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Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo_fil%C3%A9" title="Gumbo filé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gumbo filé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_bubuk" title="Filé bubuk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filé bubuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="フィレパウダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィレパウダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%A9" title="Filé – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Filé" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spicy herb in Louisiana Creole cuisine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Filé" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_(band)" title="Filé (band)">Filé (band)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/File_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="File (disambiguation)">File (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zherbes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zherbes.jpg/285px-Zherbes.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Zherbes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Z'herbes, including hot sauce and filé</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Filé powder</b>, also called <b>gumbo filé</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Spicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicy">spicy</a> <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herb</a> seasoning made from the dried and ground leaves of the North American <a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a> tree <i>(<a href="/wiki/Sassafras_albidum" title="Sassafras albidum">Sassafras albidum</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zatarain's_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zatarain's-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%A9_powder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culinary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filé powder is used in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole cuisine</a> in the making of some types of <a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">gumbo</a>, a thick Creole <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a> often served over <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zatarain's_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zatarain's-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several different varieties exist. In New Orleans, what is known as Creole gumbo generally varies from house to house though still retaining its Native American origins. The Creoles of Cane River make a gumbo focused much more on filé. Filé can provide thickening when okra is not in season, in types of gumbo that use <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Roux" title="Roux">roux</a> as a thickener for gumbo instead of filé.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sprinkled sparingly over gumbo as a <a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasoning</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">thickening agent</a>, filé powder adds a distinctive, earthy flavor and texture.<sup id="cite_ref-Joy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filé powder is made by harvesting the young leaves and stems of the sassafras tree and grinding them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filé powder is generally not added until after the vegetables and meats or seafood are finished cooking and removed from the heat source.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%A9_powder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> (Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana) were the first to use dried, ground sassafras leaves as a seasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fil%C3%A9#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:filé">filé</a></i> is the past participle of the verb <i>filer</i>, meaning (among other things) "to turn into threads", "to become ropy".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>gumbo</i> may derive from the word <i>ki ngombo</i>, often shortened to <i>gombo</i>, which meant <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bantu">Central Bantu</a> dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Okra was a common thickener in soups and stews prepared by the African inhabitants of Louisiana, who were brought to the colony in large numbers beginning in 1719. </p><p>Some scholars have suggested that the gumbo was adapted from the West African soups and stews which were thickened with okra. Eventually, okra was replaced as a thickener with the traditional sassafras.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known mention of the dish is from a transcript of the interrogation of an enslaved African woman named Comba in 1764. In it, she states that she gave "un gombeau" to another slave.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars have suggested that the name may derive from the Choctaw word for filé (kombo).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some early 20th century authors, most notably Celestine Eustis, suggested that gumbo including filé powder was an early special-occasion dish for native tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is further implied by a late 18th-century Creole practice. At that time, rice was a luxury for many Creoles. They served gumbo over corn <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a>, a pairing common in the stews of native tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%A9_powder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Health concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Safrole" title="Safrole">Safrole</a> and sassafras oil have been banned by the FDA as a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> since 1960 and cannot be used in food manufacture for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-dietz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dietz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study published in 1997, sassafras leaves (from which filé is produced) do not contain detectable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Safrole" title="Safrole">safrole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%A9_powder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Filé gumbo" is famously mentioned in the classic <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> song by <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Hank Williams Sr.">Hank Williams Sr.</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Jambalaya_(On_the_Bayou)" title="Jambalaya (On the Bayou)">Jambalaya (On the Bayou)</a>", which held the number-one position on the U.S. country music charts for fourteen non-consecutive weeks in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also mentioned in the song by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Watson" title="Gene Watson">Gene Watson</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Hot_Afternoon" title="Love in the Hot Afternoon">Love in the Hot Afternoon</a>", which was a #3 country hit for the singer in 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%A9_powder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zatarain's-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zatarain's_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zatarain's_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FoodPrint. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodprint.org/real-food/sassafras-and-file/.">Sassafras and Filé</a>.” Accessed 2023-10-25 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Mitcham (1978), <i>Creole Gumbo and All That Jazz</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0882898704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0882898704">978-0882898704</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nolacuisine.com/2006/07/03/homemade-file-powder/">How to make Homemade File Powder at Nola Cuisine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029101802/https://www.nolacuisine.com/2006/07/03/homemade-file-powder/">Archived</a> 2020-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joy_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRombauerBeckerBecker1997" class="citation book cs1">Rombauer, Irma S.; Becker, Marion Rombauer; Becker, Ethan (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="The Joy of Cooking">Joy of Cooking</a></i>. New York: Scribner/Simon & Schuster. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81870-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81870-1"><bdi>0-684-81870-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joy+of+Cooking&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Scribner%2FSimon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-81870-1&rft.aulast=Rombauer&rft.aufirst=Irma+S.&rft.au=Becker%2C+Marion+Rombauer&rft.au=Becker%2C+Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Southeastern Wildlife Cookbook</i>. University of South Carolina Press. 1989. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-659-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-659-7"><bdi>0-87249-659-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Wildlife+Cookbook&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87249-659-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2013" class="citation book cs1">Small, Ernest (September 23, 2013). <i>North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants</i>. CRC Press. p. 606. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466585928" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466585928"><bdi>978-1466585928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Cornucopia%3A+Top+100+Indigenous+Food+Plants&rft.pages=606&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft.isbn=978-1466585928&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellarmine.edu/faculty/drobinson/sassafras.asp">"Sassafras"</a>. <i>www.bellarmine.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bellarmine.edu&rft.atitle=Sassafras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellarmine.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdrobinson%2Fsassafras.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Filé—Okra—Gumbo". <i>The National Druggist</i>. <b>24</b>: 75. 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Druggist&rft.atitle=Fil%C3%A9%E2%80%94Okra%E2%80%94Gumbo&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Hendrickson2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert Hendrickson (2013). "gumbo filé". <i>Talking Turkey: A Food Lover's Guide to the Origins of Culinary Words and Phrases</i>. Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-910-7"><bdi>978-1-62873-910-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gumbo+fil%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Talking+Turkey%3A+A+Food+Lover%27s+Guide+to+the+Origins+of+Culinary+Words+and+Phrases&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62873-910-7&rft.au=Robert+Hendrickson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogt2009" class="citation web cs1">Vogt, Justin (2009-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2009/12/gumbo-the-mysterious-history/32659/">"Gumbo: The Mysterious History"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Gumbo%3A+The+Mysterious+History&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2009%2F12%2Fgumbo-the-mysterious-history%2F32659%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seriouseats.com/2014/09/history-new-orleans-gumbo-okra-file-powder.html">"The Real Story of Gumbo, Okra, and Filé"</a>. <i>www.seriouseats.comb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.seriouseats.comb&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+of+Gumbo%2C+Okra%2C+and+Fil%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seriouseats.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fhistory-new-orleans-gumbo-okra-file-powder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Nikesha (2020-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eater.com/2020/1/13/21056973/where-did-gumbo-originate-dish-history-new-orleans">"Tracing the Roots of Gumbo"</a>. <i>Eater</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eater&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+Roots+of+Gumbo&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nikesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eater.com%2F2020%2F1%2F13%2F21056973%2Fwhere-did-gumbo-originate-dish-history-new-orleans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsner2000" class="citation book cs1">Usner, Daniel H. Jr. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creolizationinam0000unse/page/46">"The Facility Offered by the Country: The Creolization of Agriculture in the Lower Mississippi Valley"</a>. In Buisseret, David; Reinhardt, Steven G. (eds.). <i>Creolization in the Americas</i>. Walter Prescott Webb Memorial Lectures. Texas A&M University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creolizationinam0000unse/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-101-3"><bdi>978-1-58544-101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Facility+Offered+by+the+Country%3A+The+Creolization+of+Agriculture+in+the+Lower+Mississippi+Valley&rft.btitle=Creolization+in+the+Americas&rft.series=Walter+Prescott+Webb+Memorial+Lectures&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-101-3&rft.aulast=Usner&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreolizationinam0000unse%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobles2009" class="citation book cs1">Nobles, Cynthia Lejeune (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neworleanscuisin00tuck_0/page/99">"Gumbo"</a>. In Tucker, Susan; Starr, S. Frederick (eds.). <i>New Orleans Cuisine: Fourteen Signature Dishes and Their Histories</i>. University Press of Mississippi. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neworleanscuisin00tuck_0/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-127-9"><bdi>978-1-60473-127-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gumbo&rft.btitle=New+Orleans+Cuisine%3A+Fourteen+Signature+Dishes+and+Their+Histories&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-127-9&rft.aulast=Nobles&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Lejeune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneworleanscuisin00tuck_0%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dietz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dietz_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz,_BBolton,_Jl2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dietz, B; Bolton, Jl (Apr 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504026">"Botanical dietary supplements gone bad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Research_in_Toxicology" title="Chemical Research in Toxicology">Chemical Research in Toxicology</a></i>. <b>20</b> (4): 586–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Ftx7000527">10.1021/tx7000527</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0893-228X">0893-228X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504026">2504026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17362034">17362034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Research+in+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Botanical+dietary+supplements+gone+bad.&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=586-90&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2504026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0893-228X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17362034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Ftx7000527&rft.au=Dietz%2C+B&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Jl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2504026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson,_MThompson,_Rd1997" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, M; Thompson, Rd (Sep 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+94-58-6">"Liquid chromatographic determination of safrole in sassafras-derived herbal products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Free full text)</span>. <i>Journal of AOAC International</i>. <b>80</b> (5): 1023–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaoac%2F80.5.1023">10.1093/jaoac/80.5.1023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1060-3271">1060-3271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9325580">9325580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+AOAC+International&rft.atitle=Liquid+chromatographic+determination+of+safrole+in+sassafras-derived+herbal+products&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1023-8&rft.date=1997-09&rft.issn=1060-3271&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9325580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaoac%2F80.5.1023&rft.au=Carlson%2C+M&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Rd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoxnet.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsis%2Fsearch%2Fr%3Fdbs%2Bhsdb%3A%40term%2B%40rn%2B94-58-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitburn2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Whitburn, Joel</a> (2004). <i>The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition</i>. Record Research. p. 387.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Billboard+Book+Of+Top+40+Country+Hits%3A+1944-2006%2C+Second+edition&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Record+Research&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Whitburn&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFil%C3%A9+powder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cajun_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cajun_cuisine" title="Template:Cajun cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cajun_cuisine" title="Template talk:Cajun cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cajun_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cajun cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cajun_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andouille" title="Andouille">Andouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crawfish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_trinity_(cooking)" title="Holy trinity (cooking)">Holy trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Hot_Sauce" title="Louisiana Hot Sauce">Louisiana Hot Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roux" title="Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasso_ham" title="Tasso ham">Tasso ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_sauce" title="Tabasco sauce">Tabasco sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappey%27s_Hot_Sauce" title="Trappey's Hot Sauce">Trappey's Hot Sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crawfish_dinner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A crayfish dinner"><img alt="A crayfish dinner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Crawfish_dinner.jpg/90px-Crawfish_dinner.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Crawfish_dinner.jpg/135px-Crawfish_dinner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Crawfish_dinner.jpg/180px-Crawfish_dinner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackening_(cooking)" title="Blackening (cooking)">Blackening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brochette" class="mw-redirect" title="Brochette">Brochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">Fricassée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothering_(cooking)" title="Smothering (cooking)">Smothering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudin" title="Boudin">Boudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudin" title="Chaudin">Chaudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mush_(cornmeal)" title="Mush (cornmeal)">Couche Couche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_rind#United_States" title="Pork rind">Cracklins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawfish_pie" title="Crawfish pie">Crawfish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rice" title="Dirty rice">Dirty rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Cochon de Lait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89touff%C3%A9e" title="Étouffée">Étouffée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">Gumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbo#Gumbo_z'herbes" title="Gumbo">Gumbo des Herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_cheese#In_North_America" title="Head cheese">Hog's Head Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambalaya" title="Jambalaya">Jambalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maque_choux" title="Maque choux">Maque choux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">Pecan praline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistolette" title="Pistolette">Pistolette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_beans_and_rice" title="Red beans and rice">Red beans and rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_gravy" title="Rice and gravy">Rice and gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_sauce#Louisiana" title="Tomato sauce">Sauce Piquante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_creole" title="Shrimp creole">Shrimp creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayote#Culinary_and_medicinal_uses" title="Chayote">Stuffed Mirliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turducken" title="Turducken">Turducken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Besh" title="John Besh">John Besh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Chachere" title="Tony Chachere">Tony Chachere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Folse" title="John Folse">John Folse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeril_Lagasse" title="Emeril Lagasse">Emeril Lagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Prudhomme" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Prudhomme">Kay Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Prudhomme" title="Paul Prudhomme">Paul Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Wilson_(chef)" title="Justin Wilson (chef)">Justin Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Orleans" title="Cuisine of New Orleans">Cuisine of New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cajun_cuisine" title="Category:Cajun cuisine">Category: Cajun cuisine</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filé_powder&oldid=1254663873">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filé_powder&oldid=1254663873</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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