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Vexatious litigation - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Queensland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queensland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>South Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_vexatious_litigants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_vexatious_litigants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable vexatious litigants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_vexatious_litigants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal action which is brought solely to harass or subdue an adversary</div> <p><b>Vexatious litigation</b> is legal action which is brought solely to <a href="/wiki/Harass" class="mw-redirect" title="Harass">harass</a> or subdue an <a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">adversary</a>. It may take the form of a primary <a href="/wiki/Frivolous_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Frivolous lawsuit">frivolous lawsuit</a> or may be the repetitive, burdensome, and unwarranted filing of meritless motions in a matter which is otherwise a meritorious <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">cause of action</a>. Filing vexatious litigation is considered an <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">abuse of the judicial process</a> and may result in <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_(law)" title="Sanctions (law)">sanctions</a> against the offender. </p><p>A single action, even a frivolous one, is usually not enough to raise a litigant to the level of being declared vexatious. Rather, a pattern of frivolous legal actions is typically required to rise to the level of vexatious. Repeated and severe instances by a single <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">firm</a> can result in eventual <a href="/wiki/Disbarment" title="Disbarment">disbarment</a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> have a list of vexatious litigants: people who have repeatedly abused the legal system. Because lawyers could be disbarred for participating in this abuse of the legal process, vexatious litigants are often unable to retain legal counsel, and such litigants, therefore, represent themselves in court. Those on the vexatious litigant list are usually either forbidden from any further legal action or are required to obtain prior permission from a senior judge before taking any legal action. The process by which a person is added to the list varies among jurisdictions. In <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> jurisdictions, declaring someone a vexatious litigant is considered to be a serious measure and rarely occurs, as judges and officials are reluctant to curtail a person's access to the courts. </p><p>These legal actions occur<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="It&#39;s dubious that frivolous/harassment legal actions *only* occur in common law systems (February 2024)">dubious</span></a>&#32;&#8211; <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vexatious_litigation#Dubious" title="Talk:Vexatious litigation">discuss</a></i>&#93;</sup> in some countries of the former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system still remains: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, which are specified below. <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil (codified/continental) law</a> systems typically do not have a prohibition against vexatious litigation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_legislation_against_vexatious_litigation">History of legislation against vexatious litigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History of legislation against vexatious litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of vexatious litigation entered into law in 1896 with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_Actions_Act_1896&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vexatious Actions Act 1896 (page does not exist)">Vexatious Actions Act</a>, enacted in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and soon extended to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. This was primarily a response to the actions of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chaffers" title="Alexander Chaffers">Alexander Chaffers</a>, a solicitor who filed numerous actions against <a href="/wiki/Travers_Twiss#Scandal" title="Travers Twiss">leading members</a> of Victorian society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> When costs were awarded against him, he failed to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-alv_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first such law outside the British Isles, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_Act,_1927&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court Act, 1927 (page does not exist)">Supreme Court Act, 1927</a> was passed in Australia nearly thirty years later. This too was prompted by the behaviour of an individual, Rupert Millane.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The first vexatious litigant law in the United States was enacted in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1963. By 2007 four more US states had passed similar legislation: <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alv_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_by_country">Laws by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Laws by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Queensland">Queensland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Queensland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, the process for having someone declared a vexatious litigant is governed by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_Proceedings_Act_2005&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vexatious Proceedings Act 2005 (page does not exist)">Vexatious Proceedings Act 2005</a></i>, which supplanted an earlier Act.<sup id="cite_ref-From_Archive.org-1818794_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Archive.org-1818794-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Act defines a vexatious proceeding to include a proceeding brought without merit or any prospect of success, with the consequence that it is not necessary to prove the existence of any improper motive in order to obtain relief under the Act. As of June&#160;2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> there were 26 people found to be vexatious litigants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Australia">South Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: South Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Australia, vexatious litigation laws were enacted in the mid-1930s with the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_Act_1935-1936&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court Act 1935-1936 (page does not exist)">Supreme Court Act 1935-1936</a></i>, following similar laws enacted in Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rann" title="Mike Rann">Rann government</a> acted to strengthen the ability of the courts to act against vexatious litigants by "increasing the range of courts and tribunals that can declare people as vexatious".<sup id="cite_ref-McGregor2010-11-06_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGregor2010-11-06-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prior to that date, few people had been banned from bringing litigation to South Australian courts – by 2005, only two people were listed as having been declared as vexatious litigants, the first in 1997 and the second declared during that year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As of June&#160;2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> there were 7 people found to be vexatious litigants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statistics">Statistics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of June&#160;2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, 21 people in Victoria had been declared vexatious litigants since the law was introduced in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DJ_Lindsey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ_Lindsey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> has declared only four people to be vexatious litigants in its century-old existence, as of June&#160;2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> whereas the Australian <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court</a> system, established in 1976, has at least 49 names on its barred registry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, as of June&#160;2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> there were 43 people on the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales Supreme Court">New South Wales Supreme Court</a>'s vexatious litigants register.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June&#160;2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> there were 22 people found to be vexatious litigants in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, section 92(14),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> each province is vested with the power to enact and apply laws relating to the administration of justice within its own territory. </p><p>In Canada, Section 40 of the <i>Federal Court Act</i> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in Ontario Section 140 of the <i>Courts of Justice Act</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> restrict the ability to introduce or continue proceedings for those who have instituted vexatious proceedings or conducted proceedings in a vexatious manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Quebec, the Code of Civil Procedure is the principal legislation that sets rules related to civil procedure. Under section 46 of the Code of Civil Procedure,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> all judicial courts and judges in Quebec are vested with "all the powers necessary for the exercise of their jurisdiction". Furthermore, they may: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>at any time and in all matters, whether in first instance or in appeal, issue orders to safeguard the rights of the parties, for such time and on such conditions as they may determine. As well, they may, in the matters brought before them, even on their own initiative, issue injunctions or reprimands, suppress writings or declare them libellous, and make such orders as are appropriate to deal with cases for which no specific remedy is provided by law.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Section 46 vests a very broad power on judicial courts and judges to ensure that the administration of justice is conducted according to decorum and according to the remedial nature of justice. As the courts's decisions have shown it, the authority to declare a litigant as vexatious is directly tributary to the power conferred by section 46. Cases illustrating the application of section 46 are numerous. Among them, there are: <i>Nguiagain v. Commission de la fonction publique</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in which the judge rejected the plaintiff's motion for a <i><a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a></i> to enjoin his union to revise the grievance that he had filed on the grounds that the motion was groundless and abusive; <i>De Niverville c. Descôteaux</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> where an injunction was rendered declaring the respondent, disbarred lawyer Descôteaux, as a vexatious litigant due to the multiple unfounded and frivolous actions that he had sought against the plaintiff De Niverville; and in <i>Fabrikant v. Corbin</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a motion to declare the plaintiff <a href="/wiki/Valery_Fabrikant" title="Valery Fabrikant">Valery Fabrikant</a> as a vexatious litigant was granted to the defendant, Corbin. In all of the above cited cases, a litigant was only declared vexatious following a proceeding instated by the opposite party. Moreover, section 46's scope is limited to judicial courts and judges. Administrative tribunals are legislative creations and they can only exist and function within the limits that are imposed by law. Administrative tribunals in Quebec cannot declare a person a vexatious litigant. </p><p>As per section 90 of the <i>Rules of Practice of the Superior Court of Québec in Civil Matters</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> such litigants are now indexed in a registry kept by the Chief Justice in the judiciary district of Montreal. Lawyer and author Claude Duchesnay has reported in May 2003 that a document on the Quebec attorney general's intranet contains the name of 58 persons who must obtain permission prior to instating proceedings before the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is not a specific law titled "Vexatious Litigation Law" in India, the concept is primarily addressed through provisions in the Civil Procedure Code and through judicial decisions. The Indian legal system empowers courts to deal with vexatious litigation through several mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One common tool is the imposition of costs on the litigant who files frivolous suits. Courts have the discretion to order costs to be paid to the opposing party as a means of discouraging such behavior. These costs can include legal fees and compensation for the wasted time and resources of the other party. Also under Section 35A of the Civil Procedure Code, courts have the authority to declare a litigant a "vexatious litigant." This declaration prohibits the person from filing any further lawsuits in a particular court without obtaining prior permission. This provision is designed to deter individuals from repeatedly abusing the legal system. Courts have the authority to dismiss frivolous cases at the preliminary stage and even initiate contempt of court proceedings against those who persistently file baseless lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, a court may, of its own motion or on application, order that no proceedings, either of a certain type or at all, may be issued by a certain person without leave of that court or some other court, for a specified time, or indefinitely. Such an order is referred to in legal circles as an <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Wunder_order" title="Isaac Wunder order">Isaac Wunder order</a> after Isaac Wunder who made several claims against the Hospitals Trust claiming <a href="/wiki/Sweepstakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweepstakes">sweepstakes</a> prizes, but the claims were found to be groundless and the case deemed <a href="/wiki/Frivolous_or_vexatious" title="Frivolous or vexatious">frivolous or vexatious</a>. He was prohibited from taking further High Court proceedings in the action without leave of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand a person may be declared a vexatious litigant by a High Court Judge on the application of the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General of New Zealand">Attorney-General</a>. A vexatious litigant must then apply to a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a> Judge for leave to commence any action. A decision by the High Court whether or not to grant leave cannot be appealed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England and Wales there are two methods to control vexatious litigants: </p> <ul><li>Civil restraint orders (made by the courts themselves on the application or their own initiative); and</li> <li>Vexatious litigants orders (made by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> under section 42 of the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_Act_1981" title="Senior Courts Act 1981">Senior Courts Act 1981</a> on the application of <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">HM Attorney-General</a>).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Courts_and_Tribunals_Service" title="His Majesty&#39;s Courts and Tribunals Service">His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service</a> maintains a list of vexatious litigants and those subject to a civil restraint order.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Civil_restraint_orders">Civil restraint orders</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Civil restraint orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_restraint_order" title="Civil restraint order">Civil restraint order</a></div> <p>Courts in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> have the means of escalating the sanctions against a litigant who makes applications to the court that are "totally without merit".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_restraint_order" title="Civil restraint order">Civil restraint orders</a> allow courts to forbid applications for court hearings without the permission of a judge. There are three types of CRO: limited, extended and general, with different scopes of application.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Further applications totally without merit can lead to the withdrawal of the right of <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a>. Harassment of the court and court officials can lead to a penal prohibition notice, prohibiting the litigant from contacting or approaching the court without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vexatious_litigant_orders">Vexatious litigant orders</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Vexatious litigant orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 42 of the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_Act_1981" title="Senior Courts Act 1981">Senior Courts Act 1981</a> provides the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> with the power to make an order restricting the ability of a person to undertake litigation without leave of the High Court. The High Court may make a civil proceedings order, a criminal proceedings order or an all proceedings order. </p><p>A person subject to a civil proceedings order may not institute or continue civil proceedings in any court (which includes tribunals of a judicial function<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) without leave of the High Court. A person subject to a criminal proceeding order may not lay information before a justice of the peace or prefer a bill of indictment without leave of the High Court. A person subject to an all proceedings order is subject to the restriction in both a civil proceedings order and a criminal proceedings order. </p><p>Where the High Court makes an order under this section it is published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. </p><p>Such an order can only be made on the application of <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">HM Attorney-General</a> and where the High Court is satisfied that the person has habitually and persistently and without any reasonable ground— </p> <ol><li>instituted vexatious civil proceedings, whether in the High Court or the family court or any inferior court, and whether against the same person or against different persons; or</li> <li>made vexatious applications in any civil proceedings, whether in the High Court or the family court or any inferior court, and whether instituted by him or another, or</li> <li>instituted vexatious prosecutions (whether against the same person or different persons).</li></ol> <p>In relation to the civil proceedings, the High Court will only grant leave to initiate or continue the proceedings or application where it is satisfied it is not an abuse of the process of the court in question and that there are reasonable grounds for the proceedings or application. </p><p>In relation to criminal proceedings, the High Court will only grant leave for the laying of an information or for an application for leave to prefer a bill of indictment where it is satisfied that the institution of the prosecution is not an abuse of the criminal process and that there are reasonable grounds for the institution of the prosecution by the applicant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Courts_and_Tribunals_Service" title="Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service">Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service</a> holds a published list of members of the public who have habitually and persistently instituted vexatious legal proceedings without reasonable ground, and have been declared vexatious litigants under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_Actions_(Scotland)_Act_1898&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vexatious Actions (Scotland) Act 1898 (page does not exist)">Vexatious Actions (Scotland) Act 1898</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This piece of legislation has been repealed, and replaced by incorporation into section 100 of the <a href="/wiki/Courts_Reform_(Scotland)_Act_2014" title="Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014">Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under this legislation, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_House" title="Inner House">Inner House</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> can make an order to prevent a person accused of vexatious litigation from raising or progressing any civil legal proceedings without permission from a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_House" title="Outer House">Outer House</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>. Such an Order may have a specified time period, or may run indefinitely. The published list of such individuals, as of January 2021, contains eleven names.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2007, several states have vexatious litigant laws — <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alv_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Council_of_California" title="Judicial Council of California">Judicial Council of California</a> maintains an online monthly Vexatious Litigant List<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> containing the names of several thousand vexatious individuals and companies. Orders filed from 1991 to the present are included on the list.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unless represented by an attorney, persons on the list may not file any new litigation in California without first obtaining permission from the presiding judge of the court. Under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CCP&amp;sectionNum=391.7.">California Code of Civil Procedure § 391.7(a)</a>, any vexatious litigant who disobeys the prefiling order may be punished for contempt of court. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> law<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a vexatious litigant is someone who does any of the following, most of which require that the litigant be proceeding <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States" title="Pro se legal representation in the United States">pro se</a></i>, i.e., representing himself: </p> <ol><li>In the immediately preceding seven-year period has maintained <i><a href="/wiki/In_propria_persona" class="mw-redirect" title="In propria persona">in propria persona</a></i> at least five litigations other than in a small claims court that have been (i) finally determined adversely to the person or (ii) unjustifiably remained pending at least two years without going to trial or hearing.</li> <li>After a litigation has been finally determined<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> against the person, repeatedly relitigates or attempts to relitigate, <i>in propria persona</i>, either (i) the validity of the determination against the same defendant or defendants or (ii) the cause of action, claim, or any of the issues of fact or law, determined or concluded by the final determination against the same defendant or defendants.</li> <li>In any litigation while acting <i>in propria persona</i>, repeatedly files unmeritorious motions or other papers, conducts unnecessary discovery, or engages in other tactics that are frivolous or solely intended to cause unnecessary delay.</li> <li>Has previously been declared to be a vexatious litigant by any <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> or federal <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> in a proceeding based upon substantially similar facts.</li></ol> <p>The threshold for "repeated" frivolous motions or litigations is quite high. “Most cases affirming the vexatious litigant designation involve situations where litigants have filed dozens of motions either during the pendency of an action or relating to the same judgment."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Evidence that a litigant is a frequent plaintiff or defendant alone is insufficient to support a vexatious litigant designation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repeated motions must be "so devoid of merit and be so frivolous that they can be described as a flagrant <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of the system">abuse of the system</a>, have no reasonable probability of success, lack reasonable or probable cause or excuse, and are clearly meant to abuse the processes of the courts and to harass the adverse party than other litigants."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The moving party, in addition to demonstrating that the plaintiff is vexatious, must show that the case has little chance of prevailing on the merits. If the plaintiff is so determined, a bond may be required, and if the plaintiff does not meet the bond requirement, the case is dismissed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas petitions</a> do not count towards vexatious litigant determination.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vexatiousness in probate actions have a lower standard.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_vexatious_litigants">Notable vexatious litigants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Notable vexatious litigants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bittaker_and_Roy_Norris" title="Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris">Lawrence Bittaker</a>, who together with his partner Roy Norris was convicted of torturing, raping and murdering five young girls in 1979, filed 40 separate frivolous lawsuits against the state of California, including one claiming "cruel and unusual punishment" after being served a broken cookie. In 1993, he was declared a vexatious litigant and was forbidden from filing lawsuits without the permission of a lawyer or a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chaffers" title="Alexander Chaffers">Alexander Chaffers</a>, a solicitor whose actions led to the first British law against vexatious litigation, the Vexatious Actions Act, 1896. Chaffers became notorious after accusing the wife of <a href="/wiki/Travers_Twiss" title="Travers Twiss">Travers Twiss</a> of being a prostitute, and subsequently issued 48 proceedings against leading members of Victorian society in the 1890s. Costs awarded against Chaffers were never paid. After the act was passed, he became the first person to be declared a habitually vexatious litigant and barred from future litigation without judicial permission.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryl_Chessman" title="Caryl Chessman">Caryl Chessman</a>, American sentenced to death in 1948 for kidnapping and sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Fabrikant" title="Valery Fabrikant">Valery Fabrikant</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia University (Montreal)">Concordia University</a> professor serving a <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentence</a> for the murders of four colleagues in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Knight_(murderer)" title="Julian Knight (murderer)">Julian Knight</a>, convicted of the <a href="/wiki/Hoddle_Street_massacre" title="Hoddle Street massacre">Hoddle Street massacre</a> in Melbourne, Australia. Numerous actions, primarily seeking injunctions against the prison incarcerating him, have cost the Victorian government over <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>250,000 directly, plus some A$128,000 in outside legal costs.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>David James "Indian Chief" Lindsey, a <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> man so declared after repeatedly suing doctors, insurance firms and companies such as <a href="/wiki/Carlton_%26_United_Breweries" title="Carlton &amp; United Breweries">Carlton &amp; United Breweries</a> for smoking-related damages. On February 21, 2006, the Supreme Court of Appeal gave him leave to sue <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_International" title="Philip Morris International">Philip Morris</a>, demonstrating that a vexatious litigant is not completely blocked from launching further court action.<sup id="cite_ref-DJ_Lindsey_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJ_Lindsey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Martin (American politician)">Andy Martin</a> (Anthony Martin-Tragona), a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a> for US elections, who has been barred since 1983 from filing any legal action in a United States federal court without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is also banned from seeking indigent status in Florida courts due to his history of filing abusive petitions,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and from filing lawsuits in New York, unless represented by an attorney or with the court's prior approval.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lee_Riches" title="Jonathan Lee Riches">Jonathan Lee Riches</a>, former prisoner who filed over 2,600 lawsuits over the course of six years.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientology and the legal system">Church of Scientology</a>; after Scientology sued former member Robin Scott, the court wrote in 1996: "Plaintiffs (Scientologists) have abused the federal court system by using it, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases:_I#inter_alia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin phrases: I">inter alia</a></i>, to attempt to destroy their opponents, rather than to resolve an actual dispute over trademark law or any other legal matter [and also has a] documented history of vexatious behavior. [Furthermore], The <a href="/wiki/Special_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Master">Special Master</a> has never seen a more glaring example of bad faith litigation than this."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rtc_vs_robin_scott_01_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtc_vs_robin_scott_01-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_Shivers" title="Coyote Shivers">Francis "Coyote" Shivers</a>, actor and singer, declared vexatious by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Superior_Court" title="Los Angeles County Superior Court">Los Angeles County Superior Court</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Squires" title="Dorothy Squires">Dorothy Squires</a>, singer and former wife of actor <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a>; declared a vexatious litigant in 1987; legal fees led to her bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Stoller" title="Leo Stoller">Leo Stoller</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trademark_troll" title="Trademark troll">trademark troll</a>, was declared a vexatious litigant by multiple U.S. federal courts, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>, in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-NDILSanction_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDILSanction-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA7_fine_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA7_fine-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Isaac Wunder, who gave his name to the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Wunder_order" title="Isaac Wunder order">Isaac Wunder order</a> which may be issued in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> to vexatious litigants.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">Abuse of process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barratry_(common_law)" title="Barratry (common law)">Barratry (common law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franchise_fraud" title="Franchise fraud">Franchise fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frivolous_litigation" title="Frivolous litigation">Frivolous litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frivolous_or_vexatious" title="Frivolous or vexatious">Frivolous or vexatious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal abuse">Legal abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_prosecution" title="Malicious prosecution">Malicious prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Querulant" title="Querulant">Querulant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit against public participation</a> ("SLAPP")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Wunder_order" title="Isaac Wunder order">Isaac Wunder order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientology and the legal system">Scientology and the legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States" title="Pro se legal representation in the United States">Pro se legal representation in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A judgment is final when all avenues for direct review (appeals, writs, etc.) have been exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vexatious_litigation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Simpson2003" 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VII et VIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohari2015" class="citation web cs1">Johari, Aarefa (2015-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/744077/even-without-a-law-against-vexatious-litigation-indian-courts-often-give-pils-a-hard-time">"Even without a law against 'vexatious litigation', Indian courts often give PILs a hard time"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&amp;rft.atitle=HC+requests+A-G+to+consider+invoking+Vexatious+Litigation+%28Prevention%29+Act%2C+1949+and+prohibit+a+litigant+from+filing+cases+before+any+court&amp;rft.date=2022-10-10&amp;rft.issn=0971-751X&amp;rft.aulast=Bureau&amp;rft.aufirst=The+Hindu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fhc-requests-a-g-to-consider-invoking-vexatious-litigation-prevention-act-1949-and-prohibit-a-litigant-from-filing-cases-before-any-court%2Farticle65993022.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">&#124;last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2022" class="citation web cs1">Jain, Mehal (2022-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-frivolous-litigation-abuse-of-process-of-law-process-of-court-sarfaesi-act-202503">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Abuse Of Process, Frivolous Litigation'&#160;: Supreme Court Affirms Cost Of Rs 5 Lakhs Imposed On Litigant"</a>. <i>Live Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.gov.uk&amp;rft.atitle=Civil+restraint+orders+-+Detailed+guidance+-+GOV.UK&amp;rft.date=2014-10-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fcivil-restraint-orders--2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO&#39;Hare,_J.Browne,_K.2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Hare, J. &amp; Browne, K. (2005). <i>Civil Litigation</i> (12th&#160;ed.). 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Wagner</i>, (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 963, 67 Cal.Rptr.3d 818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In re Bittaker</i>, (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 1004, 64 Cal.Rptr.2d 679.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PROB&amp;sectionNum=1611.">"Cal. Prob. Code §1611"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cal.+Prob.+Code+%C2%A71611&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displaySection.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DPROB%26sectionNum%3D1611.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-11-20-ls-5250-story.html">"Courting Trouble&#160;: A Unique Law Turns the Tables on Those Who File Numerous or Frivolous Lawsuits"</a>. <i>Articles.latimes.com</i>. 1995-11-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306103802/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-11-20/news/ls-5250_1_vexatious-litigant-list">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Articles.latimes.com&amp;rft.atitle=Courting+Trouble+%3A+A+Unique+Law+Turns+the+Tables+on+Those+Who+File+Numerous+or+Frivolous+Lawsuits&amp;rft.date=1995-11-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1995-11-20-ls-5250-story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Taggart, "Alexander Chaffers and the Genesis of the Vexatious Actions Act 1896, <i>The Cambridge Law Journal</i>, Volume 63, Issue 03, November 2004, pp 656-684.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggins_Bryant2005" class="citation web cs1">Heggins Bryant, Nathaniel Zachery (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/21722/1/good_ETD_Belly_of_Beast_Nathaniel_Heggins_Bryant_2.0.pdf">"WORKING INTHEBELLY OF THE BEAST: THE PRODUCTIVE INTELLECTUAL LABOR OF US PRISON WRITERS, 1929-2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=WORKING+INTHEBELLY+OF+THE+BEAST%3A+THE+PRODUCTIVE+INTELLECTUAL+LABOR+OF+US+PRISON+WRITERS%2C+1929-2007&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Heggins+Bryant&amp;rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+Zachery&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship.pitt.edu%2F21722%2F1%2Fgood_ETD_Belly_of_Beast_Nathaniel_Heggins_Bryant_2.0.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20071107.wfabrikant1107/BNStory/National/home">"Judge dismisses Fabrikant motions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. Toronto<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Judge+dismisses+Fabrikant+motions&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20071107.wfabrikant1107%2FBNStory%2FNational%2Fhome&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/19/1097951666370.html?from=top5">"Hoddle Street killer banned from court"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 2004-10-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509194335/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/19/1097951666370.html?from=top5">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Age&amp;rft.atitle=Hoddle+Street+killer+banned+from+court&amp;rft.date=2004-10-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2004%2F10%2F19%2F1097951666370.html%3Ffrom%3Dtop5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/737/1254/"><i>Martin-Trigona v. Smith et al.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022439/http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/737/1254/">Archived</a> 2008-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , 737 F.2d 1254. Cases.justia.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073745/http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/pre2004/ops/sc93573.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/pre2004/ops/sc93573.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridasupremecourt.org%2Fdecisions%2Fpre2004%2Fops%2Fsc93573.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Martin-Trigona v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.</i> 546 N.Y.S.2d 910 (N.Y. Sup., 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForester" class="citation web cs1">Forester, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/kentucky/kyedce/5:2010cv00322/64932/6/0.pdf?1287564112">"OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING PERMANENT INJUNCTION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States District Court<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=OPINION+AND+ORDER+GRANTING+PERMANENT+INJUNCTION&amp;rft.pub=United+States+District+Court&amp;rft.aulast=Forester&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2Fkentucky%2Fkyedce%2F5%3A2010cv00322%2F64932%2F6%2F0.pdf%3F1287564112&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v._Scott_(1996)" class="extiw" title="s:Religious Technology Center v. Scott (1996)">s:Religious Technology Center v. Scott (1996)</a></i>, U. S. District Court, Central District of California, No. 85-711-JMI (Bx) 85-7197-JMI (Bx), January 20, 1993, Memorandum of Decision).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lermanet.com/cos/morejud.html">"More Judicial Quotes"</a>. <i>Lermanet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080717134223/http://www.lermanet.com/cos/morejud.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Lermanet.com&amp;rft.atitle=More+Judicial+Quotes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lermanet.com%2Fcos%2Fmorejud.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rtc_vs_robin_scott_01-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rtc_vs_robin_scott_01_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911144609/http://www.californiacivilprocedure.com/Cal_Civ_Pro_Vol_047_Ch_0004_Sec_0002_Par_0000_Attorneys_Fees_UNITED_STATES_DISTRICT_COURT.htm">"RTC, et al., Plaintiffs, v. ROBIN SCOTT, et al., Defendants.: MEMORANDUM OF DECISION"</a>. UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. Archived from the original on 2011-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=RTC%2C+et+al.%2C+Plaintiffs%2C+v.+ROBIN+SCOTT%2C+et+al.%2C+Defendants.%3A+MEMORANDUM+OF+DECISION&amp;rft.pub=UNITED+STATES+DISTRICT+COURT%2C+CENTRAL+DISTRICT+OF+CALIFORNIA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiacivilprocedure.com%2FCal_Civ_Pro_Vol_047_Ch_0004_Sec_0002_Par_0000_Attorneys_Fees_UNITED_STATES_DISTRICT_COURT.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/vexlit.pdf">"VEXATIOUS LITIGANT LIST&#160;: From Prefiling Orders Received from California Courts. Prepared and Maintained by the Administrative Office of the Courts. (Orders prohibiting future filings entered through December 1, 2016)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Courts.ca.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222050820/http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/vexlit.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Courts.ca.gov&amp;rft.atitle=VEXATIOUS+LITIGANT+LIST+%3A+From+Prefiling+Orders+Received+from+California+Courts.+Prepared+and+Maintained+by+the+Administrative+Office+of+the+Courts.+%28Orders+prohibiting+future+filings+entered+through+December+1%2C+2016%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fvexlit.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Talevski2010" class="citation book cs1">Nick Talevski (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DykffzkFALoC&amp;q=squires+vexatious&amp;pg=PA611"><i>Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven's Door</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Press" title="Omnibus Press">Omnibus Press</a>. p.&#160;161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857121172" title="Special:BookSources/9780857121172"><bdi>9780857121172</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rock+Obituaries+-+Knocking+On+Heaven%27s+Door&amp;rft.pages=161&amp;rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780857121172&amp;rft.au=Nick+Talevski&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDykffzkFALoC%26q%3Dsquires%2Bvexatious%26pg%3DPA611&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDILSanction-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NDILSanction_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/%7Ejlw28129/Stoller_Exec_Comm_Order.pdf">IN RE: Leo Stoller</a></i> (No. 07-cv-01435 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 8, 2007). Entered: 03/27/2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA7_fine-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CA7_fine_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca7.uscourts.gov/tmp/DD0YWFTX.pdf"><i>Google, Inc. v. Central Mfg. Inc. and Stealth Industries, Inc., Appeals of Leo D. Stoller</i></a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged March 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup>, nos. 07-1569, 07-1612, &amp; 07-1651 (7th Cir. Apr. 2, 2008), at 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/052708pzor.pdf"><i>Stoller, Leo v. Attorney Registration</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216005747/https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/052708pzor.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , no. 07-10194 (May 27, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2009" class="citation news cs1">McDermott, Paul Anthony (2009-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article5821382.ece">"Courts face an invasion of axe-grinders: How should the courts protects themselves from drama-queen litigants pursuing imagined grievances"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Sunday Times</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Courts+face+an+invasion+of+axe-grinders%3A+How+should+the+courts+protects+themselves+from+drama-queen+litigants+pursuing+imagined+grievances&amp;rft.date=2009-03-01&amp;rft.aulast=McDermott&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+Anthony&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fireland%2Farticle5821382.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVexatious+litigation" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐gxw57 Cached time: 20241122141341 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.673 seconds Real time usage: 0.767 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5893/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 92362/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9265/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 139796/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.340/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6208306/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 686.311 1 -total 55.07% 377.925 2 Template:Reflist 17.44% 119.662 2 Template:Cite_journal 16.79% 115.229 24 Template:Cite_web 13.79% 94.623 1 Template:Short_description 9.98% 68.501 5 Template:Fix 9.11% 62.501 2 Template:Pagetype 8.23% 56.477 6 Template:As_of 6.91% 47.392 1 Template:Dubious 5.42% 37.196 9 Template:Category_handler --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32356-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122141341 and revision id 1255196776. 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