularity because of pollution, the steelworks thrived, becoming the region's largest employer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg/220px-Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg/330px-Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg/440px-Newcastle_Town_Hall_-_50732203368.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall_(Australia)" title="Newcastle City Hall (Australia)">Newcastle City Hall</a></figcaption></figure><p>With its history as a traditionally working-class area, Newcastle has been a stronghold for the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a> at all levels of politics since <a href="/wiki/Federation_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation (Australia)">Federation</a>. Labor currently holds every federal and state seat that overlaps at least partially with Newcastle. </p><p>The only area of Greater Newcastle where the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> has ever been consistently competitive is the <a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_(New_South_Wales)" title="Port Stephens (New South Wales)">Port Stephens</a> region in the north of the Newcastle metropolitan area, as well as in some beachside, middle-class suburbs near the Newcastle CBD such as <a href="/wiki/Bar_Beach,_New_South_Wales" title="Bar Beach, New South Wales">Bar Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merewether,_New_South_Wales" title="Merewether, New South Wales">Merewether</a>. The Port Stephens area is traditionally marginal and while historically was dominated by Labor, has been won by the Liberals. </p><p> One time the Liberals did win seats in Newcastle was at the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2011 New South Wales state election">2011 state election</a>. At this election, the <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Labor_Party" title="New South Wales Labor Party">Labor</a> government, led by then-<a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales" title="Premier of New South Wales">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Keneally" title="Kristina Keneally">Kristina Keneally</a>, was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Liberal_Party" title="New South Wales Liberal Party">Liberal</a>-<a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>, led by then-<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_South_Wales)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)">Opposition Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_O%27Farrell" title="Barry O'Farrell">Barry O'Farrell</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide</a>, suffering the worst ever defeat of a sitting government in New South Wales history and (at the time) the worst defeat of a sitting government anywhere in Australia since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Labor won just 20 seats in the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly" title="New South Wales Legislative Assembly">New South Wales Legislative Assembly</a>; of these, only two (<a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Cessnock" title="Electoral district of Cessnock">Cessnock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Wallsend" title="Electoral district of Wallsend">Wallsend</a>) were in the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter Region</a>. Before the election, the Liberal Party only held one seat in the entire Hunter Region (the seat of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Port_Stephens" title="Electoral district of Port Stephens">Port Stephens</a>, which the party narrowly gained from Labor in <a href="/wiki/2007_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2007 New South Wales state election">2007</a>). However, at the subsequent state election in <a href="/wiki/2015_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2015 New South Wales state election">2015</a>, although the Coalition retained <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> (and subsequently retained government again in <a href="/wiki/2019_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2019 New South Wales state election">2019</a> before Labor formed a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> in <a href="/wiki/2023_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2023 New South Wales state election">2023</a>), the party lost all of its Hunter-based seats.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_courthouse_OIC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Newcastle_courthouse_OIC.jpg/220px-Newcastle_courthouse_OIC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Newcastle_courthouse_OIC.jpg/330px-Newcastle_courthouse_OIC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Newcastle_courthouse_OIC.jpg/440px-Newcastle_courthouse_OIC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Court_House" title="Newcastle Court House">Newcastle Court House</a></figcaption></figure><p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">federal electoral divisions</a> that are mostly or entirely within Greater Newcastle: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Newcastle" title="Division of Newcastle">Newcastle</a> (covering the inner-city suburbs; this seat has only ever elected Labor MPs since it was created in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_electorates_contested_at_every_election" title="List of Australian electorates contested at every election">1901</a>), <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Paterson" title="Division of Paterson">Paterson</a> (covering the Port Stephens area as well as the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Kurri_Kurri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurri Kurri">Kurri Kurri</a>; this seat is currently a marginal Labor seat that the Liberals have won previously, though it historically included more rural areas and did not include Maitland or Kurri Kurri) and <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Shortland" title="Division of Shortland">Shortland</a> (a fairly safe Labor seat that includes the eastern suburbs of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Macquarie_(New_South_Wales)" title="Lake Macquarie (New South Wales)">Lake Macquarie</a> region in southern Newcastle, and extends to the far northeastern suburbs of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central Coast (New South Wales)">Central Coast</a>). The traditionally Labor-held seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Hunter" title="Division of Hunter">Hunter</a> (now a marginal Labor seat) is based around the western portion of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter</a>, but includes some western and Southern suburbs of Newcastle. </p><p>On the state level, there are five <a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_New_South_Wales" title="Electoral districts of New South Wales">electoral districts</a> that are located entirely within Greater Newcastle; of these, four (<a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Charlestown" title="Electoral district of Charlestown">Charlestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Newcastle" title="Electoral district of Newcastle">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Port_Stephens" title="Electoral district of Port Stephens">Port Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Swansea" title="Electoral district of Swansea">Swansea</a>) are Labor seats while the remaining seat (<a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="Electoral district of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a>) is held by an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">independent</a>. </p><p>Greater Newcastle also includes five <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">local government areas</a> (LGAs): the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">City of Newcastle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">City of Lake Macquarie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Cessnock" title="City of Cessnock">City of Cessnock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Maitland" title="City of Maitland">City of Maitland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council" title="Port Stephens Council">Port Stephens Council</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wickham_Public_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Wickham_Public_School.jpg/220px-Wickham_Public_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Wickham_Public_School.jpg/330px-Wickham_Public_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Wickham_Public_School.jpg/440px-Wickham_Public_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Wickham Public School</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_High_School_(Australia)" title="Newcastle High School (Australia)">Newcastle High School</a>, which was formed by the merger of three schools, traces its lineage to a secondary school section initially founded on the grounds of Newcastle East Public School.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are three selective state schools in the area:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_School_of_the_Performing_Arts" title="Hunter School of the Performing Arts">Hunter School of the Performing Arts</a>, a fully selective Years 3–12 school, taking students only by audition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merewether_High_School" title="Merewether High School">Merewether High School</a>, a fully selective high school in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmeadow">Broadmeadow</a></li> <li>Hunter Sports High School, a partially selective sporting high school, accepting around half its students from the local area and around half by audition</li></ul> <p>The two main independent schools in Newcastle are <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Grammar_School,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle Grammar School, New South Wales">Newcastle Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Christian_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St Philip's Christian College">St Philip's Christian College</a>, both coeducational K–12 schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The local area is also home to two <a href="/wiki/Steiner_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Steiner school">Steiner schools</a>: the Newcastle Waldorf School at Glendale in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Macquarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a>, and the Linuwel Steiner School in <a href="/wiki/East_Maitland" class="mw-redirect" title="East Maitland">East Maitland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Newcastle.jpg/220px-University_of_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Newcastle.jpg/330px-University_of_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Newcastle.jpg/440px-University_of_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_(Australia)" title="University of Newcastle (Australia)">University of Newcastle</a>'s city campus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_and_further_education">Tertiary and further education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tertiary and further education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city's main provider of tertiary education is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a>. It was established in 1951 as a satellite campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> and obtained autonomy in 1965. The university now offers over 150 undergraduate and graduate courses to a student population of more than 38,000, including 7,000 international students from more than 113 countries. The main campus is in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Callaghan,_New_South_Wales" title="Callaghan, New South Wales">Callaghan</a> about 12 km (7 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">CBD</a>. </p><p>There are three campuses of the <a href="/wiki/TAFE_NSW" title="TAFE NSW">Hunter Institute of TAFE</a>, one located in the Newcastle CBD, one in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_East,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton East, New South Wales">Hamilton East</a> and the other located in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Tighes_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighes Hill">Tighes Hill</a>. The Tighes Hill campus is the network's largest campus and offers courses in business, hospitality and various trades.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_James_Cook_Memorial_Fountain_and_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Captain_James_Cook_Memorial_Fountain_and_Library.jpg/220px-Captain_James_Cook_Memorial_Fountain_and_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Captain_James_Cook_Memorial_Fountain_and_Library.jpg/330px-Captain_James_Cook_Memorial_Fountain_and_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Captain_James_Cook_Memorial_Fountain_and_Library.jpg/440px-Captain_James_Cook_Memorial_Fountain_and_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Captain James James Cook Memorial Fountain fronts the Newcastle Library.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle holds a variety of cultural events and festivals. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Regional_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Regional Show">Newcastle Regional Show</a> is held in the Newcastle Showground annually. There are a mixture of typical regional show elements such as woodchopping displays, showbags, rides and stalls and usually fireworks to complement the events in the main arena.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Northern_Hotel,_Newcastle_CBD,_I_(7405739078).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Great_Northern_Hotel%2C_Newcastle_CBD%2C_I_%287405739078%29.jpg/220px-The_Great_Northern_Hotel%2C_Newcastle_CBD%2C_I_%287405739078%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Great_Northern_Hotel%2C_Newcastle_CBD%2C_I_%287405739078%29.jpg/330px-The_Great_Northern_Hotel%2C_Newcastle_CBD%2C_I_%287405739078%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Great_Northern_Hotel%2C_Newcastle_CBD%2C_I_%287405739078%29.jpg/440px-The_Great_Northern_Hotel%2C_Newcastle_CBD%2C_I_%287405739078%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Great Northern Hotel</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattara_festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattara festival (page does not exist)">Mattara festival</a>, founded in 1961, is the official festival of Newcastle with a more traditional "country fair" type program that combines a parade, rides, sporting events, band competitions and portrait and landscape painting exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mattara means "hand of friendship" in the local <a href="/wiki/Awabakal_language" title="Awabakal language">Awabakal language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally held at Civic Park and then moved to Newcastle foreshore in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 the festival was moved to <a href="/wiki/Wallsend,_New_South_Wales" title="Wallsend, New South Wales">Wallsend</a> Park.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_Jazz_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newcastle Jazz Festival (page does not exist)">Newcastle Jazz Festival</a> is held across three days in August, and attracts performers and audiences from all over Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first festival was held in September 1988 as part the NSW Bicentenital Festival of Music which was organised by the Newcastle Jazz Action Society.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoot_Out_24_Hour_Filmmaking_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoot Out 24 Hour Filmmaking Festival (page does not exist)">Shoot Out 24 Hour Filmmaking Festival</a>, first started in Newcastle in 1999. This is the film festival where film-makers come together in one place to make a short film in 24 hours. It is run annually in July.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Not_Art" title="This Is Not Art">This Is Not Art</a> is a national festival of new media and arts held in Newcastle each year over the October long weekend. Since its humble beginnings in 1998, it has become one of the leading arts festivals in Australia dedicated to the work and ideas of communities not included in other major Australian arts festivals. The umbrella program includes the independent festivals Electrofringe, the <a href="/wiki/National_Young_Writers%27_Festival" title="National Young Writers' Festival">National Young Writers' Festival</a>, Critical Animals, <a href="/wiki/Sound_Summit" title="Sound Summit">Sound Summit</a>, Crack Theatre Festival and other projects that vary from year to year.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Newcastle Entertainment Centre, located inside the Newcastle Showground is a popular venue for regular events including wrestling, concerts and monster truck shows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle has an active youth music culture, as well as a Conservatorium of Music which is part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a>. It continues to support local bands and has a large underground music scene. The members of <a href="/wiki/Silverchair" title="Silverchair">Silverchair</a>, the highly successful Australian band, hail from Newcastle, as do the Australian bands <a href="/wiki/The_Screaming_Jets" title="The Screaming Jets">The Screaming Jets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacations_(band)" title="Vacations (band)">Vacations (band)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SMHArts_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMHArts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a fertile <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and hardcore scene, which has spawned successful local acts and national acts. Newcastle was also home to the short-lived band Velvet Underground (no relation to the famous American band <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a>) which featured future <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Young" title="Malcolm Young">Malcolm Young</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region also has its own youth marching band, the Marching Koalas, in which Silverchair drummer <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gillies" title="Ben Gillies">Ben Gillies</a> began his drumming career.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Marsh" title="Danielle Marsh">Danielle Marsh</a>, a member of the world-famous South Korean <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> girl group <a href="/wiki/New_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jeans">NewJeans</a>, as well has her older sister and singer Olivia Marsh, also hails from Newcastle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts_and_galleries">Visual arts and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Visual arts and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable <a href="/wiki/Modernist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist art">modernist artists</a> associated with Newcastle are <a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a> sketcher <a href="/wiki/Shay_Docking" title="Shay Docking">Shay Docking</a> (1928–1998), the <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">cubist</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Abstract_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract painter">abstract painter</a> William Rose (1929–1999), landscape painter <a href="/wiki/John_Olsen_(Australian_artist)" title="John Olsen (Australian artist)">John Olsen</a>, who was born in Newcastle in 1928, <a href="/wiki/Still-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Still-life">still-life</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Olley" title="Margaret Olley">Margaret Olley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portraitist" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraitist">portraitist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Dobell" title="William Dobell">William Dobell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figurative_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Figurative painter">figurative painter</a> John Montefiore lived at Lake Macquarie to the south of the city. Art collector William Bowmore resided in Newcastle and collected <a href="/wiki/Brett_Whiteley" title="Brett Whiteley">Brett Whiteley</a> paintings as well as owning a large collection of international art and artefacts. The Von Bertouch Galleries was a commercial gallery founded by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Von_Bertouch" title="Anne Von Bertouch">Anne Von Bertouch</a> and for more than forty years from 1963 exhibited nationally and locally known artists.<sup id="cite_ref-SMHArts_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMHArts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Art_Gallery" title="Newcastle Art Gallery">Newcastle Art Gallery</a> is home to one of Australia's most substantial public art collections outside a major capital city, and its extensive collection of works by contemporary and historical Australian visual artists presents an overview of Australian art. Due to an ongoing space issue, the gallery is planning a major redevelopment. The Lock Up is a multidisciplinary contemporary art space located in the inner city and hosts local, national and international artists to exhibit in the historic former Newcastle Police station.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle has a variety of smaller theatres, but the main theatre in the CBD is now the <i><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Civic_Theatre" title="Newcastle Civic Theatre">Civic</a></i>, at Wheeler Place, (seating capacity about 1,500), one of Australia's great historic theatres built during 1929 in <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style. It hosts a wide range of musicals, plays, concerts, dance and other events each year. Newcastle previously boasted several large theatres, among them the oldest purpose-built theatre in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(Newcastle)" title="Victoria Theatre (Newcastle)">Victoria Theatre</a> on Perkins Street (built 1876, capacity 1,750), saw touring international opera companies such as the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a>, and other troupes, and played host to some of the greatest stars of the age, such as <a href="/wiki/Dame_Nellie_Melba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Nellie Melba">Dame Nellie Melba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Moncrieff" title="Gladys Moncrieff">Gladys Moncrieff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tauber" title="Richard Tauber">Richard Tauber</a> (it is now closed and derelict); the <i>Century</i>, Nineways, <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmeadow">Broadmeadow</a> (built 1941, capacity 1,800)—although largely used as a cinema—was a popular Symphony orchestra venue (demolished 1990 after being severely damaged by the 1989 earthquake); the <i>Hunter</i> (capacity 1,000) at The Junction, had advanced modern stage facilities, but was eventually sold and demolished to make way for a motel that was destroyed by the 1989 earthquake. The decline in theatres and cinemas from the 1960s onwards was blamed on television.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Newcastle has also been home to noted Australian actors, comedians and entertainers, including <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Wynter" title="Sarah Wynter">Sarah Wynter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Doyle_(comedian)" title="John Doyle (comedian)">John Doyle</a> (part of comic act <a href="/wiki/Roy_%26_HG" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy & HG">Roy & HG</a>), <a href="/wiki/Susie_Porter" title="Susie Porter">Susie Porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Ireland" title="Celia Ireland">Celia Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Serious" title="Yahoo Serious">Yahoo Serious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Biggins" title="Jonathan Biggins">Jonathan Biggins</a>. The cast of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tap_Dogs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tap Dogs (page does not exist)">Tap Dogs</a> show also come from Newcastle.<sup id="cite_ref-SMHArts_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMHArts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_arts">Media arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Media arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle is home to the <a href="/wiki/Octapod" title="Octapod">Octapod</a> Association, a New Media Arts collective established in 1996. Octapod presents the annual <a href="/wiki/This_Is_Not_Art" title="This Is Not Art">This Is Not Art</a> Festival and is also home to the Podspace Gallery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeysuckle_Railway_Workshops_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Honeysuckle_Railway_Workshops_%282%29.jpg/220px-Honeysuckle_Railway_Workshops_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Honeysuckle_Railway_Workshops_%282%29.jpg/330px-Honeysuckle_Railway_Workshops_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Honeysuckle_Railway_Workshops_%282%29.jpg/440px-Honeysuckle_Railway_Workshops_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3849" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Museum" title="Newcastle Museum">Newcastle Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Museum" title="Newcastle Museum">Newcastle Museum</a> was founded in 1988 in the former headquarters of the Great Northern Railway and stewards local history, culture, industry and science. It features permanent exhibitions relating to coal mining and steel production, Aboriginal history and the area's history, as well as a hands-on science centre.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle has a <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Libraries" title="Newcastle Libraries">Newcastle Libraries</a>. The main branch is in the Newcastle War Memorial and Cultural Centre, and opened in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are eleven branches: Adamstown, Beresfield, The Digital Library (Newcastle West), Hamilton, Lambton, The Local History Library, Mayfield, New Lambton (with the Newcastle Toy Library), Stockton, and Wallsend.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library has a <a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">collaborative collection</a> with the libraries at <a href="/wiki/Dungog_Shire" title="Dungog Shire">Dungog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council" title="Port Stephens Council">Port Stephens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Newcastle Libraries are <a href="/wiki/Lending_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lending libraries">lending libraries</a>, The stack (City Library basement) has over 100,000 non-lending items which include old <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Herald" title="Newcastle Herald">Newcastle Morning Heralds</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBN_(TV_station)" title="NBN (TV station)">NBN</a> film reels, land title documents, maps, and limited edition books.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Auchmuty Library at the University of Newcastle is also open to the public, though only students may borrow items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_Interchange_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Newcastle_Interchange_2022.jpg/220px-Newcastle_Interchange_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Newcastle_Interchange_2022.jpg/330px-Newcastle_Interchange_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Newcastle_Interchange_2022.jpg/440px-Newcastle_Interchange_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Interchange" title="Newcastle Interchange">Newcastle Interchange</a> is a major interchange for commuter rail, light rail and buses.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like most major cities, the Newcastle metropolitan area has an extensive system of both road links and road based public transport services (bus, taxi etc.) which cover most areas of both <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a> and which extend beyond the metropolitan area itself. Rail transport, however, is accessible to only a relatively small percentage of the population along the major rail transport routes and ferry services are restricted to those commuting between Newcastle and <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_New_South_Wales" title="Stockton, New South Wales">Stockton</a>. Within the metropolitan area the car remains the dominant form of transportation. Newcastle, like all major Australian urban centres, had a <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Trams in Newcastle, New South Wales">tram system</a>, but it was closed in 1950. In February 2019, trams returned to the city with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle Light Rail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle is connected to surrounding cities by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Motorway_(Sydney-Newcastle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Motorway (Sydney-Newcastle)">Pacific Motorway</a> (south), <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Expressway" title="Hunter Expressway">Hunter Expressway</a> (west), <a href="/wiki/New_England_Highway" title="New England Highway">New England Highway</a> (west) and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Highway,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Highway, Australia">Pacific Highway</a> (north and south). <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street</a> is the main shopping street in the Newcastle CBD and, along with King Street, is one of the major links to the Pacific Highway from the CBD. King Street provides direct access to the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Link_Road" title="Newcastle Link Road">Newcastle Link Road</a> and then the Pacific Motorway and Hunter Expressway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_State_Transit_Bustech_Volvo_B7RLE_bus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Newcastle_State_Transit_Bustech_Volvo_B7RLE_bus.jpg/220px-Newcastle_State_Transit_Bustech_Volvo_B7RLE_bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Newcastle_State_Transit_Bustech_Volvo_B7RLE_bus.jpg/330px-Newcastle_State_Transit_Bustech_Volvo_B7RLE_bus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Newcastle_State_Transit_Bustech_Volvo_B7RLE_bus.jpg/440px-Newcastle_State_Transit_Bustech_Volvo_B7RLE_bus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Buses_%26_Ferries" title="Newcastle Buses & Ferries">Newcastle Buses & Ferries</a> <a href="/wiki/Bustech" class="mw-redirect" title="Bustech">Bustech</a> bodied <a href="/wiki/Volvo_B7RLE" title="Volvo B7RLE">Volvo B7RLE</a> operating the Hamilton shuttle route in 2016</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Buses in Newcastle, New South Wales">Buses in Newcastle, New South Wales</a></div> <p>Bus services within Newcastle are operated by <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Transport" title="Newcastle Transport">Newcastle Transport</a>. Prior to July 2017, these were operated by <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Buses_%26_Ferries" title="Newcastle Buses & Ferries">Newcastle Buses & Ferries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Buses" title="Hunter Valley Buses">Hunter Valley Buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Coaches" title="Port Stephens Coaches">Port Stephens Coaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rover_Coaches" title="Rover Coaches">Rover Coaches</a> also operate services into the CBD from other parts of the Hunter Region. </p><p>The network radiates from a bus terminal at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Interchange" title="Newcastle Interchange">Newcastle Interchange</a>. Major interchanges are located at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallsend,_New_South_Wales" title="Wallsend, New South Wales">Wallsend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_New_South_Wales" title="Glendale, New South Wales">Glendale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warners_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Warners Bay">Warners Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_New_South_Wales" title="Belmont, New South Wales">Belmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Square" title="Charlestown Square">Charlestown Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westfield_Kotara" title="Westfield Kotara">Westfield Kotara</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Australia" title="Greyhound Australia">Greyhound Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_Transport_Group#Premier_Motor_Service" title="Premier Transport Group">Premier Motor Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sid_Fogg%27s" title="Sid Fogg's">Sid Fogg's</a> long-distance services serve Newcastle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Newcastle area is serviced by two <a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">NSW TrainLink</a> intercity lines providing local and regional commuter services terminating at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Interchange" title="Newcastle Interchange">Newcastle Interchange</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_line" title="Newcastle railway line">Newcastle line</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_%26_Newcastle_Line" title="Central Coast & Newcastle Line">Central Coast & Newcastle Line</a> has twice-hourly train services to Sydney and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central Coast (New South Wales)">Central Coast</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Line" title="Hunter Line">Hunter Line</a> has twice-hourly services to <a href="/wiki/Maitland_railway_station" title="Maitland railway station">Maitland</a> and less frequently to <a href="/wiki/Scone_railway_station" title="Scone railway station">Scone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dungog_railway_station" title="Dungog railway station">Dungog</a>. Two long-distance lines operate through the Newcastle area using <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_railway_station" title="Broadmeadow railway station">Broadmeadow station</a>. These provide services to <a href="/wiki/Moree_railway_station" title="Moree railway station">Moree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armidale_railway_station" title="Armidale railway station">Armidale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_Street_railway_station" title="Roma Street railway station">Brisbane</a> and Sydney. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg/220px-Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg/330px-Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg/440px-Honeysuckle_Light_Rail_Stop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle Light Rail</a> line at <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle,_Newcastle" title="Honeysuckle, Newcastle">Honeysuckle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle once had rail passenger services to <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_New_South_Wales" title="Belmont, New South Wales">Belmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_New_South_Wales" title="Toronto, New South Wales">Toronto</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Macquarie_(New_South_Wales)" title="Lake Macquarie (New South Wales)">Lake Macquarie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallsend,_New_South_Wales" title="Wallsend, New South Wales">Wallsend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurri_Kurri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurri Kurri">Kurri Kurri</a> and several towns and villages between Maitland and <a href="/wiki/Cessnock,_New_South_Wales" title="Cessnock, New South Wales">Cessnock</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Maitland_Railway" title="South Maitland Railway">South Maitland Railway</a>, but these lines have been closed. In the late-1990s there was intense debate about the future of the rail line into central Newcastle. </p><p>In December 2014, the Newcastle line was curtailed to <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton railway station, New South Wales">Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Interchange" title="Newcastle Interchange">Newcastle Interchange</a> opened on 15 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle Light Rail</a> line also operates from here.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1924 until 1994, <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_Locomotive_Depot" title="Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot">Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot</a> was the main railway centre for the Hunter region. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Locomotive_Workshops" title="Cardiff Locomotive Workshops">Cardiff Locomotive Workshops</a> opened in 1928, primarily as a major repair centre for <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Railways" title="New South Wales Government Railways">New South Wales Government Railways</a> locomotives, although it did build twelve <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_C38_class_locomotive" title="New South Wales C38 class locomotive">38 class</a> and two <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_D58_class_locomotive" title="New South Wales D58 class locomotive">58 class</a> locomotives. Today it is operated by <a href="/wiki/Downer_Rail" title="Downer Rail">Downer Rail</a> and along with <a href="/wiki/UGL_Rail" title="UGL Rail">UGL Rail</a>'s Broadmeadow plant, remains active as a locomotive and rolling stock manufacturer and repairer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockton_Ferry_Shortland_(21944434600).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stockton_Ferry_Shortland_%2821944434600%29.jpg/220px-Stockton_Ferry_Shortland_%2821944434600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stockton_Ferry_Shortland_%2821944434600%29.jpg/330px-Stockton_Ferry_Shortland_%2821944434600%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stockton_Ferry_Shortland_%2821944434600%29.jpg/440px-Stockton_Ferry_Shortland_%2821944434600%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stockton_ferry_service" title="Stockton ferry service">Stockton Ferry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Newcastle" title="Port of Newcastle">Port of Newcastle</a> is crucial to the economic life of Newcastle and the Hunter Valley region beyond. Over 90 million tonnes of coal is shipped through the facility each year—making it the largest coal exporting port in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Port of Newcastle claims to be Australia's first port. Coal was first exported from the harbour in 1799. </p><p>Newcastle Transport operates a <a href="/wiki/Stockton_ferry_service" title="Stockton ferry service">ferry service</a> across the Hunter River between Newcastle's CBD and Stockton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Airport, New South Wales">Newcastle Airport</a> is located 15 km (9 mi) north of the Newcastle CBD (27 km [17 mi] by road). The airport, which is a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">Newcastle City Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council" title="Port Stephens Council">Port Stephens Council</a>, has experienced rapid growth since 2000 as a result of an increase in <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-cost airline">low-cost airline</a> operations. The airport is located at <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Williamtown" title="RAAF Base Williamtown">RAAF Base Williamtown</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> base on land leased from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defence_(Australia)" title="Department of Defence (Australia)">Department of Defence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newcastle Heliport operates alongside the lower section of Newcastle Harbour. </p><p>The suburb of <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmeadow">Broadmeadow</a> is home to the base of the <a href="/wiki/Westpac_Life_Saver_Rescue_Helicopter_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service">Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Helicopter service is one of the longest running services of this type in the world. Two helicopters operate out of this base and operate 24 hours a day. </p><p>The closure of <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Airport">Belmont Airport</a>, commonly referred to as Aeropelican, in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Marks_Point,_New_South_Wales" title="Marks Point, New South Wales">Marks Point</a> has caused Williamtown to become Newcastle's only major airport and residents in the south of the Newcastle metropolitan area must commute up to 55 km (34 mi) by car to reach Williamtown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_league">Rugby league</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Rugby league"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rugby league is the most popular sport in Newcastle, with the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Knights" title="Newcastle Knights">Newcastle Knights</a> representing the city in the <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>. The Knights play at the 33,000-capacity <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Jones_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald Jones Stadium">McDonald Jones Stadium</a>, situated in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/New_Lambton,_New_South_Wales" title="New Lambton, New South Wales">New Lambton</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Rugby_League" title="Newcastle Rugby League">Newcastle Rugby League</a> holds local club competition and has done so since the early 1900s. Touring domestic and international teams would play against Newcastle's representative team which was made up of players from this league. The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_%26_Hunter_Rugby_League" title="Newcastle & Hunter Rugby League">Newcastle & Hunter Rugby League</a> is a community competition also based in the region which was created from a merger in 2007 of leagues which ran under various names since the mid-20th century, and is the largest community rugby league competition anywhere in the world. It generally features smaller teams compared to the Newcastle Rugby League. </p><p>McDonald Jones Stadium hosted the <a href="/wiki/2016_Anzac_Test" title="2016 Anzac Test">2016 Anzac Test</a> between <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team" title="Australia national rugby league team">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soccer">Soccer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Soccer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCDONALD_JONES_STADIUM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/MCDONALD_JONES_STADIUM.jpg/220px-MCDONALD_JONES_STADIUM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/MCDONALD_JONES_STADIUM.jpg/330px-MCDONALD_JONES_STADIUM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/MCDONALD_JONES_STADIUM.jpg/440px-MCDONALD_JONES_STADIUM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Jones_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald Jones Stadium">McDonald Jones Stadium</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Jets_FC" title="Newcastle Jets FC">Newcastle Jets FC</a>, and hosts major sporting events such as the <a href="/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Jets_FC" title="Newcastle Jets FC">Newcastle Jets FC</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Jets_FC" title="Newcastle Jets FC">Newcastle Jets Football Club</a>, which plays in Australia's highest-level <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Australia" title="Soccer in Australia">soccer</a> competition, the <a href="/wiki/A-League" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League">A-League</a>, also play at <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Jones_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald Jones Stadium">McDonald Jones Stadium</a>. The Newcastle Jets won the A-League competition in their third season, defeating local rivals the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_Mariners_FC" title="Central Coast Mariners FC">Central Coast Mariners</a> in the grand final. </p><p>The city also played host to four games of the <a href="/wiki/2015_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2015 AFC Asian Cup">2015 AFC Asian Cup</a>, including the semi-final between Australia and the United Arab Emirates, as well as the third-place playoff between the United Arab Emirates and Iraq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle has had two teams in the top tier of Australian Men's basketball, the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">National Basketball League</a>. They were the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons_(basketball)" title="Newcastle Falcons (basketball)">Newcastle Falcons (NBL)</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Pirates" title="Hunter Pirates">Hunter Pirates</a>. Both teams folded due to financial difficulties. Newcastle is still represented in the 2nd tier, the <a href="/wiki/NBL1_East" title="NBL1 East">NBL1</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_Basketball_Stadium" title="Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium">Newcastle Basketball</a> club field Men's and Women's teams, using the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons_(NBL1_East)" title="Newcastle Falcons (NBL1 East)">Newcastle Falcons (NBL1)</a> name again.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/1985_FIBA_Oceania_Championship" title="1985 FIBA Oceania Championship">1985 FIBA Oceania Championship</a> where <a href="/wiki/Australia%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia's national basketball team">Australia's national basketball team</a> won its seventh straight title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bid for Newcastle to establish a 2012 team in the national Twenty20 competition the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a>, with games played at either <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Stadium">Hunter Stadium</a> or No.1 Sports Ground was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_rules">Australian rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Australian rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sport of <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian rules">Australian rules</a> is played in Newcastle and administered by <a href="/wiki/AFL_Hunter_Central_Coast" title="AFL Hunter Central Coast">AFL Hunter Central Coast</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL) pre-season matches have been held at the No.1 Sports Ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_union">Rugby union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Rugby union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is a football code that has been played in Newcastle since at least 1869, with the Newcastle Football Club formed in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_and_Hunter_Rugby_Union" title="Newcastle and Hunter Rugby Union">Newcastle and Hunter Rugby Union</a> is the main body overseeing the sport in the region. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs" title="New South Wales Waratahs">New South Wales Waratahs</a> of the professional <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> competition played a competition match in Newcastle at <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Stadium">Hunter Stadium</a> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_racing">Horse racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Horse racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_Racecourse" title="Broadmeadow Racecourse">Broadmeadow Racecourse</a> is in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmeadow">Broadmeadow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to the Newcastle Jockey Club, established in 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which (as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) races 35 times annually at the spacious 2,000-metre (6,562 ft) turf track with a 415-metre (1,362 ft) home straight. It is the venue for three <a href="/wiki/Group_races" title="Group races">Group 3</a> races: in March is the 1,400-metre (0.87 mi) <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Newmarket_Handicap" title="Newcastle Newmarket Handicap">Newcastle Newmarket Handicap</a>; and in September the 1,400-metre <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Handicap" title="Cameron Handicap">Cameron Handicap</a>, and the 2,300-metre (1.4 mi) <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Gold_Cup" title="Newcastle Gold Cup">Newcastle Gold Cup</a>. In 2015 work an inner track, known as the Beaumont Track, was added.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal</a> jockey <a href="/wiki/Merv_Maynard" title="Merv Maynard">Merv Maynard</a> commenced his career at Newcastle Racecourse, under Keith Tinson.<sup id="cite_ref-jm1998_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm1998-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maynard enjoyed his first success in the 1948–49 season there, and went on to have a career spanning 50 years,<sup id="cite_ref-turf_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turf-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> winning the Newcastle Premiership twice, along with 1,500 winning rides in four countries.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey_and_skating">Ice hockey and skating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ice hockey and skating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_North_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle North Stars">Newcastle North Stars</a> are Newcastle's representatives in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Ice Hockey League">Australian Ice Hockey League</a> championships. Originally based in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_West,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle West, New South Wales">Newcastle West</a> in the 1970 and '80s, the North Stars now play out of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Ice_Skating_Stadium" title="Hunter Ice Skating Stadium">Hunter Ice Skating Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warners_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Warners Bay">Warners Bay</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorsport">Motorsport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Motorsport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reynolds_2018_Newcastle_500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Reynolds_2018_Newcastle_500.jpg/220px-Reynolds_2018_Newcastle_500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Reynolds_2018_Newcastle_500.jpg/330px-Reynolds_2018_Newcastle_500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Reynolds_2018_Newcastle_500.jpg/440px-Reynolds_2018_Newcastle_500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle hosts the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_500" title="Newcastle 500">Newcastle 500</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">Supercars</a> race.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle hosted the final round of the <a href="/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">Supercars Championship</a> in 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_500" title="Newcastle 500">Newcastle 500</a> is held on the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Street_Circuit" title="Newcastle Street Circuit">Newcastle Street Circuit</a> in the East End of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city previously hosted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattara_Hillclimb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattara Hillclimb (page does not exist)">Mattara Hillclimb</a> which was held in King Edward Park, and has hosted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=F1_Offshore_Powerboats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F1 Offshore Powerboats (page does not exist)">F1 Offshore Powerboats</a> in the harbour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netball">Netball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Netball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Newcastle, New South Wales">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Jaegers" title="Hunter Jaegers">Hunter Jaegers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank_Trophy" title="Commonwealth Bank Trophy">Commonwealth Bank Trophy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a>) were based at the Newcastle Entertainment Centre. They became defunct in 2007 after merging with the Sydney Swifts to become the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Swifts" title="New South Wales Swifts">New South Wales Swifts</a>. Officially opened in June 1992, the Entertainment Centre offers 5,000 square metres of clear-span floor space and is capable of catering for capacities from 2,000 to 6,500 for entertainment-style events. The Centre was built to house the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons_(basketball)" title="Newcastle Falcons (basketball)">Newcastle Falcons</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">National Basketball League</a> team and was also home to the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Pirates" title="Hunter Pirates">Hunter Pirates</a> before a lack of sponsorship forced them to close after the 2005–06 season, with the licence sold to the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Slingers" title="Singapore Slingers">Singapore Slingers</a>. The Slingers played one home game at the Centre during the 2006–07 season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_sports">Water sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Water sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_bar_beach,_newcastle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1_bar_beach%2C_newcastle.JPG/220px-1_bar_beach%2C_newcastle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1_bar_beach%2C_newcastle.JPG/330px-1_bar_beach%2C_newcastle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1_bar_beach%2C_newcastle.JPG/440px-1_bar_beach%2C_newcastle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bar Beach, south of the Newcastle CBD, is a popular swimming and surfing beach.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle has an abundance of beaches and surf breaks for which the city is internationally well known. Newcastle hosts the annual surfing contest <a href="/wiki/Surfest" title="Surfest">Surfest</a> on the world professional surfing tour. Four-time world champion surfer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Richards_(surfer)" title="Mark Richards (surfer)">Mark Richards</a> grew up surfing at Newcastle's Merewether Beach, and is a local icon, appearing at many local functions, and supporting local charities. Nobbys Beach is a very popular <a href="/wiki/Kitesurfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitesurfing">kitesurfing</a> spot, especially during the warm summer months when there are north-easterly sea breezes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newcastle is served by a daily <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Newcastle_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Newcastle Herald">The Herald</a></i> (formerly <i>The Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate</i> and then <i>The Newcastle Herald</i>), several weeklies including the <i><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Star" title="Newcastle Star">Newcastle Star</a></i>, <i>The Post</i> and the bi-monthly <i>The Hunter Advocate</i>. </p><p>Other alternative media in the city include the university's student publications <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_(University_of_Newcastle_magazine)" title="Opus (University of Newcastle magazine)">Opus</a></i> and <i>Yak</i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Newcastle Mirage</i> (a local arts and culture zine)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Urchin</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zine</a> published by the media and arts organisation <a href="/wiki/Octapod" title="Octapod">Octapod</a>). </p><p>The city is also served by several local radio stations, including those owned by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> and SBS. </p> <ul><li>AM stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2HD" title="2HD">2HD</a> (commercial) 1143 AM – Australia's second oldest existing radio station.</li> <li>Radio 1629 Newcastle (off band commercial) 1629 AM</li></ul></li> <li>FM stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_M_Newcastle" title="Triple M Newcastle">Triple M Newcastle</a> (commercial) 102.9 FM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit106.9_Newcastle" title="Hit106.9 Newcastle">hit106.9 Newcastle</a> (commercial) 106.9 FM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_FM" title="New FM">New FM</a> (commercial) 105.3 FM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2NUR" title="2NUR">2NUR</a> (community) 103.7 FM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhema_FM_Newcastle" title="Rhema FM Newcastle">Rhema FM Newcastle</a> (Christian) 99.7 FM</li></ul></li> <li>Government broadcasters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Newcastle" title="ABC Newcastle">ABC Newcastle</a> local radio 1233 AM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio National">ABC Radio National</a> 1512 AM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio" title="ABC NewsRadio">ABC NewsRadio</a> (News and Parliament) 1458 AM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_J" title="Triple J">Triple J</a> (youth station) 102.1 FM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Classic_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Classic FM">ABC Classic FM</a> (classical music) 106.1 FM</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBS_Radio" title="SBS Radio">SBS Radio</a> (foreign-language service) 1413 AM</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Narrowcast stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Radio" title="Sky Sports Radio">Sky Sports Radio</a> (as part of statewide network) 1341 AM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newy_87.8_FM" title="Newy 87.8 FM">Newy 87.8 FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_FM_(Australian_radio_network)" title="Raw FM (Australian radio network)">Raw FM</a> 88.0 FM</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Newcastle is also served by five television networks, three commercial and two national services: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NBN_(TV_station)" title="NBN (TV station)">Nine Northern NSW</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> owned and operated. <a href="/wiki/Regional_television_in_Australia#Aggregation" title="Regional television in Australia">Pre-aggregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBN_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="NBN Television">NBN Television</a> was the incumbent commercial station in the Newcastle region.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_10NRN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network 10NRN (page does not exist)">10 Northern NSW</a> – <a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a> owned and operated</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SevenNEN_Network(TV_station)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SevenNEN Network(TV station) (page does not exist)">Seven Northern NSW</a> – <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> owned and operated</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)" title="ABC Television (Australian TV network)">ABC Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS Television">SBS Television</a></li></ul> <p>Nine airs NBN News live from their Honeysuckle studios each night at six. The bulletin is a mix of its own locally produced stories mixed in with national and international stories sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a>. Local news updates are aired by the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBN_(TV_station)" title="NBN (TV station)">Nine</a> (as NBN News) and <a href="/wiki/WIN_Television" title="WIN Television">WIN Television</a> throughout the day to fulfil local content quotas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disasters">Disasters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989_earthquake">1989 earthquake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 1989 earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1989_Newcastle_earthquake" title="1989 Newcastle earthquake">1989 Newcastle earthquake</a></div> <p>On 28 December 1989, Newcastle experienced an earthquake measuring 5.6 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter scale</a>, which killed 13 people, injured 162 and destroyed or severely damaged a number of prominent buildings. Some had to be demolished, including the large George Hotel in Scott Street (city), the Century Theatre at <a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmeadow">Broadmeadow</a>, the Hunter Theatre (formerly 'The Star') and the majority of The Junction school at Merewether. Part of the Newcastle Workers' Club, a popular venue, was destroyed and later replaced by a new structure. The following economic <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> of the early 1990s meant that the city took several years to recover. However, <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Street,_Newcastle" title="Beaumont Street, Newcastle">Beaumont Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton, New South Wales">Hamilton</a>, where many buildings sustained major damage, became a thriving cosmopolitan restaurant strip after the earthquake and is still going strong today. The earthquake helped to rekindle business in this suburban strip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2007_Hunter_Region_and_Central_Coast_storms">June 2007 Hunter Region and Central Coast storms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: June 2007 Hunter Region and Central Coast storms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasha_Bulker_grounded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pasha_Bulker_grounded.jpg/220px-Pasha_Bulker_grounded.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pasha_Bulker_grounded.jpg/330px-Pasha_Bulker_grounded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pasha_Bulker_grounded.jpg/440px-Pasha_Bulker_grounded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Pasha_Bulker" title="Pasha Bulker">Pasha Bulker</a></i> briefly became a local landmark when it was stranded on <a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobbys Beach">Nobbys Beach</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_New_South_Wales_storms" title="2007 New South Wales storms">2007 New South Wales storms</a></div> <p>On 8 June 2007 the Hunter and <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)" title="Central Coast (New South Wales)">Central Coast</a> regions were battered by the worst series of storms to hit <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> in 30 years. This resulted in extensive flooding and nine deaths. Thousands of homes were flooded, and many were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hunter and Central Coast regions were declared natural disaster areas by the State Premier, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Iemma" title="Morris Iemma">Morris Iemma</a>, on 8 June 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further flooding was predicted by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a> but was less severe than predicted. </p><p>During the early stages of the storms, the 225-metre-long (738 ft) bulk carrier ship <i><a href="/wiki/Pasha_Bulker" title="Pasha Bulker">Pasha Bulker</a></i> ran aground at <a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobbys Beach">Nobbys Beach</a> after failing to heed warnings to move offshore. After the first few attempts failed, the <i>Pasha Bulker</i> was refloated on the third <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">salvage</a> attempt on 2 July 2007 despite earlier fears that the ship would break up. After initially entering the port for minor repairs, it departed under tow on 26 July 2007 for major repairs in Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime">Maritime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Maritime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 July 1866, a paddle steamer the <a href="/wiki/SS_Cawarra" title="SS Cawarra">SS <i>Cawarra</i></a>, on its way to <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> from Newcastle carrying 60 passengers, was caught in a storm as it made its way out of the harbour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sixty people died; coincidentally, one survivor, Frederick Hedges, was plucked from the water by the sole survivor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_(ship)" title="Dunbar (ship)">Dunbar</a></i> that had sunk in Sydney Harbour nine years earlier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most tragic maritime accident of the 20th century in Newcastle occurred on 9 August 1934 when the Stockton-bound ferry <i>Bluebell</i> collided with the coastal freighter, <i>Waraneen</i>, and sank in the middle of the Hunter River.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Bluebell_Collision" title="The Bluebell Collision">The Bluebell Collision</a> claimed three lives and fifteen passengers were admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newcastle_Hospital" title="Royal Newcastle Hospital">Newcastle Hospital</a>, with two suffering severely from the effects of immersion. It was later found that the ferry captain was at fault.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are only two events in Newcastle's very long history of shipwrecks including the 1974 beaching of the <a href="/wiki/MV_Sygna" title="MV Sygna">MV <i>Sygna</i></a>, and the 2007 beaching of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pasha_Bulker" title="Pasha Bulker">Pasha Bulker</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 August 1966, an <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">RAAF</a> <a href="/wiki/CAC_Sabre" title="CAC Sabre">CAC Sabre</a> crashed into the inner-city suburb of <a href="/wiki/The_Junction,_New_South_Wales" title="The Junction, New South Wales">The Junction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flyby_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flyby-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilot, Flying Officer Warren William Goddard, experienced engine troubles and unsuccessfully tried to get the plane over the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The Junction is a highly populated suburb of Newcastle and most of the plane wreckage landed in the shopping area of the suburb. In 2007 a memorial plaque was unveiled for the killed pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-flyby_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flyby-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residential_architecture">Residential architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Residential architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Examples of residential architecture in Newcastle</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:273_-_Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group_(5053343b2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/273_-_Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group_%285053343b2%29.jpg/157px-273_-_Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group_%285053343b2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/273_-_Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group_%285053343b2%29.jpg/236px-273_-_Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group_%285053343b2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/273_-_Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group_%285053343b2%29.jpg/314px-273_-_Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group_%285053343b2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Victorian terrace streetscape</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayfield_old_house1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mayfield_old_house1.JPG/162px-Mayfield_old_house1.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mayfield_old_house1.JPG/243px-Mayfield_old_house1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mayfield_old_house1.JPG/324px-Mayfield_old_house1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Victorian-era house in <a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_New_South_Wales" title="Mayfield, New South Wales">Mayfield</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merewether,_Newcastle,_NSW_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Merewether%2C_Newcastle%2C_NSW_%282%29.jpg/180px-Merewether%2C_Newcastle%2C_NSW_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Merewether%2C_Newcastle%2C_NSW_%282%29.jpg/270px-Merewether%2C_Newcastle%2C_NSW_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Merewether%2C_Newcastle%2C_NSW_%282%29.jpg/360px-Merewether%2C_Newcastle%2C_NSW_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3263" data-file-height="2139" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Federation-era housing</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Apartments_Newcastle_NSW_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Apartments_Newcastle_NSW_Australia.jpg/177px-Royal_Apartments_Newcastle_NSW_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Apartments_Newcastle_NSW_Australia.jpg/266px-Royal_Apartments_Newcastle_NSW_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Apartments_Newcastle_NSW_Australia.jpg/354px-Royal_Apartments_Newcastle_NSW_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Contemporary apartments</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle, New South Wales</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage_listings">Heritage listings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Heritage listings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%26G_Building_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/T%26G_Building_Newcastle.jpg/220px-T%26G_Building_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/T%26G_Building_Newcastle.jpg/330px-T%26G_Building_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/T%26G_Building_Newcastle.jpg/440px-T%26G_Building_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T_%26_G_Mutual_Life_Assurance_Building" title="T & G Mutual Life Assurance Building">T & G Mutual Life Assurance Building</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_PO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Newcastle_PO.jpg/220px-Newcastle_PO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Newcastle_PO.jpg/330px-Newcastle_PO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Newcastle_PO.jpg/440px-Newcastle_PO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Post_Office" title="Newcastle Post Office">Newcastle Post Office</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Newcastle has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: </p> <ul><li>Argyle Street: <a href="/wiki/Argyle_House,_Newcastle" title="Argyle House, Newcastle">Argyle House</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-315_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-315-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>48–50 Bolton Street: <a href="/wiki/David_Cohen_%26_Co._Warehouse" title="David Cohen & Co. Warehouse">David Cohen & Co. Warehouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-66_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-66-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>58 Bolton Street: <a href="/wiki/Old_Newcastle_East_Public_School" title="Old Newcastle East Public School">Old Newcastle East Public School</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-795_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-795-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bond Street: <a href="/wiki/Coutt%27s_Sailors_Home" title="Coutt's Sailors Home">Coutt's Sailors Home</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1842_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1842-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 Bond Street: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Customs_House" title="Newcastle Customs House">Newcastle Customs House</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1403_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1403-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>51 Brown Street: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Reservoirs" title="Newcastle Reservoirs">Newcastle Reservoirs</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-2001_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-2001-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Church Street: <a href="/wiki/Church_and_Watt_Street_Terrace_Group" title="Church and Watt Street Terrace Group">Church and Watt Street Terrace Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-273_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-273-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9 Church Street: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Court_House" title="Newcastle Court House">Newcastle Court House</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-796_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-796-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Great Northern railway: <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Point_Railway_Workshops" title="Honeysuckle Point Railway Workshops">Honeysuckle Point Railway Workshops</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-956_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-956-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Great Northern railway: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle railway station, New South Wales">Newcastle railway station</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-236_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-236-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 Hillcrest Road: <a href="/wiki/The_Ridge,_Newcastle" title="The Ridge, Newcastle">The Ridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-313_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-313-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>45 Hunter Street: <a href="/wiki/T_%26_G_Mutual_Life_Assurance_Building" title="T & G Mutual Life Assurance Building">T & G Mutual Life Assurance Building</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-316_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-316-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>96 Hunter Street: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Post_Office" title="Newcastle Post Office">Newcastle Post Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1442_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1442-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>359–361 Hunter Street: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ash_Building" title="Frederick Ash Building">Frederick Ash Building</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-642_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-642-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>289 King Street: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall_(Australia)" title="Newcastle City Hall (Australia)">Newcastle City Hall</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1883_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1883-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>300 King Street: <a href="/wiki/Nesca_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesca House">Nesca House</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-217_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-217-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>434 King Street, Newcastle West: <a href="/wiki/Miss_Porter%27s_House" title="Miss Porter's House">Miss Porter's House</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1445_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1445-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nobby's Road: <a href="/wiki/Coal_River_Precinct" title="Coal River Precinct">Coal River Precinct</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1674_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1674-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pacific Street: <a href="/wiki/Old_Newcastle_Club_Building" title="Old Newcastle Club Building">Old Newcastle Club Building</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-824_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-824-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8–10 Perkins Street: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(Newcastle)" title="Victoria Theatre (Newcastle)">Victoria Theatre</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1301_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1301-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>89 Scott Street: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Hotel,_Newcastle" title="Great Northern Hotel, Newcastle">Great Northern Hotel</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-507_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-507-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>98 Scott Street: <a href="/wiki/Convict_Lumber_Yard" title="Convict Lumber Yard">Convict Lumber Yard</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-570_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-570-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shortland Esplande: <a href="/wiki/Bogey_Hole" title="Bogey Hole">Bogey Hole</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1678_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1678-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>41 The Terrace: <a href="/wiki/Shepherds_Hill_military_installations" title="Shepherds Hill military installations">Shepherds Hill military installations</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1806_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1806-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>35–37 Watt Street: <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_House" title="Manufacturers House">Manufacturers House</a><sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-314_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-314-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>72 Watt Street: <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Government_House" title="Newcastle Government House">Newcastle Government House</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pohang" title="Pohang">Pohang</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Gyeongsang_Province" title="North Gyeongsang Province">North Gyeongsang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ube,_Yamaguchi" title="Ube, Yamaguchi">Ube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaguchi prefecture">Yamaguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_California" title="Arcadia, California">Arcadia, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suburbs_in_Greater_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="List of suburbs in Greater Newcastle, New South Wales">List of suburbs in Greater Newcastle, New South Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SUA2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SUA2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1025">"2021 Community Profiles: Newcastle-Maitland"</a>. <i>2021 Census of Population and Housing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2021+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.atitle=2021+Community+Profiles%3A+Newcastle-Maitland&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2F1025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57278#P4093" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCL2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCL2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/UCL102004">"2021 Community Profiles: Newcastle"</a>. <i>2021 Census of Population and Housing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2021+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.atitle=2021+Community+Profiles%3A+Newcastle&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2FUCL102004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57278#P4093" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAL2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAL2021_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/SAL12958">"2021 Community Profiles: Newcastle"</a>. <i>2021 Census of Population and Housing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2021+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.atitle=2021+Community+Profiles%3A+Newcastle&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2FSAL12958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57278#P4093" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7620726/whats-in-a-name-call-to-change-lake-macquarie-raises-interest-in-newcastles-name-as-well/">"What's in a name? Call to change Lake Macquarie raises interest in Newcastle's name as well"</a>. <i>Newcastle Herald</i>. 15 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925113749/https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7620726/whats-in-a-name-call-to-change-lake-macquarie-raises-interest-in-newcastles-name-as-well/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Herald&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Call+to+change+Lake+Macquarie+raises+interest+in+Newcastle%27s+name+as+well&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastleherald.com.au%2Fstory%2F7620726%2Fwhats-in-a-name-call-to-change-lake-macquarie-raises-interest-in-newcastles-name-as-well%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006UCLmap-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2006UCLmap_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121127034634/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/ImageServer?id=map,census,2006,UCL160400">"Newcastle (NSW) Urban Centre/Locality map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 25 October 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+%28NSW%29+Urban+Centre%2FLocality+map&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FABSNavigation%2FImageServer%3Fid%3Dmap%2Ccensus%2C2006%2CUCL160400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006SDmap-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2006SDmap_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006SDmap_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221050113/https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/cowsredirect">"Newcastle (NSW) Statistical District map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 25 October 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+%28NSW%29+Statistical+District+map&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FABSNavigation%2FImageServer%3Fid%3Dmap%2Ccensus%2C2006%2C1003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnbhunter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnbhunter_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnbhunter_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?regiontype=1&region=HT">"Local Council Boundaries Hunter (HT)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Local_Government_(New_South_Wales)" title="Office of Local Government (New South Wales)">Office of Local Government (New South Wales)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010817111939/http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?region=HT&regiontype=1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Council+Boundaries+Hunter+%28HT%29&rft.pub=Office+of+Local+Government+%28New+South+Wales%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlg.nsw.gov.au%2Fdlg%2Fdlghome%2Fdlg_Regions.asp%3Fregiontype%3D1%26region%3DHT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesenior.com.au/story/6330774/from-freo-to-the-gong-search-is-on-for-aussie-town-nicknames/">"From Freo to the Gong: Search is on for Aussie town nicknames"</a>. 16 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221230757/https://www.thesenior.com.au/story/6330774/from-freo-to-the-gong-search-is-on-for-aussie-town-nicknames/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Freo+to+the+Gong%3A+Search+is+on+for+Aussie+town+nicknames&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesenior.com.au%2Fstory%2F6330774%2Ffrom-freo-to-the-gong-search-is-on-for-aussie-town-nicknames%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2023" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Matthew (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240115043733/https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/8400166/worlds-largest-coal-port-under-threat/">"Newcastle could soon lose the mantle of 'World's largest coal port'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Newcastle_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Newcastle Herald">The Newcastle Herald</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/8400166/worlds-largest-coal-port-under-threat/">the original</a> on 15 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dpi+nsw+Government+Australia&rft.atitle=Photographic+image+of+map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpi.nsw.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fimage%2F0007%2F96847%2F20758.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225012441/http://www.hvrf.com.au/pages/hrf/hunter_history_highlights.php">"Hunter History Highlights"</a>. Hunter Valley Research Foundation. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunter+History+Highlights&rft.pub=Hunter+Valley+Research+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hvrf.com.au%2Fpages%2Fhrf%2Fhunter_history_highlights.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-womens_weekly-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-womens_weekly_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-womens_weekly_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55185386">"Place Names"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Women%27s_Weekly" title="The Australian Women's Weekly">The Australian Women's Weekly</a></i>. National Library of Australia: 61. 13 May 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110327163310/http://www.trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/55185386">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Women%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=Place+Names&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1964-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article55185386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSW_Geographic_Names_Board-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSW_Geographic_Names_Board_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSW_Geographic_Names_Board_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/dual_naming">"Dual naming – Geographical Names Board of NSW"</a>. <i>Gnb nsw Government Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134300/http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/dual_naming">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gnb+nsw+Government+Australia&rft.atitle=Dual+naming+%E2%80%93+Geographical+Names+Board+of+NSW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnb.nsw.gov.au%2Fplace_naming%2Fdual_naming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newc-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newc_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newc_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newc_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newc_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724032922/http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/discover_newcastle/visit_our_libraries/discovery_and_founding_of_newcastle">"Discovery and founding of Newcastle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle City Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/discover_newcastle/visit_our_libraries/discovery_and_founding_of_newcastle">the original</a> on 24 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+and+founding+of+Newcastle&rft.pub=Newcastle+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.nsw.gov.au%2Fdiscover_newcastle%2Fvisit_our_libraries%2Fdiscovery_and_founding_of_newcastle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smh_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/new-south-wales/newcastle/2005/02/17/1108500198331.html">"Newcastle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. 8 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608064059/http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Newcastle/2005/02/17/1108500198331.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Newcastle&rft.date=2004-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnew-south-wales%2Fnewcastle%2F2005%2F02%2F17%2F1108500198331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725070335/http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/archives/coalriver/pdf/sg25thmarch1804.pdf">"Sydney Gazette"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 25 March 1804. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/archives/coalriver/pdf/sg25thmarch1804.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sydney+Gazette&rft.date=1804-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.edu.au%2Fservice%2Farchives%2Fcoalriver%2Fpdf%2Fsg25thmarch1804.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIda_Lee" class="citation book cs1">Ida Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7509"><i>The Logbooks of the Lady Nelson by Ida Lee</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007221408/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7509">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sixty+Miler&rft.pub=Australian+National+Maritime+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanmm.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fpage.cfm%3Fu%3D630%26print%3D1%26S%3DshopProductInfo%26T%3DshopProductInfo%26PRODUCTID%3D227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/japsubs/japsshell03.htm">"Newcastle shelled by a Japanese submarine"</a>. 31 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054510/http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/japsubs/japsshell03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+shelled+by+a+Japanese+submarine&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.st.net.au%2F~dunn%2Fjapsubs%2Fjapsshell03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newportcorp.com.au/site/index.cfm?display=111694">"Trade Statistics"</a>. Newportcorp Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104053834/http://www.newportcorp.com.au/site/index.cfm?display=111694">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Statistics&rft.pub=Newportcorp+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newportcorp.com.au%2Fsite%2Findex.cfm%3Fdisplay%3D111694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111045146/http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page68?oid=56671&sn=Detail">"Green groups block world's largest coal export terminal"</a>. Mineweb. Reuters. 14 July 2008. 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(Privately published)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/north-coast/newcastle-area/newcastle/attractions/king-edward-park">"King Edward Park"</a>. <i>Visit NSW</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806160255/https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/north-coast/newcastle-area/newcastle/attractions/king-edward-park">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+NSW&rft.atitle=King+Edward+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitnsw.com%2Fdestinations%2Fnorth-coast%2Fnewcastle-area%2Fnewcastle%2Fattractions%2Fking-edward-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newywithkids.com.au/novocastrian-park/">"Have Fun at the Playground at Novocastrian Park in New Lambton"</a>. <i>Newy with Kids</i>. 23 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316190422/https://newywithkids.com.au/novocastrian-park/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newy+with+Kids&rft.atitle=Have+Fun+at+the+Playground+at+Novocastrian+Park+in+New+Lambton&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewywithkids.com.au%2Fnovocastrian-park%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164642/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Willy Weather. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. <i>Bureau of Meteorology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164642/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_061055_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_061055_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=061055&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal">"Newcastle Nobbys Signal Station AWS, NSW Climate (1991–present normals)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+Nobbys+Signal+Station+AWS%2C+NSW+Climate+%28extremes+1862%E2%80%93present%29&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_061055_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_060141_All.shtml">"Newcastle University, NSW Climate (1998–present normals and extremes)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504092414/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_060141_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+University%2C+NSW+Climate+%281998%E2%80%93present+normals+and+extremes%29&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_060141_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/newcastle.htm">"Newcastle Sea Temperature"</a>. World sea temperature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200824/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/newcastle.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newcastlebandsdatabase+Australia&rft.atitle=NewcastleBandsDatabase+%E2%80%93+Velvet+Underground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastlebandsdatabase.com.au%2Fbands%2FVelvetUndergroundP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelockup.org.au/about">"The Lock Up – About"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925143504/https://www.thelockup.org.au/about">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lock+Up+%E2%80%93+About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelockup.org.au%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFodor's2014" class="citation book cs1">Fodor's (8 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1uVAgAAQBAJ"><i>Fodor's Australia</i></a>. Fodor's Travel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804142489" title="Special:BookSources/9780804142489"><bdi>9780804142489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Australia&rft.pub=Fodor%27s+Travel+Publications&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft.isbn=9780804142489&rft.au=Fodor%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1uVAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Library opens in centre". <i>Newcastle Morning Herald</i>. 22 October 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Library+opens+in+centre&rft.date=1957-10-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcastlelibraries.com.au/Connect/Visit/Our-Branches">"Our Branches"</a>. <i>newcastlelibraries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newcastlelibraries&rft.atitle=Our+Branches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewcastlelibraries.com.au%2FConnect%2FVisit%2FOur-Branches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dungog.nsw.gov.au/Community/Library-Home/About-our-library">"About our library"</a>. <i>www.dungog.nsw.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dungog.nsw.gov.au&rft.atitle=About+our+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dungog.nsw.gov.au%2FCommunity%2FLibrary-Home%2FAbout-our-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil2021" class="citation web cs1">Council, Port Stephens (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portstephens.nsw.gov.au/services/library/mobile-library">"Mobile Library"</a>. <i>www.portstephens.nsw.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.portstephens.nsw.gov.au&rft.atitle=Mobile+Library&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=Port+Stephens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portstephens.nsw.gov.au%2Fservices%2Flibrary%2Fmobile-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jacqui (2 August 2016). "Library opens basement to uncover rare archives". <i>Newcastle Morning Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Library+opens+basement+to+uncover+rare+archives&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transportnsw.info/news/2019/light-rail-in-newcastle-opening-from-monday-18-february">Light rail in Newcastle opening from Monday 18 February</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122512/https://transportnsw.info/news/2019/light-rail-in-newcastle-opening-from-monday-18-february">Archived</a> 4 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_NSW" title="Transport for NSW">Transport for NSW</a> 3 February 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/2784964/last-train-leaves-newcastle-station-video/?cs=303">Last train leaves Newcastle station</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225213501/http://www.theherald.com.au/story/2784964/last-train-leaves-newcastle-station-video/?cs=303">Archived</a> 2014-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Herald" title="Newcastle Herald">Newcastle Herald</a></i> 26 December 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transportnsw.info/news/2017/timetable-change-central-coast-newcastle-line-hunter-line">"Timetable changes Central Coast & Newcastle Line and Hunter Line"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_NSW" title="Transport for NSW">Transport for NSW</a>. 1 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013053717/https://transportnsw.info/news/2017/timetable-change-central-coast-newcastle-line-hunter-line">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timetable+changes+Central+Coast+%26+Newcastle+Line+and+Hunter+Line&rft.pub=Transport+for+NSW&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransportnsw.info%2Fnews%2F2017%2Ftimetable-change-central-coast-newcastle-line-hunter-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/projects-wickham-transport-interchange">Wickham Transport Interchange</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615190205/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/projects-wickham-transport-interchange">Archived</a> 15 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Transport for NSW</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/newcastle-light-rail-announced">Newcastle Light Rail Announced</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524032522/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/newcastle-light-rail-announced">Archived</a> 24 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Transport for NSW 23 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/05/23/4010610.htm">Light rail route for city finally unveiled</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515050318/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/05/23/4010610.htm">Archived</a> 15 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ABC News</i> 23 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Darnbrough2009" class="citation web cs1">Jessica Darnbrough (21 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/news/newcastle-takes-world-s-largest-coal-exporter-crow">"Newcastle takes world's largest coal exporter crown"</a>. Mining Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414095945/http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/news/newcastle-takes-world-s-largest-coal-exporter-crow">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+takes+world%27s+largest+coal+exporter+crown&rft.pub=Mining+Australia&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.au=Jessica+Darnbrough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningaustralia.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnewcastle-takes-world-s-largest-coal-exporter-crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907180140/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au//2005/10605.doc">"Media Release: Lease Extended For Newcastle Airport"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Australia)" title="Minister for Defence (Australia)">Minister for Defence</a>. 24 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2005/10605.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOC)</span> on 7 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Release%3A+Lease+Extended+For+Newcastle+Airport&rft.pub=Minister+for+Defence&rft.date=2005-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minister.defence.gov.au%2F2005%2F10605.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611183934/http://www.patersononline.com/cgi-bin/engine.pl?Page=page.html&Rec=653">"Lease Term Extended For Newcastle Airport At RAAF Base Williamtown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Bob Baldwin (politician)">Bob Baldwin</a>. 24 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patersononline.com/cgi-bin/engine.pl?Page=page.html&Rec=653">the original</a> on 11 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lease+Term+Extended+For+Newcastle+Airport+At+RAAF+Base+Williamtown&rft.pub=Bob+Baldwin&rft.date=2006-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patersononline.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fengine.pl%3FPage%3Dpage.html%26Rec%3D653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080721162828/http://www.rescuehelicopter.com.au/operations/base">"Westpac Rescue Helicopter Service – Base and Hangars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westpac_Life_Saver_Rescue_Helicopter_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service">Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rescuehelicopter.com.au/operations/base">the original</a> on 21 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westpac+Rescue+Helicopter+Service+%E2%80%93+Base+and+Hangars&rft.pub=Westpac+Life+Saver+Rescue+Helicopter+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rescuehelicopter.com.au%2Foperations%2Fbase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrl.com/representative-round-newcastle-to-host-test/tabid/10874/newsid/91436/default.aspx">Representative Round: Newcastle to host Test</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008235554/http://www.nrl.com/representative-round-newcastle-to-host-test/tabid/10874/newsid/91436/default.aspx">Archived</a> 8 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Rugby League 25 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeble2022" class="citation web cs1">Keeble, Brett (14 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7860283/newcastle-falcons-clinch-home-court-advantage-in-nbl1-east-basketball-finals/">"Newcastle Falcons clinch home-court advantage in NBL1 East basketball finals"</a>. <i>Newcastle Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118024757/https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7860283/newcastle-falcons-clinch-home-court-advantage-in-nbl1-east-basketball-finals/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Herald&rft.atitle=Newcastle+Falcons+clinch+home-court+advantage+in+NBL1+East+basketball+finals&rft.date=2022-08-14&rft.aulast=Keeble&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastleherald.com.au%2Fstory%2F7860283%2Fnewcastle-falcons-clinch-home-court-advantage-in-nbl1-east-basketball-finals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-13/still-hope-for-newcastle-twenty20-team/3770902">"Still hope for Newcastle Twenty20 team"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a>. 13 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114063403/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-13/still-hope-for-newcastle-twenty20-team/3770902">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Still+hope+for+Newcastle+Twenty20+team&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2012-01-13%2Fstill-hope-for-newcastle-twenty20-team%2F3770902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulford2005" class="citation book cs1">Mulford, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishpond.com.au/Books/Guardians-of-Game-John-G-Mulford-John-E-Moulton/9780733316258"><i>Guardians of the Game: "The History of the New South Wales Rugby Union 1874–2004</i></a>. Sydney. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-1625-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7333-1625-5"><bdi>0-7333-1625-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025073738/http://www.fishpond.com.au/Books/Guardians-of-Game-John-G-Mulford-John-E-Moulton/9780733316258">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+the+Game%3A+%22The+History+of+the+New+South+Wales+Rugby+Union+1874%E2%80%932004&rft.place=Sydney&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7333-1625-5&rft.aulast=Mulford&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishpond.com.au%2FBooks%2FGuardians-of-Game-John-G-Mulford-John-E-Moulton%2F9780733316258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroar.com.au/2018/10/23/waratahs-announce-newcastle-super-rugby-game/">"Waratahs announce Newcastle Super Rugby game"</a>. <i>Theroar Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311055850/https://www.theroar.com.au/2018/10/23/waratahs-announce-newcastle-super-rugby-game/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theroar+Australia&rft.atitle=Waratahs+announce+Newcastle+Super+Rugby+game&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroar.com.au%2F2018%2F10%2F23%2Fwaratahs-announce-newcastle-super-rugby-game%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleracecourse.com.au/locations/newcastle-racecourse/">"Newcastle Racecourse"</a>. <i>Newcastle Racecourse</i>. 16 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017062745/https://www.newcastleracecourse.com.au/locations/newcastle-racecourse/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Racecourse&rft.atitle=Newcastle+Racecourse&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastleracecourse.com.au%2Flocations%2Fnewcastle-racecourse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleracecourse.com.au/newcastle-jockey-club/">"Newcastle Jockey Club: Our history"</a>. <i>Newcastle Racecourse</i>. 26 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017062814/https://www.newcastleracecourse.com.au/newcastle-jockey-club/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Racecourse&rft.atitle=Newcastle+Jockey+Club%3A+Our+history&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastleracecourse.com.au%2Fnewcastle-jockey-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316003325/http://www.racingnsw.com.au/site/_content/document/00001429-source.pdf">"Beaumont Track (Newcastle)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Racing NSW (Aus.)</i>. 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+NSW+%28Aus.%29&rft.atitle=Beaumont+Track+%28Newcastle%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingnsw.com.au%2Fsite%2F_content%2Fdocument%2F00001429-source.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jm1998-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jm1998_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard1998" class="citation journal cs1">Maynard, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24046163">"Aboriginal stars of the pigskin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_History" title="Aboriginal History">Aboriginal History</a></i>. <b>22</b>. ANU Press: <span class="nowrap">116–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0314-8769">0314-8769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24046163">24046163</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017051638/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24046163">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+History&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+stars+of+the+pigskin&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24046163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0314-8769&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24046163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turf-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turf_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2016" class="citation web cs1">Maynard, John (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.punters.com.au/news/the-indigenous-contribution-to-the-australian-turf-20160601/">"The Indigenous contribution to the Australian turf"</a>. <i>Punters Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017014457/https://www.punters.com.au/news/the-indigenous-contribution-to-the-australian-turf-20160601/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punters+Australia&rft.atitle=The+Indigenous+contribution+to+the+Australian+turf&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.punters.com.au%2Fnews%2Fthe-indigenous-contribution-to-the-australian-turf-20160601%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallinan2017" class="citation web cs1">Callinan, Josh (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/4597864/maynard-remembered-as-trail-blazing-jockey-of-era/">"Maynard remembered as trail blazing jockey of era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Herald" title="Newcastle Herald">Newcastle Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015011248/https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/4597864/maynard-remembered-as-trail-blazing-jockey-of-era/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Herald&rft.atitle=Maynard+remembered+as+trail+blazing+jockey+of+era&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Callinan&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastleherald.com.au%2Fstory%2F4597864%2Fmaynard-remembered-as-trail-blazing-jockey-of-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedcafe.com/2016/09/27/supercars-confirms-five-year-newcastle-deal/">"Supercars confirms five-year Newcastle deal"</a>. speedcafe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928171258/http://www.speedcafe.com/2016/09/27/supercars-confirms-five-year-newcastle-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supercars+confirms+five-year+Newcastle+deal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedcafe.com%2F2016%2F09%2F27%2Fsupercars-confirms-five-year-newcastle-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704144746/http://uonservices.org.au/entertain-u/yak-magazine">"Yak Magazine — UoN Services"</a>. Uonservices Australia. 13 February 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+State+Heritage+Register&rft.atitle=Manufacturers+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au%2FApp%2FItem%2FViewItem%3FitemId%3D5045379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm">licence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVHD5060998" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5060998">"Newcastle Government House and Domain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register" title="New South Wales State Heritage Register">New South Wales State Heritage Register</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Planning & Environment">Department of Planning & Environment</a>. H01841<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+State+Heritage+Register&rft.atitle=Newcastle+Government+House+and+Domain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au%2FApp%2FItem%2FViewItem%3FitemId%3D5060998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewcastle%2C+New+South+Wales" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm">licence</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Docherty, James Cairns, <i>Newcastle – The Making of an Australian City</i>, Sydney, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86806-034-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86806-034-8">0-86806-034-8</a></li> <li>Susan Marsden, <i>Coals to Newcastle: a History of Coal Loading at the Port of Newcastle New South Wales 1977–1997 </i> 2002</li> <li>Marsden, Susan, <i>Newcastle: a Brief History</i> Newcastle, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949579-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-949579-17-3">0-949579-17-3</a></li> <li>Marsden, Susan, 'Waterfront alive: life on the waterfront', in C Hunter, ed, <i>River Change: six new histories of the Hunter</i>, Newcastle, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909115-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-909115-70-2">0-909115-70-2</a></li> <li>Morrison James, Ron, <i>Newcastle – Times Past</i>, Newcastle, 2005 (P/B), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9757693-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9757693-0-8">0-9757693-0-8</a></li> <li>Greater Newcastle City Council, <i>Newcastle 150 Years</i>, 1947.</li> <li>Thorne, Ross, <i>Picture Palace Architecture in Australia</i>, Melbourne, Victoria, 1976 (P/B), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7251-0226-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7251-0226-8">0-7251-0226-8</a></li> <li>Turner, Dr. John W., <i>Manufacturing in Newcastle</i>, Newcastle, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9599385-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9599385-7-5">0-9599385-7-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle,_New_South_Wales&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle, New South Wales</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcastle.nsw.gov.au/">Newcastle City Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitnewcastle.com.au/">Newcastle Visitor Centre</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Newcastle_(New_South_Wales)#Q57278" class="extiw" title="voy:Newcastle (New South Wales)">Newcastle</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nag.org.au/">Newcastle Region Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/north-coast/newcastle-area/newcastle">VisitNSW.com – Newcastle</a></li></ul> <div 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Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></b> <i>(national capital)</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock,_New_South_Wales" title="Cessnock, New South Wales">Cessnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffs_Harbour" title="Coffs Harbour">Coffs Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbo" title="Dubbo">Dubbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosford" title="Gosford">Gosford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn" title="Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_New_South_Wales" title="Grafton, New South Wales">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore,_New_South_Wales" title="Lismore, New South Wales">Lismore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales" title="Lithgow, New South Wales">Lithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie" title="Port Macquarie">Port Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_Northern_Territory" title="Palmerston, Northern Territory">Palmerston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloundra" title="Caloundra">Caloundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Victor Harbor, South Australia">Victor Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairnsdale" title="Bairnsdale">Bairnsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benalla" title="Benalla">Benalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria" title="Castlemaine, Victoria">Castlemaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colac,_Victoria" title="Colac, Victoria">Colac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Victoria" title="Hamilton, Victoria">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham,_Victoria" title="Horsham, Victoria">Horsham</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe,_Victoria" title="Moe, Victoria">Moe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morwell,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Morwell, Victoria">Morwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Victoria" title="Sale, Victoria">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour,_Victoria" title="Seymour, Victoria">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepparton" title="Shepparton">Shepparton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Hill,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Hill, Victoria">Swan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traralgon" title="Traralgon">Traralgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangaratta" title="Wangaratta">Wangaratta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warragul,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warragul, Victoria">Warragul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodonga" title="Wodonga">Wodonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie-Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Surfing_areas_of_Australia51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australiansurf" title="Template:Australiansurf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australiansurf" title="Template talk:Australiansurf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australiansurf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australiansurf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Surfing_areas_of_Australia51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Surfing_in_Australia" title="Surfing in Australia">Surfing areas of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Water">Agnes Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angourie_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Angourie Point">Angourie Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_Beach" title="Bells Beach">Bells Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondi_Beach" title="Bondi Beach">Bondi Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burleigh_Heads" class="mw-redirect" title="Burleigh Heads">Burleigh Heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Bay" title="Byron Bay">Byron Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beach,_Western_Australia" title="City Beach, Western Australia">City Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowaramup_Bombora" title="Cowaramup Bombora">Cow Bombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronulla">Cronulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currumbin_Alley" title="Currumbin Alley">Currumbin Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duranbah_Beach" title="Duranbah Beach">Duranbah Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australia" title="Esperance, Western Australia">Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floreat_Beach" title="Floreat Beach">Floreat Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaraloo" title="Gnaraloo">Gnaraloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenmount_Beach" title="Greenmount Beach">Greenmount Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzzas" title="Huzzas">Huzzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Juc" title="Jan Juc">Jan Juc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna,_Victoria" title="Johanna, Victoria">Johanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirra,_Queensland" title="Kirra, Queensland">Kirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manly,_New_South_Wales" title="Manly, New South Wales">Manly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_River,_Western_Australia" title="Margaret River, Western Australia">Margaret River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroubra,_New_South_Wales" title="Maroubra, New South Wales">Maroubra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noosa_Heads" class="mw-redirect" title="Noosa Heads">Noosa Heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Beaches" title="Northern Beaches">Northern Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bay" title="Rainbow Bay">Rainbow Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Beach" title="Roaring Beach">Roaring Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Western_Australia" title="Scarborough, Western Australia">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaspray,_Victoria" title="Seaspray, Victoria">Seaspray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Island_(Cronulla_Beach)" title="Shark Island (Cronulla Beach)">Shark Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_Stern_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship Stern Bluff">Ship Stern Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapper_Rocks" title="Snapper Rocks">Snapper Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="South Coast, New South Wales">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradbroke_Island" title="Stradbroke Island">Stradbroke Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supertubes" title="Supertubes">Supertubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfers_Paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfers Paradise">Surfers Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Beach" title="Thirteenth Beach">Thirteenth Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquay,_Victoria" title="Torquay, Victoria">Torquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodside_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodside Beach">Woodside Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yallingup" class="mw-redirect" title="Yallingup">Yallingup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns,_suburbs_&amp;_localities_of_the_City_of_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Newcastle_suburbs" title="Template:City of Newcastle suburbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_Newcastle_suburbs" title="Template talk:City of Newcastle suburbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Newcastle_suburbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Newcastle suburbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Towns,_suburbs_&amp;_localities_of_the_City_of_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Towns, suburbs & localities of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle" title="City of Newcastle">City of Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns, suburbs<br />& localities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_New_South_Wales" title="Adamstown, New South Wales">Adamstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamstown_Heights" title="Adamstown Heights">Adamstown Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Beach,_New_South_Wales" title="Bar Beach, New South Wales">Bar Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Beresfield">Beresfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Gardens">Birmingham Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hill,_New_South_Wales" title="Black Hill, New South Wales">Black Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmeadow">Broadmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaghan,_New_South_Wales" title="Callaghan, New South Wales">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrington,_New_South_Wales" title="Carrington, New South Wales">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooks_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooks Hill">Cooks Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elermore_Vale" class="mw-redirect" title="Elermore Vale">Elermore Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher,_New_South_Wales" title="Fletcher, New South Wales">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_New_South_Wales" title="Georgetown, New South Wales">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton, New South Wales">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_East,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton East, New South Wales">Hamilton East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_North,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton North, New South Wales">Hamilton North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_South,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton South, New South Wales">Hamilton South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexham,_New_South_Wales" title="Hexham, New South Wales">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hill,_New_South_Wales" title="The Hill, New South Wales">The Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington,_New_South_Wales" title="Islington, New South Wales">Islington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmond,_New_South_Wales" title="Jesmond, New South Wales">Jesmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Junction,_New_South_Wales" title="The Junction, New South Wales">The Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kooragang" title="Kooragang">Kooragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotara" title="Kotara">Kotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton,_New_South_Wales" title="Lambton, New South Wales">Lambton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenaghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenaghan">Lenaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maryland, New South Wales">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryville,_New_South_Wales" title="Maryville, New South Wales">Maryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_New_South_Wales" title="Mayfield, New South Wales">Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayfield East">Mayfield East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayfield North">Mayfield North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayfield West">Mayfield West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merewether" class="mw-redirect" title="Merewether">Merewether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merewether_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Merewether Heights">Merewether Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minmi,_New_South_Wales" title="Minmi, New South Wales">Minmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lambton" class="mw-redirect" title="New Lambton">New Lambton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lambton_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="New Lambton Heights">New Lambton Heights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle East">Newcastle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_West,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle West, New South Wales">Newcastle West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lambton" class="mw-redirect" title="North Lambton">North Lambton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankin_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankin Park">Rankin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgate,_New_South_Wales" title="Sandgate, New South Wales">Sandgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortland,_New_South_Wales" title="Shortland, New South Wales">Shortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_New_South_Wales" title="Stockton, New South Wales">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarro">Tarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tighes_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tighes Hill">Tighes Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallsend,_New_South_Wales" title="Wallsend, New South Wales">Wallsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warabrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Warabrook">Warabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waratah,_New_South_Wales" title="Waratah, New South Wales">Waratah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waratah_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Waratah West">Waratah West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham,_New_South_Wales" title="Wickham, New South Wales">Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers and<br />other waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenrock_Lagoon" title="Glenrock Lagoon">Glenrock Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Hunter River (New South Wales)">Hunter River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Williams River (New South Wales)">Williams River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other places &<br />points of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Street,_Newcastle" title="Beaumont Street, Newcastle">Beaumont Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_Basketball_Stadium" title="Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium">Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Newcastle" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle">Christ Church Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernleigh_Track" title="Fernleigh Track">Fernleigh Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Scratchley" title="Fort Scratchley">Fort Scratchley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Ice_Skating_Stadium" title="Hunter Ice Skating Stadium">Hunter Ice Skating Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_Hospital" title="John Hunter Hospital">John Hunter Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sugarloaf_(New_South_Wales)" title="Mount Sugarloaf (New South Wales)">Mount Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Hall_(Australia)" title="Newcastle City Hall (Australia)">Newcastle City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Civic_Theatre" title="Newcastle Civic Theatre">Newcastle Civic Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Court_House" title="Newcastle Court House">Newcastle Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Customs_House" title="Newcastle Customs House">Newcastle Customs House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Entertainment_Centre" title="Newcastle Entertainment Centre">Newcastle Entertainment Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Sports_Centre" title="Newcastle International Sports Centre">Newcastle International Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Museum" title="Newcastle Museum">Newcastle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Street_Circuit" title="Newcastle Street Circuit">Newcastle Street Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Head" title="Nobbys Head">Nobbys Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Wharf" title="Queens Wharf">Queens Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Newcastle_Hospital" title="Royal Newcastle Hospital">Royal Newcastle Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Dockyard" title="State Dockyard">State Dockyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_Beach" title="Stockton Beach">Stockton Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_Bridge" title="Stockton Bridge">Stockton Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourle_Street_Bridge" title="Tourle Street Bridge">Tourle Street Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_(Newcastle)" title="Victoria Theatre (Newcastle)">Victoria Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Significant_places_&amp;_items_of_interest_in_the_Hunter_Region_of_New_South_Wales187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunter_Region_places_and_items_of_interest" title="Template:Hunter Region places and items of interest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunter_Region_places_and_items_of_interest" title="Template talk:Hunter Region places and items of interest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunter_Region_places_and_items_of_interest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunter Region places and items of interest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Significant_places_&amp;_items_of_interest_in_the_Hunter_Region_of_New_South_Wales187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant places & items of interest in the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Commerce_&amp;_industry187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commerce & industry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Locomotive_Workshops" title="Cardiff Locomotive Workshops">Cardiff Locomotive Workshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgacs_Shipyard" title="Forgacs Shipyard">Forgacs Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Coal_Chain" title="Hunter Valley Coal Chain">Hunter Valley Coal Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_wine" title="Hunter Valley wine">Hunter Valley wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kia_Ora_Stud" title="Kia Ora Stud">Kia Ora Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kooragang#Kooragang_Island" title="Kooragang">Kooragang Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Steelworks" title="Newcastle Steelworks">Newcastle Steelworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Newcastle" title="Port of Newcastle">Newcastle Port Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomago_aluminium_smelter" title="Tomago aluminium smelter">Tomago aluminium smelter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Square" title="Charlestown Square">Charlestown Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Street,_Newcastle" title="Hunter Street, Newcastle">Hunter Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_%26_Suburban_Co-operative_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle & Suburban Co-operative Society">Newcastle & Suburban Co-operative Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockland_Glendale" title="Stockland Glendale">Stockland Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockland_Green_Hills" title="Stockland Green Hills">Stockland Green Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Kotara" title="Westfield Kotara">Westfield Kotara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Government_House" title="Newcastle Government House">Newcastle Government House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Education187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avondale_School_(Cooranbong)" title="Avondale School (Cooranbong)">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_School_of_the_Performing_Arts" title="Hunter School of the Performing Arts">Hunter School of the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Grammar_School" title="Hunter Valley Grammar School">Hunter Valley Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahibah_Public_School" title="Kahibah Public School">Kahibah Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Grammar_School,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle Grammar School, New South Wales">Newcastle Grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints_College,_Maitland" title="All Saints College, Maitland">All Saints College, Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale_School_(Cooranbong)" title="Avondale School (Cooranbong)">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_College" title="Callaghan College">Callaghan College</a> <ul><li>Jesmond Senior</li> <li>Wallsend</li> <li>Waratah Technology</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock_High_School" title="Cessnock High School">Cessnock High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale_Technology_High_School" title="Glendale Technology High School">Glendale Technology High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_River_High_School" title="Hunter River High School">Hunter River High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_School_of_the_Performing_Arts" title="Hunter School of the Performing Arts">Hunter School of the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Grammar_School" title="Hunter Valley Grammar School">Hunter Valley Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrawang_High_School" title="Irrawang High School">Irrawang High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotara_High_School" title="Kotara High School">Kotara High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_High_School" title="Lambton High School">Lambton High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Grossmann_High_School" title="Maitland Grossmann High School">Maitland Grossmann High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_High_School" title="Maitland High School">Maitland High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merewether_High_School" title="Merewether High School">Merewether High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_View_High_School_(Cessnock)" title="Mount View High School (Cessnock)">Mount View High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Grammar_School,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle Grammar School, New South Wales">Newcastle Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_High_School_(Australia)" title="Newcastle High School (Australia)">Newcastle High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Technology_High_School" title="Rutherford Technology High School">Rutherford Technology High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Lochinvar" title="St Joseph's College, Lochinvar">St Joseph's, Lochinvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaree_High_School" title="Tomaree High School">Tomaree High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_High_School_(New_South_Wales)" title="Toronto High School (New South Wales)">Toronto High</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avondale_College" title="Avondale College">Avondale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Entertainment,_sport_&amp;_culture187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Entertainment, sport & culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Motor_Resort" title="Black Rock Motor Resort">Black Rock Motor Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_Basketball_Stadium" title="Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium">Broadmeadow Basketball Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Italia" title="Circuit Italia">Circuit Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungog_Film_Festival" title="Dungog Film Festival">Dungog Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Steamfest" title="Hunter Valley Steamfest">Hunter Valley Steamfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_500" title="Newcastle 500">Newcastle 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Art_Gallery" title="Newcastle Art Gallery">Newcastle Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Civic_Theatre" title="Newcastle Civic Theatre">Newcastle Civic Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Entertainment_Centre" title="Newcastle Entertainment Centre">Newcastle Entertainment Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Sports_Centre" title="Newcastle International Sports Centre">Newcastle International Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Libraries" title="Newcastle Libraries">Newcastle Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Museum" title="Newcastle Museum">Newcastle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Number_1_Sports_Ground" title="Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground">Newcastle Number 1 Sports Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Show" title="Newcastle Show">Newcastle Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Showground" title="Newcastle Showground">Newcastle Showground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Street_Circuit" title="Newcastle Street Circuit">Newcastle Street Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfest" title="Surfest">Surfest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broughton_Island_(New_South_Wales)" title="Broughton Island (New South Wales)">Broughton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Mountain" title="Burning Mountain">Burning Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hawke" title="Cape Hawke">Cape Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenrock_Lagoon" title="Glenrock Lagoon">Glenrock Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Dam" title="Chichester Dam">Lake Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Macquarie_(New_South_Wales)" title="Lake Macquarie (New South Wales)">Lake Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myall_Lakes" title="Myall Lakes">Myall Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_Range" title="Mount Royal Range">Mount Royal Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sugarloaf_(New_South_Wales)" title="Mount Sugarloaf (New South Wales)">Mount Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_(New_South_Wales)" title="Port Stephens (New South Wales)">Port Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_Beach" title="Stockton Beach">Stockton Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tops_to_Myall_Heritage_Trail" title="Tops to Myall Heritage Trail">Tops to Myall Heritage Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National parks</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Tops_National_Park" title="Barrington Tops National Park">Barrington Tops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bulga_State_Conservation_Area" title="Black Bulga State Conservation Area">Black Bulga State Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booti_Booti_National_Park" title="Booti Booti National Park">Booti Booti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghin-Doo-Ee_National_Park" title="Ghin-Doo-Ee National Park">Ghin-Doo-Ee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_National_Park" title="Mount Royal National Park">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myall_Lakes_National_Park" title="Myall Lakes National Park">Myall Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaree_National_Park" title="Tomaree National Park">Tomaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towarri_National_Park" title="Towarri National Park">Towarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallingat_National_Park" title="Wallingat National Park">Wallingat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watagans_National_Park" title="Watagans National Park">Watagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werakata_National_Park" title="Werakata National Park">Werakata</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Glen_Nature_Reserve" title="The Glen Nature Reserve">The Glen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_River" title="Allyn River">Allyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avon_River_(Mid-Coast_Council)" title="Avon River (Mid-Coast Council)">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrington_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Barrington River (New South Wales)">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Bow River (New South Wales)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylong_River" title="Bylong River">Bylong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_River" title="Chichester River">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_River" title="Gloucester River">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Goulburn River (New South Wales)">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Hunter River (New South Wales)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuah_River" title="Karuah River">Karuah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manning_River" title="Manning River">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myall_River" title="Myall River">Myall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_River" title="Pages River">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_River" title="Paterson River">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangat_River" title="Wangat River">Wangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Williams River (New South Wales)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worondi_Rivulet" title="Worondi Rivulet">Worondi Rivulet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_Aerodrome" title="Broadmeadow Aerodrome">Broadmeadow Aerodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Scratchley" title="Fort Scratchley">Fort Scratchley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Army_Camp" title="Greta Army Camp">Greta Army Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Boys%27_High_School" title="Newcastle Boys' High School">Newcastle Boys' High School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Newcastle_Act_1937" title="Greater Newcastle Act 1937">Greater Newcastle Act 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="History of Newcastle, New South Wales">History of Newcastle, New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_cannabis_infestation" title="Hunter Valley cannabis infestation">Hunter Valley cannabis infestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Macquarie_Petrified_Forest" title="Lake Macquarie Petrified Forest">Lake Macquarie Petrified Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Gaol" title="Maitland Gaol">Maitland Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Museum" title="Newcastle Museum">Newcastle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Head" title="Nobbys Head">Nobbys Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Newcastle_Hospital" title="Royal Newcastle Hospital">Royal Newcastle Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlee" title="Tahlee">Tahlee historic property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_Creek_Power_Station" title="Cockle Creek Power Station">Cockle Creek Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_Creek_Smelter" title="Cockle Creek Smelter">Cockle Creek Smelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothbury_riot" title="Rothbury riot">Rothbury riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Maitland_coalfields" title="South Maitland coalfields">South Maitland coalfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Waratah_Colliery" title="South Waratah Colliery">South Waratah Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Dockyard" title="State Dockyard">State Dockyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teralba_Colliery" title="Teralba Colliery">Teralba Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walka_Water_Works" title="Walka Water Works">Walka Water Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsh_Island_Dockyard_%26_Engineering_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Walsh Island Dockyard & Engineering Works">Walsh Island Dockyard & Engineering Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangi_Power_Station" title="Wangi Power Station">Wangi Power Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluebell_Collision" title="The Bluebell Collision">Bluebell Collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cawarra" title="SS Cawarra">Cawarra shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS_Maianbar" title="TSS Maianbar">Maianbar shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Sygna" title="MV Sygna">MV <i>Sygna</i> shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobbys_Head_Light" title="Nobbys Head Light">Nobbys Head Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Stephens_Light" title="Point Stephens Light">Point Stephens Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Newcastle_earthquake" title="1989 Newcastle earthquake">1989 Newcastle earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_Locomotive_Depot" title="Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot">Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernleigh_Track" title="Fernleigh Track">Fernleigh Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Railway_Trust" title="Hunter Valley Railway Trust">Hunter Valley Railway Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Steamfest" title="Hunter Valley Steamfest">Hunter Valley Steamfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murulla_rail_accident" title="Murulla rail accident">Murulla rail accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Vale_Railway_Museum" title="Richmond Vale Railway Museum">Richmond Vale Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallsend_Railway_Goods_Shed" title="Wallsend Railway Goods Shed">Wallsend Railway Goods Shed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_railway_line,_New_South_Wales" title="Belmont railway line, New South Wales">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Maitland_%E2%80%93_Morpeth_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="East Maitland – Morpeth railway line">Morpeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Vale_railway_line" title="Richmond Vale railway line">Richmond Vale Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Maitland_Railway" title="South Maitland Railway">South Maitland Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_railway_line" title="Toronto railway line">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallsend_railway_line" title="Wallsend railway line">Wallsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allandale_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Allandale railway station, New South Wales">Allandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiene_railway_station" title="Antiene railway station">Antiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belford_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Belford railway station, New South Wales">Belford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Belmont railway station, New South Wales">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackalls_Park_railway_station" title="Blackalls Park railway station">Blackalls Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock_railway_station" title="Cessnock railway station">Cessnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_railway_station" title="Civic railway station">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingadee_railway_station" title="Dingadee railway station">Dingadee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farley_railway_station" title="Farley railway station">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasstree_railway_station" title="Grasstree railway station">Grasstree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewells_railway_station" title="Jewells railway station">Jewells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimbah_railway_station" title="Minimbah railway station">Minimbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Mortuary_railway_station" title="Newcastle Mortuary railway station">Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle railway station, New South Wales">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensworth_railway_station" title="Ravensworth railway station">Ravensworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_railway_station" title="Toronto railway station">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittingham_railway_station" title="Whittingham railway station">Whittingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Wickham railway station, New South Wales">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingen_railway_station" title="Wingen railway station">Wingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Trams in Newcastle, New South Wales">Trams in Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wallsend_Steam_Tram_Line" title="West Wallsend Steam Tram Line">West Wallsend Steam Tram Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wine making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindeman%27s" title="Lindeman's">Lindeman's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._2_Fighter_Sector_RAAF" title="No. 2 Fighter Sector RAAF">No. 2 Fighter Sector RAAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._208_Radar_Station_RAAF" title="No. 208 Radar Station RAAF">No. 208 Radar Station RAAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Assault" title="HMAS Assault">HMAS Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Anti-Tank_Ditch" title="Belmont Anti-Tank Ditch">Belmont Anti-Tank Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Macquarie_anti-submarine_boom" title="Lake Macquarie anti-submarine boom">Lake Macquarie anti-submarine boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Covering_Force" title="Newcastle Covering Force">Newcastle Covering Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Rathmines" title="RAAF Base Rathmines">RAAF Base Rathmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Newcastle" title="Shelling of Newcastle">Shelling of Newcastle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Infrastructure187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Infrastructure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Hunter_Region" title="Category:Transport in the Hunter Region">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Street,_Newcastle" title="Beaumont Street, Newcastle">Beaumont Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucketts_Way" title="Bucketts Way">Bucketts Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Highway" title="Golden Highway">Golden Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Expressway" title="Hunter Expressway">Hunter Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Highway" title="New England Highway">New England Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Inner_City_Bypass" title="Newcastle Inner City Bypass">Newcastle Inner City Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Link_Road" title="Newcastle Link Road">Newcastle Link Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Highway,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Highway, Australia">Pacific Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty_Road" title="Putty Road">Putty Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Motorway_(Sydney-Newcastle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Motorway (Sydney-Newcastle)">Sydney-Newcastle Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolts_Way" title="Thunderbolts Way">Thunderbolts Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beckers_Bridge" title="Beckers Bridge">Beckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_River_bridge,_Clarence_Town" title="Williams River bridge, Clarence Town">Clarence Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooreei_Bridge" title="Cooreei Bridge">Cooreei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunmore_Bridge" title="Dunmore Bridge">Dunmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_Bridge,_Aberdeen" title="Fitzgerald Bridge, Aberdeen">Fitzgerald Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glennies_Creek_Bridge" title="Glennies Creek Bridge">Glennies Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexham_Bridge,_New_South_Wales" title="Hexham Bridge, New South Wales">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_River_bridge,_Hinton" title="Paterson River bridge, Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuah_River_Bridge" title="Karuah River Bridge">Monkerai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpeth_Bridge" title="Morpeth Bridge">Morpeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_Bridge" title="Stockton Bridge">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Gardens-Hawks_Nest_Bridge" title="Tea Gardens-Hawks Nest Bridge">Tea Gardens-Hawks Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_River_bridge,_Vacy" title="Paterson River bridge, Vacy">Vacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Northern_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Northern railway line">Main North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_line" title="Newcastle railway line">Newcastle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Aberdeen railway station, New South Wales">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamstown_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Adamstown railway station, New South Wales">Adamstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awaba_railway_station" title="Awaba railway station">Awaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresfield_railway_station" title="Beresfield railway station">Beresfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booragul_railway_station" title="Booragul railway station">Booragul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branxton_railway_station" title="Branxton railway station">Branxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadow_railway_station" title="Broadmeadow railway station">Broadmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Cardiff railway station, New South Wales">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_Creek_railway_station" title="Cockle Creek railway station">Cockle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Creek_railway_station" title="Dora Creek railway station">Dora Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungog_railway_station" title="Dungog railway station">Dungog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Maitland_railway_station" title="East Maitland railway station">East Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fassifern_railway_station" title="Fassifern railway station">Fassifern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_railway_station" title="Greta railway station">Greta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Hamilton railway station, New South Wales">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexham_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Hexham railway station, New South Wales">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Street_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="High Street railway station, New South Wales">High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilldale_railway_station" title="Hilldale railway station">Hilldale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotara_railway_station" title="Kotara railway station">Kotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochinvar_railway_station" title="Lochinvar railway station">Lochinvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_railway_station" title="Maitland railway station">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martins_Creek_railway_station" title="Martins Creek railway station">Martins Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metford_railway_station" title="Metford railway station">Metford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindaribba_railway_station" title="Mindaribba railway station">Mindaribba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morisset_railway_station" title="Morisset railway station">Morisset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muswellbrook_railway_station" title="Muswellbrook railway station">Muswellbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Interchange" title="Newcastle Interchange">Newcastle Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Paterson railway station, New South Wales">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgate_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Sandgate railway station, New South Wales">Sandgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scone_railway_station" title="Scone railway station">Scone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singleton_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Singleton railway station, New South Wales">Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarro_railway_station" title="Tarro railway station">Tarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telarah_railway_station" title="Telarah railway station">Telarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teralba_railway_station" title="Teralba railway station">Teralba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Thornton railway station, New South Wales">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Street_railway_station,_New_South_Wales" title="Victoria Street railway station, New South Wales">Victoria Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallarobba_railway_station" title="Wallarobba railway station">Wallarobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warabrook_railway_station" title="Warabrook railway station">Warabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waratah_railway_station" title="Waratah railway station">Waratah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirragulla_railway_station" title="Wirragulla railway station">Wirragulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyee_railway_station" title="Wyee railway station">Wyee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_routes_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus routes in Newcastle, New South Wales">Bus routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busways" title="Busways">Busways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_Buses" title="Hunter Valley Buses">Hunter Valley Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Transport" title="Newcastle Transport">Newcastle Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Coaches" title="Port Stephens Coaches">Port Stephens Coaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Coaches" title="Rover Coaches">Rover Coaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sid_Fogg%27s" title="Sid Fogg's">Sid Fogg's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock_Airport" title="Cessnock Airport">Cessnock Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Airport" title="Maitland Airport">Maitland Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Airport, New South Wales">Newcastle Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scone_Airport" title="Scone Airport">Scone Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ferry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_ferry_service" title="Stockton ferry service">Stockton ferry service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Light rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle Light Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electricity generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayswater_Power_Station" title="Bayswater Power Station">Bayswater Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraring_Power_Station" title="Eraring Power Station">Eraring Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Liddell" title="Lake Liddell">Lake Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Power_Station" title="Liddell Power Station">Liddell Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbank_Power_Station" title="Redbank Power Station">Redbank Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teralba_Colliery" title="Teralba Colliery">Teralba Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vales_Point_Power_Station" title="Vales Point Power Station">Vales Point Power Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Dam" title="Chichester Dam">Chichester Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbawn_Dam" title="Glenbawn Dam">Glenbawn Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grahamstown_Dam" title="Grahamstown Dam">Grahamstown Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lostock_Dam" title="Lostock Dam">Lostock Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillegra_Dam_proposal" title="Tillegra Dam proposal">Tillegra Dam proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Newcastle" title="ABC Newcastle">ABC Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit106.9_Newcastle" title="Hit106.9 Newcastle">Hit 106.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Mercury" title="Maitland Mercury">Maitland Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newy_87.8_FM" title="Newy 87.8 FM">Newy 87.8 FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBN_(TV_station)" title="NBN (TV station)">Nine Northern NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_FM" title="New FM">New FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Stephens_Examiner" title="Port Stephens Examiner">Port Stephens Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Newcastle_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Newcastle Herald">The Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_M_Newcastle" title="Triple M Newcastle">Triple M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2HD" title="2HD">2HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2NUR" title="2NUR">2NUR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._26_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 26 Squadron RAAF">No. 26 Squadron RAAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Williamtown" title="RAAF Base Williamtown">RAAF Base Williamtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock_Correctional_Centre" title="Cessnock Correctional Centre">Cessnock Correctional Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Newcastle" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle">Christ Church Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health & medical research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Medical_Research_Institute" title="Hunter Medical Research Institute">Hunter Medical Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_Hospital" title="John Hunter Hospital">John Hunter Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57278#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57278#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57278#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138363611">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhF4gQvgTmRWxFYrQXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4245512-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79086830">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Newcastle (Nový Jižní Wales)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1065782&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547797505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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