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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomical_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomical_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Anatomical position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomical_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abdomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Abdomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abdominal_Quadrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdominal_Quadrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Abdominal Quadrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdominal_Quadrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdominal_Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdominal_Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Abdominal Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdominal_Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Standard terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Axes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Planes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Functional state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functional_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functional state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functional_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomical_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomical_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anatomical variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomical_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General motion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_motions_of_the_hands_and_feet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_motions_of_the_hands_and_feet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Special motions of the hands and feet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_motions_of_the_hands_and_feet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Muscles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Muscles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agonist_and_antagonist_muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonist_and_antagonist_muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agonist and antagonist muscles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonist_and_antagonist_muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeletal_and_smooth_muscle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal_and_smooth_muscle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Skeletal and smooth muscle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal_and_smooth_muscle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_cavities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_cavities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Body cavities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_cavities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membranes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membranes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Membranes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membranes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatomical terminology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مصطلحات تشريحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصطلحات تشريحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анатомиялъул терминология – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Анатомиялъул терминология" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="শারীরস্থান পরিভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শারীরস্থান পরিভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomska_terminologija" title="Anatomska terminologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anatomska terminologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologia_anat%C3%B2mica" title="Terminologia anatòmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terminologia anatòmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomisk_terminologi" title="Anatomisk terminologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anatomisk terminologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99_%EC%9A%A9%EC%96%B4" title="해부학 용어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해부학 용어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="शारीरिकी शब्दावली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शारीरिकी शब्दावली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_-_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אנטומיה - מונחים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטומיה - מונחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termas_de_anatomia_umana_(lista)" title="Termas de anatomia umana (lista) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Termas de anatomia umana (lista)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomische_terminologie" title="Anatomische terminologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anatomische terminologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomisk_terminologi" title="Anatomisk terminologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anatomisk terminologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_termos_t%C3%A9cnicos_de_anatomia" title="Lista de termos técnicos de anatomia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de termos técnicos de anatomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologie_anatomic%C4%83" title="Terminologie anatomică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Terminologie anatomică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ව්‍යූහ විද්‍යාත්මක ශබ්දමාලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යූහ විද්‍යාත්මක ශබ්දමාලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomska_terminologija" title="Anatomska terminologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anatomska terminologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Анатомска терминологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анатомска терминологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomik_terminoloji" title="Anatomik terminoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anatomik terminoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анатомічна термінологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анатомічна термінологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="解剖学术语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="解剖学术语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2910873#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_terminology" title="Category:Anatomical terminology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anatomical terminology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Bone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Microanatomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template talk:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anatomical terminology</b> is a specialized system of terms used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals, such as doctors, surgeons, and pharmacists, to describe the structures and functions of the body. </p><p>This terminology incorporates a range of unique terms, prefixes, and suffixes derived primarily from Ancient Greek and Latin. While these terms can be challenging for those unfamiliar with them, they provide a level of precision that reduces ambiguity and minimizes the risk of errors. Because anatomical terminology is not commonly used in everyday language, its meanings are less likely to evolve or be misinterpreted. </p><p>For example, everyday language can lead to confusion in descriptions: the phrase "a scar above the wrist" could refer to a location several inches away from the hand, possibly on the forearm, or it could be at the base of the hand, either on the palm or dorsal (back) side. By using precise anatomical terms, such as "proximal," "distal," "palmar," or "dorsal," this ambiguity is eliminated, ensuring clear communication. </p><p>To standardize this system of terminology, <a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">Terminologia Anatomica</a> was established as an international reference for anatomical terms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_formation">Word formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Word formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anatomical terminology follows a regular <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, with consistent <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> are used to modify different <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>. The root of a term often refers to an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>. For example, the Latin name <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Musculus_biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculus biceps brachii">musculus biceps brachii</a></i></span></i> can be broken down: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">musculus</i></span></i> meaning muscle, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">biceps</i></span></i> meaning "two-headed", and <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">brachii</i></span></i> referring to the arm (brachial region). The first term identifies the structure, the second indicates the type or instance of the structure, and the third specifies its location.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anatomical structures are often described in relation to landmarks, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">umbilicus</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>,</i> or anatomical lines like the midclavicular line (from the center of the clavicle). The term <i>cephalon</i> or cephalic region refers to the head, which is further divided into the <i>cranium</i> (skull), <i>facies</i> (face), <i>frons</i> (forehead), <i>oculus</i> (eye area), <i>auris</i> (ear), <i>bucca</i> (cheek), <i>nasus</i> (nose), <i>os</i> (mouth), and <i>mentum</i> (chin). The neck is known as the <i>cervix</i> or cervical region. Examples of structures named for these areas include the <i><a href="/wiki/Frontalis_muscle" title="Frontalis muscle">frontalis muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submental_lymph_nodes" title="Submental lymph nodes">submental lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buccal_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal membrane">buccal membrane</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle" title="Orbicularis oculi muscle">orbicularis oculi muscle</a>.</i> </p><p>To reduce confusion, some terms are used specifically for certain body regions. For instance, in the skull <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rostral" class="extiw" title="wikt:rostral">rostral</a></i> refers to proximity to the front of the nose and is primarily used when describing the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>'s position, especially in comparison to other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Similarly, in the arms, different terms help clarify the "front", "back", "inner" and "outer" surfaces. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>Radial</i> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> bone, seen laterally in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a>.</li> <li><i>Ulnar</i> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> bone, medially positioned when in the standard anatomical position.</li></ul> <p>Additional terminology is used to describe the movement and actions of the hands and feet, and other structures such as the eyes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">Medical terminology</a></div> <p>International morphological terminology is used by the <a href="/wiki/Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges">colleges</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a> and other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Health_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sciences">health sciences</a>. It facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and it is used daily in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical care">medical care</a>. The international morphological terminology refers to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological sciences</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sciences">biological sciences</a>' branch. In this field, the form and structure are examined as well as the changes or developments in the organism. It is <a href="/wiki/Descriptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive">descriptive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">functional</a>. Basically, it covers the <a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy" title="Gross anatomy">gross anatomy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Microscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopic">microscopic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cytology</a>) of living beings. It involves both <a href="/wiki/Development_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Development anatomy">development anatomy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>) and the anatomy of the adult. It also includes <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a> between different species. The vocabulary is extensive, varied and complex, and requires a systematic presentation. </p><p>Within the international field, a group of experts reviews, analyzes and discusses the morphological terms of the structures of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, forming today's <a href="/wiki/Federative_International_Committee_on_Anatomical_Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology">Terminology Committee</a> (FICAT) from the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists" title="International Federation of Associations of Anatomists">International Federation of Associations of Anatomists</a> (IFAA).<sup id="cite_ref-International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It deals with the anatomical, histological and embryologic terminology. In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> field, there are meetings called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Latin_American_Symposium_Terminology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology (page does not exist)">Iberian Latin American Symposium Terminology</a> (SILAT), where a group of experts of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Association_of_Anatomy" title="Pan American Association of Anatomy">Pan American Association of Anatomy</a> (PAA)<sup id="cite_ref-Pan_American_Association_of_Anatomy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan_American_Association_of_Anatomy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, disseminates and studies the international morphological terminology. </p><p>The current international standard for human anatomical terminology is based on the <a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">Terminologia Anatomica</a> (TA). It was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Federative_Committee_on_Anatomical_Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology">Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology</a> (FCAT) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists" title="International Federation of Associations of Anatomists">International Federation of Associations of Anatomists</a> (IFAA) and was released in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It supersedes the previous standard, <i><a href="/wiki/Nomina_Anatomica" title="Nomina Anatomica">Nomina Anatomica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-86577-808-6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-86577-808-6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Terminologia Anatomica</i> contains terminology for about 7500 human gross (macroscopic) anatomical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For microanatomy, known as <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, a similar standard exists in <a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">Terminologia Histologica</a>, and for embryology, the study of development, a standard exists in <a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Embryologica" title="Terminologia Embryologica">Terminologia Embryologica</a>. These standards specify generally accepted names that can be used to refer to histological and embryological structures in journal articles, textbooks, and other areas. As of September 2016, two sections of the Terminologia Anatomica, including central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, were merged to form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminologia_Neuroanatomica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminologia Neuroanatomica (page does not exist)">Terminologia Neuroanatomica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, the Terminologia Anatomica has been perceived with a considerable criticism regarding its content including coverage, grammar and spelling mistakes, inconsistencies, and errors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Anatomical terms of location</a></div> <p>Anatomical terminology is often chosen to highlight the relative location of body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomical_position">Anatomical position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomical position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Directional_Terms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Directional_Terms.jpg/300px-Directional_Terms.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Directional_Terms.jpg/450px-Directional_Terms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Directional_Terms.jpg/600px-Directional_Terms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">anatomical position</a>, with terms of relative location noted</figcaption></figure> <p>Anatomical terms used to describe location are based on a body positioned in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a>. This position is one in which a person is standing, feet apace, with palms forward and thumbs facing outwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the top, the standard body "map", or anatomical position, is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the standard anatomical position reduces confusion. It means that regardless of the position of a body, the position of structures within it can be described without ambiguity.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_anatomical_regions" title="List of human anatomical regions">List of human anatomical regions</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Human_Body.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Regions_of_Human_Body.jpg/400px-Regions_of_Human_Body.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Regions_of_Human_Body.jpg/600px-Regions_of_Human_Body.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Regions_of_Human_Body.jpg/800px-Regions_of_Human_Body.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>The human body is shown in anatomical position in an anterior view and a posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface.</figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of anatomy, the body is divided into regions. In the front, the trunk is referred to as the "thorax" and "abdomen". The back as a general area is the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsum</a> or dorsal area, and the lower back is the lumbus or <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar region">lumbar region</a>. The shoulder blades are the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapular</a> area and the breastbone is the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternal</a> region. The <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal area</a> is the region between the chest and the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>. The breast is also called the mammary region, the armpit as the <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axilla</a> and axillary, and the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a> as the umbilicus and <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_region" title="Umbilical region">umbilical</a>. The pelvis is the lower torso, between the abdomen and the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thighs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">groin</a>, where the thigh joins the trunk, are the inguen and inguinal area. </p><p>The entire arm is referred to as the brachium and brachial, the front of the elbow as the antecubitis and <a href="/wiki/Antecubital_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Antecubital fossa">antecubital</a>, the back of the elbow as the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a> or olecranal, the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> as the antebrachium and antebrachial, the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpus</a> and carpal area, the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a> as the manus and manual, the palm as the palma and palmar, the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> as the pollex, and the <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a> as the digits, <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanges</a>, and phalangeal. The <a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">buttocks</a> are the gluteus or gluteal region and the pubic area is the <a href="/wiki/Pubis_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubis bone">pubis</a>. </p><p>Anatomists divide the lower limb into the thigh (the part of the limb between the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>) and the leg (which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thigh is the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> and the femoral region. The kneecap is the <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_fossa" title="Popliteal fossa">popliteal</a> area. The leg (between the knee and the ankle) is the crus and crural area, the lateral aspect of the leg is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peroneal" class="extiw" title="wikt:peroneal">peroneal</a> area, and the calf is the sura and sural region. The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal, and the heel is the calcaneus or calcaneal. The foot is the pes and pedal region, and the sole of the foot is the planta and plantar. As with the fingers, the toes are also called the digits, phalanges, and phalangeal area. The big toe is referred to as the hallux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abdomen">Abdomen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abdomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg/400px-Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg/600px-Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg/800px-Abdominal_Quadrant_Regions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Abdominal regions are used for example to localize pain.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quadrants_and_regions_of_abdomen" title="Quadrants and regions of abdomen">Quadrants and regions of abdomen</a></div> <p>To promote clear communication, for instance about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a> can be divided into either <a href="/wiki/Quadrants_and_regions_of_abdomen" title="Quadrants and regions of abdomen">nine regions or four quadrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Abdominal_Quadrants">Abdominal Quadrants</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abdominal Quadrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abdomen may be divided into four quadrants, more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patient's umbilicus (navel).<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right upper quadrant (RUQ) includes the lower right <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>, right side of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and right side of the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse colon</a>. The left upper quadrant (LUQ) includes the lower left ribs, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, and upper left area of the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse colon</a>. The right lower quadrant (RLQ) includes the right half of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Small intestines">small intestines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">ascending colon</a>, right pelvic bone and upper right area of the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>. The left lower quadrant (LLQ) contains the left half of the small intestine and left pelvic bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Abdominal_Regions">Abdominal Regions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abdominal Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity into nine regions, with two vertical and two horizontal lines drawn according to landmark structures. The vertical; or midclavicular lines, are drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a>. The superior horizontal line is the <i><a href="/wiki/Subcostal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcostal line">subcostal line</a></i>, drawn immediately inferior to the ribs.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inferior horizontal line is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Intertubercular_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertubercular line">intertubercular line</a></i>, and is to cross the iliac tubercles, found at the superior aspect of the pelvis. </p><p>The upper right square is the right hypochondriac region and contains the base of the right ribs. The upper left square is the left hypochondriac region and contains the base of the left ribs. The epigastric region is the upper central square and contains the bottom edge of the liver as well as the upper areas of the stomach. The diaphragm curves like an upside down U over these three regions. </p><p>The central right region is called the right lumbar region and contains the ascending colon and the right edge of the small intestines. The umbilical region is central square and contains the transverse colon and the upper regions of the small intestines. The left lumbar region contains the left edge of the transverse colon and the left edge of the small intestine. </p><p>The lower right square is the right iliac region and contains the right pelvic bones and the ascending colon. The lower left square is the left iliac region and contains the left pelvic bone and the lower left regions of the small intestine. The hypogastric region is the lower central square and contains the bottom of the pubic bones, upper regions of the bladder and the lower region of the small intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_terms">Standard terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Standard terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When anatomists refer to the right and left of the body, it is in reference to the right and left of the subject, not the right and left of the observer. When observing a body in the anatomical position, the left of the body is on the observer's right, and vice versa. </p><p>These standardized terms avoid confusion. Examples of terms include:<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterior" class="extiw" title="wikt:anterior">Anterior</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posterior" class="extiw" title="wikt:posterior">posterior</a></i>, which describe structures at the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. For example, the toes are anterior to the heel, and the popliteus is posterior to the patella.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superior" class="extiw" title="wikt:superior">Superior</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inferior" class="extiw" title="wikt:inferior">inferior</a></i>, which describe a position above (superior) or below (inferior) another part of the body. For example, the orbits are superior to the oris, and the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proximal" class="extiw" title="wikt:proximal">Proximal</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distal" class="extiw" title="wikt:distal">distal</a></i>, which describe a position that is closer to (proximal) or farther from (distal) the trunk of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the shoulder is proximal to the arm, and the foot is distal to the knee.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superficial" class="extiw" title="wikt:superficial">Superficial</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deep" class="extiw" title="wikt:deep">deep</a></i>, which describe structures that are closer to (superficial) or farther from (deep) the surface of the body. For example, the skin is superficial to the bones, and the brain is deep to the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes <i>profound</i> is used synonymously with <i>deep</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medial" class="extiw" title="wikt:medial">Medial</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lateral" class="extiw" title="wikt:lateral">lateral</a></i>, which describe a position that is closer to (medial) or farther from (lateral) the midline of the body. For example, the shoulders are lateral to the heart, and the umbilicus is medial to the hips. The medial side of the left knee is the side toward the opposite knee.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radial" class="extiw" title="wikt:radial">Radial</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulnar" class="extiw" title="wikt:ulnar">ulnar</a></i>, which describe only structures at or distal to the elbow and may be used interchangeably with medial and lateral in that particular area because they are less confusing. Examples: The thumb is on the radial side of the hand (the same as saying the lateral side); the ulnar side of the wrist is the side toward the little finger (medial side).</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventral" class="extiw" title="wikt:ventral">Ventral</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsal" class="extiw" title="wikt:dorsal">dorsal</a></i>, which describe structures derived from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, before limb rotation.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rostral" class="extiw" title="wikt:rostral">Rostral</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caudal" class="extiw" title="wikt:caudal">caudal</a></i>, which describe structures close to (rostral) or farther from (caudal) the nose. For example, the eyes are rostral to the back of the skull, and the tailbone is caudal to the chest.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cranial" class="extiw" title="wikt:cranial">Cranial</a></i> and caudal, which describe structures close to the top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal).</li> <li>Occasionally, <i>sinister</i> for left, and <i>dexter</i> for right are used.</li> <li><i>Paired</i>, referring to a structure that is present on both sides of the body. For example, the hands are paired structures.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axes">Axes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Axes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each locational term above can define the direction of a <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a>, and pairs of them can define <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/axis#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:axis">axes</a>, that is, lines of orientation. For example, blood can be said to flow in a proximal or distal direction, and anteroposterior, mediolateral, and inferosuperior axes are lines along which the body extends, like the X, Y, and Z axes of a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>. An axis can be projected to a corresponding <a href="#Planes">plane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planes">Planes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Planes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">Anatomical plane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planes_of_Body.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Planes_of_Body.jpg/220px-Planes_of_Body.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Planes_of_Body.jpg/330px-Planes_of_Body.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Planes_of_Body.jpg/440px-Planes_of_Body.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>The three anatomical planes of the body: the sagittal, transverse (or horizontal), frontal planes</figcaption></figure> <p>Anatomy is often described in <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/planes" class="extiw" title="wikt:planes">planes</a></i>, referring to two-dimensional <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/section" class="extiw" title="wikt:section">sections</a></i> of the body. A <i>section</i> is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. Three planes are commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine:<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>sagittal plane</i> is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the <i>midsagittal</i> or <i>median plane</i>. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a <i>parasagittal plane</i>, or less commonly a longitudinal section.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>frontal plane</i> is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a <i>coronal plane</i>, following <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corona</i></span>, which means "crown".<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>transverse plane</i> is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_state">Functional state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Functional state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anatomical terms may be used to describe the functional state of an organ: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anastomose" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastomose">Anastomoses</a></i> refers to the connection between two structures previously branched out, such as blood vessels or leaf veins.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patent" class="extiw" title="wikt:patent">Patent</a></i>, meaning a structure such as an <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a> that abnormally remains open, such as a <a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Ductus_arteriosus" title="Ductus arteriosus">ductus arteriosus</a> which normally becomes <a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_arteriosum" title="Ligamentum arteriosum">ligamentum arteriosum</a> within three weeks of birth. Something that is patent may also refer to a channel such as a <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a>, section of <a href="/wiki/Bowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel">bowel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">collecting system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">duct</a> that is not occluded and remains open to free flow. Such obstructions may include a calculus (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstone</a>), plaque (like that encountered in vital arteries such as <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_arteries" title="Cerebral arteries">cerebral arteries</a>), or another unspecified obstruction, such as a <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">bowel obstruction</a>.</li> <li>A <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plexus" class="extiw" title="wikt:plexus">plexus</a></i> refers to a net-like arrangement of a <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomical_variation">Anatomical variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anatomical variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">Anatomical variation</a></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">anatomical variation</a> is used to refer to a difference in anatomical structures that is not regarded as a disorder. Many structures vary slightly between people, for example muscles that attach in slightly different places. For example, the presence or absence of the <a href="/wiki/Palmaris_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmaris longus">palmaris longus</a> tendon. Anatomical variation is unlike <a href="/wiki/Congenital_anomalies" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital anomalies">congenital anomalies</a>, which are considered a disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Anatomical terms of motion</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_Movements_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Body_Movements_I.jpg/400px-Body_Movements_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="474" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Body_Movements_I.jpg/600px-Body_Movements_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Body_Movements_I.jpg/800px-Body_Movements_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="2878" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_Movements_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Body_Movements_II.jpg/400px-Body_Movements_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Body_Movements_II.jpg/600px-Body_Movements_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Body_Movements_II.jpg/800px-Body_Movements_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Joints">Joints</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Synovial joints">synovial joints</a> allow the body a tremendous range of movements. Each movement at a synovial joint results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the articulation. The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural type. </p><p>Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other. Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright stance, with upper limbs to the side of body and palms facing forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_motion">General motion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terms describing motion in general include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:flexion">Flexion</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extension" class="extiw" title="wikt:extension">extension</a></i>, which refer to a movement that decreases (flexion) or increases (extension) the angle between body parts. For example, when standing up, the knees are extended.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abduction" class="extiw" title="wikt:abduction">Abduction</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adduction" class="extiw" title="wikt:adduction">adduction</a></i> refers to a motion that pulls a structure away from (abduction) or towards (adduction) the midline of the body or limb. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Star_jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Star jump">star jump</a> requires the legs to be abducted.</li> <li><i>Internal rotation</i> (or <i>medial rotation</i>) and <i>external rotation</i> (or <i>lateral rotation</i>) refers to rotation towards (internal) or away from (external) the center of the body. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a> posture in <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> requires the legs to be externally rotated.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elevation" class="extiw" title="wikt:elevation">Elevation</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/depression" class="extiw" title="wikt:depression">depression</a></i> refer to movement in a superior (elevation) or inferior (depression) direction. Primarily refers to movements involving the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_motions_of_the_hands_and_feet">Special motions of the hands and feet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Special motions of the hands and feet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These terms refer to movements that are regarded as unique to the hands and feet:<sup id="cite_ref-SCWARTZ2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCWARTZ2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 590–7">: 590–7 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsiflexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:dorsiflexion">Dorsiflexion</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plantarflexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:plantarflexion">plantarflexion</a></i> refers to flexion (dorsiflexion) or extension (plantarflexion) of the foot at the ankle. For example, plantarflexion occurs when pressing the <a href="/wiki/Brake_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brake pedal">brake pedal</a> of a car.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palmarflexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:palmarflexion">Palmarflexion</a></i> and <i>dorsiflexion</i> refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist. For example, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> is often conducted with the hands dorsiflexed.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pronation" class="extiw" title="wikt:pronation">Pronation</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supination" class="extiw" title="wikt:supination">supination</a></i> refer to rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">anatomical position</a> the palm or sole is facing anteriorly (supination) or posteriorly (pronation). For example, if a person is holding a bowl of soup in one hand, the hand is "supinated" and the thumb will point away from the body midline and the palm will be superior; if the hands are typing on a computer keyboard, they will be "pronated" with the thumbs toward the body midline and the palms inferior.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eversion" class="extiw" title="wikt:eversion">Eversion</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inversion" class="extiw" title="wikt:inversion">inversion</a></i> refer to movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muscles">Muscles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biceps_Muscle_CNX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Biceps_Muscle_CNX.jpg/220px-Biceps_Muscle_CNX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Biceps_Muscle_CNX.jpg/330px-Biceps_Muscle_CNX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Biceps_Muscle_CNX.jpg/440px-Biceps_Muscle_CNX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii">biceps brachii</a> flex the lower arm. The <a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">brachioradialis</a>, in the forearm, and <a href="/wiki/Brachialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachialis">brachialis</a>, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Muscle action that moves the axial skeleton work over a <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Origin_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin (anatomy)">origin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insertion_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insertion (anatomy)">insertion</a> of the muscle on respective side. The insertion is on the bone deemed to move towards the origin during muscle contraction. Muscles are often present that engage in several actions of the joint; able to perform for example both flexion and extension of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triceps" title="Triceps">triceps</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not only to be able to revert actions of muscles, but also brings on stability of the actions though <a href="/wiki/Muscle_coactivation" title="Muscle coactivation">muscle coactivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonist_and_antagonist_muscles">Agonist and antagonist muscles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Agonist and antagonist muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The muscle performing an action is the <i>agonist</i>, while the muscle which contraction brings about an opposite action is the <i>antagonist</i>. For example, an extension of the lower arm is performed by the triceps as the agonist and the biceps as the antagonist (which contraction will perform flexion over the same joint). Muscles that work together to perform the same action are called <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Synergist" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">synergists</a>. In the above example synergists to the biceps can be the <a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">brachioradialis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brachialis_muscle" title="Brachialis muscle">brachialis muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal_and_smooth_muscle">Skeletal and smooth muscle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Skeletal and smooth muscle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gross_anatomy_of_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross anatomy of muscles">Gross anatomy of muscles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fascicle_Muscle_Shapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fascicle_Muscle_Shapes.jpg/220px-Fascicle_Muscle_Shapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fascicle_Muscle_Shapes.jpg/330px-Fascicle_Muscle_Shapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fascicle_Muscle_Shapes.jpg/440px-Fascicle_Muscle_Shapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>The skeletal muscles of the body typically come in seven different general shapes. This figure shows the human body with the major muscle groups labeled.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gross anatomy of a muscle is the most important indicator of its role in the body. One particularly important aspect of gross anatomy of muscles is <a href="/wiki/Pennate_muscle" title="Pennate muscle">pennation</a> or lack thereof. In most muscles, all the fibers are oriented in the same direction, running in a line from the origin to the insertion. In pennate muscles, the individual fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the line of action, attaching to the origin and insertion tendons at each end. Because the contracting fibers are pulling at an angle to the overall action of the muscle, the change in length is smaller, but this same orientation allows for more fibers (thus more force) in a muscle of a given size. Pennate muscles are usually found where their length change is less important than maximum force, such as the rectus femoris.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Keith_L.,_Dalley,_Arthur_F.,_Agur_Anne_M._R._2010_29–35_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Keith_L.,_Dalley,_Arthur_F.,_Agur_Anne_M._R._2010_29–35-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is the <i><a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii muscle">biceps brachii</a></i>. The tough, fibrous epimysium of skeletal muscle is both connected to and continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>. In turn, the tendons connect to the <a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a> layer surrounding the bones, permitting the transfer of force from the muscles to the skeleton. Together, these fibrous layers, along with tendons and ligaments, constitute the <a href="/wiki/Deep_fascia" title="Deep fascia">deep fascia</a> of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Keith_L.,_Dalley,_Arthur_F.,_Agur_Anne_M._R._2010_29–35_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Keith_L.,_Dalley,_Arthur_F.,_Agur_Anne_M._R._2010_29–35-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joints">Joints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joint</a></div> <p>Movement is not limited to only synovial joints, although they allow for most freedom. Muscles also run over <a href="/wiki/Symphysis" title="Symphysis">symphysis</a>, which allow for movement in for example the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> by compression of the <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral discs</a>. Additionally, synovial joints can be divided into different types, depending on their axis of movement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_cavities">Body cavities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Body cavities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">Body cavity</a></div> <p>The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments, called body cavities. The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membranes">Membranes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Membranes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serous membrane</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serous_Membrane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Serous_Membrane.jpg/250px-Serous_Membrane.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Serous_Membrane.jpg/375px-Serous_Membrane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Serous_Membrane.jpg/500px-Serous_Membrane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Serous membrane</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">serous membrane</a> (also referred to as a serosa) is a thin membrane that covers the walls of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">abdominal cavities</a>. The serous membranes have two layers; <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane#Parietal_and_visceral_layers" title="Serous membrane">parietal and visceral</a>, surrounding a fluid filled space.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organ (the viscera), and the parietal layer lines the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to a cavity wall). Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a> is the serous cavity which surrounds the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris_1933_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Older set of terminology shown in Parts of the Human Body: Posterior and Anterior View from the 1933 edition of Sir Henry Morris' Human Anatomy. See also List of human anatomical regions § Deprecated or older regions."><img alt="Older set of terminology shown in Parts of the Human Body: Posterior and Anterior View from the 1933 edition of Sir Henry Morris' Human Anatomy. See also List of human anatomical regions § Deprecated or older regions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Morris_1933_1.png/94px-Morris_1933_1.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Morris_1933_1.png/141px-Morris_1933_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Morris_1933_1.png/188px-Morris_1933_1.png 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Older set of terminology shown in <i>Parts of the Human Body: Posterior and Anterior View</i> from the 1933 edition of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Morris,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Morris, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Morris</a>' <i>Human Anatomy</i>. See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_anatomical_regions#Deprecated_or_older_regions" title="List of human anatomical regions">List of human anatomical regions § Deprecated or older regions</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Labels of human body features displayed on images of actual human bodies, from which body hair and male facial hair have been removed"><img alt="Labels of human body features displayed on images of actual human bodies, from which body hair and male facial hair have been removed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels.svg/113px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels.svg/170px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels.svg/226px-Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male%2C_with_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4089" data-file-height="4334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Labels of human body features displayed on images of actual human bodies, from which body hair and male facial hair have been removed</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">Medical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.24">text</a> available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license.</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBettsDesaixJohnsonJohnson2016" class="citation book cs1">Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (February 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.24"><i>Anatomy & Physiology</i></a>. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 1.6. Anatomical Terminology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-93-816813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-93-816813-0"><bdi>978-1-93-816813-0</bdi></a>. ID: 14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316215747/https://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@8.24">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=Houston&rft.pages=1.6.+Anatomical+Terminology&rft.pub=OpenStax+CNX&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-93-816813-0&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=J+Gordon&rft.au=Desaix%2C+Peter&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Eddie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jody+E&rft.au=Korol%2C+Oksana&rft.au=Kruse%2C+Dean&rft.au=Poe%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Wise%2C+James&rft.au=Womble%2C+Mark+D&rft.au=Young%2C+Kelly+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontents%2F14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22%408.24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakeVogl,_WayneTibbitts,_Adam_W.M._Mitchell2005" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors00unse"><i>Gray's anatomy for students</i></a></span>. illustrations by Richard Richardson, Paul (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06612-2"><bdi>978-0-443-06612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+for+students&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=Pbk.&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FChurchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06612-2&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=Vogl%2C+Wayne&rft.au=Tibbitts%2C+Adam+W.M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraysanatomyfors00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_Federation_of_Associations_of_Anatomists_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederative_Committee_on_Anatomical_Terminology2008" class="citation book cs1">Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (2008). <i>Terminologia Histologica – International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology</i>. 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Stuttgart: Thieme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-13-115251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-13-115251-0"><bdi>978-3-13-115251-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43947698">43947698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terminologia+Anatomica+%E2%80%93+International+Anatomical+Terminology&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43947698&rft.isbn=978-3-13-115251-0&rft.au=Federative+Committee+on+Anatomical+Terminology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan_American_Association_of_Anatomy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pan_American_Association_of_Anatomy_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosardo,_Ricardo_J.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Losardo, Ricardo J. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_morphologica/article/view/FM.a2016.0078">"The Terminologia Anatomica matters: examples from didactic, scientific, and clinical practice"</a>. <i>Folia Morphologica</i>. <b>76</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5603%2FFM.a2016.0078">10.5603/FM.a2016.0078</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1644-3284">1644-3284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28026851">28026851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142101/https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_morphologica/article/view/FM.a2016.0078">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Morphologica&rft.atitle=The+Terminologia+Anatomica+matters%3A+examples+from+didactic%2C+scientific%2C+and+clinical+practice&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1644-3284&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28026851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5603%2FFM.a2016.0078&rft.aulast=Strzelec&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Chmielewski%2C+P.+P.&rft.au=Gworys%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.viamedica.pl%2Ffolia_morphologica%2Farticle%2Fview%2FFM.a2016.0078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsDesaixJohnsonJohnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (October 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@6.11"><i>Anatomy & Physiology</i></a>. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 1.6. Anatomical Terminology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-93-816813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-93-816813-0"><bdi>978-1-93-816813-0</bdi></a>. ID: 14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@6.11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109092247/http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@6.11">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=Houston&rft.pages=1.6.+Anatomical+Terminology&rft.pub=OpenStax+CNX&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-93-816813-0&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=J+Gordon&rft.au=Desaix%2C+Peter&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Eddie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jody+E&rft.au=Korol%2C+Oksana&rft.au=Kruse%2C+Dean&rft.au=Poe%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Wise%2C+James&rft.au=Womble%2C+Mark+D&rft.au=Young%2C+Kelly+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontents%2F14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22%406.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSilvaMunozMcmillanKawai2016" class="citation journal cs1">DeSilva, Malini; Munoz, Flor M.; Mcmillan, Mark; Kawai, Alison Tse; Marshall, Helen; Macartney, Kristine K.; Joshi, Jyoti; Oneko, Martina; Rose, Annette Elliott (2016-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139892">"Congenital anomalies: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data"</a>. <i>Vaccine</i>. <b>34</b> (49): <span class="nowrap">6015–</span>6026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2016.03.047">10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-410X">0264-410X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139892">5139892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27435386">27435386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=Congenital+anomalies%3A+Case+definition+and+guidelines+for+data+collection%2C+analysis%2C+and+presentation+of+immunization+safety+data&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6015-%3C%2Fspan%3E6026&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5139892%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0264-410X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27435386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2016.03.047&rft.aulast=DeSilva&rft.aufirst=Malini&rft.au=Munoz%2C+Flor+M.&rft.au=Mcmillan%2C+Mark&rft.au=Kawai%2C+Alison+Tse&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Helen&rft.au=Macartney%2C+Kristine+K.&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Jyoti&rft.au=Oneko%2C+Martina&rft.au=Rose%2C+Annette+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5139892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/types-of-movements-in-the-human-body">"Types of movements in the human body"</a>. <i>Kenhub</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903160810/https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/types-of-movements-in-the-human-body">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenhub&rft.atitle=Types+of+movements+in+the+human+body&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenhub.com%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fanatomy%2Ftypes-of-movements-in-the-human-body&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCWARTZ2010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCWARTZ2010_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2010" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Mark H. (2010). <i>Textbook of physical diagnosis : history and examination</i> (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6203-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6203-5"><bdi>978-1-4160-6203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+physical+diagnosis+%3A+history+and+examination&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-6203-5&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastrogiovanniConwayImbesiTrovato2016" class="citation journal cs1">Castrogiovanni, Paola; Conway, Nerys; Imbesi, Rosa; Trovato, Francesca Maria (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjfmk1030289">"Morphological and Functional Aspects of Human Skeletal Muscle"</a>. <i>Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">289–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjfmk1030289">10.3390/jfmk1030289</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Functional+Morphology+and+Kinesiology&rft.atitle=Morphological+and+Functional+Aspects+of+Human+Skeletal+Muscle&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fjfmk1030289&rft.aulast=Castrogiovanni&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Conway%2C+Nerys&rft.au=Imbesi%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Trovato%2C+Francesca+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fjfmk1030289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore,_Keith_L.,_Dalley,_Arthur_F.,_Agur_Anne_M._R._2010_29–35-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Keith_L.,_Dalley,_Arthur_F.,_Agur_Anne_M._R._2010_29–35_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Keith_L.,_Dalley,_Arthur_F.,_Agur_Anne_M._R._2010_29–35_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreDalleyAgur2010" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2010). <i>Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy</i>. Phildadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-652-0"><bdi>978-1-60547-652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moore%27s+Clinically+Oriented+Anatomy&rft.place=Phildadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-652-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft.au=Dalley%2C+Arthur+F.&rft.au=Agur%2C+Anne+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329031739/https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/9-1-classification-of-joints/">"9.1 Classification of Joints – Anatomy and Physiology"</a>. <i>opentextbc.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/9-1-classification-of-joints/">the original</a> on 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opentextbc.ca&rft.atitle=9.1+Classification+of+Joints+%E2%80%93+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fanatomyandphysiology%2Fchapter%2F9-1-classification-of-joints%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalais-Germain1993" class="citation book cs1">Calais-Germain, Blandine (1993). <i>Anatomy of Movement</i>. Eastland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939616-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939616-17-6"><bdi>978-0-939616-17-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Movement&rft.pub=Eastland+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-939616-17-6&rft.aulast=Calais-Germain&rft.aufirst=Blandine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakeVoglMitchell2004" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Richard; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam (2004). <i>Gray's Anatomy for Students</i>. Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06612-2"><bdi>978-0-443-06612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy+for+Students&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06612-2&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Vogl%2C+Wayne&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiniTimmonsMcKinnley2000" class="citation book cs1">Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael; McKinnley, Michael (2000). <i>Human Anatomy</i> (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-010011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-010011-5"><bdi>978-0-13-010011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-13-010011-5&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Timmons%2C+Michael&rft.au=McKinnley%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarieb2000" class="citation book cs1">Marieb, Elaine (2000). <i>Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology</i> (6th ed.). Addison Wesley Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4940-5"><bdi>978-0-8053-4940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Human+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-4940-5&rft.aulast=Marieb&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuscolino2005" class="citation book cs1">Muscolino, Joseph E. (2005). <i>The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body</i> (2nd ed.). C.V. Mosby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-02523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-02523-2"><bdi>978-0-323-02523-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muscular+System+Manual%3A+The+Skeletal+Muscles+of+the+Human+Body&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=C.V.+Mosby&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-323-02523-2&rft.aulast=Muscolino&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgai2006" class="citation book cs1">Ngai, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325003548/http://meded-portal.ucsd.edu/webportal/forum/fileattachments/anat-latin-3.pdf"><i>Understanding Anatomical Latin</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (3rd ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meded-portal.ucsd.edu/webportal/forum/fileattachments/anat-latin-3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Anatomical+Latin&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ngai&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeded-portal.ucsd.edu%2Fwebportal%2Fforum%2Ffileattachments%2Fanat-latin-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosardoValverde_Barbato_De_PratesArteaga-MartinezGarcía_Peláez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Losardo, R. J.; Valverde Barbato De Prates, N. E.; Arteaga-Martinez, M.; García Peláez, M. I.; Cabral, R. H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4322%2Fjms.109916">"International Morphological Terminology (anatomy, histology and embryology): beyond scientific terms"</a>. <i>Journal of Morphological Sciences</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">130–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4322%2Fjms.109916">10.4322/jms.109916</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2177-0298">2177-0298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphological+Sciences&rft.atitle=International+Morphological+Terminology+%28anatomy%2C+histology+and+embryology%29%3A+beyond+scientific+terms.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4322%2Fjms.109916&rft.issn=2177-0298&rft.aulast=Losardo&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Valverde+Barbato+De+Prates%2C+N.+E.&rft.au=Arteaga-Martinez%2C+M.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+Pel%C3%A1ez%2C+M.+I.&rft.au=Cabral%2C+R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4322%252Fjms.109916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terminology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terminology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology"><i>Anatomy and Physiology</i></a>, J. Gordon Betts <i>et al</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/">Openstax</a>. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="View this 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> 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title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a 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