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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_destinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other destinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_destinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Understand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Understand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Understand</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Understand-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Understand subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Understand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_the_dawn_of_humanity_to_the_first_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_dawn_of_humanity_to_the_first_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>From the dawn of humanity to the first empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_dawn_of_humanity_to_the_first_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Muslim conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration_and_early_colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration_and_early_colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>European exploration and early colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration_and_early_colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>19th-century imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonisation_and_the_legacy_of_the_colonisers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonisation_and_the_legacy_of_the_colonisers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Decolonisation and the legacy of the colonisers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonisation_and_the_legacy_of_the_colonisers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_influence_and_development_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_influence_and_development_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>European influence and development aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_influence_and_development_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Chinese influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Russian influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Read" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Read"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Read</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Read-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Get_in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Get_in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Get in</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Get_in-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Get in subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Get_in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_plane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_plane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>By plane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_plane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>From Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Asia_and_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Asia_and_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>From Asia and the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Asia_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>From the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>From Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_road_or_ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_road_or_ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>By road or ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_road_or_ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_boat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_boat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>By boat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_boat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Get_around" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Get_around"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Get around</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Get_around-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Get around subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Get_around-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Visas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_plane_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_plane_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>By plane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_plane_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_car" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_car"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>By car</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_car-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>By bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_thumb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_thumb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>By thumb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_thumb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_overland_truck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_overland_truck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>By overland truck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_overland_truck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>By train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_boat_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_boat_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>By boat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_boat_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Talk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_wonders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_wonders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Natural wonders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_wonders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Landscapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_civilisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_civilisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Historical civilisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_civilisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Do" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Do"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Do</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Do-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Do subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Do-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safaris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safaris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Safaris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safaris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Climbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trekking_and_hiking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trekking_and_hiking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Trekking and hiking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trekking_and_hiking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Sport fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relax_on_a_beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relax_on_a_beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Relax on a beach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relax_on_a_beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Buy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_dollar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_dollar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>US dollar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_dollar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Euro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_rand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_rand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>South African rand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_rand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cashless_forms_of_payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cashless_forms_of_payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Cashless forms of payment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cashless_forms_of_payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibited_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibited_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Prohibited items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibited_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stay_safe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stay_safe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Stay safe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stay_safe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stay safe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stay_safe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stay_healthy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stay_healthy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Stay healthy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stay_healthy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Respect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Connect</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Connect subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Connect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telephone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Telephone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Internet access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>Post</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://de.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afriko" title="Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrikka" title="Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrique" title="Afrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="アフリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afryka" title="Afryka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afryka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Phi" title="Châu Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Châu Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15#sitelinks-wikivoyage" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Africa" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="ext-wpb-pagebanner"> <div id="firstHeading" class="wpb-banner-image-panorama wpb-topbanner"> <h1 class="wpb-name">Africa</h1> <a class="image" dir="ltr" title="Etosha National Park, Namibia" href="/wiki/File:Dust_Cloud_Etosha_National_Park_banner.jpg"> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Dust_Cloud_Etosha_National_Park_banner.jpg" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dust_Cloud_Etosha_National_Park_banner.jpg/960px-Dust_Cloud_Etosha_National_Park_banner.jpg 640w,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dust_Cloud_Etosha_National_Park_banner.jpg/1280px-Dust_Cloud_Etosha_National_Park_banner.jpg 1280w,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Dust_Cloud_Etosha_National_Park_banner.jpg 2560w" class="wpb-banner-image"> </a> </div> <div class="wpb-topbanner-toc"> <div class="wpb-banner-toc"> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox webfonts-changed" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2> <span class="toctogglespan"> <label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </span> </div> <ul lang="en" dir="ltr"> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"> <a href="#Regions"> <span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Regions</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"> <a href="#Cities"> <span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cities</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"> <a href="#Other_destinations"> <span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Other destinations</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"> <a href="#Understand"> <span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Understand</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4.1"> <a href="#History"> <span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.1.1"> <a href="#From_the_dawn_of_humanity_to_the_first_empires"> <span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">From the dawn of humanity to the first empires</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.1.2"> <a href="#Classical_antiquity"> <span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classical antiquity</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.1.3"> <a href="#Muslim_conquest"> <span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Muslim conquest</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.1.4"> <a href="#European_exploration_and_early_colonialism"> <span class="tocnumber">4.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">European exploration and early colonialism</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.1.5"> <a href="#19th-century_imperialism"> <span class="tocnumber">4.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">19th-century imperialism</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.1.6"> <a href="#Decolonisation_and_the_legacy_of_the_colonisers"> <span class="tocnumber">4.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Decolonisation and the legacy of the colonisers</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4.2"> <a href="#Climate"> <span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4.3"> <a href="#Politics"> <span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.3.1"> <a href="#European_influence_and_development_aid"> <span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">European influence and development aid</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.3.2"> <a href="#Chinese_influence"> <span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Chinese influence</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4.3.3"> <a href="#Russian_influence"> <span class="tocnumber">4.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Russian influence</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4.4"> <a href="#Religion"> <span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4.5"> <a href="#Read"> <span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Read</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"> <a href="#Get_in"> <span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Get in</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5.1"> <a href="#By_plane"> <span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">By plane</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5.1.1"> <a href="#From_Europe"> <span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">From Europe</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5.1.2"> <a href="#From_Asia_and_the_Middle_East"> <span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">From Asia and the Middle East</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5.1.3"> <a href="#From_the_Americas"> <span class="tocnumber">5.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">From the Americas</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5.1.4"> <a href="#From_Australia"> <span class="tocnumber">5.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">From Australia</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5.2"> <a href="#By_road_or_ferry"> <span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">By road or ferry</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5.3"> <a href="#By_boat"> <span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">By boat</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"> <a href="#Get_around"> <span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Get around</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.1"> <a href="#Visas"> <span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Visas</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.2"> <a href="#Accessibility"> <span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Accessibility</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.3"> <a href="#By_plane_2"> <span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">By plane</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.4"> <a href="#By_car"> <span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">By car</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.5"> <a href="#By_bus"> <span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">By bus</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.6"> <a href="#By_thumb"> <span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">By thumb</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.7"> <a href="#By_overland_truck"> <span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">By overland truck</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.8"> <a href="#By_train"> <span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">By train</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6.9"> <a href="#By_boat_2"> <span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">By boat</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"> <a href="#Talk"> <span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Talk</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"> <a href="#See"> <span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8.1"> <a href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8.2"> <a href="#Natural_wonders"> <span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Natural wonders</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8.3"> <a href="#Landscapes"> <span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Landscapes</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8.4"> <a href="#Historical_civilisations"> <span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Historical civilisations</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8.5"> <a href="#Music"> <span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"> <a href="#Do"> <span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Do</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9.1"> <a href="#Safaris"> <span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Safaris</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9.2"> <a href="#Climbing"> <span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climbing</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9.3"> <a href="#Trekking_and_hiking"> <span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Trekking and hiking</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9.4"> <a href="#Sport_fishing"> <span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sport fishing</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9.5"> <a href="#Diving"> <span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Diving</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9.6"> <a href="#Relax_on_a_beach"> <span class="tocnumber">9.6</span> <span class="toctext">Relax on a beach</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9.7"> <a href="#Sports"> <span class="tocnumber">9.7</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"> <a href="#Buy"> <span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Buy</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10.1"> <a href="#Money"> <span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Money</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10.1.1"> <a href="#US_dollar"> <span class="tocnumber">10.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">US dollar</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10.1.2"> <a href="#Euro"> <span class="tocnumber">10.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Euro</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10.1.3"> <a href="#South_African_rand"> <span class="tocnumber">10.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">South African rand</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10.2"> <a href="#Banking"> <span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Banking</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10.2.1"> <a href="#Cashless_forms_of_payment"> <span class="tocnumber">10.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cashless forms of payment</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10.3"> <a href="#Markets"> <span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Markets</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10.4"> <a href="#Prohibited_items"> <span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Prohibited items</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"> <a href="#Eat"> <span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Eat</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"> <a href="#Drink"> <span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Drink</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"> <a href="#Sleep"> <span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sleep</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"> <a href="#Stay_safe"> <span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Stay safe</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14.1"> <a href="#Crime"> <span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Crime</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14.2"> <a href="#Wildlife"> <span class="tocnumber">14.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wildlife</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"> <a href="#Stay_healthy"> <span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Stay healthy</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"> <a href="#Respect"> <span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Respect</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"> <a href="#Connect"> <span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Connect</span> </a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17.1"> <a href="#Telephone"> <span class="tocnumber">17.1</span> <span class="toctext">Telephone</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17.2"> <a href="#Internet_access"> <span class="tocnumber">17.2</span> <span class="toctext">Internet access</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17.3"> <a href="#Post"> <span class="tocnumber">17.3</span> <span class="toctext">Post</span> </a> <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr" data-mw-parsoid-version="0.21.0.0-alpha22" data-mw-html-version="2.8.0"><section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><p id="mwAg"><span class="countryData" data-country-calling-code="" data-local-dialing-code="" data-currency="" style="display:none;" about="#mwt1" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"pagebanner","href":"./Template:Pagebanner"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Dust Cloud Etosha National Park banner.jpg"},"caption":{"wt":"Etosha National Park, Namibia"}},"i":0}}]}"></span><meta typeof="mw:Extension/indicator" about="#mwt1" id="mwBA" data-mw="{"name":"indicator","attrs":{"name":"GPX"},"body":{"extsrc":"[[File:GPX Document rev3-20x20.png|20px|link=https://tools.wmflabs.org/wikivoyage/w/poi2gpx.php?print=gpx&lang={{CONTENTLANG}}&name={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|Download GPX file for this article]]"},"html":"<span typeof=\"mw:File\" data-parsoid='{\"optList\":[{\"ck\":\"width\",\"ak\":\"20px\"},{\"ck\":\"link\",\"ak\":\"link=https://tools.wmflabs.org/wikivoyage/w/poi2gpx.php?print=gpx&amp;lang={{CONTENTLANG}}&amp;name={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}\"},{\"ck\":\"caption\",\"ak\":\"Download GPX file for this article\"}]}' data-mw='{\"caption\":\"Download GPX file for this article\"}'><a href=\"https://tools.wmflabs.org/wikivoyage/w/poi2gpx.php?print=gpx&amp;lang=en&amp;name=Africa\" title=\"Download GPX file for this article\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><img alt=\"Download GPX file for this article\" resource=\"./File:GPX_Document_rev3-20x20.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/GPX_Document_rev3-20x20.png\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" class=\"mw-file-element\" data-parsoid='{\"a\":{\"resource\":\"./File:GPX_Document_rev3-20x20.png\",\"height\":\"20\",\"width\":\"20\"},\"sa\":{\"resource\":\"File:GPX Document rev3-20x20.png\"}}'/></a></span>"}"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_custom_banner" about="#mwt1" id="mwBQ"></p> <p id="mwBg"><b id="mwBw">Africa</b> is the wellspring of the human race. The second largest continent in the world in both area and population, it offers the visitor a unique blend of natural wonders, renowned prehistoric sites, numerous and often sprawling remains of several of the world's greatest ancient civilisations, vibrant cultures, remote villages, and modern cities. Africa has shorelines on the Indian Ocean to the southeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Red Sea to the northeast, the Gulf of Aden slightly further south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. This huge continent is more than 8,000<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCA"> </span>km (5,000<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCQ"> </span>mi) across north-south and 7,500<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCg"> </span>km (4,800<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwCw"> </span>mi) east-west with some islands even further out and contains many vastly different peoples, religions, and cultures. Africa has more than 50 sovereign countries<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwDA">—</span>the most of any continent.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwDQ"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwDg"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg/500px-Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" data-file-type="bitmap" height="268" width="400" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg/960px-Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg/960px-Giraffes_in_Masai_Mara.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwDw"></a><figcaption id="mwEA">Giraffes in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Maasai_Mara_National_Park" title="Maasai Mara National Park" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEQ">Maasai Mara National Park</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwEg">Kenya</a></figcaption></figure> <p id="mwEw">Africa's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile" id="mwFA">Nile River</a> is claimed by some to be the longest river in the world (other geographers argue that the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Voyaging_along_the_Amazon_River" title="Voyaging along the Amazon River" id="mwFQ">Amazon</a> is longer); the Nile runs 6,650<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFg"> </span>km (over 4,100 mi) from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi" id="mwFw">Burundi</a> to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" id="mwGA">Egypt</a>. The Congo River in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/DR_Congo" title="DR Congo" class="mw-redirect" id="mwGQ">DR Congo</a> is the second largest in terms of discharge, and the deepest with a depth of over 230<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwGg"> </span>m (750<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwGw"> </span>ft) in some spots. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro" id="mwHA">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" id="mwHQ">Tanzania</a> is the world's tallest free-standing mountain at 5,890<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwHg"> </span>m (19,340<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwHw"> </span>ft). Lake Assal in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti" id="mwIA">Djibouti</a> is the second-lowest point on Earth, the saltiest lake outside <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica" id="mwIQ">Antarctica</a>, and one of the hottest places on Earth. While the first activity most people associate with Africa is <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Safaris" title="Safaris" id="mwIg">safaris</a>, there are endless possibilities for adventure. For example, you can purchase crafts in markets, venture into the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara" id="mwIw">Sahara</a> with a Tuareg caravan, visit traditional villages, hike through the jungle to watch gorillas, climb mountains with rugged landscapes and icy peaks, snorkel in the numerous marine parks while feeding fish, relax on tropical islands in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, snack on exotic treats, paddle down a river in a dugout <i id="mwJA">pirogue</i> or travel across savanna on a colonial-era railway.</p> <p id="mwJQ">Africa's cultural diversity cannot be overstated — most countries are internally diverse and there are huge differences between the Muslim countries in the north with their Arab- and Berber-influenced cultures and the sub-Saharan nations, including the rainbow nation of South Africa that has strong European influences in addition to Bantu and other African traditions. It is also the continent with the largest genetic diversity among the population by far: There is far more genetic diversity among Africans than there is between Africans and inhabitants of any other continent. Despite what lacking media coverage might have led you to believe, Africa is not one country but over 50 countries, making it impossible to make generalisations about "all of Africa". Partly also due to the nature of colonial borders, most African countries are anything but homogeneous (for example, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwJg">South Africa</a> has 11 official languages), and culture, cuisine, language, or even the dominant religion may change dramatically within a few hundred kilometres without ever crossing a border.</p> <p id="mwJw">Despite rapidly growing economies in many places, there are still many pockets of poverty in both the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb" id="mwKA">Maghreb</a> and sub-Saharan Africa. While poverty, corruption, and ethnic and religious violence exist in some parts of the continent, large parts of Africa have made impressive progress, with many cities that have growing middle classes and deal with problems such as traffic jams and crowded public transport, rather than the war or famine you might have heard about in some 1980s documentary or development aid commercial.</p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" id="mwKQ" data-mw="{"autoGenerated":true}"></section><section data-mw-section-id="1" id="mwKg"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwAA"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2></div> <p id="mwKw">Most people outside the continent divide Africa into two regions: the Arabic-speaking North Africa, and everywhere else as sub-Saharan Africa. However, Africa is a very diverse continent, and this division represents a somewhat shallow understanding.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb mw:Extension/imagemap mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt6" id="mwLA" data-mw="{"name":"imagemap","attrs":{},"body":{"extsrc":"\nFile:Map-Africa-Regions-Islands.png|thumb|right|471px\ndesc none\n\npoly 970 482 966 484 965 487 964 489 962 490 961 492 959 494 957 498 956 502 954 504 953 506 951 507 948 510 945 512 940 515 938 518 935 519 935 522 932 525 930 529 927 531 926 533 925 536 925 539 924 541 923 544 921 548 921 557 920 562 920 590 919 592 915 596 908 609 907 612 906 614 906 633 904 639 904 652 906 655 906 658 908 664 909 668 912 669 911 671 916 674 920 677 920 680 922 683 924 687 928 691 930 692 934 696 936 697 938 701 941 704 942 707 943 709 946 711 947 713 950 716 950 719 953 722 954 725 954 732 950 735 950 751 949 756 947 760 947 772 945 776 944 779 943 781 942 786 942 790 940 794 938 797 937 800 936 804 933 807 932 810 928 818 927 823 926 827 926 830 924 834 918 843 916 850 913 850 911 852 912 854 916 869 917 878 919 887 920 891 921 898 923 905 924 910 924 914 925 917 925 920 927 924 930 925 932 926 937 926 939 927 963 927 967 926 974 926 976 924 980 924 983 923 987 923 990 922 990 476 [[Islands of the Indian Ocean]]\n\npoly 802 851 802 854 805 855 809 857 812 862 813 867 817 869 818 871 822 875 828 875 830 878 832 882 834 883 840 883 843 884 868 884 872 883 873 881 875 880 876 877 880 875 882 873 883 868 884 864 888 860 891 859 895 857 898 848 898 843 899 840 903 832 903 824 904 822 906 820 908 819 910 816 911 814 913 813 914 809 914 804 915 801 916 799 918 797 919 795 919 791 920 789 920 786 922 782 922 779 924 775 924 769 925 766 925 756 930 746 931 743 935 741 934 738 932 736 932 733 931 728 929 727 928 725 928 722 926 720 926 715 925 712 925 696 922 694 912 689 909 689 907 688 905 689 904 692 903 694 901 695 899 697 897 698 896 700 893 701 889 703 888 705 884 707 882 709 878 711 877 713 869 717 866 718 843 718 841 717 840 715 840 711 839 709 837 703 837 700 835 694 835 679 834 677 834 674 835 672 835 644 833 638 832 636 832 605 834 604 836 602 837 600 837 597 838 593 839 590 843 582 845 579 846 577 846 574 853 567 854 562 854 558 856 552 857 550 858 547 860 543 862 540 863 538 865 537 867 535 873 532 874 530 876 528 876 525 879 524 882 520 886 519 888 518 892 517 898 511 900 507 903 506 908 504 908 501 913 500 917 498 920 494 922 492 923 490 927 484 929 480 930 476 931 474 932 471 933 469 933 466 935 460 939 455 939 451 942 448 943 445 947 444 951 442 955 441 956 439 957 436 957 432 955 312 948 312 946 311 943 311 941 310 938 309 936 308 930 308 928 307 926 305 924 304 905 304 902 302 900 301 890 301 887 300 883 299 877 297 810 297 806 296 805 294 801 294 799 292 798 288 788 288 784 286 772 286 770 287 769 289 767 290 765 294 761 296 757 300 755 301 755 304 754 306 754 309 753 311 753 315 751 317 749 318 748 320 749 323 749 329 747 330 747 346 745 347 744 349 744 352 742 356 742 359 740 363 738 364 738 367 739 369 737 373 735 374 734 377 734 380 733 383 732 385 722 385 720 389 720 401 721 403 722 406 722 409 721 411 719 412 718 414 716 415 715 417 713 418 711 422 712 425 714 426 717 426 723 429 726 430 730 432 732 435 735 441 735 444 737 445 739 447 741 448 742 450 743 453 744 455 746 457 746 460 747 462 747 465 745 466 738 466 736 467 730 467 728 468 725 468 723 472 721 474 719 475 717 479 708 479 706 480 694 480 691 479 688 479 684 477 682 478 682 491 684 492 687 498 682 502 679 505 675 510 671 514 667 523 668 530 668 536 669 538 669 544 663 547 662 549 661 553 660 555 660 558 658 559 657 561 655 562 658 562 660 563 660 572 661 574 661 590 662 592 662 608 667 618 669 619 670 621 670 624 671 626 675 628 677 630 679 631 680 633 684 635 686 639 686 643 688 644 691 644 694 645 696 646 697 648 705 652 708 653 710 654 713 654 715 655 718 655 720 656 723 656 721 654 722 657 722 660 723 662 723 665 724 667 724 670 728 678 730 679 732 682 734 683 737 682 741 680 744 681 747 681 748 683 751 683 753 684 759 684 761 683 764 683 766 681 769 680 772 680 778 678 781 678 783 677 785 678 790 677 792 674 794 673 797 673 799 672 803 672 805 671 807 669 810 669 811 667 813 666 825 666 828 672 828 799 822 799 820 800 817 800 814 806 812 812 812 815 811 817 810 820 808 824 807 827 807 830 806 832 806 839 804 841 804 850 803 852 [[East Africa]]\n\npoly 398 780 401 779 403 778 406 776 409 773 410 771 413 770 415 766 417 765 418 763 420 762 421 760 423 758 424 755 428 753 431 753 435 751 438 751 441 750 444 750 447 749 450 749 452 750 455 756 457 757 460 758 463 758 466 756 470 756 473 755 480 754 490 754 492 753 497 753 499 752 509 752 511 753 514 754 521 754 522 756 524 757 526 759 532 762 535 762 537 761 541 761 543 762 560 762 562 760 565 759 567 757 573 757 575 753 573 752 571 748 569 747 566 746 563 740 564 738 564 735 565 733 565 697 567 698 573 698 575 699 587 699 589 698 590 696 590 690 591 686 591 676 592 674 592 671 594 667 595 669 595 672 596 674 598 675 600 674 603 674 606 675 608 676 612 677 616 679 619 679 621 680 622 682 624 681 626 682 629 682 631 683 632 685 634 686 635 688 637 689 640 689 642 690 644 694 652 698 655 698 659 700 662 700 664 699 664 687 662 686 659 686 655 684 652 684 650 683 649 681 651 675 652 673 655 672 655 657 654 654 654 642 656 641 662 641 664 640 670 640 672 639 675 639 679 637 681 641 684 642 690 645 693 651 697 653 700 653 702 654 720 654 721 656 721 662 722 664 722 670 724 674 724 680 725 682 727 683 730 683 735 681 738 680 741 680 746 681 748 682 751 682 753 683 759 683 765 680 771 680 773 679 780 679 783 678 789 678 793 676 794 674 800 671 803 671 805 670 820 670 821 672 821 691 820 693 820 696 818 702 818 706 817 710 817 732 816 735 815 737 814 740 810 746 810 756 809 758 809 761 808 763 807 767 807 770 806 774 803 777 802 780 800 782 799 784 796 787 795 790 794 794 791 799 786 804 785 808 782 810 782 815 781 821 780 825 778 827 777 830 776 834 775 837 775 841 774 845 771 854 769 855 765 862 765 869 763 874 762 880 758 887 754 899 749 905 742 911 737 919 735 928 731 933 729 936 728 938 725 940 724 943 723 947 720 953 718 959 717 961 714 963 714 966 711 970 711 974 709 978 708 981 705 982 700 986 696 988 693 989 692 992 686 996 683 997 675 1001 672 1001 666 1003 644 1003 640 1004 617 1004 613 1005 608 1007 608 1011 605 1012 565 1012 561 1011 541 1011 533 1010 505 1010 494 1009 488 1008 484 1006 478 1006 475 1005 472 1005 469 1003 469 999 465 998 464 996 460 993 455 991 447 984 433 966 422 955 415 940 411 924 403 901 400 881 398 869 391 855 390 836 387 824 386 814 384 802 389 787 390 789 392 787 398 784 399 782 399 779 [[Southern Africa]]\n\npoly 378 678 378 685 379 690 380 696 380 706 382 711 382 724 383 726 386 728 388 729 391 730 397 734 400 735 404 739 405 742 405 745 407 746 408 748 411 748 413 749 416 750 423 750 425 751 426 753 429 753 433 751 436 750 438 749 441 749 443 748 449 748 451 749 452 751 460 755 463 755 465 756 466 754 500 754 502 753 508 753 510 754 513 755 514 757 518 759 521 759 524 760 534 760 538 762 559 762 567 758 576 758 578 757 576 756 574 754 570 752 564 740 564 719 563 716 563 709 562 706 561 704 561 700 563 698 564 696 568 696 570 697 574 698 586 698 588 697 588 684 590 680 590 668 594 670 594 674 596 675 599 675 603 673 604 675 606 676 609 676 613 678 615 680 617 681 620 681 622 682 629 682 632 684 634 688 638 690 641 690 647 693 650 694 653 694 654 696 656 698 659 698 660 700 664 702 664 693 662 692 662 689 660 687 658 686 654 686 648 683 648 680 652 678 652 675 653 673 653 658 652 656 652 650 650 646 652 645 653 643 655 642 656 640 659 640 660 638 666 638 670 636 673 636 675 635 678 635 680 634 678 628 676 627 675 624 673 620 670 620 666 618 666 615 665 613 663 610 662 608 662 586 661 584 661 572 662 570 662 567 661 564 659 562 658 560 656 559 655 557 657 555 658 553 660 552 662 546 666 544 669 538 669 535 668 533 666 532 666 526 668 522 670 521 674 513 676 511 679 505 681 504 684 498 686 497 686 494 680 491 683 485 683 479 684 476 688 478 709 478 713 476 714 474 724 474 725 472 728 471 729 468 733 466 743 466 749 463 750 460 748 459 747 456 744 455 741 455 740 453 738 452 738 446 737 444 735 442 733 441 731 438 730 436 720 431 718 427 716 426 714 422 708 422 711 416 713 415 715 416 718 416 722 408 722 402 720 400 717 400 715 399 717 397 719 393 719 390 710 390 710 384 711 382 711 379 712 377 712 371 709 365 707 364 704 364 702 365 702 368 700 369 698 373 698 376 699 378 699 381 698 384 696 388 694 390 690 392 688 396 686 397 684 395 683 393 681 392 677 394 674 394 673 392 671 391 668 391 666 392 665 394 662 394 660 395 660 398 658 397 657 395 654 395 651 396 648 396 644 394 641 394 640 396 640 402 636 400 619 400 617 398 616 396 612 394 609 394 605 396 604 398 602 399 599 405 593 408 592 410 588 412 584 410 584 404 583 401 583 398 578 388 576 386 573 386 571 385 565 385 563 386 560 386 558 390 558 393 550 397 550 400 548 406 535 406 531 408 528 408 528 411 525 417 523 419 520 419 518 420 512 420 510 421 509 423 503 426 500 426 498 427 494 427 491 428 488 428 486 430 484 431 480 429 478 430 474 422 472 414 469 410 462 406 461 399 463 396 474 395 472 384 470 375 468 360 456 348 460 356 463 371 454 380 447 391 445 400 440 413 434 421 426 441 418 438 405 435 394 444 390 457 385 461 385 466 390 480 354 516 350 518 348 520 342 523 338 524 336 526 328 530 324 530 322 532 319 533 317 534 314 535 312 536 308 537 306 538 302 542 302 545 300 549 298 551 298 570 299 574 301 578 302 581 304 582 306 584 307 582 308 579 308 582 307 584 309 590 313 596 338 626 344 640 348 647 349 649 351 650 352 652 354 653 357 659 359 660 362 661 366 663 365 665 369 667 370 669 372 670 374 674 376 675 [[Central Africa]]\n\npoly 5 289 5 335 4 340 4 379 1 384 0 386 0 415 2 416 3 418 16 427 28 432 36 436 42 440 46 445 53 450 62 454 72 457 77 458 81 459 84 461 88 462 90 464 91 467 94 469 102 472 115 476 124 484 133 495 142 502 154 507 168 510 177 512 182 514 188 517 191 518 206 521 216 522 223 524 228 526 231 526 235 527 252 527 256 525 260 520 264 520 266 518 280 518 286 517 312 517 314 516 322 516 324 514 325 512 328 510 332 508 334 506 338 504 344 504 346 503 349 503 352 502 356 500 362 500 364 498 367 497 369 495 372 494 373 492 375 491 377 487 377 478 380 472 382 471 384 469 384 460 387 459 391 457 391 454 390 452 391 449 392 447 394 446 396 442 399 442 400 440 402 439 402 436 403 434 405 433 407 434 408 436 414 436 420 439 423 439 425 440 428 440 428 431 430 430 433 424 435 423 437 419 438 416 438 413 442 411 443 409 443 403 446 397 446 394 448 393 448 390 449 388 451 387 454 381 454 378 458 376 459 374 461 373 462 371 462 368 464 364 460 362 460 356 459 354 459 351 457 350 451 350 449 348 445 350 442 350 441 352 437 354 435 356 432 356 430 352 406 352 405 354 400 354 400 357 397 358 390 358 386 356 383 356 382 354 379 354 377 353 375 354 372 355 370 357 368 356 367 354 361 354 357 352 354 352 352 348 352 345 350 344 347 344 346 346 344 347 341 348 338 348 337 350 331 350 329 352 329 359 326 360 322 362 320 366 318 367 315 364 309 364 307 363 304 362 303 360 296 360 294 359 294 356 293 354 291 353 290 351 288 350 286 348 285 346 285 343 283 342 282 340 279 340 276 334 276 330 275 328 272 328 270 330 269 332 266 332 266 335 264 336 263 338 251 338 250 340 248 341 247 344 244 345 242 347 240 348 239 350 230 350 228 351 225 351 223 352 223 355 222 357 222 360 220 364 218 365 216 367 215 369 215 372 213 376 213 382 212 384 208 386 202 386 198 388 196 384 193 384 185 388 179 388 177 387 173 389 169 387 168 385 168 378 167 376 164 376 165 374 164 371 162 370 161 367 160 365 160 362 157 356 156 358 154 359 153 361 151 362 145 362 141 364 138 364 134 363 134 360 132 358 130 362 129 360 129 354 130 352 130 343 126 341 126 332 122 330 120 328 118 327 118 321 116 320 114 316 112 315 110 312 110 309 108 305 94 298 88 298 84 297 78 297 76 296 72 298 47 298 46 296 42 296 41 294 39 293 35 292 33 290 [[West Africa]]\n\npoly 66 276 66 273 65 270 65 267 66 265 66 262 68 261 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id="mwNg"></map><figcaption id="mwNw"></figcaption></figure> <div id="region_list" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Regionlist\n","href":"./Template:Regionlist"},"params":{"region1name":{"wt":"[[North Africa]]"},"region1color":{"wt":"#d1e79b"},"region1items":{"wt":"[[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Western Sahara]]"},"region1description":{"wt":"The Arab and Berber nations that rim the southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the northwestern Atlantic coast of Africa with many ancient sites, being part of various civilisations including the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Carthaginians, and the Romans."},"region2name":{"wt":"[[Sahel]]"},"region2color":{"wt":"#a4ad7d"},"region2items":{"wt":"[[Chad]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Niger]], [[Sudan]]"},"region2description":{"wt":"The desert and savannah nations that span the Sahel and southern half of the Sahara Desert. There are many ancient sites from pyramids to mosques as well as a nomadic way of life in some regions."},"region3name":{"wt":"[[West Africa]]"},"region3color":{"wt":"#5ea470"},"region3items":{"wt":"[[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Liberia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Togo]]"},"region3description":{"wt":"The tropical Atlantic coastal nations. Most of these countries have a Christian south that was more directly affected by European colonisation and a Muslim north that was more influenced by the colonizing Arabs. A rapidly bustling and developing area."},"region4name":{"wt":"[[Central Africa]]"},"region4color":{"wt":"#A78379"},"region4items":{"wt":"[[Angola]], [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[South Sudan]]"},"region4description":{"wt":"The heart of Africa, with high mountains in the east and the world's second largest jungle — the Congo rainforest."},"region5name":{"wt":"[[East Africa]]"},"region5color":{"wt":"#db6d69"},"region5items":{"wt":"[[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Somaliland]], [[Somalia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]"},"region5description":{"wt":"The region that was the wellspring of most early hominids, comprising nations that border the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, plus a few neighbouring landlocked nations. Known for some of its monasteries, natural springs, wildlife, as well as bazaars."},"region6name":{"wt":"[[East African Islands]]"},"region6color":{"wt":"#ff0080"},"region6items":{"wt":"[[Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mayotte]], [[Réunion]], [[Seychelles]]"},"region6description":{"wt":"The islands in the Indian Ocean have a heritage from Austronesian, Indian, and Muslim seafarers, as well as the Cape Route between Europe and Asia."},"region7name":{"wt":"[[Southern Africa]]"},"region7color":{"wt":"#e2d774"},"region7items":{"wt":"[[Botswana]], [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[South Africa]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]]"},"region7description":{"wt":"Likely the birthplace of modern ''Homo sapiens'' as well as the part of sub-Saharan Africa where European influence is most visible today. Noted for an incredible diversity of plant life, as well as the Namib Desert, one of the driest places on Earth other than the Atacama Desert or Antarctica."}},"i":0}}]}"> <table style="border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:32px;background-color:#d1e79b;color:inhert;"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></td><td><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>)<br>The Arab and Berber nations that rim the southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the northwestern Atlantic coast of Africa with many ancient sites, being part of various civilisations including the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Carthaginians, and the Romans.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:32px;background-color:#a4ad7d;color:inhert;"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></td><td><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)<br>The desert and savannah nations that span the Sahel and southern half of the Sahara Desert. There are many ancient sites from pyramids to mosques as well as a nomadic way of life in some regions.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:32px;background-color:#5ea470;color:inhert;"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></td><td><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cote_d'Ivoire" title="Cote d'Ivoire" class="mw-redirect">Cote d'Ivoire</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>)<br>The tropical Atlantic coastal nations. Most of these countries have a Christian south that was more directly affected by European colonisation and a Muslim north that was more influenced by the colonizing Arabs. A rapidly bustling and developing area.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:32px;background-color:#A78379;color:inhert;"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></td><td><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/São_Tomé_and_Príncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>)<br>The heart of Africa, with high mountains in the east and the world's second largest jungle — the Congo rainforest.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:32px;background-color:#db6d69;color:inhert;"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></td><td><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>)<br>The region that was the wellspring of most early hominids, comprising nations that border the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, plus a few neighbouring landlocked nations. Known for some of its monasteries, natural springs, wildlife, as well as bazaars.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:32px;background-color:#ff0080;color:inhert;"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></td><td><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/East_African_Islands" title="East African Islands">East African Islands</a></b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Réunion" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<br>The islands in the Indian Ocean have a heritage from Austronesian, Indian, and Muslim seafarers, as well as the Cape Route between Europe and Asia.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:32px;background-color:#e2d774;color:inhert;"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></td><td><b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>)<br>Likely the birthplace of modern <i>Homo sapiens</i> as well as the part of sub-Saharan Africa where European influence is most visible today. Noted for an incredible diversity of plant life, as well as the Namib Desert, one of the driest places on Earth other than the Atacama Desert or Antarctica.</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </section><section data-mw-section-id="2" id="mwOA"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBE8"><h2 id="Cities">Cities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwOQ"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Johannesburg_CBD_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwOg"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Johannesburg_CBD_(cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johannesburg_CBD_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Johannesburg_CBD_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1056" data-file-type="bitmap" height="64" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johannesburg_CBD_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Johannesburg_CBD_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johannesburg_CBD_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Johannesburg_CBD_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwOw"></a><figcaption id="mwPA">Johannesburg</figcaption></figure>  <ul id="mwPQ"><li id="mwPg"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt10" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwPw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Accra]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q3761"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">5.546111</abbr><abbr class="longitude">-0.206667</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/5.546111/-0.206667/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="5.546111" data-lon="-0.206667" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt12" id="mwQA" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Central accra-2.jpg|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"5.546111","longitude":"-0.206667","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[-0.206667,5.546111],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Accra]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Central accra-2.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">1</a></span> <span id="Accra" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q3761" about="#mwt10"></span> — Ghana's capital</li> <li id="mwQQ"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwQg" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Addis Ababa]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q3624"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">9.027222</abbr><abbr class="longitude">38.736944</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/9.027222/38.736944/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="9.027222" data-lon="38.736944" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt15" id="mwQw" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:AddisView.jpg|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"9.027222","longitude":"38.736944","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[38.736944,9.027222],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Addis Ababa]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:AddisView.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">2</a></span> <span id="Addis_Ababa" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q3624" about="#mwt13"></span> — Ethiopia's capital is one of Africa's "global cities" as a seat of the African Union and of many non-government organisations.</li> <li id="mwRA"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt16" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwRQ" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Cairo]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q85"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">30.044444</abbr><abbr class="longitude">31.235833</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/30.044444/31.235833/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="30.044444" data-lon="31.235833" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt18" id="mwRg" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Cairo Form Top.JPG|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"30.044444","longitude":"31.235833","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[31.235833,30.044444],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Cairo]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Cairo Form Top.JPG|300px]]\"}}"}}">3</a></span> <span id="Cairo" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q85" about="#mwt16"></span> — Egypt's bustling capital is the most populous city in North Africa and a gateway to the heritage of Ancient Egypt.</li> <li id="mwRw"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwSA" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Cape Town]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q5465"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-33.925278</abbr><abbr class="longitude">18.423889</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-33.925278/18.423889/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-33.925278" data-lon="18.423889" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt21" id="mwSQ" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34.jpg|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"-33.925278","longitude":"18.423889","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[18.423889,-33.925278],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Cape Town]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Ciudad del Cabo desde Cabeza de León, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-22, DD 34.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">4</a></span> <span id="Cape_Town" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q5465" about="#mwt19"></span> — the <i id="mwSg">Mother City</i> of South Africa with Table Mountain, the Cape of Good Hope, and numerous other attractions.</li> <li id="mwSw"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt22" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwTA" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Dakar]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q3718"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">14.672556</abbr><abbr class="longitude">-17.432</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/14.672556/-17.432/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="14.672556" data-lon="-17.432" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt24" id="mwTQ" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Pointe des Almadies - Senegal.jpg|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"14.672556","longitude":"-17.432","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[-17.432,14.672556],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Dakar]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Pointe des Almadies - Senegal.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">5</a></span> <span id="Dakar" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q3718" about="#mwt22"></span> — the capital of Senegal and the westernmost city in Africa.</li> <li id="mwTg"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt25" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwTw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Johannesburg]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q34647"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-26.204361</abbr><abbr class="longitude">28.041639</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-26.204361/28.041639/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-26.204361" data-lon="28.041639" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt27" id="mwUA" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Johannesburg CBD.jpg|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"-26.204361","longitude":"28.041639","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[28.041639,-26.204361],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Johannesburg]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Johannesburg CBD.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">6</a></span> <span id="Johannesburg" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q34647" about="#mwt25"></span> — South Africa's largest city and perhaps the continent's key financial and economic centre.</li> <li id="mwUQ"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt28" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwUg" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Luanda]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q3897"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-8.838333</abbr><abbr class="longitude">13.234444</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-8.838333/13.234444/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-8.838333" data-lon="13.234444" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt30" id="mwUw" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Luanda feb09 ost01.jpg|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"-8.838333","longitude":"13.234444","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[13.234444,-8.838333],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Luanda]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Luanda feb09 ost01.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">7</a></span> <span id="Luanda" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q3897" about="#mwt28"></span> — Angola's capital and largest city, which has been through a huge renaissance in the past decade.</li> <li id="mwVA"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt31" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwVQ" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Marrakech]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q101625"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">31.62947</abbr><abbr class="longitude">-7.98108</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/31.62947/-7.98108/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="31.62947" data-lon="-7.98108" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt33" id="mwVg" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Djemaa el Fna, evening.JPG|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"31.62947","longitude":"-7.98108","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[-7.98108,31.62947],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Marrakech]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Djemaa el Fna, evening.JPG|300px]]\"}}"}}">8</a></span> <span id="Marrakech" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Marrakech" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q101625" about="#mwt31"></span> — a blend of the ancient and modern in Morocco.</li> <li id="mwVw"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt34" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwWA" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"city"},"name":{"wt":"[[Nairobi]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q3870"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-1.286389</abbr><abbr class="longitude">36.817222</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-1.286389/36.817222/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-1.286389" data-lon="36.817222" style="background: #0000FF;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt36" id="mwWQ" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG|300px]]","group":"city","latitude":"-1.286389","longitude":"36.817222","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[36.817222,-1.286389],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Nairobi]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-city\",\"marker-color\":\"0000FF\",\"description\":\"[[File:Nairobi, view from KICC.JPG|300px]]\"}}"}}">9</a></span> <span id="Nairobi" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q3870" about="#mwt34"></span> — the capital of Kenya, the largest city in East and Central Africa, and home to the only UN agency headquarters outside of Europe and the U.S.</li></ul>  </section><section data-mw-section-id="3" id="mwWg"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBFA"><h2 id="Other_destinations">Other destinations</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwWw"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwXA"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_21.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_21.jpg/330px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_21.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="7572" data-file-height="4075" data-file-type="bitmap" height="161" width="300" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_21.jpg/500px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_21.jpg/960px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_21.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwXQ"></a><figcaption id="mwXg">Victoria Falls</figcaption></figure> <dl about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwXw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"seealso","href":"./Template:Seealso"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"African national parks"}},"i":0}}]}"><dd><i>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/African_national_parks" title="African national parks">African national parks</a></i></dd></dl>  <ul id="mwYA"><li id="mwYQ"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwYg" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Axum]] (Aksum)"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q5832"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">14.1218</abbr><abbr class="longitude">38.7315</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/14.1218/38.7315/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="14.1218" data-lon="38.7315" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt40" id="mwYw" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:ET Axum asv2018-01 img34 view from hill.jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"14.1218","longitude":"38.7315","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[38.7315,14.1218],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Axum]] (Aksum)\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:ET Axum asv2018-01 img34 view from hill.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">1</a></span> <span id="Axum_(Aksum)" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> (Aksum)</span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q5832" about="#mwt38"></span> — the ancient capital of Ethiopia, famous for the ruins of various palaces and its stelae</li> <li id="mwZA"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwZQ" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Dogon Country]]"},"lat":{"wt":"14.3500"},"long":{"wt":"-3.6167"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q215583"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">14.35</abbr><abbr class="longitude">-3.6167</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/14.35/-3.6167/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="14.35" data-lon="-3.6167" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt43" id="mwZg" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:ASC Leiden - W.E.A. van Beek Collection - Dogon portraits 01 - Young man just returned from Abidjan, with his radio, Tireli, Mali 1985.jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"14.35","longitude":"-3.6167","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[-3.6167,14.35],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Dogon Country]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:ASC Leiden - W.E.A. van Beek Collection - Dogon portraits 01 - Young man just returned from Abidjan, with his radio, Tireli, Mali 1985.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">2</a></span> <span id="Dogon_Country" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dogon_Country" title="Dogon Country">Dogon Country</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"><span class="listing-sister-icons"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span class="listing-sister" typeof="mw:File" data-mw="{"caption":"<span data-parsoid='{\"stx\":\"html\"}'>Dogon people</span> on Wikipedia"}"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/w:Dogon_people" title="Dogon people on Wikipedia"><img alt="Dogon people on Wikipedia" resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Antu_wikipedia.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Antu_wikipedia.svg/15px-Antu_wikipedia.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" data-file-type="drawing" height="15" width="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Antu_wikipedia.svg/23px-Antu_wikipedia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Antu_wikipedia.svg/30px-Antu_wikipedia.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"></a></span></span></span><span id="Q215583" about="#mwt41"></span> — a region of south-central Mali renowned for its secluded villages embedded on cliffs and a very distinct culture</li> <li id="mwZw"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt44" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwaA" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Kruger National Park]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q24451"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-24.011389</abbr><abbr class="longitude">31.485278</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-24.011389/31.485278/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-24.011389" data-lon="31.485278" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt46" id="mwaQ" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Impalas and Zebras at Duke's Waterhole (16589771331).jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"-24.011389","longitude":"31.485278","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[31.485278,-24.011389],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Kruger National Park]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:Impalas and Zebras at Duke's Waterhole (16589771331).jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">3</a></span> <span id="Kruger_National_Park" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q24451" about="#mwt44"></span> — surely among the best-known national parks in Africa</li> <li id="mwag"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt47" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwaw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Leptis Magna]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q191504"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">32.638332</abbr><abbr class="longitude">14.290496</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/32.638332/14.290496/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="32.638332" data-lon="14.290496" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt49" id="mwbA" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Leptis Magna market place April 2004.jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"32.638332","longitude":"14.290496","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[14.290496,32.638332],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Leptis Magna]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:Leptis Magna market place April 2004.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">4</a></span> <span id="Leptis_Magna" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q191504" about="#mwt47"></span> — intended by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire" id="mwbQ">Roman Empire</a> as a model city, its ruins are still impressive</li> <li id="mwbg"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt50" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwbw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q7296"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-3.066667</abbr><abbr class="longitude">37.359167</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-3.066667/37.359167/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-3.066667" data-lon="37.359167" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt52" id="mwcA" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Mt. Kilimanjaro 12.2006.jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"-3.066667","longitude":"37.359167","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[37.359167,-3.066667],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Mount Kilimanjaro]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:Mt. Kilimanjaro 12.2006.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">5</a></span> <span id="Mount_Kilimanjaro" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q7296" about="#mwt50"></span> — the highest mountain on the continent and one of the most striking sights of Tanzania</li> <li id="mwcQ"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt53" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwcg" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Serengeti National Park]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q11812902"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-2.332778</abbr><abbr class="longitude">34.566667</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-2.332778/34.566667/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-2.332778" data-lon="34.566667" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt55" id="mwcw" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Serengeti-Landscape-2012.JPG|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"-2.332778","longitude":"34.566667","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[34.566667,-2.332778],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Serengeti National Park]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:Serengeti-Landscape-2012.JPG|300px]]\"}}"}}">6</a></span> <span id="Serengeti_National_Park" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q11812902" about="#mwt53"></span> — together with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Maasai_Mara_National_Reserve" title="Maasai Mara National Reserve" id="mwdA">Maasai Mara National Reserve</a> across the border in Kenya, this is Tanzania's best known national park and one of the most famous on the continent</li> <li id="mwdQ"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt56" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwdg" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Valley of the Kings]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q133423"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">25.74025</abbr><abbr class="longitude">32.602358</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/25.74025/32.602358/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="25.74025" data-lon="32.602358" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt58" id="mwdw" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Luxor, Tal der Könige (1995, 860x605).jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"25.74025","longitude":"32.602358","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[32.602358,25.74025],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Valley of the Kings]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:Luxor, Tal der Könige (1995, 860x605).jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">7</a></span> <span id="Valley_of_the_Kings" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q133423" about="#mwt56"></span> — burial place of several dozen Ancient Egyptian pharaohs and the site of King Tut's tomb</li> <li id="mweA"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt59" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mweQ" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Victoria Falls]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q43278"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-17.924778</abbr><abbr class="longitude">25.858056</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-17.924778/25.858056/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-17.924778" data-lon="25.858056" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt61" id="mweg" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Cataratas Victoria, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 05.jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"-17.924778","longitude":"25.858056","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[25.858056,-17.924778],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Victoria Falls]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:Cataratas Victoria, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 05.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">8</a></span> <span id="Victoria_Falls" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q43278" about="#mwt59"></span> — among the most impressive waterfalls in the world</li> <li id="mwew"><span class="vcard" about="#mwt62" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwfA" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"marker","href":"./Template:Marker"},"params":{"type":{"wt":"vicinity"},"name":{"wt":"[[Volcanoes National Park]]"},"wikidata":{"wt":"Q932736"}},"i":0}}]}"><span class="noprint listing-coordinates" style="display:none"><span class="geo"><abbr class="latitude">-1.4675</abbr><abbr class="longitude">29.4925</abbr></span></span><span title="See this element on the map"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink mw-kartographer-autostyled" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/17/-1.4675/29.4925/en" data-zoom="17" data-lat="-1.4675" data-lon="29.4925" style="background: #800000;" data-overlays="["mask","around","buy","city","do","drink","eat","go","listing","other","see","sleep","vicinity","view"]" typeof="mw:Extension/maplink" about="#mwt64" id="mwfQ" data-mw="{"name":"maplink","attrs":{"description":"[[File:Rwandan children at Volcans National Park.jpg|300px]]","group":"vicinity","latitude":"-1.4675","longitude":"29.4925","show":"mask,around,buy,city,do,drink,eat,go,listing,other,see,sleep,vicinity,view","zoom":"17"},"body":{"extsrc":"{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"coordinates\":[29.4925,-1.4675],\"type\":\"Point\"},\"properties\":{\"marker-size\":\"medium\",\"title\":\"[[Volcanoes National Park]]\",\"marker-symbol\":\"-number-vicinity\",\"marker-color\":\"800000\",\"description\":\"[[File:Rwandan children at Volcans National Park.jpg|300px]]\"}}"}}">9</a></span> <span id="Volcanoes_National_Park" class="fn org listing-name" style="font-weight:bold;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Volcanoes National Park">Volcanoes National Park</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_map_markers"></span><span id="Q932736" about="#mwt62"></span> — full of impressive tropical rain forest and volcanic scenery, trekking, and is perhaps the best place in the world to see the rare mountain gorillas.</li></ul>  </section><section data-mw-section-id="4" id="mwfg"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBFE"><h2 id="Understand">Understand</h2></div> <section data-mw-section-id="5" id="mwfw"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBFI"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwgA"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwgQ"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/250px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" data-file-type="bitmap" height="146" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/500px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwgg"></a><figcaption id="mwgw">The pyramids at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cairo/Giza" title="Cairo/Giza" id="mwhA">Giza</a>: The only one of the seven ancient wonders of the world still left standing and perhaps <i id="mwhQ">the</i> symbol of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt" id="mwhg">Ancient Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p id="mwhw">Non-Africans often think of Sub-Saharan Africa as being comprised only of hunter-gatherer societies prior to European colonialism. However, these views often have their roots in racist pseudoscientific theories used by Europeans to justify slavery and later, colonialism from the 16th to early 20th centuries. While hunter-gatherer societies were indeed widespread in much of the continent, many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa were in fact home to great cities and civilisations dating back to the medieval era. </p> <section data-mw-section-id="6" id="mwiA"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFM"><h4 id="From_the_dawn_of_humanity_to_the_first_empires">From the dawn of humanity to the first empires</h4></div> <dl about="#mwt65" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwiQ" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"seealso","href":"./Template:Seealso"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Ancient African nations"}},"i":0}}]}"><dd><i>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ancient_African_nations" title="Ancient African nations">Ancient African nations</a></i></dd></dl> <p id="mwig">Early precursors to human beings, most notably <i id="mwiw">Australopithecus afarensis</i> (named for the Afar region in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia" id="mwjA">Ethiopia</a>), the species "Lucy" belonged to, lived and walked on two feet as early as 3 million years ago. Remains of later species such as <i id="mwjQ">Homo habilis</i> and <i id="mwjg">Homo erectus</i> (the first hominid to leave Africa, as far as we know) were found in other parts of East Africa such as Kenya, Tanzania and around the Great Lakes. <i id="mwjw">Homo sapiens</i> (modern humans), most likely originated either in Southern Africa or in East Africa somewhere in what is now Ethiopia or Kenya. The oldest homo sapiens remains to date are about 195,000 years old and were found in Ethiopia but there are also hints that <i id="mwkA">Homo sapiens</i> may have been present earlier in Southern Africa. Some of the remains of early hominids as well as their tools are on display in various museums in Ethiopia, Namibia and other countries. The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind" id="mwkQ">Cradle of Humankind</a> is a site in South Africa with plenty of early human fossils.</p> <p id="mwkg">See <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/In_the_footsteps_of_explorers#Out_of_Africa" title="In the footsteps of explorers" id="mwkw">In the footsteps of explorers#Out of Africa</a> for some of the history.</p> <p id="mwlA">North Africa has a recorded history dating back to about 3300 BCE with numerous buildings, ruins, writings, arts, and crafts which have left traces for us to marvel at. The ancient <b id="mwlQ"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt" id="mwlg">Pharaonic civilisation</a></b> based in Egypt was the most enduring and among the most impressive ancient civilisations. Egypt was one of the earliest cultures to build monumental buildings, form a hierarchical state and wage large-scale warfare with standing armies, and was one of the stablest empires in recorded history, frequently surviving and absorbing foreign invaders, immigrants and usurpers and turning them (culturally) Egyptian.</p> <p id="mwlw">South of the Pharaonic civilisation and sometimes in their sphere of influence was the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia" id="mwmA">Nubian</a> culture, which had a long history of mutual influence with its northern neighbours and even came to rule over Egypt for a short time. Their most famous remnants are the pyramids of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Meroe" title="Meroe" class="mw-redirect" id="mwmQ">Meroe</a>, Sudan. Another early centre of settled civilisation and later an early centre of Christianity outside the Roman Empire was Ethiopia, where the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum" class="mw-redirect" id="mwmg">Aksumite</a> Empire reigned between the fourth century BCE and the 7th century CE and served as an important trading partner of both Indian and Mediterranean powers.</p> <p id="mwmw">Today, the legacy of ancient African civilisations lives on; many of their monuments, temples and cities are well-preserved and have become popular tourist attractions, and museums host their artefacts. Modern Jews believe themselves to be descendants of slaves from ancient Egypt and Ethiopians of all religions believe they are the descendants of the union of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon (Sheba is thought by most historians to refer to what is now the nation of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen" id="mwnA">Yemen</a>, but the queen is said to have also ruled Ethiopia). Yet outside of North Africa, Sudan and Ethiopia, very little is known about African history prior to 1000 CE, as most people were hunter-gatherers (similar to some cultures still found today on the continent), with no writing systems nor lasting structures, arts or crafts, aside from some <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cave" title="Cave" class="mw-redirect" id="mwnQ">cave</a> paintings.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="7" id="mwng"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFQ"><h4 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h4></div> <dl about="#mwt66" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwnw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"seealso","href":"./Template:Seealso"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Ancient Greece"},"2":{"wt":"Roman Empire"}},"i":0}}]}"><dd><i>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></i></dd></dl> <p id="mwoA">The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Phoenician" title="Phoenician" class="mw-redirect" id="mwoQ">Phoenicians</a>, based in what's now <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon" id="mwog">Lebanon</a> and part of the coasts of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria" id="mwow">Syria</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel" id="mwpA">Israel</a>, colonised North Africa, and established the city of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage" id="mwpQ">Carthage</a> (now a suburb of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis" id="mwpg">Tunis</a>). Eventually, the Carthaginian Republic became a separate one, and a rival of the Romans as the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The Romans destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War in 146 BCE, burning it to the ground.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwpw"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwqA"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg/250px-Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="2277" data-file-type="bitmap" height="145" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg/330px-Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg/500px-Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwqQ"></a><figcaption id="mwqg">Roman remains like this theater in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna" id="mwqw">Leptis Magna</a>, Libya can still be found in much of North Africa</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwrA">In the period after 360 BCE, <b id="mwrQ">Europeans invaded</b> the continent. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great" class="mw-redirect" id="mwrg">Alexander the Great</a> conquered what were then the Egyptian parts of the Persian Empire in 326 BCE, founded a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria" id="mwrw">city named after him</a> and had himself declared pharaoh. Egypt would come under the rule of one of his generals after Alexander's death and under the Ptolemaic dynasty, Alexandria became one of the leading centres of Jewish, Greek and Egyptian philosophy and culture. It was here that a library holding "the wisdom of the ancient world" stood and it was here that the Jewish holy books were translated into Koine Greek. Starting with the Punic wars, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire" id="mwsA">Roman Empire</a> entered the African picture as a major player, and they founded cities such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna" id="mwsQ">Leptis Magna</a>, before the partially Hellenised Egypt also became Roman in 31 BCE.</p> <p id="mwsg">Northern Africa and later <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia" id="mwsw">Nubia</a> and Ethiopia were also among the earliest centres of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity" id="mwtA">Christianity</a> with the first Christians in the area already by the first century CE, even before Christianity spread to other parts of the Roman Empire. A famous letter exchange of Plinius the Younger (then governor in Carthage) and Emperor Trajan is among the best known sources of documentation on the treatment of Christians in the 2nd century CE. Few documents from this time remain, but evidence suggests that heterodox forms of Christianity such as Gnosticism, which were not in line with the officially sanctioned version practised in Constantinople, were popular in Northern Africa, and Egypt seems to have been a centre of precursors of Christian monasteries and of apocryphal gospels (i.e. religious texts not included in the "official" Bible). Gnostic Christianity, which was very prevalent in Egypt starting in the 2nd century CE, was largely crushed there by the 5th century, but left behind important papyri such as the Gnostic Gospels, which were discovered in 1945 in Nag Hammadi, near <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor" id="mwtQ">Luxor</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt" id="mwtg">Upper Egypt</a>, and have been translated into many languages. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church also recognises several gospels which are regarded as apocryphal by other churches.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="8" id="mwtw"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFU"><h4 id="Muslim_conquest">Muslim conquest</h4></div> <dl about="#mwt67" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwuA" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"seealso","href":"./Template:Seealso"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Islamic Golden Age"}},"i":0}}]}"><dd><i>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></i></dd></dl> <p id="mwuQ">The <b id="mwug">Muslim invasion</b> and the beginning of the <b id="mwuw">Arab Slave Trade</b> in the 7th century CE changed the cultural landscape of Northern and much of Eastern and Western Africa. The newly formed <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Islam#The_Caliphates" title="Islam" id="mwvA">Arab caliphate</a> conquered North Africa and the Horn of Africa within a few decades. Due to the shrewd policy of nominal toleration combined with taxation for Christians and Jews, the Muslim conquerors were able to pacify and religiously assimilate the conquered areas remarkably fast. Some scholars have suggested that the aforementioned heterodoxy in much of the African provinces of the Roman Empire helped in the easy conquest by the Islamic conquerors who were more tolerant (or at least indifferent) towards forms of Christianity not in line with Constantinople. In the west, Berbers intermarried with the Arab invaders to become the Moorish population that later invaded the Iberian Peninsula. When Damascus was invaded in the early eighth century, the Islamic religious and political centre of the Mediterranean shifted to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan" id="mwvQ">Kairouan</a> in Tunisia. Their progress was limited only by the dense forests of West and Central Africa and to coastal areas in the East. The last region to come under Muslim influence was that of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia" id="mwvg">Nubia</a> (modern-day northern Sudan) in the 14th century. While some of the Christian and Jewish heritage is still visible in Northern Africa, actual followers of those religions have become few and far between and Islam is culturally very dominant from Egypt to Morocco and south to Sudan and the northern parts of Nigeria. While Christianity is shrinking due to conversion and emigration from its erstwhile centres in Egypt and elsewhere, Judaism virtually disappeared in the decades following the establishment of Israel when most Jews left or were forced out. That being said, Jewish communities continue to survive in Tunisia and Morocco, albeit with much smaller populations than before the establishment of Israel.</p> <p id="mwvw">The 7th to 9th centuries were a period of significant change to the history of sub-Saharan Africa. In the west, there was a rise of large and powerful inland kingdoms, such as the <b id="mwwA">Ghana</b> (in Mali & Mauritania, no relation to modern Ghana, capital in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Koumbi_Saleh?action=edit&redlink=1" title="Koumbi Saleh (page does not exist)" class="new" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs" id="mwwQ" data-mw-i18n="{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Koumbi Saleh"]}}">Koumbi Saleh</a>), <b id="mwwg">Dahomey</b> (which lasted until French capture in 1894, now Benin, capital in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey" id="mwww">Abomey</a>), <b id="mwxA">Za/Gao</b> (in Mali and Niger), <b id="mwxQ">Kanem</b> (in Chad), and <b id="mwxg">Bornu</b> (in Nigeria). As many of these kingdoms converted to Islam (usually the conversion of a king included the conversion of his subordinates, at least nominally), trans-Saharan trade grew as salt and gold were transported to Libya and Egypt in large caravans – a trade made possible by the introduction of camels from Arabia in the 10th century that would support much of the area from northern Nigeria west to Mali and Mauritania until the 19th century. The introduction of Islam also brought writing to many African civilisations for the first time, with some of their cities eventually growing into major centres of Islamic scholarship. During the 13th-16th centuries, many of these early kingdoms were replaced with new empires, chief among them the <b id="mwxw">Mali</b> (in Mali, Guinea, and Senegal), <b id="mwyA">Kongo</b> (in Angola, Gabon, Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo, capital in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/M'banza-Kongo" title="M'banza-Kongo" id="mwyQ">M'banza-Kongo</a>), and later <b id="mwyg">Songhay</b> (in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, capital <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gao" title="Gao" id="mwyw">Gao</a>), <b id="mwzA">Ashanti</b> (in Ghana, capital in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi" id="mwzQ">Kumasi</a>) and a plethora of small, single-ethnicity kingdoms and city-states sprouted. Many of Mali's popular tourist destinations, including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu" id="mwzg">Timbuktu</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Djenne" title="Djenne" class="mw-redirect" id="mwzw">Djenne</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gao" title="Gao" id="mw0A">Gao</a>, rose to prominence during this period as they became hubs of trade and Islamic scholarship. Mansa Musa, one of the kings of Mali, is often said to have been the richest person in history. The Hausa people in northern Nigeria began organising in walled city states, of which remnants remain in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kano" title="Kano" id="mw0Q">Kano</a>, and would eventually consolidate into the <b id="mw0g">Sokoto Caliphate</b> (1804-1903), with its capital in modern-day <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto" id="mw0w">Sokoto</a>. Coastal, forested West Africa remained largely unorganised, with the exceptions of a few Yoruba city-states of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City" id="mw1A">Benin</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ife" title="Ife" class="mw-redirect" id="mw1Q">Ife</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oyo" title="Oyo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" id="mw1g">Oyo</a>, along with small Dahomey and Igbo empires all in modern-day Benin and Nigeria.</p> <p id="mw1w">Meanwhile, Islamic influence and prosperity from <b id="mw2A">Indian Ocean trade</b> rose in East Africa as ships from Arabia, Persia, India, and as far as Southeast Asia dropped anchor in major ports from Somalia down to Mozambique, bringing spices in return for slaves and ivory. This area, known as the <b id="mw2Q">Swahili Coast</b>, would become home to many city-states such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani" class="mw-redirect" id="mw2g">Kilwa Kisiwani</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa" id="mw2w">Mombasa</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar" id="mw3A">Zanzibar</a>. Between the 7th and 19th centuries, over 18 million people were taken from the region as part of the Arab slave trade – roughly twice as many as the Atlantic slave trade would take to the Americas. Today, that influence remains in the culture and gastronomy of many places, most notably on the Indian Ocean islands such as Zanzibar, Comoros, the Seychelles, and Mauritius, and descendants of these slaves would go on to form the Siddi community in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/India" title="India" id="mw3Q">India</a>, who continue to preserve many African traditions despite now speaking Indian rather than African languages.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mw3g"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mw3w"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg/250px-Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="270" data-file-type="bitmap" height="132" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg/330px-Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg/440px-Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mw4A"></a><figcaption id="mw4Q">Ruins at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe" id="mw4g">Great Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> <p id="mw4w">Southern Africa remained largely undeveloped, with primarily nomadic hunter-gatherers such as the San people, but it did contain some small kingdoms. The <b id="mw5A">Kingdom of Zimbabwe</b> (namesake of today's state) was one of the most notable, constructing the greatest stone structures in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa at their capital <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe" id="mw5Q">Great Zimbabwe</a>. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe in modern eastern South Africa also left smaller stone ruins. Both profited from the trade in gold and ivory with Arab and Asian merchants.</p> <p id="mw5g">Despite the spread of Islam, Ethiopia would continue to hold fast as a bastion of Christianity. Among the most impressive examples of Christian architecture dating to this period are the 13th-century rock-cut churches of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela" id="mw5w">Lalibela</a>.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="9" id="mw6A"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFY"><h4 id="European_exploration_and_early_colonialism">European exploration and early colonialism</h4></div> <p id="mw6Q">Perhaps the most pernicious prejudice about Africa is that it is "poor". But just a bit of logical thinking shows just how mistaken this assumption is. Why would countless Europeans, Arabs and others have come here, braved tropical disease and hostile locals (who very much did not want to part with their possessions or be ruled by some pith-helmeted buffoon, thank you very much) if Africa had been <i id="mw6g">poor</i>? No, it was and is precisely Africa's wealth – in gold, in spices, in mineral resources, in oil and also the labor of its people – that made and makes it attractive for would-be colonisers. That said wealth has subsequently been siphoned off to the pockets of small elites and colonisers may cause many Africans to be poor, but it does not make Africa poor per se.</p> <p id="mw6w">While a few Genoese, Castilian, and French explorers managed to reach parts of West Africa in the Middle Ages, <b id="mw7A">European exploration</b> of the continent began in earnest when Prince Henry "the Navigator" set out to acquire African territory for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal" id="mw7Q">Portugal</a> in the mid-15th century. The <b id="mw7g">Portuguese</b> reached Cape Verde in 1445, and by 1480, had charted the course to and began trade with the entire Guinea coast (modern Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria). In 1482, Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo River, in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama sailed up the eastern coast, where in Kenya his expedition set up a trading post at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi" id="mw7w">Malindi</a> before finding a guide to take them to India.</p> <p id="mw8A">This voyage established the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Route" title="Cape Route" id="mw8Q">Cape Route</a> around Africa. The Portuguese set up numerous forts along the African coast and established a highly profitable trade. They initially held good relations with locals, and remained the dominant European power around coastal Africa until the 17th century while Spain, France, and Britain began exploring the Americas.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mw8g"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_(4715138272).jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mw8w"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_(4715138272).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_%284715138272%29.jpg/220px-Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_%284715138272%29.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_%284715138272%29.jpg/330px-Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_%284715138272%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_%284715138272%29.jpg/440px-Cannons_Pointed_Out_to_Sea_-_Cape_Coast_Castle_-_Cape_Coast_-_Ghana_%284715138272%29.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mw9A"></a><figcaption id="mw9Q">Slave castle in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast" id="mw9g">Cape Coast</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana" id="mw9w">Ghana</a></figcaption></figure> <p id="mw-A">The lucrative trade and large amounts of gold obtained by the Portuguese lured other nations to the continent. As the demands for labor in the Americas grew, Portuguese sailors began taking shiploads of slaves to the Americas, beginning the <b id="mw-Q"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade" id="mw-g">Atlantic slave trade</a></b>. In the early 17th century, the <b id="mw-w">Dutch</b> fought the Portuguese to win control of most of their West and Central African ports, some of which (for example, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda" id="mw_A">Luanda</a>) would be retaken later, and established a couple dozen forts of their own, notably at Goree Island in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar" id="mw_Q">Dakar</a> and at the Cape of Good Hope – a port they hoped to use for trade routes to East Asia and which has become modern-day <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town" id="mw_g">Cape Town</a>. In 1642, the French built their first fort on Madagascar (which they claimed in 1667) and in 1663, the British built their first fort on the continent in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia" id="mw_w">Gambia</a>. Swedish merchants established a fort on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast" id="mwAQA">Cape Coast</a>, which was later overpowered by the Danish nearby at modern Accra.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="10" id="mwAQE"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFc"><h4 id="19th-century_imperialism">19th-century imperialism</h4></div> <p id="mwAQI">In the 19th century, European attention shifted from establishing coastal ports for trade to fighting one another to colonise the continent and explore its uncharted interior. With slavery abolished by Britain and their strong efforts to thwart slavery around the world, Europe began to look for other sources of wealth on the continent. The most successful European colony, the Dutch <b id="mwAQM">Cape Colony</b>, was seized by the British in 1795. Napoleonic France conquered Egypt in 1798, notably discovering the Rosetta Stone, only to be forced out by the British and then the Ottoman Turks. France invaded a significant amount of coastal West Africa and the Barbary states in Algeria, cutting rampant piracy in the region. Accounts of brave adventurers travelling inland to find places such as Mount Kilimanjaro and rumoured "inland sea" (the Great Lakes) and city of gold on the Nile sparked a wave of exploration in the mid-century primarily by Jesuit and other Catholic missionaries in the Southern, Eastern and Great Lakes regions of Africa. Chief among explorers was the British national hero <b id="mwAQQ">David Livingstone</b>, who as a poor missionary with few porters explored much of Southern and Eastern Africa, flowed down the Congo River from its sources, and sought the source of the Nile. In West and Central Africa, French, Belgian and Spanish explorers ventured into the Sahara to find the legendary Timbuktu and Malian gold mines and the Congo in search of the Pygmies and hairy, large peoples (gorillas) of Greek legend.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAQU"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1914_map.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAQY"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1914_map.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Colonial_Africa_1914_map.png/220px-Colonial_Africa_1914_map.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="337" data-file-type="bitmap" height="257" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Colonial_Africa_1914_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Colonial_Africa_1914_map.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAQc"></a><figcaption id="mwAQg">Colonial division of Africa, 1914</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAQk">As accounts of Africa's interior reached Europe, nations and merchants began to view the continent as a major source of commerce and wealth, similar to their Asian exploits, while the philanthropic and missionary class saw a great opportunity to "Christianise" and "civilise" the "savage" people of Africa. With social Darwinism introduced, many countries saw Africa as a great opportunity to establish colonial empires and establish their pre-eminence among other European nations — chiefly Germany, to catch up with other European nations, and France, to regain glories lost in North America and under Napoleon. Britain and Portugal joined this <b id="mwAQo">Scramble for Africa</b> when they saw their interests threatened. In 1885, the <b id="mwAQs">Berlin Conference</b> brought together European colonial powers to carve up the continent into defined colonial territories with many straight lines and no input from any African kingdom or community. Following the Berlin meeting, Italy was designated as a 'protector' over Ethiopia. In 1898, Italy waged an all-out war to colonise Ethiopia and they were defeated at the battle of <b id="mwAQw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Adwa" title="Adwa" id="mwAQ0">Adwa</a></b>. This was possible because all Ethiopians came together under emperor Menelik II to stand together, more important however was that Ethiopia was armed with European weapons and thus the disparity of arms was not as decisively in the European favour as elsewhere. This marks the first time Africans defeated European invaders, and made Ethiopia the only African country that was never colonised by a foreign power (Liberia, the other country that survived the Scramble for Africa, was a U.S. territory).</p> <p id="mwAQ4">At the same time, disaster was befalling the people of the Congo, a land awarded at the Berlin Conference as the private property of King Leopold II of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium" id="mwAQ8">Belgium</a>, who proceeded to enslave the people and subject them to mass killings and mutilations when unmeetable production targets for rubber were not achieved. Millions of people were killed in a genocide which extended into the 20th century, ending only in 1908 when worldwide criticism forced the king to relinquish his private ownership over the land and it was turned into a Belgian colony under the control of their parliament. Joseph Conrad wrote the novel <i id="mwARA">Heart of Darkness</i> from his experience as a witness to some of these crimes, which were also condemned in the satirical pamphlet <i id="mwARE">King Leopold's Soliloquy</i> by Mark Twain and another pamphlet, <i id="mwARI">The Crime of the Congo</i>, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.</p> <p id="mwARM">Colonialism would be devastating to many of Africa's civilisations, with the most notable casualties arguably being <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City" id="mwARQ">Benin City</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi" id="mwARU">Kumasi</a>, both of which were great pre-colonial cities that were razed to the ground by the invading British in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many cultural artefacts from both cities, as well as other civilisations, were looted in the ensuing wars, and these are now mostly on display in various museums in the Western world, such as the British Museum in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/London" title="London" id="mwARY">London</a>, the Louvre in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris" id="mwARc">Paris</a>, the Ethnological Museum in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin" id="mwARg">Berlin</a> and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City" id="mwARk">New York City</a>. Debates as to the return of at least parts of the plundered cultural heritage began in the 1970s before fizzling out without concrete results and have started up again in the 2010s and 2020s.</p> <p id="mwARo">At the turn of the 20th century, Britain began a series of deadly <b id="mwARs">South African Wars</b> from their Cape Colony into surrounding African and Boer (white descendants of the Dutch) lands in modern South Africa, which brought <b id="mwARw">Cecil Rhodes</b> to fame for his vision to unite Africa under British rule from Cairo to Cape Town. There was one <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I" id="mwAR0">World War I</a> battle in German East Africa (Tanzania) which the British lost, although post-war, German possessions were divided among France, Belgium, Portugal and the UK with South Africa <i id="mwAR4">de facto</i> taking over what is now <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" id="mwAR8">Namibia</a> until 1990. The Union of South Africa was granted independence from the UK in 1930 and the Afrikaner minority voted to become a Republic in 1960 (see <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/20th_century_South_Africa" title="20th century South Africa" class="mw-redirect" id="mwASA">20th century South Africa</a>).</p> <p id="mwASE">In the prelude to <b id="mwASI"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Africa" title="World War II in Africa" id="mwASM">World War II in Africa</a></b> fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia but was driven out in 1941. The Axis also tried to capture North Africa, but were evicted by the Allies. It was the social changes stemming from the war, in which tens of thousands of Africans fought for their colonial power, and the Atlantic Charter which led to the spread of nationalistic movements after the war.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="11" id="mwASQ"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFg"><h4 id="Decolonisation_and_the_legacy_of_the_colonisers">Decolonisation and the legacy of the colonisers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwASU"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Africa_independence_dates.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwASY"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Africa_independence_dates.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Africa_independence_dates.svg/250px-Africa_independence_dates.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" data-file-type="drawing" height="169" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Africa_independence_dates.svg/330px-Africa_independence_dates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Africa_independence_dates.svg/500px-Africa_independence_dates.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwASc"></a><figcaption id="mwASg">Dates of independence across Africa</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwASk">The <b id="mwASo">decolonisation</b> of Africa began with Libyan independence from Italy in 1951. Colonial powers employed varying means of control over their colonies, some granting natives representation in the government and cultivating a select few civil servants while others maintained a firm grip with an all-European government. In some countries, nationalist movements were quashed and their leaders killed or jailed, while others were able to peacefully achieve independence. In the 1950s, Guinea, Ghana and North African nations gained independence non-violently. In Algeria, France violently fought independence movements until 1963. With the establishment and new constitution of France's Fifth Republic in 1958, French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa ceased to exist, and after a brief "community" with France, the countries of these regions gained independence in 1960. By 1970, all but a handful of African nations were at least nominally independent. However, France made its former colonies and in West and Central Africa sign treaties that gave France control over their natural resources and monetary policy, and retains more influence in Africa than the other former colonial powers. The Portuguese bitterly fought to maintain their African possessions until 1975; all but one gained independence through war. Zimbabwe was the last major colony to gain independence from a non-African colonial overlord, in 1980, following a 14-year period of rule by a white minority government not recognised by Britain, the former colonial power. In 1990, semi-autonomous Namibia gained independence from South Africa and in 1993, Eritrea separated from Ethiopia following a protracted war – a peace deal was only achieved in 2018. South Africa remained under firm control by its white minority, oppressing its black, Asian and mixed-raced populations under a system called <b id="mwASs">apartheid</b> until 1994. Morocco maintains control over Western Sahara despite an established independence movement, and this remains a point of contention between Morocco and Algeria. The conflict flared up again in 2020. Following years of civil war, South Sudan became independent from Sudan after a referendum was held in 2011.</p> <p id="mwASw">Europeans divided Africa with complete disregard for the cultures and ethnic groups in the continent, often dividing a people between two or more countries and forcing peoples with a history of fighting or differing religions into one country. Additionally, a lack of training in civil service before and even after independence left most countries with dysfunctional governments. Leaders tended to reward their own ethnic groups with jobs and money, and in many cases oppressed other ethnic groups. This has been a cause of much strife post-independence across much of sub-Saharan Africa and has led to dozens of prolonged <b id="mwAS0">civil wars</b> (notably in Sudan, Angola, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo), genocides (notably the Rwandan Genocide), countless coups, and countless inept, corrupt leaders. During the cold war some leaders played the big power blocs against each other while others stayed in power mostly because they were backed by either side. Especially after the cold war ended, some countries such as Somalia descended into protracted internal fighting and are considered failed states as nobody really has any power over the state as a whole and local rackets and militias are unable to provide more than the most basic government functions (with the exception, in that case, of the former British colony of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland" id="mwAS4">Somaliland</a>). The discovery of valuable natural resources such as oil, uranium, diamonds, and coltan (columbite–tantalite, an ore from which the rare earth metals niobium and tantalum, in very high demand for technological products such as cell phones, are extracted) is one of the reasons separatist movements have sprung up, motivated in part by the greed of warlords and in part by the neglect of resource-rich areas that want a share in the profits, like the oil-rich exclave of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cabinda" title="Cabinda" id="mwAS8">Cabinda</a>, Angola and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_South_Nigeria" title="South South Nigeria" id="mwATA">Niger Delta</a> in Nigeria.</p> <p id="mwATE">Fortunately, there are numerous examples in Africa where past conflict has made way for functional and stable governments, offering some hope for the future of Africa. The bleak picture often painted of Africa as a whole could not be further from the truth in many places and thanks to tourism, more stable and accountable governance and rapidly growing economies, some African countries are now looking towards a bright future of which the first signs are already visible.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="12" id="mwATI"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBFk"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p id="mwATM">As the second largest continent, there is a wide range of climates to be found. However, since the continent is nearly centred on the equator, much of the continent is quite warm/temperate with very few, small areas on the continent experiencing any temperatures that can be considered "cold". In the temperate regions (parts of northern Morocco and the Mediterranean coast as well as South Africa), temperatures generally range from the 10s°C to the mid-30s°C (40s–90s°F) year round. Closer to the equator and on islands like Cape Verde or Mauritius, temperatures may only vary less than 20 degrees Celsius (15–35°C/60–95°F) throughout the year. In the deserts and arid regions like the Sahel and Horn of Africa, temperatures routinely hit 40°C or higher (and even 50°C or higher in the heart of the Sahara) but because sand does not retain heat like moist soil does, those same places can easily fall down to 15°C at night. There are a few bastions of cooler weather, however. Higher elevations, such as the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains" id="mwATQ">Atlas Mountains</a> in Morocco and Algeria or the mountains in Lesotho, are quite cold and snowy during winter and Mount Kilimanjaro, almost on the equator, is cold enough year-round to support glaciers! Peaks on islands such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Reunion" title="Reunion" class="mw-redirect" id="mwATU">Reunion</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands" id="mwATY">Canary Islands</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon" id="mwATc">Cameroon</a> and other countries are cool enough to necessitate a jacket much of the year.</p> <p id="mwATg">A far more important factor to consider when travelling to Africa is when the <b id="mwATk">rainy season</b> occurs, depending on the monsoon. While rain may not be a huge factor when travelling to southern or East Africa, it is very problematic in West Africa and on islands in the Indian Ocean. In West Africa, rains will often flood and make many roads and railways impassable and, due to poor drainage, can literally result in rivers of water flowing down streets and sewage lines overflowing. In the Sahel, it can result in flash floods in low-lying areas. Actually, drowning may be the most common cause of death in the desert, as flash floods can surprise people walking in wadis (dry riverbeds). Timing of the rainy season varies a bit even in neighbouring countries, so check the country pages. In West Africa the season starts in March around Cameroon, but not until June in Senegal or the Sahel, and ends around September.</p> <p id="mwATo">The largest weather-related dangers for travellers to Africa other than flooding are <b id="mwATs">lightning</b> and <b id="mwATw">tropical cyclones</b>. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more lightning strikes each year than any other country on earth, especially in the eastern part of the country near <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Goma" title="Goma" id="mwAT0">Goma</a>. Lightning risk is highest from western Kenya/Tanzania and Ethiopia west to Senegal and south to Angola, Zambia and the Northern parts of South Africa. Tropical cyclones affect the islands of the Indian Ocean, with the season running from mid-November to end of April (mid-May in the Seychelles and Mauritius). Tropical cyclones also infrequently affect the horn of Africa near Djibouti and Somalia, but when they do, the arid land results in major flooding. Tropical cyclones often form off the coast of western West Africa (Guinea/Senegal) during the early part of the Atlantic Hurricane Season (June–August) and will rarely impact <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde" id="mwAT4">Cape Verde</a>, for which these particular storms are called "Cape Verde-type hurricanes".</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="13" id="mwAT8"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBFo"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <p id="mwAUA">After Africa's messy divorce from its European colonial powers, many African countries became mired in political power struggles and civil war. Since the 1980s, however, the nations of this continent have drawn closer and many conflicts on the continent have seen neighbouring countries intervene positively rather than intervention/invasion by European and Western powers. Most African countries are developing democracies—struggling with corruption, but moving towards democratic values, like free and fair elections, freedom of speech, and involvement in government by several strata of society.</p> <p id="mwAUE">Nevertheless, there are a few countries which still retain authoritarian governments, dictatorships, and kleptocracies. Prior to peace agreements ending civil war in each, Angola and Mozambique were Communist one-party states and remain under the control of these parties, which have shifted from Marxist-Leninist to far-left/socialist ideology and retain Communist symbols in their flags, coats of arms, national anthems, and other national symbols. Equatorial Guinea and Eritrea remain among the most authoritarian countries on Earth, with severe repression of opposition.</p> <p id="mwAUI">Several national governments have a weak hold of their territory, such as Somalia, both Congos, the Central African Republic, Chad, Libya and Mali. In addition to national governments, some "tribes" continue to retain kings/chiefs recognised by the national government as well as local people and are sometimes even given limited autonomy/authority over "tribal" lands. The problem of "tribalism" that plagues many African countries is somewhat of a misnomer, as many of these "tribes" are ethnically and linguistically more diverse and different from each other than most European ethnicities, and often they were forced to live in one state due to the arbitrary nature of colonial borders. Still in some African countries ethnic and personal loyalties were more important than party ties or ideologies and the marginalised ethnicities often strived to overturn these regimes, only to replace them with one dominated by their ethnicity. </p> <p id="mwAUM">Today, more than at any time in the continent's history, the nations of the continent are cooperating on important issues and increasingly relying on each other to stop conflict and broker peace, rather than allowing the UN and Western powers to do so. The <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.au.int/en/" class="external text" id="mwAUQ"><b id="mwAUU">African Union</b></a> (<b id="mwAUY">AU</b>) is the continent's answer to the United Nations and promotes unity and the resolution of conflicts. It was established in 2002, with its administrative seat in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa" id="mwAUc">Addis Ababa</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia" id="mwAUg">Ethiopia</a>, and represents all African nations and territory, and various European possessions in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The AU has been able to achieve some accomplishments in promoting human rights, development, economic integration, harmonising business/customs/immigration rules, and intervening to stop conflicts (notably in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia" id="mwAUk">Somalia</a>) and unconstitutional power plays in member states. However, much work remains to be done and corruption remains rampant, numerous countries suffer from political/ethnic strife, and quality measures in development, education, health, and human rights remain low.</p> <section data-mw-section-id="14" id="mwAUo"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFs"><h4 id="European_influence_and_development_aid">European influence and development aid</h4></div> <p id="mwAUs">European colonial powers remained active in many nations post-independence; France retains close diplomatic, military and economic ties with many of its former colonies, and many of the others, such as the United Kingdom, Portugal and Belgium, have large African immigrant communities originating from their respective former colonies. The U.S., largely unburdened by the "former colonial power" stigma, has long been active in promoting conflict resolution, human rights, and providing development aid and emergency assistance. While development aid rarely exceeds 1% of the donor countries' budgets, some African countries are or have in the past been dependent on aid money and credits from countries and international institutions such as the World Bank. While there has been a change in focus from large-scale projects such as dams and highways to more local initiatives such as rural electrification or public transport for individual cities, the topic remains controversial and some African voices have even called for an end to development aid altogether. Another problem with the World Bank credits is that new (democratic) governments often have to pay back old credits that their (authoritarian, kleptocratic) predecessor have taken out and wasted or outright embezzled, thus forcing their political agenda to conform to the wishes of the World Bank in large part instead of their own people. The question whether some or all of those "onerous loans" should or could be forgiven is another contentious issue between the (mostly European and North American) creditor nations and the African debtors. Another source of money for many people as well as countries is so-called "remittances" – that is, money that emigrants from African countries send back to their friends and relatives in their former home countries. While this has sometimes helped grow local economies and bring direly needed investment, the extreme dependence of some areas on this source of revenue has created a great deal of economic problems. As a traveller you will probably notice that Western Union and similar services are available almost ubiquitously, as they are frequently used for the purpose of receiving remittances.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="15" id="mwAUw"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBFw"><h4 id="Chinese_influence">Chinese influence</h4></div> <p id="mwAU0">China has notably been a major player on the continent since 2000 and Western diplomats are now trying to play catch-up and fight for influence with China. The Chinese demand for natural resources is great and the Chinese have accosted many African governments without the stigma of being a rich, Western nation or caring much about the values (human rights, political freedom, etc.) of the governments they deal with. Another selling point for them is the large number of state-run companies they have and the integration between the Chinese government and the state-owned companies they use to mine and build roads and infrastructure compared to the relationship between Western governments and private businesses. China has largely sought mineral rights by building infrastructure and seeking lucrative concessions for their state-owned companies as up-front "payment" for resources to be later extracted. The largest gift from the Chinese is likely the US$200 million headquarters complex for the African Union, built and financed by China and opened in 2012. There is also an increasing number of African students choosing to study at Chinese universities, and several scholarships offered by the Chinese government for that purpose. Whether the Chinese involvement proves beneficial or is just another form of neocolonialism remains to be seen, and is a controversial topic both inside the countries China is involved in and outside of them.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="16" id="mwAU4"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBF0"><h4 id="Russian_influence">Russian influence</h4></div> <p id="mwAU8">Russian influence has also been growing in Africa since the 2020s, with the post-coup governments in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso" id="mwAVA">Burkina Faso</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali" id="mwAVE">Mali</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger" id="mwAVI">Niger</a> having expelled the French military and brought the Russian military in to replace them.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="17" id="mwAVM"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBF4"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAVQ"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Windhoek_Christ_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAVU"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Windhoek_Christ_Church.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Windhoek_Christ_Church.jpg/250px-Windhoek_Christ_Church.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="384" data-file-type="bitmap" height="262" width="174" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Windhoek_Christ_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Windhoek_Christ_Church.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAVY"></a><figcaption id="mwAVc">Christuskirche (Christ's Church) in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek" id="mwAVg">Windhoek</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" id="mwAVk">Namibia</a>, built in colonial style</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAVo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Religion_and_spirituality" title="Religion and spirituality" id="mwAVs">Religion and spirituality</a> are important all across Africa. The most prolific religions are <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity" id="mwAVw">Christianity</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam" id="mwAV0">Islam</a>, with a sizeable number of irreligious/atheist Africans and adherents of traditional religions. The exact percentages of religious adherents vary widely across regions and among respected sources, with roughly 40–50% Muslim, 40–45% Christian, 10–15% indigenous beliefs and 5–10% irreligious.</p> <p id="mwAV4">Christianity is spread across a large region, encompassing nearly all of Southern, Central and Eastern Africa, and has a long history on the continent. Egypt is closely associated with early Christian Church history. Ethiopia was among the first nations to adopt Christianity as their official religion (in 330<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAV8"> </span>C.E.) Most Christians are Protestant or Roman Catholic and mix it with indigenous beliefs, except for the Orthodox populations of Egypt, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Christian missionaries and the desire to "civilise" tribal Africans through conversion was a major drive of European colonisation.</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4916054" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt68" id="mwAWA" data-mw="{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Infobox/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ramadandates","href":"./Template:Ramadandates"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}">.mw-parser-output .pp_infobox{color:#333;background-color:#effafa;font-size:90%;border:1px solid #ccc;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:left;width:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .pp_infobox td{color:inherit!important;background-color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pp_infobox td{color:inherit!important;background-color:inherit!important}}</style><span about="#mwt68"> </span><table class="pp_infobox infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left: 1em; width:40%;" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="1" about="#mwt68"> <tbody><tr><td> <div style="font-weight:bold;">Ramadan</div> <p>Ramadan is the 9th and holiest month in the Islamic calendar and lasts 29–30 days. Muslims fast every day for its duration and most restaurants will be closed until the fast breaks at dusk. Nothing (including water and cigarettes) is supposed to pass through the lips from dawn to sunset. Non-Muslims are exempt from this, but should still refrain from eating or drinking in public as this is considered very impolite. Working hours are decreased as well in the corporate world. Exact dates of Ramadan depend on local astronomical observations and may vary somewhat from country to country. Ramadan concludes with the festival of <i>Eid al-Fitr</i>, which may last several days, usually three in most countries.</p> <ul><li>1 March<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>– 29 March 2025 (<i>1446 AH</i>)</li> <li>18 February<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>– 19 March 2026 (<i>1447 AH</i>)</li> <li>8 February<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>– 8 March 2027 (<i>1448 AH</i>)</li> <li>28 January<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>– 25 February 2028 (<i>1449 AH</i>)</li></ul> <p>If you're planning to travel to Africa during Ramadan, consider reading <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Travelling_during_Ramadan" title="Travelling during Ramadan">Travelling during Ramadan</a>.</p></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p id="mwAWE">Islam is the largest religion on the continent by number of adherents (according to most sources) but, bolstered by the large Muslim populations of Egypt and Nigeria, covers a smaller geographic footprint. All North African countries are overwhelmingly Muslim with only Egypt having a sizeable Christian minority, but irreligion is growing, especially among urban youth. Nearly all of West and Sahelian Africa is also majority Muslim, except for Cape Verde, Liberia, Ghana, Benin and Togo. Nigeria, Chad and Cote d'Ivoire are all about equally split between Muslim populations in the north and Christians in the south. Islam was first brought to the continent in the centuries after its birth, spreading across northern Africa and later being spread down the Indian Ocean coast by merchants and seafarers to the coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and the Comoros. The Swahili language is strongly influenced by Arabic. Most Muslims are Sunni, with a large population of moderate Sufis in West Africa and Sudan, who often blend Sunni Islam with traditional beliefs. An attempt has been made to promote more conservative forms of Islam since the 1990s, through Muslim NGOs and Saudi Arabian assistance, although this coincides with a fear of radicalisation and the emergence of al Qaeda and other Islamist groups in parts of North Africa and the Sahel (particularly Mali, Niger and Algeria). In certain Muslim regions, adherence to religious law is expected, such as no alcohol consumption (but khat is fine, <i id="mwAWI">where legal</i>) and the covering of women's limbs, and extreme offence is taken when these rules are broken or, worse, Islam or its prophets are insulted.</p> <p id="mwAWM">Traditional African religions are practised by many Africans either exclusively or as syncretic elements woven into their practice of Christianity or Islam. There is no single uniting aspect to these religions beyond the fact that they all rely on oral tradition and animism. In some cases, the belief isn't in particular deities, but rather "magic". Among common, but certainly not universal, elements of indigenous African religions are:</p> <ul id="mwAWQ"><li id="mwAWU">Recognition of one god or dual gods and respect for natural elements as supernatural beings</li> <li id="mwAWY">Respect of the cyclical nature of life (agriculture, rain/drought, wax/wane of the moon)—the "circle of life";</li> <li id="mwAWc">Communication with ancestors is practised or integral to communication with god and other deities;</li> <li id="mwAWg">Medicine men and traditional healers are consulted for a broad range of topics, such as physical, psychological, spiritual, moral, and legal matters. They may also facilitate communication with ancestral spirits or use magic and sorcery — hence the term "witch doctors".</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAWk"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Shona_witch_doctor_(Zimbabwe).jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAWo"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Shona_witch_doctor_(Zimbabwe).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg/250px-Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2400" data-file-type="bitmap" height="322" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg/330px-Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg/500px-Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAWs"></a><figcaption id="mwAWw">A Shona witch doctor in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" id="mwAW0">Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAW4">Magic plays a role in many traditional African beliefs. Magic refers to the interaction between the natural & supernatural worlds, the seen & the unseen. Magicians, witches, shamans and sorcerers are believed to have special skills to manipulate communication and relations between the two worlds, either for better or for worse. Unfortunately, it is a somewhat common occurrence (especially in rural Central and West Africa) for people to claim that others are using magic for improper reasons and are witches. Accusations of being a witch or using magic often lead to ostracism of individuals — women are thrown out of homes, children are abandoned by parents, are subjected to violent and painful exorcisms, and are frequently murdered. In some places, witches are believed to be the source of terminal illnesses such as cancer and AIDS.</p> <p id="mwAW8">The Vodun religion practised in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo" id="mwAXA">Togo</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin" id="mwAXE">Benin</a> (a precursor to Haitian Voudou and related religions among the African Diaspora in the Americas) believes that all creation is divine and thus carries the power of the divine. This explains how certain plants have the ability to heal and why mundane "fetishes", such as statues or dried plants and animals, hold healing and rejuvenating powers.</p> <p id="mwAXI">Hinduism is practised by the large ethnic Indian populations in former British colonies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, the Seychelles and Mauritius, where many Indians were indentured servants under British masters. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius" id="mwAXM">Mauritius</a> is the only African country, and for that matter, the only country outside <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia" id="mwAXQ">South Asia</a>, where a majority of the population practices Hinduism (52%). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism" id="mwAXU">Judaism</a> has a long, if not well known, history on the continent. The largest Jewish community in Africa today is in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAXY">South Africa</a>, mostly comprised of Ashkenazi Jews of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania" id="mwAXc">Lithuanian</a> descent. The Beta Israel of Ethiopia are legally-recognised Jews and believed to be descendants of one of the Ten Lost Tribes (the Tribe of Dan). Many Jewish communities existed throughout North Africa, some from the early Diaspora while others fled persecution in Iberia in the 7th and 15th centuries. Those communities are now almost entirely gone, having emigrated to North America, Israel and France to escape persecution or being outright forced out after the founding of the state of Israel, though vestiges of these communities do still survive in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwAXg">Morocco</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia" id="mwAXk">Tunisia</a>.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="18" id="mwAXo"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBF8"><h3 id="Read">Read</h3></div> <ul id="mwAXs"><li id="mwAXw">Achebe, Chinua. <i id="mwAX0">Things Fall Apart</i>. The classic work of modern African literature. Though set in pre-colonial <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwAX4">Nigeria</a>, Achebe's magnum opus is in some sense the story of European colonisation of Africa as a whole. It was groundbreaking when published for telling an African story from the perspective of Africans, rather than Europeans. At the time, it was standard to portray African cultures as primitive and simple; Achebe broke this assumption by depicting the richness and complexity of an African society.</li> <li id="mwAX8">Battuta, Ibn. <i id="mwAYA">The Travels of Ibn Battuta.</i> The travel diaries of the legendary explorer Ibn Battuta, considered one of the greatest travellers in history. In 1325, he set out on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj" id="mwAYE">Hajj</a> pilgrimage to Mecca from his native Morocco, age 21, and over the next three decades passed through more than 40 modern countries travelling over three times the distance than near-contemporary Marco Polo. His 1325-1332 trip visited <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa" id="mwAYI">North Africa</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia" id="mwAYM">Somalia</a>, and the Swahili Coast (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwAYQ">Kenya</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar" id="mwAYU">Zanzibar</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" id="mwAYY">Tanzania</a>). A journey between 1349-1354 visited <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu" id="mwAYc">Timbuktu</a>, passing through modern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwAYg">Morocco</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania" id="mwAYk">Mauritania</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali" id="mwAYo">Mali</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger" id="mwAYs">Niger</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria" id="mwAYw">Algeria</a>. A few modern translations exist, including the 1829 translation by Samuel Lee (<i id="mwAY0">The Travels of Ibn Battuta.</i> Cosimo Classics, 2009. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605206219" title="Special:BookSources/978-1605206219" about="#mwt71" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAY4" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ISBN","href":"./Template:ISBN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"978-1605206219"}},"i":0}}]}">ISBN 978-1605206219</a>) and a 2003 one by Tim Mackintosh-Smith (<i id="mwAY8">The Travels of Ibn Battuta.</i> Macmillan UK, 2003. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/_978-0330418799" title="Special:BookSources/ 978-0330418799" about="#mwt72" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAZA" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ISBN","href":"./Template:ISBN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":" 978-0330418799"}},"i":0}}]}">ISBN 978-0330418799</a>), who also re-traced Battuta's footsteps in the early 21st century and published a few other books about his journeys. Battuta's pilgrimage to Mecca, travelling across medieval North Africa & the Middle East was the basis for the 2009 IMAX film (<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.journeytomeccagiantscreen.com/" class="external text" id="mwAZE"><i id="mwAZI">Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta</i></a><sup class="error-deadlink noprint" about="#mwt73" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAZM" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Dead link","href":"./Template:Dead_link"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"March 2023"},"bot":{"wt":"InternetArchiveBot"}},"i":0}}]}"><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span>dead link<span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links" about="#mwt73" id="mwAZQ">, <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1235836/" class="external text" id="mwAZU">IMDb</a>). Berkeley University has a good <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta" class="external text" id="mwAZY">online account</a> of his travels.</li> <li id="mwAZc">Dowden, Richard. <i id="mwAZg">Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles.</i> PublicAffairs, 2010. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586488161" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586488161" about="#mwt74" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAZk" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ISBN","href":"./Template:ISBN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"978-1586488161"}},"i":0}}]}">ISBN 978-1586488161</a> This book attempts to examine the continent of Africa and explain why Africa is the way it is. This book has numerous case examples highlighting the issues/struggles faced by the continent & its people today. 592 pages.</li> <li id="mwAZo">Kapuscinski, Ryszard. <i id="mwAZs">The Shadow of the Sun.</i> Vintage, 2002. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679779070" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679779070" about="#mwt75" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAZw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ISBN","href":"./Template:ISBN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"978-0679779070"}},"i":0}}]}">ISBN 978-0679779070</a> Memoirs of African journalist Ryszard Kapuscinski, who arrived in 1957 to see the first states gain independence and offers insight on the tumultuous years of the late 20th century on the continent.</li> <li id="mwAZ0">Meredith, Martin. <i id="mwAZ4">The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence.</i> PublicAffairs, 2005. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-398-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-398-2" about="#mwt76" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAZ8" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ISBN","href":"./Template:ISBN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"978-1-58648-398-2"}},"i":0}}]}">ISBN 978-1-58648-398-2</a> One of the best and most comprehensive books available to cover the tumultuous recent history of Africa, from the events leading to independence to the 21st century. 752 pages.</li> <li id="mwAaA">Naipaul, V. S.. <i id="mwAaE">The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief.</i> Picador, 2010. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-47205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-47205-0" about="#mwt77" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAaI" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ISBN","href":"./Template:ISBN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"978-0-330-47205-0"}},"i":0}}]}">ISBN 978-0-330-47205-0</a> Examines the complex interactions of traditional religions, Western religions, and other beliefs in modern African society in Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Gabon, and South Africa.</li> <li id="mwAaM">Reader, John. <i id="mwAaQ">Africa: A Biography of the Continent.</i> Vintage Books, 1997. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73869-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-73869-X" about="#mwt78" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAaU" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ISBN","href":"./Template:ISBN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"0-679-73869-X"}},"i":0}}]}">ISBN 0-679-73869-X</a> Covers the history of the continent from early man to the first decades of independence, including ancient societies and peoples, early exploration by Westerners, colonisation, and independence. 801 pages.</li></ul> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="19" id="mwAaY"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBGA"><h2 id="Get_in">Get in</h2></div> <section data-mw-section-id="20" id="mwAac"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBGE"><h3 id="By_plane">By plane</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAag"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Harare_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAak"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Harare_International_Airport.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Harare_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Harare_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="146" data-file-type="bitmap" height="134" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Harare_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Harare_International_Airport.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAao"></a><figcaption id="mwAas"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Harare" title="Harare" id="mwAaw">Harare</a> International Airport</figcaption></figure> <dl about="#mwt79" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAa0" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Flying to Africa"}},"i":0}}]}"><dd><i>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Flying_to_Africa" title="Flying to Africa">Flying to Africa</a></i></dd></dl> <p id="mwAa4">The continent has perhaps the least extensive air route network of all the world's inhabited continents. When flying to major destinations like <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg" id="mwAa8">Johannesburg</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi" id="mwAbA">Nairobi</a>, or <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Accra" title="Accra" id="mwAbE">Accra</a>, there's a good amount of choice and airfare costs about average when compared to routes of similar length around the world. Airfares tend to be cheaper when booked from a European capital that has a strong colonial link to your destination, which typically means from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/London" title="London" id="mwAbI">London</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris" id="mwAbM">Paris</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels" id="mwAbQ">Brussels</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon" id="mwAbU">Lisbon</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" id="mwAbY">Egypt</a> also has plentiful, cheap connections with the Middle East & Europe. However, less popular destinations like Brazzaville or Niamey may only be served by a few flights per week operated by major airlines and the cost of airfares can be expensive. Some African airlines (such as South African airlines) only service their neighbouring African countries.</p> <p id="mwAbc">Africa's major airlines—Royal Air Maroc, Kenya Airways, Egypt Air, & Ethiopian Airlines—all offer a decent level of service to the continent's capitals and other major cities and fly to many major cities around the world. Few other African airlines operate inter-continental flights and many have poor or questionable safety records and offer poor levels of service. Many flights to Africa are available from/through Europe and the Middle East. Keep in mind that many airlines are part of alliances and code share agreements and you will likely fly on more than one airline.</p> <p id="mwAbg">See your destination's article for more specific information on flights. Bear in mind that many African countries only offer a few international flights each day, or in some cases, each week. While it isn't hard to reach South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria or Egypt, getting to Malawi or Togo can be quite a challenge.</p> <section data-mw-section-id="21" id="mwAbk"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBGI"><h4 id="From_Europe">From Europe</h4></div> <p id="mwAbo">There are more flights to Africa from Europe than from any other continent. Popular holiday destinations such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" id="mwAbs">Egypt</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia" id="mwAbw">Tunisia</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwAb0">Morocco</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde" id="mwAb4">Cape Verde</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwAb8">Kenya</a> & <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAcA">South Africa</a> are well-served from Europe's major cities, even with discount and charter airlines. Royal Air Maroc, Tunisair, Egypt Air have a good selection of European destinations and Ethiopian, Kenya Airways, Rwanda Air, Air Senegal, TAAG Angola airlines serve one of more major cities (London, Paris, Lisbon etc.). Turkish Airlines flies to 44 destinations in 41 African countries as of 2023 and has some of the lowest fares. The cheapest flights to African cities are often through the African country's former colonial power. Cities with large immigrant populations such as London, Marseille, and Paris have a good number of flights to Africa. </p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="22" id="mwAcE"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBGM"><h4 id="From_Asia_and_the_Middle_East">From Asia and the Middle East</h4></div> <p id="mwAcI">Nearly all North African countries along with Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia have extensive connections with the Middle East. And similarly, countries with large Muslim populations are likely to have a connection to Jedda or Mecca either year-round or seasonal (e.g. during hajj). Middle Eastern airlines such as Emirates, Etihad Airways, Qatar Airways have greatly expanded their services to Africa, and offer connections to many major African cities at competitive rates than European airlines.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="23" id="mwAcM"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBGQ"><h4 id="From_the_Americas">From the Americas</h4></div> <p id="mwAcQ">Multiple destinations are served non-stop or directly from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAcU">United States</a>, including Johannesburg, Nairobi, Lagos, Addis Ababa, Accra and Dakar. Limited service is available from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil" id="mwAcY">Brazil</a> (to Angola and the Canary Islands), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada" id="mwAcc">Canada</a> (to Algeria), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba" id="mwAcg">Cuba</a> (to Angola), and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela" id="mwAck">Venezuela</a> (to the Canary Islands). Kenya airways, Delta, United and Ethiopian Airlines are the main operators between the US and Africa. Delta's Johannesburg to Atlanta flight is the second-longest flight in the world by both distance (13,582<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAco"> </span>km) and scheduled time (16<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAcs"> </span>hr 40<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAcw"> </span>min).</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="24" id="mwAc0"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBGU"><h4 id="From_Australia">From Australia</h4></div> <p id="mwAc4">There are only a handful of direct flights connecting <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg" id="mwAc8">Johannesburg</a> to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth" id="mwAdA">Perth</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney" id="mwAdE">Sydney</a>. Additionally there is a connection between <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius" id="mwAdI">Mauritius</a> and Perth.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="25" id="mwAdM"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBGY"><h3 id="By_road_or_ferry">By road or ferry</h3></div> <p id="mwAdQ">The only land connection to another continent is the 163<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAdU"> </span>km-wide Isthmus of Suez, which is found in Egypt (although the Sinai peninsula is sometimes considered a part of Africa for geopolitical reasons). Thus the only way to drive into Africa is to drive through Egypt. Most people driving from the Middle East to Africa travel through Jordan and take a short car ferry to Egypt to avoid transiting Israel, since Egypt's two African neighbours (Sudan and Libya) <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Visa_trouble" title="Visa trouble" id="mwAdY">deny entry for persons with Israeli stamps</a> or Egyptian/Jordanian stamps indicating travel to Israel.</p> <p id="mwAdc">Despite there being just one, narrow land crossing into the continent, there are other ways to bring vehicles into Africa by short car ferries. The short crossing of the Strait of Gibraltar between Spain and Morocco is crossed by several ferries daily and relatively inexpensive. Other car ferries include:</p> <ul id="mwAdg"><li id="mwAdk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy" id="mwAdo">Italy</a>–<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia" id="mwAds">Tunisia</a> ferries are operated by a <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.directferries.co.uk/tunisia.htm" class="external text" id="mwAdw">couple of different companies</a>. However, you must pass through Algeria to Mauritania/Niger -or- Libya to Egypt, both very expensive and difficult to enter with a car.</li> <li id="mwAd0"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain" id="mwAd4">Spain</a> or <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/France" title="France" id="mwAd8">France</a> to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria" id="mwAeA">Algeria</a> car ferries are run by Algerie Ferries. Their website is <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.algerieferries.dz/" class="external text" id="mwAeE">in French only</a>.</li> <li id="mwAeI">Yemen–Djibouti ferries may be running weekly or more frequently (information about this crossing is little and conflicting) to avoid Egypt (because of the extremely high import taxes) or Sudan (as the Ethiopian-Sudan border is prone to banditry). It is also possible to cross by dhow in motorcycles or small/light vehicles.</li> <li id="mwAeM"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan" id="mwAeQ">Port Sudan</a>, Sudan to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah" id="mwAeU">Jeddah</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia" id="mwAeY">Saudi Arabia</a> car ferries are run daily and are a great way to avoid the <i id="mwAec">very</i> high tariffs to enter Egypt, although visas for SA are difficult to obtain.</li> <li id="mwAeg">Ferries link <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwAek">Morocco</a> with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain" id="mwAeo">Spain</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar" id="mwAes">Gibraltar</a>. In addition, there are also connections between mainland Spain and its African possessions <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta" id="mwAew">Ceuta</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla" id="mwAe0">Melilla</a>, from which you can drive across the border to Morocco.</li></ul> <p id="mwAe4">Several overland trucks make journeys which cross between Europe or the Middle East and Africa, these companies are listed below under "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="#By_overland_truck" class="mw-selflink-fragment" id="mwAe8">Get around/By overland truck</a>".</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="26" id="mwAfA"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBGc"><h3 id="By_boat">By boat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAfE"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe,_Seychellen_(39619321231).jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAfI"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe,_Seychellen_(39619321231).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe%2C_Seychellen_%2839619321231%29.jpg/220px-Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe%2C_Seychellen_%2839619321231%29.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe%2C_Seychellen_%2839619321231%29.jpg/330px-Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe%2C_Seychellen_%2839619321231%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe%2C_Seychellen_%2839619321231%29.jpg/440px-Sunset_beach_auf_der_Insel_Mahe%2C_Seychellen_%2839619321231%29.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAfM"></a><figcaption id="mwAfQ">Some places, like <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mahé" title="Mahé" id="mwAfU">Mahé</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles" id="mwAfY">Seychelles</a>, can only be reached by boat or plane.</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAfc">Many Mediterranean cruises stop in North African countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. Some ocean liners will stop in the Canary or Cape Verde Islands on trans-Atlantic crossings or in South Africa, Madagascar, Mombasa, Zanzibar, the Seychelles, or Mauritius on round-the-world trips.</p> <p id="mwAfg">Elsewhere in Africa, cruises are limited to luxury or 'boutique' cruise lines often aboard small vessels and quite expensive or "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Freighter_travel" title="Freighter travel" id="mwAfk">freighter cruises</a>" which do not offer much to "passengers" but may spend a few days in a handful of ports. <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.grimaldi-freightercruises.com" class="external text" id="mwAfo">Grimaldi Freighter Cruises</a><sup class="error-deadlink noprint" about="#mwt80" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAfs" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Dead link","href":"./Template:Dead_link"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"August 2024"},"bot":{"wt":"InternetArchiveBot"}},"i":0}}]}"><span typeof="mw:Entity">[</span>dead link<span typeof="mw:Entity">]</span></sup><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links" about="#mwt80" id="mwAfw"> has weekly departures to West Africa making the round-trip from Amsterdam in 38 days.</p> <p id="mwAf0">The Seychelles, Reunion and Mauritius are popular destinations for yachts and private vessels, but piracy around the Horn of Africa has kept a lot of the European vessels away.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="27" id="mwAf4"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBGg"><h2 id="Get_around">Get around</h2></div> <p id="mwAf8">Africa's infrastructure was largely built to extract natural resources to the respective colonial metropoles. As such, intra-Africa connections tend to be poor, though that is slowly changing through 21st century Chinese infrastructure projects.</p> <section data-mw-section-id="28" id="mwAgA"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBGk"><h3 id="Visas">Visas</h3></div> <p id="mwAgE">The general rule that visas are more difficult to obtain for countries that have more authoritarian governments and are less "classical" tourist destinations is true for Africa as well, although there are exceptions. Also with few exceptions it is easier to get into most countries if you are from a "first world" country. Visa requirements and costs for African countries differ depending on your nationality/citizenship and by country. Many countries in southern and eastern Africa have visa-free or visas available at the airport or border crossing for EU, American, Canadian, and a few other nationalities with a minimal amount of paperwork and wait. On the other hand, some countries have burdensome requirements that often differ among their embassies and border crossings.</p> <p id="mwAgI">Most countries in West Africa require visas for travellers from outside the region. In some cases these visas can be arranged at airports or (less commonly) at borders, but this is often not an option. West African embassies are not widespread outside of the region (generally limited to former colonial metropoles), and visa services are sometimes not available in some neighbouring countries. Sometimes visas are issued rapidly, sometimes it's a lengthy and costly process. Check before starting a trip across the region, as regulations and practices often change. </p> <p id="mwAgM">More and more African countries now have E-visas.</p> <p id="mwAgQ">There are four customs unions in effect in Africa:</p> <ul id="mwAgU"><li id="mwAgY">Southern Africa: South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Eswatini</li> <li id="mwAgc">West Africa: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Burkina Faso, Cote D'Ivoire, Togo, Benin, Niger, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone</li> <li id="mwAgg">Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of the Congo, Gabon</li> <li id="mwAgk">East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4855793" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt81" id="mwAgo" data-mw="{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Cautionbox/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cautionbox","href":"./Template:Cautionbox"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Most African states demand that international travellers show [[yellow fever]] vaccination certificates upon arrival."}},"i":0}}]}">.mw-parser-output .pp_cautionbox{display:table;background-color:#ffffdf;color:inherit;border:1px solid #888822;margin:0.5em 1em 0 1em;padding:6px}</style><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color pp_cautionbox" about="#mwt81"> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 56px;" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File" data-mw="{"caption":"Caution"}"><span title="Caution"><img alt="Caution" resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg/40px-Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" data-file-type="drawing" height="40" width="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg/60px-Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg/80px-Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"></span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%; color: var( --wv-color-black, #000000);"><b>Note:</b></span> Most African states demand that international travellers show <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> vaccination certificates upon arrival.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_caution_box" about="#mwt81"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_caution_box_with_no_date" about="#mwt81" id="mwAgs"> </section><section data-mw-section-id="29" id="mwAgw"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBGo"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3></div>  </section><section data-mw-section-id="30" id="mwAg0"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBGs"><h3 id="By_plane_2">By plane</h3></div> <p id="mwAg4">There are a number of reliable airlines that ply the African Continent. Chief among them are:</p> <ul id="mwAg8"><li id="mwAhA"><b id="mwAhE">South African Airways (SAA)</b> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg" id="mwAhI">Johannesburg</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAhM">South Africa</a>), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.flysaa.com" class="external autonumber" id="mwAhQ"></a>, has daily flights to most major Southern, Eastern, & Central African political and economic hubs. The flight from Washington, D.C. does stop in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal" id="mwAhU">Senegal</a>, but if you get off there, SAA has no connections to anywhere else.</li> <li id="mwAhY"><b id="mwAhc">Kenya Airways</b> (Nairobi, Kenya), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.kenya-airways.com" class="external autonumber" id="mwAhg"></a>, connects more African cities than any other airline on the continent. It is partly owned by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, offers good service and frequent flights to all countries within the East African region and many other major African and international destinations.</li> <li id="mwAhk"><b id="mwAho">Ethiopian Airlines</b> (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.ethiopianairlines.com" class="external autonumber" id="mwAhs"></a> carries more passengers than any other African airline. It offers a direct service from many European cities & Washington to its hub <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa" id="mwAhw">Addis Ababa</a>. From there it has a very good coverage to many cities in Africa. The flight from/to Washington refuels in Rome.</li></ul> <p id="mwAh0">There are also many airlines which are noteworthy in particular regions, such as TAAG Angola Airlines (South/Central Africa), Royal Air Maroc (West/Central/North Africa, but its hub is in Morocco), Air Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa), Air Burkina (West Africa), Air Senegal (West Africa), Air Austral (Indian Ocean), Air Mauritius (Indian Ocean), Tunis Air (North Africa), and Rwanda Air (East Africa). Many other African carriers offer flights to more remote locations.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4855793" about="#mwt84" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAh4" data-mw="{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Template:Cautionbox/styles.css"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cautionbox","href":"./Template:Cautionbox"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"'''Consider airline safety when flying in Africa'''. Although South African Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, and Kenya Airways all meet EU and FAA safety standards, the same isn't true for all airlines, especially smaller domestic carriers in countries where political stability may be lacking, tenuous or only recently reintroduced. Check with the [http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/safety/air-ban_en EU Commission on Air Safety] for a list of airlines that do not meet their safety standards."}},"i":0}}]}"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color pp_cautionbox" about="#mwt84"> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 56px;" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File" data-mw="{"caption":"Caution"}"><span title="Caution"><img alt="Caution" resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg/40px-Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" data-file-type="drawing" height="40" width="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg/60px-Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg/80px-Exclamationdiamond_blue.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element"></span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%; color: var( --wv-color-black, #000000);"><b>Note:</b></span> <b>Consider airline safety when flying in Africa</b>. Although South African Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, and Kenya Airways all meet EU and FAA safety standards, the same isn't true for all airlines, especially smaller domestic carriers in countries where political stability may be lacking, tenuous or only recently reintroduced. Check with the <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/safety/air-ban_en" class="external text">EU Commission on Air Safety</a> for a list of airlines that do not meet their safety standards.</td></tr> <tr> <td></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_caution_box" about="#mwt84"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_caution_box_with_no_date" about="#mwt84" id="mwAh8"> </section><section data-mw-section-id="31" id="mwAiA"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBGw"><h3 id="By_car">By car</h3></div> <p id="mwAiE">If you want to drive your own car around Africa see also <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Carnet_de_Passage" title="Carnet de Passage" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAiI">Carnet de Passage</a></p> <p id="mwAiM">For sightseeing trips, it may be less expensive to hire a taxi than to rent a car, but be sure to negotiate taxi fares beforehand. Travel on rural roads can be slow and difficult in the dry season and disrupted by floods in the rainy season. If you plan on travelling in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, avoid the rainy months of May through October above the equator and the rainy months of November through April below the equator. Some roads may be flooded or washed out during these months.</p> <p id="mwAiQ">Travel by car outside large towns can be dangerous. Major roads are generally well maintained but there are few divided highways in Africa. In addition, rural auto accidents are fairly common because of high speed limits and the presence of wildlife in these areas. Night driving, especially in rural areas, is not recommended, and visitors are encouraged to hire reputable tour operators for safaris or other game viewing expeditions.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="32" id="mwAiU"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBG0"><h3 id="By_bus">By bus</h3></div> <p id="mwAiY">Bus service is extensive in Africa and in almost all countries it is the main means of transportation for locals and tourists alike. Styles of busses and minibuses vary across the continent, refer to country pages for more info.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="33" id="mwAic"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBG4"><h3 id="By_thumb">By thumb</h3></div> <p id="mwAig">Locals <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tips_for_hitchhiking" title="Tips for hitchhiking" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAik">hike rides</a> in vehicles with strangers throughout Africa, often paying a fee to the driver in return for the favour or service. The distinction between a private vehicle and a taxi is blurred and in many countries, informal taxi businesses flourish, by picking people up from the side of the road who want a lift. In some areas, such as Johannesburg, specific hand signals are used by hitchhikers to indicate where they wish to go and it is common for vehicles to carry several people at the same time to a particular area. Foreigners may expose themselves to considerable personal risk by travelling in this way, and it is important to understand the political and social climate of each region before doing so.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="34" id="mwAio"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBG8"><h3 id="By_overland_truck">By overland truck</h3></div> <p id="mwAis">Some people with limited amounts of time or who would prefer not to make their own arrangements opt for the "overlander" experience. Many operators run tours in large trucks that are comfortable and equipped with facilities for around 8-30 persons. They're generally run on a pretty tight schedule and cover a lot of distance, such as "Nairobi to Johannesburg in six weeks". These tours are run throughout the whole continent but East and Southern Africa are by far the most popular destinations. Accommodation is mostly camping with tents provided. Most meals are arranged and many are prepared by those on the trip (cooking duties rotated throughout the trip), and free time (like everything else) is scheduled. However, there is plenty of time to participate in the adventure activities that certain areas of Africa are famous for such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls" id="mwAiw">Victoria Falls</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund" id="mwAi0">Swakopmund</a>, Zanzibar, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park" id="mwAi4">Serengeti National Park</a>. Some people really enjoy these tours, especially when they do not have enough time to organise all travel arrangements themselves. Others loathe the very thought of travelling in a group and think that they keep you way out of touch with the "real" Africa. Whatever the case, they're a very different way to travel through Africa. The people that go on these tours tend to be young at heart and slightly adventurous; these tours are not luxury trips.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="35" id="mwAi8"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHA"><h3 id="By_train">By train</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAjA"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAjE"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/220px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2681" data-file-type="bitmap" height="285" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/330px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/440px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAjI"></a><figcaption id="mwAjM">Caricature of Cecil Rhodes, the colonialist behind the never-built Cape to Cairo Railway.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAjQ"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAjU"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg/250px-Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1343" data-file-type="bitmap" height="148" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg/330px-Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg/500px-Tazara_crossing_bridge.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAjY"></a><figcaption id="mwAjc">A train in Zambia</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAjg">Most railway lines in Africa were built by the colonial powers, often with great human cost, with the main purpose of extracting wealth from the interior to coastal cities for export. After the fall of colonialism, many lines haven't been extended or maintained. passenger railways in Africa are therefore sparse with the majority being short, slow and within one country. However, during the 2010s, Chinese and European investment have rehabilitated several lines and also built new standard gauge railway lines in several countries.</p> <p id="mwAjk">The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa" id="mwAjo">North African</a> states of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria" id="mwAjs">Algeria</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" id="mwAjw">Egypt</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwAj0">Morocco</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia" id="mwAj4">Tunisia</a> all have rail networks of adequate quality, some of them even comparing favourably to a few European or East Asian countries, with connections to most major cities. In 2018, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwAj8">Morocco</a> opened Africa's first true <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/High_speed_rail" title="High speed rail" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAkA">high speed rail</a> line between <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier" id="mwAkE">Tangier</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat" id="mwAkI">Rabat</a>. Due to political tensions (and in part the sparse population in border areas) there are however no international train services between these countries. For travellers to and from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" id="mwAkM">Egypt</a> the old <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa" id="mwAkQ">Wadi Halfa</a> to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum" id="mwAkU">Khartoum</a>, in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan" id="mwAkY">Sudan</a>, train is useful as it connects with the ferry across Lake Nasser to the Egyptian rail terminus in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan" id="mwAkc">Aswan</a>. A unique experience, but not very useful as a means of transportation, is to ride the longest train in the world in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania" id="mwAkg">Mauritania</a>, either in the caboose or atop open iron ore carriages. Libya has no railways and plans to change that were derailed by the political troubles that have shaken this country since the 2010s.</p> <p id="mwAkk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAko">South Africa</a> has a long history with passenger rail, there are overnight trains from most major cities several times per week. Additionally <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng" id="mwAks">Gauteng</a> province is served by the fast <i id="mwAkw">Gautrain</i>, connecting the major cities of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg" id="mwAk0">Johannesburg</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria" id="mwAk4">Pretoria</a> with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/O.R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O.R. Tambo International Airport" id="mwAk8">O.R. Tambo International Airport</a>. There are no proper international trains to South Africa but several lines terminate at border cities, making it quite easy to travel from neighbouring countries such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique" id="mwAlA">Mozambique</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" id="mwAlE">Zimbabwe</a>. Most other countries in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa" id="mwAlI">Southern Africa</a> have some form of passenger services, but quality and frequency vary greatly. Finally, for those with money to splurge, there are trains like the <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.bluetrain.co.za" class="external text" id="mwAlM"><b id="mwAlQ">Blue Train</b></a> and <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.rovos.com" class="external text" id="mwAlU"><b id="mwAlY">Rovos Rail</b></a>, which offer luxurious old world charm. </p> <p id="mwAlc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa" id="mwAlg">East Africa</a> has had declining services for a long time but due to recent investment several new lines have opened between major cities. Both <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia" id="mwAlk">Ethiopia</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwAlo">Kenya</a> now boast brand new trains connecting major cities. The classic <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/TAZARA_line" title="TAZARA line" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAls">TAZARA line</a>, connecting <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam" id="mwAlw">Dar es Salaam</a> with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kapiri_Mposhi" title="Kapiri Mposhi" id="mwAl0">Kapiri Mposhi</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia" id="mwAl4">Zambia</a> still holds up, passing through several national parks. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa" id="mwAl8">Central African</a> countries have fared worse with little to no investment, and railways to show for it. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Angola" title="Angola" id="mwAmA">Angola</a> has rehabilitated its railway lines but services remain spotty. Very limited and erratic services are available in other countries. </p> <p id="mwAmE">A few services remain in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa" id="mwAmI">West Africa</a> with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou" id="mwAmM">Ouagadougou</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso" id="mwAmQ">Burkina Faso</a> to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan" id="mwAmU">Abidjan</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cote_d'Ivoire" title="Cote d'Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAmY">Cote d'Ivoire</a> being the most usable for tourists. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwAmc">Nigeria</a> is however investing heavily in rail and several new intercity trains have sprung up. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal" id="mwAmg">Senegal</a> has also built a new commuter rail line, linking the capital <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar" id="mwAmk">Dakar</a> with several nearby suburban towns.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="36" id="mwAmo"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHE"><h3 id="By_boat_2">By boat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAms"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Pirogue_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAmw"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Pirogue_010.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pirogue_010.jpg/220px-Pirogue_010.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="1764" data-file-type="bitmap" height="157" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pirogue_010.jpg/330px-Pirogue_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pirogue_010.jpg/440px-Pirogue_010.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAm0"></a><figcaption id="mwAm4">Pirogue on the Niger River in Mali</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAm8">Where there is water, there are usually boat services to some extent. In the DRC, boats are the primary means of transportation due to the extensive network of rivers and lack of good roads and railways. Some noteworthy river journeys in Africa are:</p> <p id="mwAnA">Along the <b id="mwAnE">Niger River</b> small, wooden <i id="mwAnI">pirogues</i> varying in design from a 2-person canoe to wide, ~10 person boats with a canopy and toilet. Travelling by pirogue is slow, but the Sahelian scenery and people you meet on the boat and during stops make this a memorable African experience. Due to cataracts, pirogues on the Niger only operate in Mali & Niger</p> <p id="mwAnM">Along the <b id="mwAnQ">Congo River</b> large, old and often overcrowded ferries connect cities along the river in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo" id="mwAnU">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/DR_Congo" title="DR Congo" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAnY">DR Congo</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic" id="mwAnc">Central African Republic</a>. Small boats from villages come out and moor themselves to these ferries to sell food and merchandise and the boat is a bustling marketplace of hundreds of people much of the time. Conditions aboard these ferries are poor and bearable only by the most seasoned of travellers. Talk to the captain to see if you can use one of the handful of rooms to sleep.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="37" id="mwAng"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBHI"><h2 id="Talk">Talk</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAnk"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Swakopmund-Bäckerei_&_Konditorei_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAno"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Swakopmund-Bäckerei_&_Konditorei_(2).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Swakopmund-B%C3%A4ckerei_%26_Konditorei_%282%29.jpg/250px-Swakopmund-B%C3%A4ckerei_%26_Konditorei_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Swakopmund-B%C3%A4ckerei_%26_Konditorei_%282%29.jpg/330px-Swakopmund-B%C3%A4ckerei_%26_Konditorei_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Swakopmund-B%C3%A4ckerei_%26_Konditorei_%282%29.jpg/500px-Swakopmund-B%C3%A4ckerei_%26_Konditorei_%282%29.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAns"></a><figcaption id="mwAnw">A typical storefront in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund" id="mwAn0">Swakopmund</a>, Namibia written in the former colonial language German</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAn4">There is no dominant language in Africa, but if you are travelling in West or Central Africa, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/French_phrasebook" title="French phrasebook" id="mwAn8">French</a> and English will be the most useful across these nations and regions. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Arabic_phrasebook" title="Arabic phrasebook" id="mwAoA">Arabic</a> is the dominant language in North Africa, although French is also widely spoken in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. English is also useful in many countries, and dominant in much of Southern Africa. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Swahili_phrasebook" title="Swahili phrasebook" id="mwAoE">Swahili</a> is the most useful language in East Africa. In Ethiopia, most people speak <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Amharic_phrasebook" title="Amharic phrasebook" id="mwAoI">Amharic</a>, which is indigenous to Ethiopia. Even if you know a blanket language like French, it is always a good idea to bring phrasebooks for the native languages. In <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal" id="mwAoM">Senegal</a>, for example, despite being part of Francophone Africa, visitors are likely to find <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wolof_phrasebook" title="Wolof phrasebook" id="mwAoQ">Wolof</a> very useful and sometimes necessary when dealing with locals. It also helps if you have a basic understanding of the language used by a country's former colonist (e.g. German is useful to know if you are going to Namibia, since there is a large German-speaking white population). The more you wish to interact with locals or go out of the cities, the more important it will be for you to have resources to communicate in the local African languages.</p> <p id="mwAoU">Africa's linguistic diversity is exemplified by South Africa, which has eleven official languages, some of which have the most complex inventory of sounds in any human language, with over a hundred different sounds to distinguish meaning. English in comparison has less than half that number.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="38" id="mwAoY"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBHM"><h2 id="See">See</h2></div> <section data-mw-section-id="39" id="mwAoc"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHQ"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAog"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAok"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg/250px-Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="659" data-file-type="bitmap" height="146" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg/330px-Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg/500px-Giraffe_koure_niger_2006.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAoo"></a><figcaption id="mwAos">A giraffe in Niger</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAow">Many visitors are attracted by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/African_flora_and_fauna" title="African flora and fauna" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAo0">African flora and fauna</a> and several countries benefit from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Safaris" title="Safaris" id="mwAo4">safari</a> tourism to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/African_national_parks" title="African national parks" id="mwAo8">African national parks</a>.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="40" id="mwApA"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHU"><h3 id="Natural_wonders">Natural wonders</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwApE"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwApI"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg/250px-Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="665" data-file-type="bitmap" height="143" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg/330px-Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg/500px-Nyiragongo_Lava_Lake.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwApM"></a><figcaption id="mwApQ">Mt. Nyiragongo's lava lake, viewed from the rim</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwApU">Africa is home to many famous natural wonders, from the Nile River, the world's longest river, to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls" id="mwApY">Victoria Falls</a>. The continent is home to two of the world's four <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Volcanoes" title="Volcanoes" id="mwApc">volcanoes</a> with permanent lava lakes – the dramatic <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park" id="mwApg">Mount Nyiragongo</a> which rises hundreds of metres above <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Goma" title="Goma" id="mwApk">Goma</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" id="mwApo">DR Congo</a> and Erta Ale in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia" id="mwAps">Ethiopia</a>'s stark Danakil Depression. Both volcanoes can be climbed by the adventurous tourist to stand at the rim gazing in awe at the bubbling lava below, an especially incredible sight at night! Mount Cameroon and its glorious stretch of lava also creates a beautiful site with a variety of flora and fauna.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="41" id="mwApw"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHY"><h3 id="Landscapes">Landscapes</h3></div> <p id="mwAp0">Roughly centred on the Equator, Africa is known for landscapes typical for warm parts of the world.</p> <p id="mwAp4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Northern_Africa" title="Northern Africa" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAp8">Northern Africa</a> is dominated by the immense <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara" id="mwAqA">Sahara</a> desert wedged between the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Apart from the coastal rim and the banks of the Nile, this is a dry and remote part of the continent. The most notable (and likely easiest accessible) mountain range here is the Atlas mountains range in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwAqE">Morocco</a>. The highest peak is <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jbel_Toubkal" title="Jbel Toubkal" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAqI">Jbel Toubkal</a>, the highest mountain in Africa not located in the east of the continent.</p> <p id="mwAqM">South of the Sahara, vegetation gradually increases the further south one travels. From southern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel" id="mwAqQ">Sahel</a> onwards, the terrain is rather flat with savanna and steppe. This is however not the case at these latitudes in the eastern part of Africa; this is the northern end of Africa's "backbone" of several mountain chains stretching down all the way from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia" id="mwAqU">Ethiopia</a> to South Africa like an extension of the Nile. East Africa is also where you can find the largest lakes, including Lake Victoria. Named after the 19th century British queen Victoria, this is Africa’s largest and the world's second largest fresh water lake by surface area and the source of one of the two forks of the Nile. The countries bordering Lake Victoria are renowned as the best places in Africa to go on safari, as well as the only places left to see chimpanzees and gorillas in their natural habitat. Due east of the lake, a little more than halfway to the Indian Ocean, and on the northern border of Tanzania, lies Africa's highest free standing mountain, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kilimanjaro" title="Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAqY">Kilimanjaro</a>. Off the coast is the Zanzibar Archipelago.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAqc"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAqg"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg/220px-DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="220" data-file-type="bitmap" height="97" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg/330px-DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg/440px-DjiboutiLacAssal2.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAqk"></a><figcaption id="mwAqo">The view of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti" id="mwAqs">Lake Assal</a> from a nearby mountain, with a camel caravan in the foreground. Lake Assal and the surrounding areas are an excellent example of moonscapes.</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAqw">Bisected by the Equator, unsurprisingly the heart of Africa is dominated by rainforest. The Congo rainforest is the second largest in the world, remote and mostly uninhabited, and going here is often more of an expedition than a tourist trip. The Eastern Central part is also the best place to go on the continent if you are interested in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Volcanoes" title="Volcanoes" id="mwAq0">volcanoes</a>.</p> <p id="mwAq4">Further south, the landscape becomes more and more dry again, especially in the western half. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" id="mwAq8">Namibia</a> in particular is known for its deserts and canyons. The landscape is different in the east with scenic mountains and waterfalls including the mighty <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls" id="mwArA">Victoria Falls</a>, yes, it too was named after the queen. On the highland plateau in this corner of Africa is <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho" id="mwArE">Lesotho</a>, the only country in the world that is entirely located higher than 1400 m above the sea level. The southernmost part of the continent — <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwArI">South Africa</a> — is reminiscent of the northernmost rim with Mediterranean climate and subtropical vegetation.</p> <p id="mwArM">There are also several island nations or territories located in the oceans outside mainland Africa. They are as a rule mountainous with mountain chains often consisting of volcanoes. Surrounded by sea, they as a rule have cooler temperatures than inland locations at the same latitudes.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="42" id="mwArQ"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHc"><h3 id="Historical_civilisations">Historical civilisations</h3></div> <p id="mwArU">While the continent's diverse and unique wildlife is often all that is mentioned in regards to African travel, as home to the oldest civilisations on the planet, Africa has equally impressive cultures and history. The most famous civilisation on the continent, and arguably in the world, is that of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt" id="mwArY">ancient Egypt</a>. From the southern city of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel" id="mwArc">Abu Simbel</a> to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor" id="mwArg">Luxor</a> and all the way north to Alexandria and Cairo, including the Pyramids of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Giza" title="Giza" class="mw-redirect" id="mwArk">Giza</a>, the only surviving one of the original <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_World" title="Seven Wonders of the World" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAro">Seven Wonders of the World</a> and the most iconic symbols of this ancient kingdom. Sites from the <b id="mwArs"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia" id="mwArw">Nubian</a> Kingdom</b> that had close ties with Egypt can be found in Sudan, such as Gebel Barkal and many other pyramids in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Meroe" title="Meroe" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAr0">Meroe</a>. There are also remains of the former city-state of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage" id="mwAr4">Carthage</a> that can be found in modern-day Tunisia.</p> <p id="mwAr8"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia" id="mwAsA">Ethiopia</a> offers many ruins from the ancient <b id="mwAsE">Axumite Kingdom</b> where the Queen of Sheba ruled. The obelisks and Dungur ruins in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Axum" title="Axum" id="mwAsI">Axum</a> were built prior to the kingdom's conversion to Christianity. As one of the world's oldest Christian nations, it is also home to many of the world's greatest and oldest Christian religious monuments, such as the Ezana Stone and the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, where the Ark of the Covenant is said to be stored. Other famous Christian structures built later by the kingdom's successor, the <b id="mwAsM">Abyssinian Empire</b>, especially during the 12th and 13th centuries, can also be found in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela" id="mwAsQ">Lalibela</a>.</p> <p id="mwAsU">In West Africa, structures from the ancient <b id="mwAsY">Mali Empire</b> can be found in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu" id="mwAsc">Timbuktu</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Djenne" title="Djenne" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAsg">Djenne</a>. Although there are Islamic influences, the architectural styles of the Malian Kingdom's mosques are still quite unique and recognizably African. The cliff dwellings in Mali's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dogon_Country" title="Dogon Country" id="mwAsk">Dogon Country</a>, built by the Dogon people, are also impressive ancient structures in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali" id="mwAso">Mali</a>. Remnants of the <b id="mwAss">Ghana Empire</b> can be found in parts of Mauritania and Mali, including the archaeological sites at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Koumbi_Saleh?action=edit&redlink=1" title="Koumbi Saleh (page does not exist)" class="new" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs" id="mwAsw" data-mw-i18n="{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Koumbi Saleh"]}}">Koumbi Saleh</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAs0">Oualata</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aoudaghost?action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aoudaghost (page does not exist)" class="new" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs" id="mwAs4" data-mw-i18n="{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Aoudaghost"]}}">Aoudaghost</a>. Often overshadowed by Africa's other monuments, <b id="mwAs8">Sungbo's Eredo</b> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ijebu_Ode" title="Ijebu Ode" id="mwAtA">Ijebu Ode</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwAtE">Nigeria</a>, built by the Yoruba people, is actually the largest pre-colonial structure remaining on the continent. Today it towers over the city, covered in vegetation. The royal palaces of the <b id="mwAtI">Dahomey Kingdom</b> still stand in their former capital of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Abomey" title="Abomey" id="mwAtM">Abomey</a>, and ruins of the <b id="mwAtQ">Kingdom of Kongo</b> can still be found in their former capital of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/M'banza-Kongo" title="M'banza-Kongo" id="mwAtU">M'banza-Kongo</a>. While they were largely destroyed by the British during the Scramble for Africa, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City" id="mwAtY">Benin City</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi" id="mwAtc">Kumasi</a> still contain a few relics of the <b id="mwAtg">Kingdom of Benin</b> and <b id="mwAtk">Ashanti Empire</b> respectively. In <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto" id="mwAto">Sokoto</a>, Nigeria, remnants of the <b id="mwAts">Sokoto Caliphate</b> can still be found in the local museums, as well as the sultan's palace, and the city continues to serve as one of Africa's main centres of Islamic scholarship.</p> <p id="mwAtw">Ruins from the ancient <b id="mwAt0">Swahili culture</b> can be found in the coastal areas of East Africa, particularly in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwAt4">Kenya</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" id="mwAt8">Tanzania</a>. The Swahili structures combines elements of African architecture with Islamic architecture, which was quite prominent around the 14th century. Some of the most famous Swahili structures include the <b id="mwAuA">Gedi Ruins</b> and <b id="mwAuE">Pillar Tombs</b> around <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi" id="mwAuI">Malindi</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAuM">Kilwa Kisiwani</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa" id="mwAuQ">Mombasa</a> and Zanzibar's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town" id="mwAuU">Stone Town</a> feature Swahili structures spanning hundreds of years from its early days to the 18th century.</p> <p id="mwAuY">In Southern Africa, the ruins of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe" id="mwAuc">Great Zimbabwe</a> have fascinated visitors ever since Europeans discovered them. No European had believed that the inhabitants of black Africa were capable of creating any great monuments on their own until the ruins of this ancient culture were discovered.</p> <p id="mwAug">Many cities, such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna" id="mwAuk">Leptis Magna</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad" id="mwAuo">Timgad</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga" id="mwAus">Dougga</a> feature Roman ruins as impressive as those in Europe itself. Many other European structures can be found throughout the continent, dating back to the earliest days of imperialism. One of the most unique European-influenced styles is the <b id="mwAuw">Cape Dutch</b> style found in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAu0">South Africa</a>, which traces its origins to the first white settlers in sub-Saharan Africa in the 17th century. Although clearly influenced by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands" id="mwAu4">Dutch</a> architectural conventions, it has also diverged significantly from European architecture to adapt to African conditions, making it a unique style in its own right. Uniquely among white communities in Africa, the descendants of these Dutch settlers, now known as the Afrikaners, have developed their own ethnic identity, and by and large consider themselves to be Africans rather than Europeans.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="43" id="mwAu8"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHg"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p id="mwAvA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Music" title="Music" id="mwAvE">Music</a> has been called "Africa's common language", and is part of everyday life in most African nations. Music in Africa is divided into six musical regions each of which have their own unique styles. The musical regions are Southern, Northern, Eastern, and Central Africa, and lastly Sene-Gambia. Southern African styles include Chimurenga (mostly dominant in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" id="mwAvI">Zimbabwe</a>) and Mbaqanga which has come to be widely known as South African jazz (mostly dominant in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana" id="mwAvM">Botswana</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAvQ">South Africa</a>), Sene-Gambia African styles include, Griot (played across <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali" id="mwAvU">Mali</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea" id="mwAvY">Guinea</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia" id="mwAvc">Gambia</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal" id="mwAvg">Senegal</a>). Central African styles include Soukous which takes pieces of Latin rumba, American jazz, a bit of rock and incorporates it into a style very unique to the Congo (very dominant in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo" id="mwAvk">Congo regions</a>). East African styles include the very energetic Benga which is dominant in East African countries like Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.</p> <p id="mwAvo">West African styles include Juju and Highlife, Juju is a style of Nigerian popular music derived from traditional Yoruba Percussion while Highlife originates from Ghana but is also played in Nigeria. Northern African styles include Magrib and Rai both of which bear strong Islamic and Arabic stamps thanks to the Medieval Islamic expansions. This kind of music is very popular in Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Western popular music and many musical genres from the Americas (including ragtime, country music, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz" id="mwAvs">jazz</a>, the blues, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rock'n'roll" title="Rock'n'roll" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAvw">rock'n'roll</a>, reggae, calypso, salsa and samba) exhibit strong influences from traditional African music, while these genres in turn have exerted a strong influence on modern African pop music. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAv0">South Africa</a> is also known for its jazz musicians who participated in their own unique genre, among the most famous of Hugh Masekela whom was as trumpet player. </p> <p id="mwAv4">Most African countries have their own unique indigenous music styles of which a few are popular in other African countries. Botswana has styles which are a must-see for any traveller going there; it is also one of the few countries whose styles are popular in other African countries. Their unique styles include Setapa, Dikoma, Hosana, Chiperu and Tsutsube. All these styles have their own designated dance styles, which go along with the music as it is performed hence why they are popular in other Southern African countries and among tourists.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="44" id="mwAv8"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBHk"><h2 id="Do">Do</h2></div> <section data-mw-section-id="45" id="mwAwA"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHo"><h3 id="Safaris">Safaris</h3></div> <dl about="#mwt87" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAwE" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"seealso","href":"./Template:Seealso"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Safaris"}},"i":0}}]}"><dd><i>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Safaris" title="Safaris">Safaris</a></i></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAwI"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAwM"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg/330px-Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" data-file-type="bitmap" height="199" width="300" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg/500px-Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg/960px-Equus_quagga_ngorongoro.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAwQ"></a><figcaption id="mwAwU">Viewing zebras in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area" title="Ngorongoro Conservation Area" id="mwAwY">Ngorongoro Crater</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" id="mwAwc">Tanzania</a></figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAwg">Safari – an overland travel to view the stunning <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/African_flora_and_fauna" title="African flora and fauna" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAwk">African wildlife</a> – is arguably the greatest tourist attraction in Africa. Most countries, except in the north, have at least one <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/African_national_parks" title="African national parks" id="mwAwo">national park</a> with organised safaris. A safari can take on a range of forms, from a simple one-day minibus ride, to week-long stays at a lodge. Commonly it is a 4x4 ride across the savanna in search of the "Big five": elephants, lions, leopards, rhinos, & buffalo. Such safaris are offered primarily in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa" id="mwAws">Southern</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa" id="mwAww">East Africa</a>. Many parks have strict regulations both on visitor activities and behaviour, along with entry & camping fees. Among the most well-known parks are <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwAw0">South Africa</a>'s <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park" id="mwAw4">Kruger National Park</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" id="mwAw8">Tanzania</a>'s <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area" title="Ngorongoro Conservation Area" id="mwAxA">Ngorongoro Crater</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park" id="mwAxE">Etosha National Park</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" id="mwAxI">Namibia</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta" id="mwAxM">Okavango Delta</a> region of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana" id="mwAxQ">Botswana</a>, and the Tsavo <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tsavo_East_National_Park" title="Tsavo East National Park" id="mwAxU">East</a>/<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tsavo_West_National_Park" title="Tsavo West National Park" id="mwAxY">West</a> National Parks, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nairobi_National_Park" title="Nairobi National Park" id="mwAxc">Nairobi National Park</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAxg"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAxk"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg/250px-NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="806" data-file-type="bitmap" height="165" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg/330px-NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg/500px-NA-etosha-wasserloch.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAxo"></a><figcaption id="mwAxs">Many different animals can be found in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park" id="mwAxw">Etosha National Park</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" id="mwAx0">Namibia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAx4">The three basic safari styles are driving safari, walking safaris, and mobile safari. Some regions also offer safaris on boats/canoes, horses, elephants, or hot air balloon or light aircraft. The <b id="mwAx8">driving safari</b> is by far the most popular form of safari and is best for most first-timers as it is easier, often cheaper, and generally allows you to see more wildlife. A driving safari can be a one-day affair, but it often includes a couple nights spent <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Camping" title="Camping" id="mwAyA">camping</a> or in lodges. Low-price driving safaris are often made in minibuses without a guaranteed window seat. Luxury safaris will likely include drives in a 4x4 vehicle in small groups and stays at fine lodges with swimming pools and spas. A <b id="mwAyE">walking safari</b> consists of hiking, either for a few hours or several days, with fewer opportunities to see many animals, but allows hikers to get closer to some animals and have experiences like stumbling upon the bones of a recent lion kill. For <b id="mwAyI">mobile safaris</b>, a camp is set up each night of your safari; it might also contain a portable lunch camp. At a <i id="mwAyM">fly-in safari</i>, the visitor is flown directly (or very close) to a lodge, instead of hours of overland transit.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAyQ"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_(7557756124).jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAyU"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_(7557756124).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_%287557756124%29.jpg/330px-Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_%287557756124%29.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" data-file-type="bitmap" height="201" width="300" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_%287557756124%29.jpg/500px-Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_%287557756124%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_%287557756124%29.jpg/960px-Western_Serengeti_2012_06_02_4042_%287557756124%29.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAyY"></a><figcaption id="mwAyc">Interior of a more luxurious tented camp</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwAyg">For the most basic trips, travellers should have a minimum budget of US$70/day, while some of the most visited parks may cost US$100–150/day. Luxury trips can easily run over US$1000/day. If a price offer seems too good to be true, it often is, and there is probably a good reason why. This can be the result of hidden fees, large errors, omissions or lies when calculating a price, an unlicensed operator, abusive labour practices, poor equipment, length of the trip, and extras that you may not have thought of and for which this operator plans to charge a steep fee. Thoroughly check what each tour operator provides in their cost, and make sure to get a written agreement before payment and departure. Self-drive safaris are possible in some parks, but highly discouraged for beginners.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwAyk"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG" class="mw-file-description" id="mwAyo"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG/400px-Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG" decoding="async" data-file-width="4607" data-file-height="1740" data-file-type="bitmap" height="151" width="400" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG/600px-Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG/800px-Safari-jam-in-Maasai-Mara.JPG 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwAys"></a><figcaption id="mwAyw">The downside to visiting large parks: one vehicle spots a lion in the shade (hidden), reports their location on the radio, and within minutes, a dozen other vehicles arrive on scene for the sight.</figcaption></figure> </section><section data-mw-section-id="46" id="mwAy0"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHs"><h3 id="Climbing">Climbing</h3></div> <p id="mwAy4">Africa does not have tall, jagged mountain ranges and there are very few mountains that require technical gear. The Atlas Mountains across Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; the Drakensberg in South Africa and Lesotho; the Semian Mountains in Ethiopia; and the Rwenzori Mountains between Uganda and the DR Congo are the only considerable mountain ranges on the continent, all with numerous peaks which can be easily climbed. Additionally, there are some tall volcanoes along the Great Rift Valley, on the Indian Ocean islands and in Cameroon. Some of the continent's most climbed or unique mountains are:</p> <ul id="mwAy8"><li id="mwAzA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jbel_Toubkal" title="Jbel Toubkal" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAzE">Jbel Toubkal</a> (4165<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAzI"> </span>m) near <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Marrakech" title="Marrakech" id="mwAzM">Marrakech</a>, Morocco is the tallest peak in the Atlas Mountains and can be climbed without technical gear in summer.</li> <li id="mwAzQ"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon" id="mwAzU">Mount Cameroon</a> (4040 m) near <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Douala" title="Douala" id="mwAzY">Douala</a>, Cameroon, is the tallest peak (actually a volcano) in Cameroon and is famous for the 1986 Lake Nyos disaster, when the lake released a huge volume carbon dioxide gas, suffocating thousands. Fast-paced hikes to the top and back are possible in a day.</li> <li id="mwAzc"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro" id="mwAzg">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> (5895<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAzk"> </span>m) in Tanzania near the Kenya border is the continent's highest peak, the world's tallest free-standing mountain, and perhaps the most climbed mountain on the continent, owing to its accessibility and the lack of need of technical gear. The range of scenery one passes from base to peak makes it a destination almost all climbers have on their wishlist.</li> <li id="mwAzo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya" id="mwAzs">Mount Kenya</a> (5199<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAzw"> </span>m) is Kenya's tallest mountain and also popular climb with many non-technical walking and climbing routes through lush scenery and is less than 200<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAz0"> </span>km from Nairobi. The surrounding national park is a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAz4">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</li> <li id="mwAz8"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park" title="Table Mountain National Park" id="mwA0A">Table Mountain National Park</a> (1086<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA0E"> </span>m) which dominates the city of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town" id="mwA0I">Cape Town</a> has hundreds or routes to the plateau, ranging from easy walks to technical rock climbs. In November 2011, Table Mountain was named one of the new 7 Wonders of Nature.</li> <li id="mwA0M"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park" id="mwA0Q">Mount Nyiragongo</a> (3470<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA0U"> </span>m) in the DRC on the Rwanda border is one of just 3-4 volcanoes in the world with a lava lake in its crater. A climb takes about 8<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA0Y"> </span>hours and involves camping on a ledge at the top – a safe 700<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA0c"> </span>m above the lake – for the night (of course, the steaming, bubbling lava is more spectacular at night).</li></ul> <p id="mwA0g">Abseiling and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing" id="mwA0k">rock climbing</a> can be done in many parts of Africa, with many opportunities in South Africa.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="47" id="mwA0o"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBHw"><h3 id="Trekking_and_hiking">Trekking and hiking</h3></div> <p id="mwA0s">Most of Africa's mountain ranges and highlands are suitable for trekking. The <b id="mwA0w"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA00">Drakensberg</a></b> in South Africa and Lesotho, the <b id="mwA04"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Garden_Route" title="Garden Route" id="mwA08">Garden Route</a></b> in South Africa, the <b id="mwA1A">Ethiopian Highlands</b> and Mali's Dogon Country are the most popular trekking destinations in Africa and most guidebooks to these countries describe the most popular routes. In the dense jungles of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic" id="mwA1E">Central African Republic</a> and DRC, treks to pygmy settlements, almost always organised, are available. Established trekking routes exist in the forests of Guinea's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Fouta_Djallon" title="Fouta Djallon" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA1I">Fouta Djallon</a> highlands and in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon" id="mwA1M">Cameroon</a>.</p> <p id="mwA1Q">The Aïr Massif in Niger is popular for hiking around its sand scraped rock formations and oases, usually short distances from your camel or vehicle transport. Hiking can also be done in many forests with established paths. In Uganda, Rwanda, & the adjacent DR Congo, hiking to see the endangered mountain gorilla is a major tourism draw, although permits are US$500 to spend hours hiking through tropical forests to spend 1<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwA1U"> </span>hour in close proximity to the gorillas.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="48" id="mwA1Y"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBH0"><h3 id="Sport_fishing">Sport fishing</h3></div> </section><section data-mw-section-id="49" id="mwA1c"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBH4"><h3 id="Diving">Diving</h3></div> <p id="mwA1g">There are a good number of great <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving" id="mwA1k">scuba diving</a> sites across Africa. The <b id="mwA1o">Red Sea</b> off Egypt offers clear, tranquil waters. Diving in the <b id="mwA1s">Indian Ocean</b> is common off all islands and on the continent from Kenya south. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Diving_in_South_Africa" title="Diving in South Africa" id="mwA1w">Diving in South Africa</a> is most famous for "shark dives", where divers are lowered in cages to watch sharks feed on bait, although other diving opportunities exist. Few locations inland are popular with divers; <b id="mwA10">Lake Malawi</b> – which is clear, deep and filled with unique species – is the only lake with a significant number of dive operators.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="50" id="mwA14"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBH8"><h3 id="Relax_on_a_beach">Relax on a beach</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwA18"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwA2A"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg/239px-Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="756" data-file-type="bitmap" height="176" width="239" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg/359px-Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg/478px-Zanzibar_Sunset.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwA2E"></a><figcaption id="mwA2I">Relax on a beach in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar" id="mwA2M">Zanzibar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwA2Q">Africa has a very long coastal line with thousands of beautiful beaches as it is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="51" id="mwA2U"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBIA"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <p id="mwA2Y">Soccer is the most widespread and popular sport with games between countries usually drawing tens of thousands of patriotic, cheering fans filling basic stadiums, as many world class African players return from Europe to play for their respective national teams. Watching a football match in Africa is a must; try to dress in the colours of the home team and join the cheering celebration with your neighbours! The biennial <b id="mwA2c">Africa Cup of Nations</b> is the continent's premier championship. The most recent AFCON was held in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Côte_d'Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire" id="mwA2g">Côte d'Ivoire</a> in 2024 from 13 January to 11 February. Upcoming Cups will be hosted by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco" id="mwA2k">Morocco</a> (2025) and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwA2o">Kenya</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" id="mwA2s">Tanzania</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda" id="mwA2w">Uganda</a> (2027). South Africa played host to the first African <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Past_events/World_Cup_2010" title="Wikivoyage:Past events/World Cup 2010" id="mwA20">FIFA World Cup</a> in 2010.</p> <p id="mwA24"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football" id="mwA28">Rugby</a> is played by several former British colonies in Southern & Eastern Africa. South Africa's <i id="mwA3A">Springboks</i> are among the best teams in the world. And while they were traditionally associated with the white and specifically the <i id="mwA3E">Afrikaner</i> part of the population they have now significant following among all ethnic groups after Nelson Mandela famously wore a Springbok jersey during the 1995 world cup that was held in and won by South Africa.</p> <p id="mwA3I"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket" id="mwA3M">Cricket</a> is also played, especially in former British colonies, with South Africa being considered one of the elite teams in world cricket, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" id="mwA3Q">Zimbabwe</a> also considered a respectable team.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="52" id="mwA3U"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBIE"><h2 id="Buy">Buy</h2></div> <section data-mw-section-id="53" id="mwA3Y"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBII"><h3 id="Money">Money</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwA3c"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:CFA_Franc_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwA3g"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:CFA_Franc_map.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CFA_Franc_map.svg/250px-CFA_Franc_map.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="731" data-file-type="drawing" height="197" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CFA_Franc_map.svg/375px-CFA_Franc_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CFA_Franc_map.svg/500px-CFA_Franc_map.svg.png 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwA3k"></a><figcaption id="mwA3o">CFA franc usage: West African (green), Central African (red)</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwA3s">The three easiest currencies to exchange within Africa are the euro, US dollar, & UK pound sterling. In some countries with a large tourism sector Australian & Canadian dollars and Japanese yen <i id="mwA3w">may</i> be exchanged at large banks and some currency exchanges, but you will receive a poor exchange rate as these currencies are uncommon and more troublesome for the banks in turn to exchange. The continent is roughly split between regions where the US dollar is easiest to exchange and use and others where the euro is. In Southern African countries the South African rand enjoys a regionally dominant position (see below) and may be easier to exchange than other currencies. Generally speaking you will experience poor exchange rates outside of most of these countries, and even currency movement restrictions.</p> <p id="mwA30">Due to concerns about counterfeiting, money changers, banks, and most likely even merchants will not accept US dollar banknotes that are worn or more than ten years old. As strange as that sounds, it seems to be a rule among anyone dealing much in dollars and you will find it difficult or even impossible to dispose of worn or older dollar banknotes. The same does not seem to hold true for euro banknotes, but may do so for other non-African currencies.</p> <p id="mwA34">With few exceptions (most notably the South African rand), African currencies are generally not accepted by banks or money changers outside their native territory, or at least not at a decent exchange rate. The currencies of some smaller countries are non-exchangeable and become worthless abroad, with some countries prohibiting export of their currencies and confiscating and even fining people leaving the country with currency (most notably the Angolan kwanza).</p> <p id="mwA38">There are three currency unions in Africa:</p> <ul id="mwA4A"><li id="mwA4E">Common Currency Area (using South African rand): <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwA4I">South Africa</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini" id="mwA4M">Eswatini</a> (Swaziland), <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho" id="mwA4Q">Lesotho</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" id="mwA4U">Namibia</a>.</li> <li id="mwA4Y">West African CFA franc (XOF): <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Benin" title="Benin" id="mwA4c">Benin</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso" id="mwA4g">Burkina Faso</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cote_d'Ivoire" title="Cote d'Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA4k">Cote d'Ivoire</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau" id="mwA4o">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali" id="mwA4s">Mali</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger" id="mwA4w">Niger</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal" id="mwA40">Senegal</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo" id="mwA44">Togo</a>.</li> <li id="mwA48">Central African CFA franc (XAF): <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon" id="mwA5A">Cameroon</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic" id="mwA5E">Central African Republic</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad" id="mwA5I">Chad</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo" id="mwA5M">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea" id="mwA5Q">Equatorial Guinea</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon" id="mwA5U">Gabon</a></li></ul> <p id="mwA5Y">Some countries that are part of a currency union still mint their own currency as well (such as Namibia's dollar), meaning that both forms of currency are legal tender.</p> <p id="mwA5c">Despite sharing the same name and same exchange rate (655.957 CFA francs = €1), the two "CFA franc" currencies are issued by different banks and are <b id="mwA5g">not</b> interchangeable. A 1000 CFA franc banknote from Gabon will not be accepted by a merchant in Benin, and vice versa. Indeed, even with banks and money changers it will likely be easier (and you'll receive a better exchange rate) to exchange euro banknotes or even US dollars. Given the fixed exchange, if visiting any of these countries, the euro will receive a more favourable exchange rate.</p> <p id="mwA5k">The Mauritanian ouguiya & Malagasy ariary are the only two non-decimal currencies in use in the world, divided into 1/5th fractions known as khoums & iraimbilanja, respectively.</p> <section data-mw-section-id="54" id="mwA5o"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBIM"><h4 id="US_dollar">US dollar</h4></div> <p id="mwA5s">The U.S. dollar has been the <i id="mwA5w">de facto</i> currency of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" id="mwA50">Zimbabwe</a> since the collapse of the Zimbabwean dollar and allowance of foreign currency as tender in January 2009. Dollar coins are usually not accepted in Zimbabwe and you may have problems getting change for small purchases. The Djiboutian franc (178.8=US$1) and Eritrean nakfa (16.5=$1) are pegged to the dollar.</p> <p id="mwA54">The U.S. dollar is the easiest currency to exchange (and may receive a better exchange rate compared to the euro) in Southern Africa and East Africa, as well as the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/DR_Congo" title="DR Congo" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA58">DR Congo</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwA6A">Nigeria</a>, & <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia" id="mwA6E">Liberia</a>. Many tour operators, tourist attractions, and hotels in these regions set their prices in dollars, some even going as far as to offer poor exchange rates for or even refuse local currency. Also, many countries in these regions set their visa prices in dollars and will only accept dollars (or perhaps pound sterling).</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="55" id="mwA6I"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBIQ"><h4 id="Euro">Euro</h4></div> <p id="mwA6M">The euro is the official currency of France's Mayotte and Reunion territories, Spain's Canary Islands and Portugal's Madeira and Porto Santo. The West and Central African CFA francs are pegged to the euro at 655.975 (formerly, 100 to the French franc). The Moroccan dirham is pegged (with a fluctuation band) to the euro at roughly 10 dirhams to one euro. The Cape Verdean escudo is pegged at 110.265 to one euro and the Comoran franc is pegged at 491.9678 to one euro. The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sao_Tome_and_Principe" title="Sao Tome and Principe" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA6Q">Sao Tome and Principe</a> dobra was fixed at 24500 to one euro in 2010 to guarantee stability – it was worth just 12000 per euro in 2004.</p> <p id="mwA6U">The euro is the easiest currency to exchange and receives the best exchange rate in countries whose currencies are fixed to the euro, with strong European ties, or where the majority of tourists are European. This generally corresponds with North Africa, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel" id="mwA6Y">Sahel</a>, West Africa and Central Africa with the exceptions of Egypt, Sudan, Ghana, Nigeria, the DRC and Liberia.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="56" id="mwA6c"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBIU"><h4 id="South_African_rand">South African rand</h4></div> <p id="mwA6g">The South African rand is an official currency and widely circulated in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwA6k">South Africa</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho" id="mwA6o">Lesotho</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini" id="mwA6s">Eswatini</a> (Swaziland), & <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia" id="mwA6w">Namibia</a>. Although the latter three issue their own currencies, they are pegged 1:1 with the rand and are not legal tender in the other countries as is the SA rand. The rand has also been accepted in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" id="mwA60">Zimbabwe</a> since the Zimbabwean dollar's demise, but not as widely as the U.S. dollar. It is also readily exchanged (and sometimes accepted for payment) in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana" id="mwA64">Botswana</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique" id="mwA68">Mozambique</a> and most of the tourist spots in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana" id="mwA7A">Botswana</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia" id="mwA7E">Zambia</a>. Namibia mints a <i id="mwA7I">local currency</i> which is also legal tender alongside the SA rand in Namibia, so always note the form of currency used on goods for sale.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="57" id="mwA7M"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBIY"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3></div> <section data-mw-section-id="58" id="mwA7Q"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4" id="mwBIc"><h4 id="Cashless_forms_of_payment">Cashless forms of payment</h4></div> <p id="mwA7U">Due to the nigh-ubiquity of cellphone ownership and the sometimes highly volatile currencies (and shortage of "hard currency" banknotes or their value being much too great for everyday transactions) various mobile phone based payment systems have been pioneered in Africa. Depending on your itinerary, it can be very advisable to make yourself familiar with those systems and have them installed to your phone.</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="59" id="mwA7Y"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBIg"><h3 id="Markets">Markets</h3></div> <p id="mwA7c">Many African countries and tribes are known for their <b id="mwA7g">handicraft</b>. High-quality sculptures, utensils and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Textiles" title="Textiles" id="mwA7k">textiles</a> can be found for a fraction of the price of a similar item made in a high-income country.</p> <p id="mwA7o">North Africa is known for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Carpets" title="Carpets" id="mwA7s">carpets</a>.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="60" id="mwA7w"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBIk"><h3 id="Prohibited_items">Prohibited items</h3></div> <p id="mwA70">Trade in ivory is prohibited by nearly all countries in the world, with hefty penalties and even jail time for offenders. Many animal products (some commonly found in fetish markets) are also banned by western countries, such as tortoise shells, tusks of any animal, or any part of or item made with an endangered species. Some African countries keen on conservation will prosecute all violators to the fullest extent of the law, so be careful when purchasing animal products unless you want to spend years in an African prison. Keep in mind that even if an item may be exported from an African country it may be illegal to import into your home country; the EU and US have strict laws on importing animal products in the name of conservation. See also <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics" id="mwA74">animal ethics</a>.</p> <p id="mwA78">Some <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Medications" title="Medications" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA8A">medications</a> which may be purchased without a prescription in Western countries or parts of Africa may contain ingredients considered illegal narcotics or controlled substances in some countries. In particular, diphenhydramine is a "controlled substance" in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia" id="mwA8E">Zambia</a> and several Americans have been fined and jailed on drug-trafficking charges for possessing the over-the-counter allergy medicine Benadryl (elsewhere called Dimedrol) and the pain reliever Advil PM whose main active ingredient is diphenhydramine.</p> <p id="mwA8I">Drug trafficking is as common an offence as in most Western countries. The list of which substances are considered prohibited or restricted drugs varies from country to country. <i id="mwA8M">Khat</i> which is readily grown and consumed in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, is an illicit drug in most other African countries. Organised drug trafficking is a major problem in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau en route from South America to Europe.</p> <p id="mwA8Q">As with most countries, check local laws concerning antiquities before trying to leave the country with anything that appears to be over 100 years old.</p> <p id="mwA8U">Always make sure that any diamonds or other jewels you are buying can satisfy two conditions:</p> <ol id="mwA8Y"><li id="mwA8c">The number of, weight, and total value of the jewels you purchase can be legally imported back to your home country.</li> <li id="mwA8g">No jewels or diamonds are <b id="mwA8k">conflict jewels</b>, which means that they are mined or sold by terrorist or rebel groups, or are mined in non-sustainable ways. <ol id="mwA8o"><li id="mwA8s"><b id="mwA8w">Rough diamonds</b> are subject to restrictions of the Kimberley Process, which prohibits the import and export of rough diamonds without a certificate of the country of export and your home country.</li> <li id="mwA80">Your home country may also prohibit other jewel importation because of sanctions or import prohibition.</li></ol></li></ol> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="61" id="mwA84"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBIo"><h2 id="Eat">Eat</h2></div> <p id="mwA88">Food varies wildly and you can find Arab-influenced cuisine (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_African_cuisine" title="North African cuisine" id="mwA9A">in the North</a>) as well as European-derived (in South Africa and Namibia) or local food originating from times before colonisation. While you won't find five-star restaurants in every city or indeed every country, if you keep an open mind, you are in for some truly amazing and once-in-a-lifetime culinary experiences, once you venture out of standard tourist fare.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="62" id="mwA9E"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBIs"><h2 id="Drink">Drink</h2></div> <p id="mwA9I">As could be expected from a continent as huge and diverse as Africa, there are a large variety of drinking options. While <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwA9M">South Africa</a> has come to be known as a wine-growing region of international acclaim, drinking anything alcoholic in the Muslim-majority countries or the predominately Muslim areas of countries such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwA9Q">Nigeria</a> may be unwise or even illegal. There are also a variety of non-alcoholic drinks that either originated from Africa or have been perfected here, such as rooibos tea in South Africa or coffee in Ethiopia.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="63" id="mwA9U"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBIw"><h2 id="Sleep">Sleep</h2></div> <p id="mwA9Y">While business districts and resort cities have high-end hotels, accommodation can be very basic off the beaten path.</p> <p id="mwA9c">While camping in a national park can be an exciting experience, be aware of dangerous animals, and of crime.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="64" id="mwA9g"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBI0"><h2 id="Stay_safe">Stay safe</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwA9k"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:20230530_West_&_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis(1).pdf" class="mw-file-description" id="mwA9o"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:20230530_West_&_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis(1).pdf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/20230530_West_%26_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis%281%29.pdf/page1-220px-20230530_West_%26_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis%281%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1239" data-file-type="office" height="155" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/20230530_West_%26_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis%281%29.pdf/page1-330px-20230530_West_%26_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis%281%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/20230530_West_%26_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis%281%29.pdf/page1-440px-20230530_West_%26_Central_Africa_Complex_Crisis%281%29.pdf.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwA9s"></a><figcaption id="mwA9w">Summary of conflict, displacement and food insecurity in the Sahel and West Africa, 2023</figcaption></figure> <p id="mwA90">While much of Africa is safe for travel and many tourist attractions on the continent are far from conflict, there are still a few regions in which conflict and/or sociopolitical tensions exist. Political unrest, religious extremism and piracy are also concerns in some areas with a recent rise in militant Salafist groupings.</p> <p id="mwA94">Jihadist groups are mostly concentrated in the Horn of Africa, parts of North Africa and the Sahel region, as well as their adjacent areas. <b id="mwA98"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia" id="mwA-A">Somalia</a></b>, where warlords have fought for control since the collapse of the central government in 1993, and the <b id="mwA-E"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic" id="mwA-I">Central African Republic</a></b>, where general lawlessness and rebels exist throughout most of the country, should only be visited by experienced travellers who are <i id="mwA-M">very</i> competent regarding the dangers that exist. Otherwise, these areas should be considered no-go regions. Exceptions are <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland" id="mwA-Q">Somaliland</a> which is <i id="mwA-U">de facto</i> independent and relatively safe and the CAR's isolated <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dzanga_Sangha_National_Reserve" title="Dzanga Sangha National Reserve" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA-Y">Dzanga Sangha National Reserve</a>.</p> <p id="mwA-c">The <b id="mwA-g"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" id="mwA-k">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></b> is home to the second largest jungle after the Amazon and most of the country is impassable by land. The eastern and northeastern regions are home to rebels and general lawlessness and have been home to the bloodiest conflict since World War II. Safer regions are the west (incl. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa" id="mwA-o">Kinshasa</a>), south (near Zambia border, incl. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi" id="mwA-s">Lubumbashi</a>), and a few spots practically <i id="mwA-w">on</i> the border, such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Goma" title="Goma" id="mwA-0">Goma</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu" id="mwA-4">Bukavu</a>, & <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park" id="mwA-8">Virunga National Park</a>.</p> <p id="mwA_A">The <b id="mwA_E">Central Sahara</b> is host to numerous problems, notably that a growing presence (or at least impact) of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb in much of Saharan <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria" id="mwA_I">Algeria</a>, northern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali" title="Mali" id="mwA_M">Mali</a> (north of Timbuktu, east of Gao, and near the Nigerien border), and far eastern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania" id="mwA_Q">Mauritania</a> has resulted in several kidnappings (incl. one Briton beheaded, kidnapped near the Mali-Niger border) and a couple of suicide bombings in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott" id="mwA_U">Nouakchott</a>. Since the end of a civil war in Mali in 2012, Northern Mali (including Timbuktu, Gao and the Mauritania and Niger borders) is highly dangerous on account of the presence of Tuareg & Islamist rebels. A Tuareg uprising has left much of the area around <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez" id="mwA_Y">Agadez</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger" id="mwA_c">Niger</a> – once a popular tourist destination – off-limits and unsafe. Several borders in the Sahara are closed or very unsafe as a result of banditry: Libya-Sudan (closed), Libya-Chad (closed), Chad-Sudan (unsafe due to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur" id="mwA_g">Darfur</a> conflict), Chad-Niger (banditry), Libya-Niger (banditry), Mali-Algeria (no road crossings, AQIM), Algeria-Mauritania (AQIM), Mali-Niger (AQIM/rebels), Mali-Mauritania (AQIM/rebels) and Algeria-Morocco (closed).</p> <p id="mwA_k">Portions of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cote_d'Ivoire" title="Cote d'Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" id="mwA_o">Cote d'Ivoire</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone" id="mwA_s">Sierra Leone</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia" id="mwA_w">Liberia</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad" id="mwA_0">Chad</a> are home to rebels and it is important to obtain up-to-date information on which parts of these countries are safe to visit (see warnings on those pages). Northern <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwA_4">Nigeria</a> is home to Islamic extremists who have carried out several attacks against non-Muslims, mostly targeting other Nigerians, but there is still a significant risk to Westerners. The region around the Niger River delta has been home to rebels for decades. Similarly, in Sudan, only the western Darfur regions and south-central "boundary" between the conflicting North-South are dangerous.</p> <p id="mwA_8">Many countries in Africa are <i id="mwBAA">unsafe</i> for <b id="mwBAE"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/LGBT_travel" title="LGBT travel" id="mwBAI">gay travellers</a></b>, with high levels of homophobia widespread in the general population. Homosexuality is illegal in most African countries (however, South Africa and Botswana are notable exceptions to this rule) and it in some cases carries the penalty of imprisonment or even death. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwBAM">Nigeria</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda" id="mwBAQ">Uganda</a> have taken it a step further by making it a criminal offence to know that someone is homosexual and not report it to the police. </p> <section data-mw-section-id="65" id="mwBAU"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBI4"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <p id="mwBAY">Crime in major African cities varies significantly by country and it is usually unwise to travel around at night alone. While much of it involves scamming, mugging or petty theft, violent crimes are generally less common. Check the "stay safe" areas of the individual countries you are going to.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="66" id="mwBAc"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBI8"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <p id="mwBAg">In most parts of Africa dangerous wildlife should be of only very minor, if any, concern at all. In some parts of East Africa and South Africa large abundances of potentially <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dangerous_animals" title="Dangerous animals" id="mwBAk">dangerous animals</a> can be found, but the majority of the time any traveller would most likely be perfectly safe in a vehicle with their tour guide. Nonetheless, attacks and deaths do occur (rarely with foreigners, but commonly with locals) and it is best to be well-informed. Nile crocodiles can be extremely dangerous and swimming is not an option in most low-lying portions of East Africa. Lions and leopards can be dangerous, but you are unlikely to encounter them on foot unless you are being extremely foolish. Large herbivores such as elephants and rhinos can also be very dangerous if aggravated, even while in a vehicle, Hippopotamuses are the animal most likely to attack or kill a human unprovoked and should be avoided without an experienced guide. Venomous snakes exist and are plentiful, but are very shy and you are unlikely to even see one let alone be bitten by one. When it comes to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pests" title="Pests" id="mwBAo">pests</a>, most insects in the country are no more dangerous than what you would find in any other country, and the spiders are mostly harmless to humans. Despite all of this, easily the most dangerous non-human animal in the entire African continent is the mosquito, which infects a very large number of Africans with malaria every year, and tsetse flies that cause sleeping sickness are also a major problem in some areas. (Check individual country and region pages and WHO reports to see whether the places you plan to travel to are affected by these diseases.)</p> </section></section><section data-mw-section-id="67" id="mwBAs"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBJA"><h2 id="Stay_healthy">Stay healthy</h2></div> <dl about="#mwt88" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBAw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"seealso","href":"./Template:Seealso"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Tropical diseases"},"2":{"wt":"Pests"},"3":{"wt":"Travel in developing countries"}},"i":0}}]}"><dd><i>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tropical_diseases" title="Tropical diseases" class="mw-redirect">Tropical diseases</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pests" title="Pests">Pests</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Travel_in_developing_countries" title="Travel in developing countries">Travel in developing countries</a></i></dd></dl> <p id="mwBA0">Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of HIV and AIDS infection on Earth. A 2005 UN Report says over 25 million Africans are infected, over 7% of adults on the continent. Be extremely cautious about any sexual activity in Africa. The rates of HIV infection among sex workers are phenomenally high.</p> <p id="mwBA4">Bushmeat from gorillas, monkeys, chimpanzees and mandrills should be avoided. Due to their similarity to humans, a number of diseases (including yet-undiscovered or poorly studied ones) can be spread by consuming their flesh, especially if it is not sufficiently heated. HIV is undoubtedly the most famous disease transmitted from other primates, but others include Ebola, anthrax and yellow fever.</p> <p id="mwBA8">As <b id="mwBBA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBBE">tap water</a></b> is not always up to hygienic standards, bottled water (be careful to take a look at the seal before opening the bottle as some people simply refill bottles with tap water) is an option if you want to decrease the risk of traveller's diarrhoea, especially on shorter stays. Remember to always drink enough, especially in hot climates, and avoid drinking too much alcohol when you don't know your surroundings and/or have just recently arrived.</p> <p id="mwBBI">Various <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases" title="Infectious diseases" id="mwBBM">infectious diseases</a>, including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBBQ">mosquito</a>-borne diseases, are a problem in parts of Africa. Vaccines, medication, and other precautions may be recommended to avoid infection. A non-exhaustive list that travellers should think about: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dengue" title="Dengue" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBBU">dengue</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria" id="mwBBY">malaria</a>, measles, polio, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBBc">rabies</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever" id="mwBBg">yellow fever</a>. Measles and polio vaccines are routine in many countries, but you should make sure yours are up to date.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="68" id="mwBBk"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBJE"><h2 id="Respect">Respect</h2></div> <p id="mwBBo">In virtually all African countries, elders are traditionally accorded a great deal of respect as they're seen as sources of wisdom and guidance. Be mindful of that when visiting countries in the continent.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="69" id="mwBBs"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2" id="mwBJI"><h2 id="Connect">Connect</h2></div> <section data-mw-section-id="70" id="mwBBw"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBJM"><h3 id="Telephone">Telephone</h3></div> <p id="mwBB0"><i id="mwBB4">See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Telephone_service" title="Telephone service" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBB8">Telephone service</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes" id="mwBCA">List of country calling codes</a>.</i></p> <p id="mwBCE">Country calling codes for Africa are generally 3-digit numbers beginning with 2, in the form +2XX. Examples are +234 for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwBCI">Nigeria</a>, +233 for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana" id="mwBCM">Ghana</a>, +263 for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe" id="mwBCQ">Zimbabwe</a>, +254 for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwBCU">Kenya</a> and +262 for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Reunion" title="Reunion" class="mw-redirect" id="mwBCY">Reunion</a>. Exceptions are <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt" id="mwBCc">Egypt</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwBCg">South Africa</a>, with the 2-digit country calling codes +20 and +27, respectively.</p> <p id="mwBCk">Traditional landline telephone services are sketchy. South Africa and the North African countries are the only regions of the continent to have decent quality. It is largely owing to this that <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mobile_phones" title="Mobile phones" id="mwBCo">mobile phones</a> have proliferated across the continent. Don't be surprised when you are in a seemingly remote corner of the continent and among a poor tribe, when a man whips out a mobile phone to show you pictures of family or ask you to find your Facebook profile for him to send a friend request. In many places, you will receive offers from traders to use their mobile phone for a fee, much as you would be solicited to purchase a wood carving or mat. Texting is more commonly used than calling.</p> <p id="mwBCs">If you decide to purchase a mobile phone locally, beware counterfeit phones. Smartphones are likely to be cheaply-made versions of phones a couple years behind those found in Western markets (that's not to say the latest Galaxy S model or iPhone can't be found). Should you choose to bring a phone from home, your best bet would be to bring a GSM phone (the most common network type worldwide). It's not terribly difficult to find a dealer selling scratch cards to replenish a local SIM; simply scratch to reveal a PIN number and enter into your phone (per the instructions). The cost of purchasing a SIM card and minutes is far less than charges for roaming with a mobile phone network from a Western country.</p> <p id="mwBCw">Continent-wide, faster data networks (3G and 4G) are being installed at a fast pace. However, outside major cities, data service is often at very slow 2G speeds (comparable to dial-up internet or worse). Many telecom companies limit use of 4G and 3G networks to post-paid customers.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="71" id="mwBC0"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBJQ"><h3 id="Internet_access">Internet access</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwBC4"><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwBC8"><img resource="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/File:Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg/250px-Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3206" data-file-type="bitmap" height="379" width="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg/375px-Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg/500px-Cybercafe_in_kigali.jpg 2x" class="mw-file-element" id="mwBDA"></a><figcaption id="mwBDE">Cybercafe in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali" id="mwBDI">Kigali</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda" id="mwBDM">Rwanda</a></figcaption></figure> <p id="mwBDQ">Computers are out of the reach of most Africans. Therefore, computer shops (cyber cafés) are common throughout the continent, except perhaps the most isolated corners of the most inaccessible countries (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad" id="mwBDU">Chad</a>, CAR, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia" id="mwBDY">Somalia</a>). Many computers are full of viruses and malware. With a little bit of computer savviness, you can load a flash drive or burn a CD with an anti-virus program and possibly an alternative web browser (Firefox, Opera, Chrome) to use on public computers at cyber cafés.</p> <p id="mwBDc">Wi-Fi internet access is becoming increasingly common. Most upscale hotels along with some mid-range hotels (mainly in more developed countries) will offer it for guests. Some may charge a fee for this. Using your personal laptop, tablet, or smartphone on a Wi-Fi connection is preferable to internet cafés for accessing banking, email, social networking, and other sensitive accounts.</p> <p id="mwBDg">The fastest internet services can be found in North Africa, parts of West Africa such as <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana" id="mwBDk">Ghana</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria" id="mwBDo">Nigeria</a> and around East Africa (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwBDs">Kenya</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania" id="mwBDw">Tanzania</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda" id="mwBD0">Uganda</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda" id="mwBD4">Rwanda</a>), where an impressive roll-out of fiber-optic networks and fast, new undersea cables to the Middle East has made <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya" id="mwBD8">Kenya</a> an up-and-coming hotspot for tech companies and international businesses requiring fast connections. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa" id="mwBEA">South Africa</a> has the most developed and fastest internet connections on the continent. In contrast, some less-developed countries and regions continue to rely on slow satellite connections, with speeds comparable to or even worse than dial-up connections once common in Western countries. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana" id="mwBEE">Ghana</a> is also emerging as one of the more consistent internet service providers in Africa with the use of dongles especially being common. Wi-Fi hotspots are also available in hotels, pubs and university campuses.</p> <p id="mwBEI"><b id="mwBEM">Internet censorship</b> is an issue in various countries on the continent, often implemented or ramped up for political reasons. This often consists of blocked social media and other communication tools; less commonly, governments may shut off the internet altogether surrounding elections or other contentious events.</p> </section><section data-mw-section-id="72" id="mwBEQ"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3" id="mwBJU"><h3 id="Post">Post</h3></div> <p id="mwBEU"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Postal_service" title="Postal service" id="mwBEY">Postal networks</a> are generally slow, if not unreliable altogether. Boxes and parcels sent to destinations outside the continent may take weeks or even months to arrive at their destination. FedEx, UPS and DHL maintain a good network of offices in major cities throughout the continent and the ease of shipping, speed and better reliability are worth the higher shipping charges.</p> <p id="mwBEc">Post restante is available in some countries (check with the national postal service first) and allow mail to be sent to a post office, where it is kept for the receiver. No address is written on the piece – just receiver's name, city, country, postal code, and "Poste Restante". Make sure the sender spells your (the receiver's) name correctly and clearly. The receiver shows up at the post office, presents identification (such as a passport) and pays a small fee. Since some post offices are rather disorganised, make sure to have the clerk check under your first name and for any possible spelling errors (describe the piece to them, ask to be shown items with a similar name, look under Q instead of O).</p> <div class="noprint" about="#mwt89" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBEg" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"outlinecontinent","href":"./Template:Outlinecontinent"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}"> <table id="outline_continent" class="article-status" style="border-style:dotted;"> <tbody><tr><td></td> <td>This <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Geographical_hierarchy#Continent" title="Wikivoyage:Geographical hierarchy">continent</a> travel guide to <b>Africa</b><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>is an <b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Outline_articles" title="Wikivoyage:Outline articles">outline</a></b><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>and may need more content. It has a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Article_skeleton_templates" title="Wikivoyage:Article skeleton templates">template</a>, but there is not enough <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Where_you_can_stick_it" title="Wikivoyage:Where you can stick it">information</a> present. If there are <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:City_guide_status" title="Wikivoyage:City guide status" class="mw-redirect">Cities</a>, <b>Countries</b> and <b>Other destinations</b> listed, they may not all be at <b>usable</b> status. Please <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Plunge_forward" title="Wikivoyage:Plunge forward">plunge forward</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:How_to_edit_a_page" title="Wikivoyage:How to edit a page">help it grow</a>!</td></tr> </tbody></table></div><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Outline_continents" about="#mwt89"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Outline_articles" about="#mwt89"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Continent_articles" about="#mwt89"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:All_destination_articles" about="#mwt89" id="mwBEk"> <meta typeof="mw:Extension/indicator mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt90" id="mwBEo" data-mw="{"name":"indicator","attrs":{"name":"i3-geo"},"body":{"extsrc":"<span style=\"display:none\"><span class=\"geo\"><abbr class=\"latitude\">8.1</abbr><abbr class=\"longitude\">21.6</abbr></span></span><span title=\"Click for a full screen dynamic map...\">[[File:Map mag.png|25px|link=//wikivoyage.toolforge.org/w/poimap2.php?lat=8.1&lon=21.6&zoom=4&layer=W&lang=en&name=Africa|alt=Full screen dynamic map]]</span>"},"html":"<span style=\"display:none\" data-parsoid='{\"stx\":\"html\"}'><span class=\"geo\" data-parsoid='{\"stx\":\"html\"}'><abbr class=\"latitude\" data-parsoid='{\"stx\":\"html\"}'>8.1</abbr><abbr class=\"longitude\" data-parsoid='{\"stx\":\"html\"}'>21.6</abbr></span></span><span title=\"Click for a full screen dynamic map...\" data-parsoid='{\"stx\":\"html\"}'><span typeof=\"mw:File\" data-parsoid='{\"optList\":[{\"ck\":\"width\",\"ak\":\"25px\"},{\"ck\":\"link\",\"ak\":\"link=//wikivoyage.toolforge.org/w/poimap2.php?lat=8.1&amp;lon=21.6&amp;zoom=4&amp;layer=W&amp;lang=en&amp;name=Africa\"},{\"ck\":\"alt\",\"ak\":\"alt=Full screen dynamic map\"}]}'><a href=\"//wikivoyage.toolforge.org/w/poimap2.php?lat=8.1&amp;lon=21.6&amp;zoom=4&amp;layer=W&amp;lang=en&amp;name=Africa\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><img alt=\"Full screen dynamic map\" resource=\"./File:Map_mag.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_mag.png/25px-Map_mag.png\" decoding=\"async\" data-file-width=\"32\" data-file-height=\"32\" data-file-type=\"bitmap\" height=\"25\" width=\"25\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Map_mag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Map_mag.png 2x\" class=\"mw-file-element\" data-parsoid='{\"a\":{\"resource\":\"./File:Map_mag.png\",\"height\":\"25\",\"width\":\"25\"},\"sa\":{\"resource\":\"File:Map mag.png\"}}'/></a></span></span>","parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"geo","href":"./Template:Geo"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"8.1"},"2":{"wt":"21.6"},"zoom":{"wt":"4"}},"i":0}}]}"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Has_Geo_parameter" about="#mwt90"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_Geo_different_to_Wikidata" about="#mwt90"><div class="geocomparison" style="display:none;float:right;" about="#mwt90" id="mwBEs"><u><b>Article Geo different to Wikidata</b></u><br><b>Wikivoyage</b>: Latitude 8.1, Longitude 21.6 (<a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="https://wikivoyage.toolforge.org/w/poimap2.php?lat=8.1&lon=21.6&zoom=4&name=Wikivoyage" class="external text">Map</a>, <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=8.1_N_21.6_E&title=Wikivoyage" class="external text">Geohack</a>)<br><b>Wikidata</b>: Latitude 21.0937500, Longitude 7.1881000 (<a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="https://wikivoyage.toolforge.org/w/poimap2.php?lat=21.0937500&lon=7.1881000&zoom=4&name=Wikidata" class="external text">Map</a>, <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=21.0937500_N_7.1881000_E&title=Wikidata" class="external text">Geohack</a>)<br><b>Difference</b>: 2,118.3km</div> <span about="#mwt93" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBEw" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"related","href":"./Template:Related"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"African_National_Parks"}},"i":0}}]}"></span> <span about="#mwt94" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBE0" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"related","href":"./Template:Related"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"African_flora_and_fauna"}},"i":0}}]}"></span> <span about="#mwt95" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwBE4" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"related","href":"./Template:Related"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Discount_airlines_in_Africa"}},"i":0}}]}"></span></section></section>     </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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