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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_successes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_successes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Inter-war successes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_successes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Post-war career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Death and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_and_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_and_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Works and appearances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_and_appearances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works and appearances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works_and_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musicals_and_revues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicals_and_revues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Musicals and revues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicals_and_revues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reputation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reputation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Critical reputation and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reputation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Noël Coward</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="نويل كوارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نويل كوارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নোয়েল কাওয়ার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নোয়েল কাওয়ার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ноъл Кауърд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ноъл Кауърд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Νόελ Κάουαρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόελ Κάουαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="نوئل کوارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوئل کوارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%97%98_%EC%B9%B4%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C" title="노엘 카워드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노엘 카워드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="נואל קאוורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נואל קאוורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნოელ კაუარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნოელ კაუარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalis_Coward" title="Natalis Coward – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Natalis Coward" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="نويل كوارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نويل كوارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ノエル・カワード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノエル・カワード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਨੋਅਲ ਕੋਵਾਰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਅਲ ਕੋਵਾਰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Coward" title="Noel Coward – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noel Coward" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Кауард, Ноэл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кауард, Ноэл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Noël Coward" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ноел Кавард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ноел Кавард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7" title="诺埃尔·科沃德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺埃尔·科沃德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q298388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English playwright, composer, actor (1899–1973)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg/220px-Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg/330px-Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg/440px-Noel_Coward_Allan_warren_edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5369" data-file-height="7057" /></a><figcaption>Coward in 1972</figcaption></figure> Sir Noël Peirce Coward (16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973) was an English playwright, composer, director, actor, and singer, known for his wit, flamboyance, and what <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine called "a sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise".<a href="#cite_note-Time1969-1">[1]</a> Coward attended a dance academy in London as a child, making his professional stage début at the age of eleven. As a teenager he was introduced into the high society in which most of his plays would be set. Coward achieved enduring success as a playwright, publishing more than 50 plays from his teens onwards. Many of his works, such as <a href="/wiki/Hay_Fever_(play)" title="Hay Fever (play)">Hay Fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design_for_Living" title="Design for Living">Design for Living</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_Laughter" title="Present Laughter">Present Laughter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)" title="Blithe Spirit (play)">Blithe Spirit</a>, have remained in the regular theatre repertoire. He composed hundreds of songs, in addition to well over a dozen musical theatre works (including the operetta <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(operetta)" title="Bitter Sweet (operetta)">Bitter Sweet</a> and comic <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revues</a>), screenplays, poetry, several volumes of short stories, the novel <a href="/wiki/Pomp_and_Circumstance_(novel)" title="Pomp and Circumstance (novel)">Pomp and Circumstance</a>, and a three-volume autobiography. Coward's stage and film acting and directing career spanned six decades, during which he starred in many of his own works, as well as those of others. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Coward volunteered for war work, running the British propaganda office in Paris. He also worked with the Secret Service, seeking to use his influence to persuade the American public and government to help Britain. Coward won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a> in 1943 for his naval film drama <a href="/wiki/In_Which_We_Serve" title="In Which We Serve">In Which We Serve</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in 1970. In the 1950s he achieved fresh success as a cabaret performer, performing his own songs, such as "<a href="/wiki/Mad_Dogs_and_Englishmen_(song)" title="Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song)">Mad Dogs and Englishmen</a>", "<a href="/wiki/London_Pride_(song)" title="London Pride (song)">London Pride</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/I_Went_to_a_Marvellous_Party" title="I Went to a Marvellous Party">I Went to a Marvellous Party</a>". Coward's plays and songs achieved new popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, and his work and style continue to influence popular culture. He did not publicly acknowledge his homosexuality, but it was discussed candidly after his death by biographers including <a href="/wiki/Graham_Payn" title="Graham Payn">Graham Payn</a>, his long-time partner, and in Coward's diaries and letters, published posthumously. The former Albery Theatre (originally the New Theatre) in London was renamed the <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre" title="Noël Coward Theatre">Noël Coward Theatre</a> in his honour in 2006. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> Coward was born in 1899 in <a href="/wiki/Teddington" title="Teddington">Teddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, a south-western suburb of London. His parents were Arthur Sabin Coward (1856–1937), a piano salesman, and Violet Agnes Coward (1863–1954), daughter of Henry Gordon Veitch, a captain and surveyor in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[n 1]</a> Noël Coward was the second of their three sons, the eldest of whom had died in 1898 at the age of six.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Coward's father lacked ambition and industry, and family finances were often poor.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Coward was bitten by the performing bug early and appeared in amateur concerts by the age of seven. He attended the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a> Choir School as a young child. He had little formal schooling but was a voracious reader.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Encouraged by his ambitious mother, who sent him to a dance academy in London,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Coward's first professional engagement was in January 1911 as Prince Mussel in the children's play The Goldfish.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> In Present Indicative, his first volume of memoirs, Coward wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">One day ... a little advertisement appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>.... It stated that a talented boy of attractive appearance was required by a Miss Lila Field to appear in her production of an all-children fairy play: The Goldfish. This seemed to dispose of all argument. I was a talented boy, God knows, and, when washed and smarmed down a bit, passably attractive. There appeared to be no earthly reason why Miss Lila Field shouldn't jump at me, and we both believed that she would be a fool indeed to miss such a magnificent opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coward-Bilbrook-Hawtrey-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Coward-Bilbrook-Hawtrey-1911.jpg/220px-Coward-Bilbrook-Hawtrey-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Coward-Bilbrook-Hawtrey-1911.jpg/330px-Coward-Bilbrook-Hawtrey-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Coward-Bilbrook-Hawtrey-1911.jpg/440px-Coward-Bilbrook-Hawtrey-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Coward (left) with <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Bilbrook" title="Lydia Bilbrook">Lydia Bilbrook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hawtrey_(actor,_born_1858)" title="Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1858)">Charles Hawtrey</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> The leading actor-manager <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hawtrey_(actor,_born_1858)" title="Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1858)">Charles Hawtrey</a>, whom the young Coward idolised and from whom he learned a great deal about the theatre, cast him in the children's play <a href="/wiki/Where_the_Rainbow_Ends" title="Where the Rainbow Ends">Where the Rainbow Ends</a>. Coward played in the piece in 1911 and 1912 at the <a href="/wiki/Garrick_Theatre" title="Garrick Theatre">Garrick Theatre</a> in London's <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-times1912-12">[11]</a> In 1912 Coward also appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Theatre" title="Savoy Theatre">Savoy Theatre</a> in An Autumn Idyll (as a dancer in the ballet) and at the <a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">London Coliseum</a> in A Little Fowl Play, by Harold Owen, in which Hawtrey starred.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italia_Conti_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia Conti Academy">Italia Conti</a> engaged Coward to appear at the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Playhouse" title="Liverpool Playhouse">Liverpool Repertory Theatre</a> in 1913, and in the same year he was cast as the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Boys_(Peter_Pan)" title="Lost Boys (Peter Pan)">Lost Boy</a> Slightly in <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy" title="Peter and Wendy">Peter Pan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> He reappeared in Peter Pan the following year, and in 1915 he was again in Where the Rainbow Ends.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> He worked with other child actors in this period, including <a href="/wiki/Hermione_Gingold" title="Hermione Gingold">Hermione Gingold</a> (whose mother threatened to turn "that naughty boy" out);<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabia_Drake" title="Fabia Drake">Fabia Drake</a>; <a href="/wiki/Esm%C3%A9_Wynne" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmé Wynne">Esmé Wynne</a>, with whom he collaborated on his earliest plays; Alfred Willmore, later known as <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Micheál Mac Liammóir</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence">Gertrude Lawrence</a> who, Coward wrote in his memoirs, "gave me an orange and told me a few mildly dirty stories, and I loved her from then onwards."<a href="#cite_note-times1912-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-times1916-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noel_Coward_in_his_teens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Noel_Coward_in_his_teens.jpg/140px-Noel_Coward_in_his_teens.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Noel_Coward_in_his_teens.jpg/210px-Noel_Coward_in_his_teens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Noel_Coward_in_his_teens.jpg/280px-Noel_Coward_in_his_teens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Coward in his early teens</figcaption></figure> In 1914, when Coward was fourteen, he became the protégé and probably the lover of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Streatfeild" title="Philip Streatfeild">Philip Streatfeild</a>, a society painter.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Streatfeild introduced him to Mrs Astley Cooper and her high society friends.<a href="#cite_note-21">[n 2]</a> Streatfeild died from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1915, but Mrs Astley Cooper continued to encourage her late friend's protégé, who remained a frequent guest at her estate, <a href="/wiki/Hambleton_Hall,_Rutland" title="Hambleton Hall, Rutland">Hambleton Hall</a> in Rutland.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Coward continued to perform during most of the First World War, appearing at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Theatre" title="Prince of Wales Theatre">Prince of Wales Theatre</a> in 1916 in The Happy Family<a href="#cite_note-times1916-18">[17]</a> and on tour with <a href="/wiki/Amy_Brandon_Thomas" title="Amy Brandon Thomas">Amy Brandon Thomas</a>'s company in <a href="/wiki/Charley%27s_Aunt" title="Charley's Aunt">Charley's Aunt</a>. In 1917, he appeared in The Saving Grace, a comedy produced by Hawtrey. Coward recalled in his memoirs, "My part was reasonably large and I was really quite good in it, owing to the kindness and care of Hawtrey's direction. He took endless trouble with me ... and taught me during those two short weeks many technical points of comedy acting which I use to this day."<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> In 1918, Coward was conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Artists_Rifles" title="Artists Rifles">Artists Rifles</a> but was assessed as unfit for active service because of a <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tubercular</a> tendency, and he was discharged on health grounds after nine months.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> That year he appeared in the <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> film <a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_the_World" title="Hearts of the World">Hearts of the World</a> in an uncredited role. He began writing plays, collaborating on the first two (Ida Collaborates (1917) and Women and Whisky (1918)) with his friend Esmé Wynne.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> His first solo effort as a playwright was <a href="/wiki/The_Rat_Trap" title="The Rat Trap">The Rat Trap</a> (1918) which was eventually produced at the <a href="/wiki/Everyman_Cinema,_Hampstead" title="Everyman Cinema, Hampstead">Everyman Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, in October 1926.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> During these years, he met Lorn McNaughtan,<a href="#cite_note-28">[n 3]</a> who became his private secretary and served in that capacity for more than forty years, until her death.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_successes">Inter-war successes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inter-war successes">edit</a>]</div> In 1920, at the age of 20, Coward starred in his own play, the light comedy <a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Leave_It_to_You" title="I'll Leave It to You">I'll Leave It to You</a>. After a three-week run in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> it opened in London at the New Theatre (renamed the <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre" title="Noël Coward Theatre">Noël Coward Theatre</a> in 2006), his first full-length play in the West End.<a href="#cite_note-Thaxter-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neville_Cardus" title="Neville Cardus">Neville Cardus</a>'s praise in <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a> was grudging.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Notices for the London production were mixed, but encouraging.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> commented, "Mr Coward... has a sense of comedy, and if he can overcome a tendency to smartness, he will probably produce a good play one of these days."<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The Times, on the other hand, was enthusiastic: "It is a remarkable piece of work from so young a head – spontaneous, light, and always 'brainy'."<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coward_pestle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Coward_pestle.jpg/130px-Coward_pestle.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Coward_pestle.jpg/195px-Coward_pestle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Coward_pestle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Coward in <a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_the_Burning_Pestle" title="The Knight of the Burning Pestle">The Knight of the Burning Pestle</a> in 1920</figcaption></figure> The play ran for a month (and was Coward's first play seen in America),<a href="#cite_note-Thaxter-30">[27]</a> after which Coward returned to acting in works by other writers, starring as Ralph in <a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_the_Burning_Pestle" title="The Knight of the Burning Pestle">The Knight of the Burning Pestle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre" title="Birmingham Repertory Theatre">Birmingham</a> and then London.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> He did not enjoy the role, finding <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaumont" title="Francis Beaumont">Francis Beaumont</a> and his sometime collaborator <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a> "two of the dullest Elizabethan writers ever known ... I had a very, very long part, but I was very, very bad at it".<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Nevertheless, The Manchester Guardian thought that Coward got the best out of the role,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> and The Times called the play "the jolliest thing in London".<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Coward completed a one-act satire, <a href="/wiki/The_Better_Half_(play)" title="The Better Half (play)">The Better Half</a>, about a man's relationship with two women. It had a short run at The Little Theatre, London, in 1922. The critic <a href="/wiki/St_John_Ervine" class="mw-redirect" title="St John Ervine">St John Ervine</a> wrote of the piece, "When Mr Coward has learned that tea-table chitter-chatter had better remain the prerogative of women he will write more interesting plays than he now seems likely to write."<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The play was thought to be lost until a typescript was found in 2007 in the archive of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Office" title="Lord Chamberlain's Office">Lord Chamberlain's Office</a>, the official censor of stage plays in the UK until 1968.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> In 1921, Coward made his first trip to America, hoping to interest producers there in his plays. Although he had little luck, he found the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway theatre</a> stimulating.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> He absorbed its smartness and pace into his own work, which brought him his first real success as a playwright with <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Idea" title="The Young Idea">The Young Idea</a>. The play opened in London in 1923, after a provincial tour, with Coward in one of the leading roles.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The reviews were good: "Mr Noël Coward calls his brilliant little farce a 'comedy of youth', and so it is. And youth pervaded the Savoy last night, applauding everything so boisterously that you felt, not without exhilaration, that you were in the midst of a 'rag'."<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> One critic, who noted the influence of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a> on Coward's writing, thought more highly of the play than of Coward's newly found fans: "I was unfortunately wedged in the centre of a group of his more exuberant friends who greeted each of his sallies with 'That's a Noëlism!'"<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[n 4]</a> The play ran in London from 1 February to 24 March 1923, after which Coward turned to <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revue</a>, co-writing and performing in <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charlot" title="André Charlot">André Charlot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/London_Calling!" class="mw-redirect" title="London Calling!">London Calling!</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilian_Braithwaite_%26_No%C3%ABl_Coward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lilian_Braithwaite_%26_No%C3%ABl_Coward.jpg/220px-Lilian_Braithwaite_%26_No%C3%ABl_Coward.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lilian_Braithwaite_%26_No%C3%ABl_Coward.jpg/330px-Lilian_Braithwaite_%26_No%C3%ABl_Coward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lilian_Braithwaite_%26_No%C3%ABl_Coward.jpg/440px-Lilian_Braithwaite_%26_No%C3%ABl_Coward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>Coward with <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Braithwaite" title="Lilian Braithwaite">Lilian Braithwaite</a>, his co-star in <a href="/wiki/The_Vortex" title="The Vortex">The Vortex</a> and the mother of his close friend <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carey" title="Joyce Carey">Joyce Carey</a></figcaption></figure> In 1924, Coward achieved his first great critical and financial success as a playwright with <a href="/wiki/The_Vortex" title="The Vortex">The Vortex</a>. The story is about a nymphomaniac socialite and her cocaine-addicted son (played by Coward). Some saw the drugs as a mask for homosexuality;<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan" title="Kenneth Tynan">Kenneth Tynan</a> later described it as "a <a href="/wiki/Jeremiad" title="Jeremiad">jeremiad</a> against narcotics with dialogue that sounds today not so much stilted as high-heeled".<a href="#cite_note-tynan-49">[45]</a> The Vortex was considered shocking in its day for its depiction of sexual vanity and drug abuse among the upper classes. Its notoriety and fiery performances attracted large audiences, justifying a move from a small suburban theatre to a larger one in the West End.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> Coward, still having trouble finding producers, raised the money to produce the play himself. During the run of The Vortex, Coward met <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wilson" title="John C. Wilson">Jack Wilson</a>, an American stockbroker (later a director and producer), who became his business manager and lover. At first Wilson managed Coward's business affairs well, but later abused his position to embezzle from his employer.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> The success of The Vortex in both London and America caused a great demand for new Coward plays. In 1925 he premiered <a href="/wiki/Fallen_Angels_(play)" title="Fallen Angels (play)">Fallen Angels</a>, a three-act comedy that amused and shocked audiences with the spectacle of two middle-aged women slowly getting drunk while awaiting the arrival of their mutual lover.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hay_Fever_(play)" title="Hay Fever (play)">Hay Fever</a>, the first of Coward's plays to gain an enduring place in the mainstream theatrical repertoire, also appeared in 1925. It is a comedy about four egocentric members of an artistic family who casually invite acquaintances to their country house for the weekend and bemuse and enrage each other's guests. Some writers have seen elements of Coward's old mentor, Mrs Astley Cooper, and her set in the characters of the family.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> By the 1970s the play was recognised as a classic, described in The Times as a "dazzling achievement; like <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a>, it is pure comedy with no mission but to delight, and it depends purely on the interplay of characters, not on elaborate comic machinery."<a href="#cite_note-timesobit-54">[50]</a> By June 1925 Coward had four shows running in the West End: The Vortex, Fallen Angels, Hay Fever and <a href="/wiki/On_with_the_Dance_(musical)" title="On with the Dance (musical)">On with the Dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Coward was turning out numerous plays and acting in his own works and others'. Soon his frantic pace caught up with him while starring in <a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Nymph_(play)" title="The Constant Nymph (play)">The Constant Nymph</a>. He collapsed and was ordered to rest for a month; he ignored the doctors and sailed for the US to start rehearsals for his play <a href="/wiki/This_Was_a_Man" title="This Was a Man">This Was a Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> In New York he collapsed again, and had to take an extended rest, recuperating in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noel-Coward-in-jumper_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="smiling, seated, clean-shaven young white man in tie and jumper, resting chin on hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Noel-Coward-in-jumper_1925.jpg/170px-Noel-Coward-in-jumper_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Noel-Coward-in-jumper_1925.jpg/255px-Noel-Coward-in-jumper_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Noel-Coward-in-jumper_1925.jpg/340px-Noel-Coward-in-jumper_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Coward, 1925 photograph</figcaption></figure> Other Coward works produced in the mid-to-late 1920s included the plays <a href="/wiki/Easy_Virtue_(play)" title="Easy Virtue (play)">Easy Virtue</a> (1926), a drama about a divorcée's clash with her snobbish in-laws; <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_Was_in_the_Parlour" title="The Queen Was in the Parlour">The Queen Was in the Parlour</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ruritanian_romance" title="Ruritanian romance">Ruritanian romance</a>; This Was a Man (1926), a comedy about adulterous aristocrats; <a href="/wiki/The_Marquise" title="The Marquise">The Marquise</a> (1927), an eighteenth-century costume drama; <a href="/wiki/Home_Chat_(play)" title="Home Chat (play)">Home Chat</a> (1927), a comedy about a married woman's fidelity; and the revues On with the Dance (1925) and <a href="/wiki/This_Year_of_Grace" title="This Year of Grace">This Year of Grace</a> (1928). None of these shows has entered the regular repertoire, but the last introduced one of Coward's best-known songs, "A Room with a View".<a href="#cite_note-ncsongs-58">[54]</a> His biggest failure in this period was the play <a href="/wiki/Sirocco_(play)" title="Sirocco (play)">Sirocco</a> (1927), which concerns free love among the wealthy. It starred <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello" title="Ivor Novello">Ivor Novello</a>, of whom Coward said, "the two most beautiful things in the world are Ivor's profile and my mind".<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> Theatregoers hated the play, showing violent disapproval at the curtain calls and spitting at Coward as he left the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Coward later said of this flop, "My first instinct was to leave England immediately, but this seemed too craven a move, and also too gratifying to my enemies, whose numbers had by then swollen in our minds to practically the entire population of the British Isles."<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> By 1929 Coward was one of the world's highest-earning writers, with an annual income of £50,000, more than £3 million in terms of 2020 values.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> Coward thrived during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, writing a succession of popular hits.<a href="#cite_note-lahr93-63">[59]</a> They ranged from large-scale spectaculars to intimate comedies. Examples of the former were the <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(operetta)" title="Bitter Sweet (operetta)">Bitter Sweet</a> (1929), about a woman who elopes with her music teacher,<a href="#cite_note-C&N-64">[60]</a> and the historical extravaganza <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_(play)" title="Cavalcade (play)">Cavalcade</a> (1931) at <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a>, about thirty years in the lives of two families, which required a huge cast, gargantuan sets and a complex hydraulic stage. Its <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_(1933_film)" title="Cavalcade (1933 film)">1933 film adaptation</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for best picture.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Coward's intimate-scale hits of the period included <a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a> (1930) and <a href="/wiki/Design_for_Living" title="Design for Living">Design for Living</a> (1932). In Private Lives, Coward starred alongside his most famous stage partner, Gertrude Lawrence, together with the young <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>. It was a highlight of both Coward's and Lawrence's career, selling out in both London and New York. Coward disliked long runs, and after this he made a rule of starring in a play for no more than three months at any venue.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Design for Living, written for <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a>, was so risqué, with its theme of bisexuality and a ménage à trois, that Coward premiered it in New York, knowing that it would not survive the censor in London.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novello-lunt-fontanne-campbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Novello-lunt-fontanne-campbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello" title="Ivor Novello">Ivor Novello</a>, top l., <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a>, top r., <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a>, lower l. and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Campbell" title="Judy Campbell">Judy Campbell</a> – stars of Coward premières of the 1920s–1940s</figcaption></figure> In 1933 Coward wrote, directed and co-starred with the French singer <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Printemps" title="Yvonne Printemps">Yvonne Printemps</a> in both London and New York productions of an operetta, <a href="/wiki/Conversation_Piece_(musical)" title="Conversation Piece (musical)">Conversation Piece</a> (1933).<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> He next wrote, directed and co-starred with Lawrence in <a href="/wiki/Tonight_at_8.30" title="Tonight at 8.30">Tonight at 8.30</a> (1936), a cycle of ten short plays, presented in various permutations across three evenings.<a href="#cite_note-70">[n 5]</a> One of these plays, <a href="/wiki/Still_Life_(play)" title="Still Life (play)">Still Life</a>, was expanded into the 1945 <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> film <a href="/wiki/Brief_Encounter" title="Brief Encounter">Brief Encounter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Tonight at 8.30 was followed by a musical, <a href="/wiki/Operette_(musical)" title="Operette (musical)">Operette</a> (1938), from which the most famous number is "The Stately Homes of England", and a revue entitled <a href="/wiki/Set_to_Music" title="Set to Music">Set to Music</a> (1938, a Broadway version of his 1932 London revue, Words and Music).<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Coward's last pre-war plays were <a href="/wiki/This_Happy_Breed" title="This Happy Breed">This Happy Breed</a>, a drama about a working-class family, and <a href="/wiki/Present_Laughter" title="Present Laughter">Present Laughter</a>, a comic self-caricature with an egomaniac actor as the central character. These were first performed in 1942, although they were both written in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Between 1929 and 1936 Coward recorded many of his best-known songs for <a href="/wiki/The_Gramophone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gramophone Company">His Master's Voice</a> (HMV), now reissued on CD, including the romantic "<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_See_You_Again" title="I'll See You Again">I'll See You Again</a>" from Bitter Sweet, the comic "<a href="/wiki/Mad_Dogs_and_Englishmen_(song)" title="Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song)">Mad Dogs and Englishmen</a>" from Words and Music, and "Mrs Worthington".<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> With the outbreak of the Second World War Coward abandoned the theatre and sought official war work. After running the British propaganda office in Paris, where he concluded that "if the policy of His Majesty's Government is to bore the Germans to death I don't think we have time",<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> he worked on behalf of British intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> His task was to use his celebrity to influence American public and political opinion in favour of helping Britain.<a href="#cite_note-78">[n 6]</a> He was frustrated by British press criticism of his foreign travel while his countrymen suffered at home, but he was unable to reveal that he was acting on behalf of the Secret Service.<a href="#cite_note-hastings-79">[73]</a> In 1942 <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> wished to award Coward a knighthood for his efforts, but was dissuaded by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. Mindful of the public view of Coward's flamboyant lifestyle, Churchill used as his reason for withholding the honour Coward's £200 fine for contravening currency regulations in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-hastings-79">[73]</a> Had the Germans invaded Britain, Coward was scheduled to be arrested and killed, as he was in <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)" title="The Black Book (list)">The Black Book</a> along with other figures such as <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>. When this came to light after the war, Coward wrote: "If anyone had told me at that time I was high up on the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> blacklist, I should have laughed ... I remember <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">Rebecca West</a>, who was one of the many who shared the honour with me, sent me a telegram which read: 'My dear – the people we should have been seen dead with'."<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noel_Coward_Entertains_the_Men_of_the_Eastern_Fleet,_HMS_Victorious,_Trincomalee,_Ceylon,_1_August_1944_A25390.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Noel_Coward_Entertains_the_Men_of_the_Eastern_Fleet%2C_HMS_Victorious%2C_Trincomalee%2C_Ceylon%2C_1_August_1944_A25390.jpg/220px-Noel_Coward_Entertains_the_Men_of_the_Eastern_Fleet%2C_HMS_Victorious%2C_Trincomalee%2C_Ceylon%2C_1_August_1944_A25390.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Noel_Coward_Entertains_the_Men_of_the_Eastern_Fleet%2C_HMS_Victorious%2C_Trincomalee%2C_Ceylon%2C_1_August_1944_A25390.jpg/330px-Noel_Coward_Entertains_the_Men_of_the_Eastern_Fleet%2C_HMS_Victorious%2C_Trincomalee%2C_Ceylon%2C_1_August_1944_A25390.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Noel_Coward_Entertains_the_Men_of_the_Eastern_Fleet%2C_HMS_Victorious%2C_Trincomalee%2C_Ceylon%2C_1_August_1944_A25390.jpg/440px-Noel_Coward_Entertains_the_Men_of_the_Eastern_Fleet%2C_HMS_Victorious%2C_Trincomalee%2C_Ceylon%2C_1_August_1944_A25390.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Coward, with <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackforth" title="Norman Hackforth">Norman Hackforth</a> at the piano, performing for sailors aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victorious_(R38)" title="HMS Victorious (R38)">HMS Victorious</a> in Ceylon, August 1944</figcaption></figure> Churchill's view was that Coward would do more for the war effort by entertaining the troops and the home front than by intelligence work: "Go and sing to them when the guns are firing – that's your job!"<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Coward, though disappointed, followed this advice. He toured, acted and sang indefatigably in Europe, Africa, Asia and America.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> He wrote and recorded war-themed popular songs, including "<a href="/wiki/London_Pride_(song)" title="London Pride (song)">London Pride</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Let%27s_Be_Beastly_to_the_Germans" title="Don't Let's Be Beastly to the Germans">Don't Let's Be Beastly to the Germans</a>". His London home was wrecked by German bombs in 1941, and he took up temporary residence at the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> During one air raid on the area around the Savoy he joined <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Gibbons" title="Carroll Gibbons">Carroll Gibbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Campbell" title="Judy Campbell">Judy Campbell</a> in impromptu cabaret to distract the captive guests from their fears.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> Another of Coward's wartime projects, as writer, star, composer and co-director (alongside David Lean), was the naval film drama <a href="/wiki/In_Which_We_Serve" title="In Which We Serve">In Which We Serve</a>. The film was popular on both sides of the Atlantic, and he was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">honorary certificate of merit</a> at the <a href="/wiki/15th_Academy_Awards" title="15th Academy Awards">1943 Academy Awards</a> ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> Coward played a naval captain, basing the character on his friend <a href="/wiki/Lord_Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Louis Mountbatten">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> Lean went on to direct and adapt film versions of three Coward plays.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> Coward's most enduring work from the war years was the hugely successful black comedy <a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)" title="Blithe Spirit (play)">Blithe Spirit</a> (1941), about a novelist who researches the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> and hires a medium. A séance brings back the ghost of his first wife, causing havoc for the novelist and his second wife. With 1,997 consecutive performances, it broke box-office records for the run of a West End comedy, and was also produced on Broadway, where its original run was 650 performances.<a href="#cite_note-90">[n 7]</a> The play was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(1945_film)" title="Blithe Spirit (1945 film)">1945 film</a>, directed by Lean. Coward toured during 1942 in Blithe Spirit, in rotation with his comedy Present Laughter and his working-class drama This Happy Breed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> In his Middle East Diary Coward made several statements that offended many Americans. In particular, he commented that he was "less impressed by some of the mournful little <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> boys lying there in tears amid the alien corn with nothing worse than a bullet wound in the leg or a fractured arm".<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> After protests from both <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, the Foreign Office urged Coward not to visit the United States in January 1945. He did not return to America again during the war. In the aftermath of the war, Coward wrote an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternative reality</a> play, <a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Our_Time_(play)" title="Peace in Our Time (play)">Peace in Our Time</a>, depicting an England occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lahr93-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_career">Post-war career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war career">edit</a>]</div> Coward's new plays after the war were moderately successful but failed to match the popularity of his pre-war hits.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Relative_Values_(play)" title="Relative Values (play)">Relative Values</a> (1951) addresses the culture clash between an aristocratic English family and a Hollywood actress with matrimonial ambitions; <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble_(play)" title="South Sea Bubble (play)">South Sea Bubble</a> (1951) is a political comedy set in a British colony; <a href="/wiki/Quadrille_(play)" title="Quadrille (play)">Quadrille</a> (1952) is a drama about Victorian love and elopement; and <a href="/wiki/Nude_with_Violin" title="Nude with Violin">Nude with Violin</a> (1956, starring <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> in London and Coward in New York) is a satire on modern art and critical pretension.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> A revue, <a href="/wiki/Sigh_No_More_(musical)" title="Sigh No More (musical)">Sigh No More</a> (1945), was a moderate success,<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> but two musicals, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_1860" title="Pacific 1860">Pacific 1860</a> (1946), a lavish <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Seas (genre)">South Seas</a> romance, and <a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Clubs_(musical)" title="Ace of Clubs (musical)">Ace of Clubs</a> (1950), set in a night club, were financial failures.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> Further blows in this period were the deaths of Coward's friends Charles Cochran and Gertrude Lawrence, in 1951 and 1952 respectively. Despite his disappointments, Coward maintained a high public profile; his performance as King Magnus in Shaw's <a href="/wiki/The_Apple_Cart" title="The Apple Cart">The Apple Cart</a> for the Coronation season of 1953, co-starring <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leighton" title="Margaret Leighton">Margaret Leighton</a>, received much coverage in the press,<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> and his cabaret act, honed during his wartime tours entertaining the troops, was a supreme success, first in London at the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Paris_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Café de Paris (London)">Café de Paris</a>, and later in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> The theatre critic Kenneth Tynan wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To see him whole, public and private personalities conjoined, you must see him in cabaret ... he padded down the celebrated stairs ... halted before the microphone on black-suede-clad feet, and, upraising both hands in a gesture of benediction, set about demonstrating how these things should be done. Baring his teeth as if unveiling some grotesque monument, and cooing like a <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> dove, he gave us "I'll See You Again" and the other bat's-wing melodies of his youth. Nothing he does on these occasions sounds strained or arid; his tanned, leathery face is still an enthusiast's.... If it is possible to romp fastidiously, that is what Coward does. He owes little to earlier wits, such as <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a> or <a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouch%C3%A8re" title="Henry Labouchère">Labouchere</a>. Their best things need to be delivered slowly, even lazily. Coward's emerge with the staccato, blind impulsiveness of a machine-gun.<a href="#cite_note-tynan-49">[45]</a></blockquote> In 1955 Coward's cabaret act at Las Vegas, recorded live for the gramophone and released as <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_at_Las_Vegas" title="Noël Coward at Las Vegas">Noël Coward at Las Vegas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> was so successful that <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> engaged him to write and direct a series of three 90-minute television specials for the 1955–56 season. The first of these, Together With Music, paired Coward with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a>, featuring him in many of the numbers from his Las Vegas act.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> It was followed by productions of Blithe Spirit in which he starred with <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Natwick" title="Mildred Natwick">Mildred Natwick</a> and This Happy Breed with <a href="/wiki/Edna_Best" title="Edna Best">Edna Best</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a>. Despite excellent reviews, the audience viewing figures were moderate.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_Lives_Theatre_De_Lys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Private_Lives_Theatre_De_Lys.jpg/220px-Private_Lives_Theatre_De_Lys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Private_Lives_Theatre_De_Lys.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>"Dad's Renaissance": Coward's popularity surged in the 1960s; this poster features <a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a>'s drawing of Coward rather than the stars of this 1968 revival.</figcaption></figure> During the 1950s and 1960s Coward continued to write musicals and plays. <a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(musical)" title="After the Ball (musical)">After the Ball</a>, his 1953 adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Windermere%27s_Fan" title="Lady Windermere's Fan">Lady Windermere's Fan</a>, was the last musical he premiered in the West End; his last two musicals were first produced on Broadway. <a href="/wiki/Sail_Away_(musical)" title="Sail Away (musical)">Sail Away</a> (1961), set on a luxury cruise liner, was Coward's most successful post-war musical, with productions in America, Britain and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Came_to_Supper" title="The Girl Who Came to Supper">The Girl Who Came to Supper</a>, a musical adaptation of <a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Prince_(play)" title="The Sleeping Prince (play)">The Sleeping Prince</a> (1963), ran for only three months.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> He directed the successful 1964 Broadway musical adaptation of Blithe Spirit, called <a href="/wiki/High_Spirits_(musical)" title="High Spirits (musical)">High Spirits</a>. Coward's late plays include a farce, <a href="/wiki/Look_After_Lulu!" title="Look After Lulu!">Look After Lulu!</a> (1959), and a tragi-comic study of old age, <a href="/wiki/Waiting_in_the_Wings_(play)" title="Waiting in the Wings (play)">Waiting in the Wings</a> (1960), both of which were successful despite "critical disdain".<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> Coward argued that the primary purpose of a play was to entertain, and he made no attempt at modernism, which he felt was boring to the audience although fascinating to the critics. His comic novel, Pomp and Circumstance (1960), about life in a tropical British colony, met with more critical success.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[n 8]</a> Coward's final stage success came with <a href="/wiki/Suite_in_Three_Keys" title="Suite in Three Keys">Suite in Three Keys</a> (1966), a trilogy set in a hotel penthouse suite. He wrote it as his swan song as a stage actor: "I would like to act once more before I fold my bedraggled wings."<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> The trilogy gained glowing reviews and did good box office business in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> In one of the three plays, <a href="/wiki/A_Song_at_Twilight" title="A Song at Twilight">A Song at Twilight</a>, Coward abandoned his customary reticence on the subject and played an explicitly homosexual character. The daring piece earned Coward new critical praise.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> He intended to star in the trilogy on Broadway but was too ill to travel. Only two of the Suite in Three Keys plays were performed in New York, with the title changed to Noël Coward in Two Keys, starring <a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> Coward won new popularity in several notable films later in his career, such as <a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_80_Days_(1956_film)" title="Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)">Around the World in 80 Days</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/Our_Man_in_Havana_(film)" title="Our Man in Havana (film)">Our Man in Havana</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Lake_Is_Missing" title="Bunny Lake Is Missing">Bunny Lake Is Missing</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Boom!_(1968_film)" title="Boom! (1968 film)">Boom!</a> (1968) and <a href="/wiki/The_Italian_Job" title="The Italian Job">The Italian Job</a> (1969).<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> Stage and film opportunities he turned down in the 1950s included an invitation to compose a musical version of <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a> (two years before <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady" title="My Fair Lady">My Fair Lady</a> was written), and offers of the roles of the king in the original stage production of <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a>, and Colonel Nicholson in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge on the River Kwai">The Bridge on the River Kwai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> Invited to play the title role in the 1962 film <a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(film)" title="Dr. No (film)">Dr. No</a>, he replied, "No, no, no, a thousand times, no."<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> In the same year, he turned down the role of Humbert Humbert in <a href="/wiki/Lolita_(1962_film)" title="Lolita (1962 film)">Lolita</a>, saying, "At my time of life the film story would be logical if the 12-year-old heroine was a sweet little old lady."<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> In the mid-1960s and early 1970s successful productions of his 1920s and 1930s plays, and new revues celebrating his music, including <a href="/wiki/Oh,_Coward!" title="Oh, Coward!">Oh, Coward!</a> on Broadway and <a href="/wiki/Cowardy_Custard" title="Cowardy Custard">Cowardy Custard</a> in London, revived Coward's popularity and critical reputation. He dubbed this comeback "Dad's Renaissance".<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> It began with a hit 1963 revival of Private Lives in London and then New York.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> Invited to direct Hay Fever with <a href="/wiki/Edith_Evans" title="Edith Evans">Edith Evans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a>, he wrote in 1964, "I am thrilled and flattered and frankly a little flabbergasted that the National Theatre should have had the curious perceptiveness to choose a very early play of mine and to give it a cast that could play the Albanian telephone directory."<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> Other examples of "Dad's Renaissance" included a 1968 <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> production of Private Lives at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_de_Lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre de Lys">Theatre de Lys</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Stritch" title="Elaine Stritch">Elaine Stritch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bowman" title="Lee Bowman">Lee Bowman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betsy_von_Furstenberg" title="Betsy von Furstenberg">Betsy von Furstenberg</a>, and directed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Reilly" title="Charles Nelson Reilly">Charles Nelson Reilly</a>. Despite this impressive cast, Coward's popularity had risen so high that the theatre poster for the production used an <a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> caricature of Coward (pictured above) <a href="#cite_note-120">[n 9]</a> instead of an image of the production or its stars. The illustration captures how Coward's image had changed by the 1960s: he was no longer seen as the smooth 1930s sophisticate, but as the doyen of the theatre. As <a href="/wiki/The_New_Statesman" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Statesman">The New Statesman</a> wrote in 1964, "Who would have thought the landmarks of the Sixties would include the emergence of Noël Coward as the grand old man of British drama? There he was one morning, flipping verbal tiddlywinks with reporters about "Dad's Renaissance"; the next he was ... beside <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">OMs</a>, demonstrably the greatest living English playwright."<a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> Time wrote that "in the 60s... his best work, with its inspired inconsequentiality, seemed to exert not only a period charm but charm, period."<a href="#cite_note-Time1969-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_honours">Death and honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and honours">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre_3.JPG/220px-No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre_3.JPG/330px-No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre_3.JPG/440px-No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_Theatre" title="Noël Coward Theatre">Noël Coward Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> By the end of the 1960s, Coward developed <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a> and, during the run of Suite in Three Keys, struggled with bouts of memory loss.<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> This also affected his work in The Italian Job, and he retired from acting immediately afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a> Coward was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in 1970,<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> and was elected a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> He received a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> for lifetime achievement in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> In 1972, he was awarded an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a> degree by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a> At the age of 73, Coward died at his home, <a href="/wiki/Firefly_Estate" title="Firefly Estate">Firefly Estate</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> on 26 March 1973 of heart failure<a href="#cite_note-timesobit-54">[50]</a> and was buried three days later on the brow of Firefly Hill, overlooking the north coast of the island.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> A memorial service was held in <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a> in London on 29 May 1973, for which the <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>, wrote and delivered a poem in Coward's honour,<a href="#cite_note-130">[n 10]</a> John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier read verse, and <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> played <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>. On 28 March 1984 a memorial stone was unveiled by the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Queen Mother</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. Thanked by Coward's partner, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Payn" title="Graham Payn">Graham Payn</a>, for attending, the Queen Mother replied, "I came because he was my friend."<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> The Noël Coward Theatre in <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Lane" title="St Martin's Lane">St Martin's Lane</a>, originally opened in 1903 as the New Theatre and later called the Albery, was renamed in his honour after extensive refurbishment, re-opening on 1 June 2006.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> A statue of Coward by <a href="/wiki/Angela_Conner" title="Angela Conner">Angela Conner</a> was unveiled by the Queen Mother in the foyer of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> There are also sculptures of Coward displayed in New York and Jamaica,<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> and a bust of him in the library in Teddington, near where he was born.<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> In 2008 an exhibition devoted to Coward was mounted at the National Theatre in London.<a href="#cite_note-byrne-136">[126]</a> The exhibition was later hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Performance_%26_Design" title="Museum of Performance & Design">Museum of Performance & Design</a> in San Francisco and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> In June 2021 an exhibition celebrating Coward opened at the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coward_as_Slightly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Coward_as_Slightly.jpg/170px-Coward_as_Slightly.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Coward_as_Slightly.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Coward as <a href="/wiki/Lost_Boys_(Peter_Pan)" title="Lost Boys (Peter Pan)">Slightly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> in 1913</figcaption></figure> Coward was homosexual but, following the convention of his times, this was never publicly mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-C&N-64">[60]</a> The critic Kenneth Tynan's description in 1953 was close to an acknowledgment of Coward's sexuality: "Forty years ago he was Slightly in Peter Pan, and you might say that he has been wholly in Peter Pan ever since. No private considerations have been allowed to deflect the drive of his career; like Gielgud and <a href="/wiki/Terence_Rattigan" title="Terence Rattigan">Rattigan</a>, like the late Ivor Novello, he is a congenital bachelor."<a href="#cite_note-tynan-49">[45]</a> Coward firmly believed his private business was not for public discussion, considering "any sexual activities when over-advertised" to be tasteless.<a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> Even in the 1960s, Coward refused to acknowledge his sexual orientation publicly, wryly observing, "There are still a few old ladies in <a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a> who don't know."<a href="#cite_note-140">[130]</a> Despite this reticence, he encouraged his secretary Cole Lesley to write a frank biography once Coward was safely dead.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> Coward's most important relationship, which began in the mid-1940s and lasted until his death, was with the South African stage and film actor Graham Payn.<a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a> Coward featured Payn in several of his London productions. Payn later co-edited with <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Morley" title="Sheridan Morley">Sheridan Morley</a> a collection of Coward's diaries, published in 1982. Coward's other relationships included the playwright Keith Winter, actors <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hayward" title="Louis Hayward">Louis Hayward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Webb_(actor)" title="Alan Webb (actor)">Alan Webb</a>, his manager Jack Wilson and the composer <a href="/wiki/Ned_Rorem" title="Ned Rorem">Ned Rorem</a>, who published details of their relationship in his diaries.<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> Coward had a 19-year friendship with <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a>, but biographers differ on whether it was platonic.<a href="#cite_note-144">[134]</a> Payn believed that it was, although Coward reportedly admitted to the historian Michael Thornton that there had been "a little dalliance".<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a> Coward said, on the duke's death, "I suddenly find that I loved him more than I knew."<a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> Coward maintained close friendships with many women, including the actress and author Esmé Wynne-Tyson, his first collaborator and constant correspondent; <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Calthrop" title="Gladys Calthrop">Gladys Calthrop</a>, who designed sets and costumes for many of his works; his secretary and close confidante Lorn Loraine; the actresses Gertrude Lawrence, <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carey" title="Joyce Carey">Joyce Carey</a> and Judy Campbell; and "his loyal and lifelong amitié amoureuse", <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> In his profession, Coward was widely admired and loved for his generosity and kindness to those who fell on hard times. Stories are told of the unobtrusive way in which he relieved the needs or paid the debts of old theatrical acquaintances who had no claim on him.<a href="#cite_note-timesobit-54">[50]</a> From 1934 until 1956, Coward was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Actors_Orphanage" class="mw-redirect" title="Actors Orphanage">Actors Orphanage</a>, which was supported by the theatrical industry. In that capacity, he befriended the young <a href="/wiki/Peter_Collinson_(film_director)" title="Peter Collinson (film director)">Peter Collinson</a>, who was in the care of the orphanage. He became Collinson's godfather and helped him to get started in show business. When Collinson was a successful director, he invited Coward to play a role in The Italian Job. Graham Payn also played a small role in the film.<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Noel_Coward_Switzerland_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sir_Noel_Coward_Switzerland_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-Sir_Noel_Coward_Switzerland_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sir_Noel_Coward_Switzerland_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-Sir_Noel_Coward_Switzerland_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sir_Noel_Coward_Switzerland_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-Sir_Noel_Coward_Switzerland_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Coward in his home in Switzerland in 1972</figcaption></figure> In 1926, Coward acquired <a href="/wiki/Goldenhurst_Farm" title="Goldenhurst Farm">Goldenhurst Farm</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Aldington,_Kent" title="Aldington, Kent">Aldington, Kent</a>, making it his home for most of the next thirty years, except when the military used it during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Kent" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Kent">Grade II listed building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> In the 1950s, Coward left the UK for tax reasons, receiving harsh criticism in the press.<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> He first settled in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> but later bought houses in Jamaica and Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Chalet_Covar" title="Chalet Covar">Chalet Covar</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Les_Avants" title="Les Avants">Les Avants</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>), which remained his homes for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> His expatriate neighbours and friends included <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> in Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ann_Fleming" title="Ann Fleming">Ann</a> in Jamaica. Coward was a witness at the Flemings' wedding, but his diaries record his exasperation with their constant bickering.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> Coward's political views were conservative, but not unswervingly so: he despised the government of <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> for its policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeasing">appeasing</a> Nazi Germany, and he differed sharply with Winston Churchill over the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication crisis">abdication crisis</a> of 1936. Whereas Churchill supported <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>'s wish to marry "his cutie", <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, Coward thought the king irresponsible, telling Churchill, "England doesn't wish for a Queen Cutie."<a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> Coward disliked propaganda in plays: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">The theatre must be treated with respect. It is a house of strange enchantment, a temple of dreams. What it most emphatically is not and never will be is a scruffy, ill-lit drill hall serving as a temporary soap-box for political propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a></div> Nevertheless, his own views sometimes surfaced in his plays: both Cavalcade and This Happy Breed are, in the words of the playwright <a href="/wiki/David_Edgar_(playwright)" title="David Edgar (playwright)">David Edgar</a>, "overtly Conservative political plays written in the <a href="/wiki/Brechtian" class="mw-redirect" title="Brechtian">Brechtian</a> epic manner."<a href="#cite_note-157">[147]</a> In religion, Coward was agnostic. He wrote of his views, "Do I believe in God? I can't say No and I can't say Yes, To me it's anybody's guess."<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[n 11]</a> Coward spelled his first name with the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diæresis</a> ("I didn't put the dots over the 'e' in Noël. The language did. Otherwise it's not Noël but Nool!").<a href="#cite_note-161">[150]</a> The press and many book publishers failed to follow suit, and his name was printed as 'Noel' in The Times, The Observer and other contemporary newspapers and books.<a href="#cite_note-163">[n 12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coward_with-cigarette-holder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Coward_with-cigarette-holder.jpg/220px-Coward_with-cigarette-holder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Coward_with-cigarette-holder.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>The Coward image: with <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_holder" title="Cigarette holder">cigarette holder</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> "Why", asked Coward, "am I always expected to wear a dressing-gown, smoke cigarettes in a <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_holder" title="Cigarette holder">long holder</a> and say 'Darling, how wonderful'?"<a href="#cite_note-164">[152]</a> The answer lay in Coward's assiduous cultivation of a carefully crafted image. As a suburban boy who had been taken up by the upper classes he rapidly acquired the taste for high life: "I am determined to travel through life first class."<a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a> He first wore a dressing gown onstage in The Vortex and used the fashion in several of his other famous plays, including Private Lives and Present Laughter.<a href="#cite_note-166">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Walden" title="George Walden">George Walden</a> identifies him as a modern <a href="/wiki/Dandy" title="Dandy">dandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[156]</a> In connection with the National Theatre's 2008 exhibition, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> commented, "His famous silk, polka-dot dressing gown and elegant cigarette holder both seem to belong to another era. But 2008 is proving to be the year that Britain falls in love with Noël Coward all over again."<a href="#cite_note-byrne-136">[126]</a> As soon as he achieved success he began polishing the Coward image: an early press photograph showed him sitting up in bed holding a cigarette holder: "I looked like an advanced Chinese decadent in the last phases of dope."<a href="#cite_note-169">[157]</a> Soon after that, Coward wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">I took to wearing coloured turtle-necked jerseys, actually more for comfort than for effect, and soon I was informed by my evening paper that I had started a fashion. I believe that to a certain extent this was true; at any rate, during the ensuing months I noticed more and more of our seedier West-End chorus boys parading about London in them.<a href="#cite_note-170">[158]</a></div> He soon became more cautious about overdoing the flamboyance, advising <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Beaton" title="Cecil Beaton">Cecil Beaton</a> to tone down his outfits: "It is important not to let the public have a loophole to lampoon you."<a href="#cite_note-171">[159]</a> However, Coward was happy to generate publicity from his lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-172">[160]</a> In 1969 he told Time magazine, "I acted up like crazy. I did everything that was expected of me. Part of the job." Time concluded, "Coward's greatest single gift has not been writing or composing, not acting or directing, but projecting a sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise."<a href="#cite_note-Time1969-1">[1]</a> Coward's distinctive clipped diction arose from his childhood: his mother was deaf and Coward developed his staccato style of speaking to make it easier for her to hear what he was saying; it also helped him eradicate a slight lisp.<a href="#cite_note-173">[161]</a> His nickname, "The Master", "started as a joke and became true", according to Coward. It was used of him from the 1920s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-lxx-162">[151]</a> Coward himself made light of it: when asked by a journalist why he was known as "The Master", he replied, "Oh, you know – Jack of all trades, master of none."<a href="#cite_note-174">[162]</a> He could, however, joke about his own immodesty: "My sense of my importance to the world is relatively small. On the other hand, my sense of my own importance to myself is tremendous."<a href="#cite_note-175">[163]</a> When a Time interviewer apologised, "I hope you haven't been bored having to go through all these interviews for your [70th] birthday, having to answer the same old questions about yourself", Coward rejoined, "Not at all. I'm fascinated by the subject."<a href="#cite_note-Time1969-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_appearances">Works and appearances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works and appearances">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_on_stage_and_screen" title="Noël Coward on stage and screen">Noël Coward on stage and screen</a></div> Coward wrote more than 65 plays and musicals (not all produced or published) and appeared in approximately 70 stage productions.<a href="#cite_note-176">[164]</a> More than 20 films were made from his plays and musicals, either by Coward or other screenwriters, and he acted in 17 films.<a href="#cite_note-177">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of Coward's plays see <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_on_stage_and_screen#Stage_works" title="Noël Coward on stage and screen">Noël Coward stage works</a></div> In a 2005 survey <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rebellato" title="Dan Rebellato">Dan Rebellato</a> divides the plays into early, middle and late periods.<a href="#cite_note-dr-178">[166]</a> In The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (2006) Jean Chothia calls the plays of the 1920s and 1930s "the quintessential theatrical works of the years between World Wars I and II".<a href="#cite_note-jc-179">[167]</a> Rebellato considers Hay Fever (1925) typical of the early plays, "showing a highly theatrical family running rings around a group of staid outsiders"; Easy Virtue (1926) "brings the well-made play into the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-dr-178">[166]</a> Chothia writes that "the seeming triviality" and rich, flippant characters of Coward's plays, though popular with the public, aroused hostility from a few, such as the playwright <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Casey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean O'Casey">Sean O'Casey</a>, "perhaps particularly because of the ease with which his sexually charged writing seemed to elude censorship".<a href="#cite_note-jc-179">[167]</a> Rebellato rates Private Lives (1930) as the pinnacle of Coward's early plays, with its "evasion of moral judgement, and the blur of paradox and witticism".<a href="#cite_note-dr-178">[166]</a> During the 1930s, once he was established by his early successes, Coward experimented with theatrical forms. The historical epic Cavalcade (1931) with its huge cast, and the cycle of ten short plays Tonight at 8.30 (1935), played to full houses, but are difficult to revive because of the expense and "logistical complexities" of staging them.<a href="#cite_note-180">[168]</a> He continued to push the boundaries of social acceptability in the 1930s: Design for Living (1932), with its bisexual triangle, had to be premiered in the US, beyond the reach of the British censor.<a href="#cite_note-jc-179">[167]</a> Chothia comments that a feature of Coward's plays of the 1920s and 1930s is that, "unusually for the period, the women in Coward's plays are at least as self-assertive as the men, and as likely to seethe with desire or rage, so that courtship and the battle of the sexes is waged on strictly equal terms".<a href="#cite_note-jc-179">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[n 13]</a> The best-known plays of Coward's middle period, the late 1930s and the 1940s, Present Laughter, This Happy Breed and Blithe Spirit are more traditional in construction and less unconventional in content. Coward toured them throughout Britain during the Second World War, and the first and third of them are frequently revived in Britain and the US.<a href="#cite_note-prods-183">[170]</a> Coward's plays from the late 1940s and early 1950s are generally seen as showing a decline in his theatrical flair. Morley comments, "The truth is that, although the theatrical and political world had changed considerably through the century for which he stood as an ineffably English icon, Noël himself changed very little."<a href="#cite_note-184">[171]</a> Chothis comments, "sentimentality and nostalgia, often lurking but usually kept in check in earlier works, were cloyingly present in such post-World War II plays as Peace in Our Time and Nude with Violin, although his writing was back on form with the astringent Waiting in the Wings".<a href="#cite_note-jc-179">[167]</a> His final plays, in Suite in Three Keys (1966), were well received,<a href="#cite_note-185">[172]</a> but the Coward plays most often revived are from the years 1925 to 1940: Hay Fever, Private Lives, Design for Living, Present Laughter and Blithe Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-prods-183">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicals_and_revues">Musicals and revues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Musicals and revues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of Coward's musicals and revues see <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward_on_stage_and_screen#Stage_works" title="Noël Coward on stage and screen">Noël Coward stage works</a></div> Coward wrote the words and music for eight full-length musicals between 1928 and 1963. By far the most successful was the first, Bitter Sweet (1929), which he termed an operetta. It ran in the West End for 697 performances between 1929 and 1931.<a href="#cite_note-186">[173]</a> Bitter Sweet was set in 19th-century Vienna and London; for his next musical, Conversation Piece (1934) Coward again chose a historical setting: <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency</a> <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>. Notices were excellent, but the run ended after 177 performances when the leading lady, Yvonne Printemps, had to leave the cast to honour a filming commitment. The show has a cast of more than fifty and has never been professionally revived in London.<a href="#cite_note-187">[174]</a> A third musical with a historical setting, Operette, ran for 133 performances in 1938 and closed for lack of box-office business. Coward later described it as "over-written and under-composed", with too much plot and too few good numbers.<a href="#cite_note-188">[175]</a> He persisted with a romantic historical theme with Pacific 1860 (1946), another work with a huge cast. It ran for 129 performances, and Coward's failure to keep up with public tastes was pointed up by the success of the <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a> show that followed Pacific 1860 at Drury Lane: <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> ran there for 1,534 performances.<a href="#cite_note-Gaye,_p._1525-88">[82]</a> His friend and biographer Cole Lesley wrote that although Coward admired Oklahoma! enormously, he "did not learn from it and the change it had brought about, that the songs should in some way further the storyline."<a href="#cite_note-cl196-189">[176]</a> Lesley added that Coward compounded this error by managing "in every single show to write one song, nothing whatever to do with the plot, that was an absolute showstopper".<a href="#cite_note-cl196-189">[176]</a> With Ace of Clubs (1949) Coward sought to be up-to-date, with the setting of a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> nightclub. It did better than its three predecessors, running for 211 performances, but Coward wrote, "I am furious about Ace of Clubs not being a real smash and I have come to the conclusion that if they don't care for first rate music, lyrics, dialogue and performance they can stuff it up their collective arses and go and see [Ivor Novello's] <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Rhapsody" title="King's Rhapsody">King's Rhapsody</a>".<a href="#cite_note-190">[177]</a> He reverted, without success, to a romantic historical setting for After the Ball (1954 – 188 performances). His last two musicals were premiered on Broadway rather than in London. Sail Away (1961) with a setting on a modern cruise ship ran for 167 performances in New York and then 252 in London.<a href="#cite_note-191">[178]</a> For his last and least successful musical, Coward reverted to <a href="/wiki/Ruritania" title="Ruritania">Ruritanian</a> royalty in The Girl Who Came to Supper (1963), which closed after 112 performances in New York and has never been staged in London.<a href="#cite_note-192">[179]</a> Coward's first contributions to revue were in 1922, writing most of the songs and some of the sketches in André Charlot's London Calling!. This was before his first major success as a playwright and actor, in The Vortex, written the following year and staged in 1924. The revue contained only one song that features prominently in the Noël Coward Society's list of his most popular numbers – "Parisian Pierrot", sung by Gertrude Lawrence.<a href="#cite_note-ncsongs-58">[54]</a> His other early revues, On With the Dance (1925) and This Year of Grace (1928) were liked by the press and public, and contained several songs that have remained well known, including "Dance, Little Lady", "Poor Little Rich Girl" and "A Room With a View".<a href="#cite_note-ncsongs-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[180]</a> Words and Music (1932) and its Broadway successor Set to Music (1939) included "Mad About the Boy", "Mad Dogs and Englishmen", "Marvellous Party" and "The Party's Over Now".<a href="#cite_note-ncsongs-58">[54]</a> At the end of the Second World War, Coward wrote his last original revue. He recalled "I had thought of a good title, Sigh No More, which later, I regret to say, turned out to be the best part of the revue".<a href="#cite_note-194">[181]</a> It was a moderate success with 213 performances in 1945–46.<a href="#cite_note-195">[182]</a> Among the best-known songs from the show are "I Wonder What Happened to Him?", "Matelot" and "Nina".<a href="#cite_note-ncsongs-58">[54]</a> Towards the end of his life Coward was consulted about, but did not compile, two 1972 revues that were anthologies of his songs from the 1920s to the 1960s, Cowardy Custard in London (the title was chosen by Coward) and Oh, Coward! in New York, at the premiere of which he made his last public appearance.<a href="#cite_note-196">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Songs">edit</a>]</div> Coward wrote three hundred songs. The Noël Coward Society's website, drawing on performing statistics from the publishers and the <a href="/wiki/Performing_Rights_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing Rights Society">Performing Rights Society</a>, names "<a href="/wiki/Mad_About_the_Boy" title="Mad About the Boy">Mad About the Boy</a>" (from Words and Music) as Coward's most popular song, followed, in order, by: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ll_See_You_Again" title="I'll See You Again">I'll See You Again</a>" (Bitter Sweet)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mad_Dogs_and_Englishmen_(song)" title="Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song)">Mad Dogs and Englishmen</a>" (Words and Music)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/If_Love_Were_All" title="If Love Were All">If Love Were All</a>" (Bitter Sweet)</li> <li>"Someday I'll Find You" (Private Lives)</li> <li>"I'll Follow My Secret Heart" (Conversation Piece)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/London_Pride_(song)" title="London Pride (song)">London Pride</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"A Room With a View" (This Year of Grace)</li> <li>"Mrs Worthington" (1934)</li> <li>"Poor Little Rich Girl" (On with the Dance)</li> <li>"The Stately Homes of England" (Operette)<a href="#cite_note-ncsongs-58">[54]</a></li></ul> Coward was no fan of the works of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[n 14]</a> but as a songwriter was nevertheless strongly influenced by them. He recalled: "I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously. The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age. My father sang them, my mother played them ... my aunts and uncles, who were legion, sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation."<a href="#cite_note-199">[185]</a> His colleague Terence Rattigan wrote that as a lyricist Coward was "the best of his kind since <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>."<a href="#cite_note-200">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reputation_and_legacy">Critical reputation and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critical reputation and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Cultural impact of Noël Coward">Cultural impact of Noël Coward</a></div> The playwright <a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">John Osborne</a> said, "Mr Coward is his own invention and contribution to this century. Anyone who cannot see that should keep well away from the theatre."<a href="#cite_note-201">[187]</a> Tynan wrote in 1964, "Even the youngest of us will know, in fifty years' time, exactly what we mean by 'a very Noel Coward sort of person'."<a href="#cite_note-tynan-49">[45]</a> In praise of Coward's versatility, Lord Mountbatten said, in a tribute on Coward's seventieth birthday: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">There are probably greater painters than Noël, greater novelists than Noël, greater librettists, greater composers of music, greater singers, greater dancers, greater comedians, greater tragedians, greater stage producers, greater film directors, greater cabaret artists, greater TV stars. If there are, they are fourteen different people. Only one man combined all fourteen different labels – The Master.<a href="#cite_note-202">[188]</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noel_Coward_(1963)_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Noel_Coward_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg/170px-Noel_Coward_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Noel_Coward_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg/255px-Noel_Coward_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Noel_Coward_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg/340px-Noel_Coward_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Coward in 1963</figcaption></figure> Tynan's was the first generation of critics to realise that Coward's plays might enjoy more than ephemeral success. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a> wrote that they were "written in the most topical and perishable way imaginable, the cream in them turns sour overnight".<a href="#cite_note-203">[189]</a> What seemed daring in the 1920s and 1930s came to seem old-fashioned in the 1950s, and Coward never repeated the success of his pre-war plays.<a href="#cite_note-tynan-49">[45]</a> By the 1960s, critics began to note that underneath the witty dialogue and the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> glamour of the inter-war years, Coward's best plays also dealt with recognisable people and familiar relationships, with an emotional depth and pathos that had been often overlooked.<a href="#cite_note-204">[190]</a> By the time of his death, The Times was writing of him, "None of the great figures of the English theatre has been more versatile than he", and the paper ranked his plays in "the classical tradition of <a href="/wiki/William_Congreve" title="William Congreve">Congreve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Sheridan</a>, Wilde and Shaw".<a href="#cite_note-timesobit-54">[50]</a> In late 1999 <a href="/wiki/The_Stage" title="The Stage">The Stage</a> ran what it called a "millennium poll" of its readers to name the people from the world of theatre, variety, broadcasting or film who have most influenced the arts and entertainment in Britain: Shakespeare came first, followed by Coward in second place.<a href="#cite_note-205">[191]</a> A symposium published in 1999 to mark the centenary of Coward's birth listed some of his major productions scheduled for the year in Britain and North America, including Ace of Clubs, After the Ball, Blithe Spirit, Cavalcade, Easy Virtue, Hay Fever, Present Laughter, Private Lives, Sail Away, A Song at Twilight, The Young Idea and Waiting in the Wings, with stars including Lauren Bacall, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Harris" title="Rosemary Harris">Rosemary Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Ian McKellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corin_Redgrave" title="Corin Redgrave">Corin Redgrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a> and Elaine Stritch.<a href="#cite_note-206">[192]</a> A centenary celebration was presented at the Savoy Theatre on 12 December 1999, devised by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wooldridge" title="Hugh Wooldridge">Hugh Wooldridge</a>, featuring more than 30 leading performers, raising funds for the Actors' Orphanage.<a href="#cite_note-207">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rice" title="Tim Rice">Tim Rice</a> said of Coward's songs, "The wit and wisdom of Noël Coward's lyrics will be as lively and contemporary in 100 years' time as they are today",<a href="#cite_note-208">[194]</a> and many have been recorded by <a href="/wiki/Damon_Albarn" title="Damon Albarn">Damon Albarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Bostridge" title="Ian Bostridge">Ian Bostridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(band)" title="The Divine Comedy (band)">The Divine Comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Masterson" title="Valerie Masterson">Valerie Masterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vic_Reeves" class="mw-redirect" title="Vic Reeves">Vic Reeves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>, Joan Sutherland, <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-209">[195]</a> Coward's music, writings, characteristic voice and style have been widely parodied and imitated, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Round_the_Horne" title="Round the Horne">Round the Horne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[197]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privates_on_Parade" title="Privates on Parade">Privates on Parade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[198]</a> Coward has frequently been depicted as a character in plays,<a href="#cite_note-213">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[200]</a> films, television and radio shows, for example, in the 1968 Julie Andrews film <a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a> (in which Coward was portrayed by his godson, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Massey_(actor)" title="Daniel Massey (actor)">Daniel Massey</a>),<a href="#cite_note-215">[201]</a> the BBC sitcom <a href="/wiki/Goodnight_Sweetheart_(TV_series)" title="Goodnight Sweetheart (TV series)">Goodnight Sweetheart</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[202]</a> and a BBC Radio 4 series written by <a href="/wiki/Marcy_Kahan" title="Marcy Kahan">Marcy Kahan</a> in which Coward was dramatised as a detective in Design For Murder (2000), A Bullet at Balmain's (2003) and Death at the Desert Inn (2005), and as a spy in Blithe Spy (2002) and Our Man in Jamaica (2007), with <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sinclair_(actor)" title="Malcolm Sinclair (actor)">Malcolm Sinclair</a> playing Coward in each.<a href="#cite_note-217">[203]</a> On stage, characters based on Coward have included Beverly Carlton in the 1939 Broadway play <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Came_to_Dinner" title="The Man Who Came to Dinner">The Man Who Came to Dinner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[204]</a> A play about the friendship between Coward and Dietrich, called <a href="/wiki/Lunch_with_Marlene" title="Lunch with Marlene">Lunch with Marlene</a>, by Chris Burgess, ran at the <a href="/wiki/New_End_Theatre" title="New End Theatre">New End Theatre</a> in 2008. The second act presents a musical revue, including Coward songs such as "Don't Let's Be Beastly to the Germans".<a href="#cite_note-TheStage-219">[205]</a> Coward was an early admirer of the plays of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> and backed Pinter's film version of <a href="/wiki/The_Caretaker" title="The Caretaker">The Caretaker</a> with a £1,000 investment.<a href="#cite_note-hoare458-220">[206]</a> Some critics have detected Coward's influence in Pinter's plays.<a href="#cite_note-221">[207]</a> Tynan compared Pinter's "elliptical patter" to Coward's "stylised dialogue".<a href="#cite_note-hoare458-220">[206]</a> Pinter returned the compliment by directing the National Theatre's revival of Blithe Spirit in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-222">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Violet's cousin, Rachel Veitch, was mother of Field-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Evangeline Julia Marshall, an eccentric society hostess (1854–1944), married Clement Paston Astley Cooper, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Astley_Paston_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Astley Paston Cooper">Sir Astley Paston Cooper</a>, on 10 July 1877. She inherited Hambleton Hall from her brother Walter Marshall (d. 1899), and there she entertained rising talents in the artistic world, including Streatfeild, the conductor <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent" title="Malcolm Sargent">Malcolm Sargent</a> and the writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Moncrieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Scott Moncrieff">Charles Scott Moncrieff</a>, as well as the young Coward.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Later known by her married name, Lorn Loraine.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Coward himself acknowledged that Shaw's <a href="/wiki/You_Never_Can_Tell_(play)" title="You Never Can Tell (play)">You Never Can Tell</a> was the primary inspiration for The Young Idea.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> The cycle effectively comprised only nine plays: although Coward wrote ten works for the cycle, <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber_(play)" title="Star Chamber (play)">Star Chamber</a> was dropped after a single performance.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a>, speaking for the Ministry of Information, stated that Coward "possesses contacts with certain sections of opinion which are very difficult to reach through ordinary sources".<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> The record (1,466 performances) had been held by <a href="/wiki/Charley%27s_Aunt" title="Charley's Aunt">Charley's Aunt</a> since the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-Gaye,_p._1525-88">[82]</a> Blithe Spirit's West End record was overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Boeing_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Boeing (play)">Boeing Boeing</a> in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Coward's fictional <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Islands">South Sea Islands</a> colony, "Samolo", was loosely based on Jamaica, where he had a home; he used it as the setting not only for his novel, but for two plays (<a href="/wiki/Point_Valaine" title="Point Valaine">Point Valaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble_(play)" title="South Sea Bubble (play)">South Sea Bubble</a>) and a musical (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_1860" title="Pacific 1860">Pacific 1860</a>).<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> The caricature was also used in connection with other Coward works, for example on his album of his ballet suite, "London Morning" (1959; reissued in 1978 on LP on DRG SL 5180 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5966289">5966289</a> with the Hirschfeld drawing on the cover) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> "We are all here today to thank the Lord for the life of Noel Coward. Noel with two dots over the 'e' And the firm decided downward stroke of the 'l'. We can all see him in our mind's eye And in our mind's ear We can hear the clipped decided voice".<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Coward also said, "I keep an open mind, but I will be somewhat surprised if St Peter taps me on the shoulder and says: 'This way, Noël Coward, come up and try your hand on the harp.' I am no harpist."<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Even Cole Lesley's 1976 biography refers to Coward as "Noel": "...I have also forgone the use of his beloved diaeresis over the 'e' in his name, having no wish to dizzy the eye of the reader."<a href="#cite_note-lxx-162">[151]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Others have interpreted Coward's strong female characters as evidence of misogyny.<a href="#cite_note-181">[169]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> "I went to <a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a>... beautifully done and the music lovely but dated. It's no use, I hate Gilbert and Sullivan".<a href="#cite_note-197">[184]</a> </li> </ol></div> References <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Time1969-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time1969_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1969_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1969_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time1969_1-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/time-1969-11-14/Time%201969-12-26/page/46/mode/2up?q=%22a+combination+of+cheek+and+chic%2C+pose+and+poise%22">"Noel Coward at 70"</a>, Time, 26 December 1969, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Morley (1974), p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Hoare, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Morley (1974), p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Morley (1974), pp. 4, 8 and 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Lesley, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Hoare, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "The Little Theatre", The Times, 28 January 1911, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Coward (Present Indicative), pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Hoare, pp. 23–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-times1912-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times1912_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times1912_12-1">b</a> "Garrick Theatre", The Times, 12 December 1912, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> "The Savoy Theatre", The Times, 26 June 1912, p. 10; "The Coliseum", 29 October 1912, p. 8; and "Varieties etc", 18 November 1912, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> "The Cult of Peter Pan", The Times, 24 December 1913, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> "Fairies at the Garrick", The Times, 28 December 1915, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Castle, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hoare, pp. 27, 30 and 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-times1916-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times1916_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-times1916_18-1">b</a> "The Happy Family", The Times, 19 December 1916, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hoare, pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Callow" title="Simon Callow">Callow, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2006/apr/19/theatre">"Englishman abroad"</a>, The Guardian, 19 April 2006, accessed 8 February 2009; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hambletonhall.com/?about+us/Victorian-Hotel-History">"History"</a>, Hambleton Hall website, accessed 8 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Hoare, pp. 39–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Coward (Present Indicative), p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Lesley, pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noelcoward.net/html/plays.html">"Plays and Musicals"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225005607/http://www.noelcoward.net/html/plays.html">Archived</a> 25 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Noel Coward Society, accessed 8 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Thaxter, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/rattrap-rev.htm">"The Rat Trap"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061215220640/http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/rattrap-rev.htm">Archived</a> 15 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , British Theatre Guide, 2006, accessed 8 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Hoare, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Morley (1974), p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thaxter-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thaxter_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thaxter_30-1">b</a> Thaxter, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/illleave-rev.htm">I'll Leave It To You</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610013510/http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/illleave-rev.htm">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , British Theatre Guide, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Cardus, Neville. "Gaiety Theatre", <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>, 4 May 1920, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Morley (1974), p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Ervine, St John. "At the Play", The Observer, 25 July 1920, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "I'll Leave It to You", The Times, 22 July 1920, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Coward (Present Indicative), pp. 104–05 and 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Castle, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "The Knight of the Burning Pestle", The Manchester Guardian, 25 November 1920, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "A Jacobean Romp", The Times, 25 November 1920, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ervine, St John. 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p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Hoare, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Lesley, pp. 107–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-ncsongs-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncsongs_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncsongs_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncsongs_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncsongs_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncsongs_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncsongs_58-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noelcowardmusic.com/ncmi/appendices/appendix3.html">"Appendix 3 (The Relative Popularity of Coward's Works)"</a>, Noël Coward Music Index, accessed 29 November 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Richards, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Lesley, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Richards, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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"Theatre", The Observer, 1 May 1966, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Mander and Mitchenson, p. 183; and Gaye, p. 1529 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 270–271 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 326 and 336–337 </li> <li id="cite_note-cl196-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cl196_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cl196_189-1">b</a> Lesley, p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Lesley, p. 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Mander and Mitchenson, p. 489; and Gaye, p. 1537 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 500 and 510 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Mander and Mitchenson, pp. 128 and 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Quoted in Morley (2004), p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Mander and Mitchenson, p. 378 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Lesley, pp. 469 and 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Day, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Programme note for <a href="/wiki/Cowardy_Custard" title="Cowardy Custard">Cowardy Custard</a> (1972) quoting The Noël Coward Song Book </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Day, p. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noelcoward.com/">"Noel Coward"</a>, Introduction page to NoelCoward.com, accessed 8 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Day, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Lahr, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Kaplan, pp. 7–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> "And the winner is ...", The Stage, 6 January 2000, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Kaplan, pp. 217–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> "Noël Coward: The Centenary Celebration", The Stage, 18 November 1999, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noelcoward.com/music-film">"Music"</a>, Noël Coward Archive Trust, accessed 21 September 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/twentieth-century-blues-the-songs-of-noel-coward/oclc/44734242&referer=brief_results">"Twentieth-century blues: the songs of Noel Coward"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/ian-bostridge-noel-coward-songbook/oclc/815766527&referer=brief_results">"Ian Bostridge: Noël Coward songbook"</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/sutherland-sings-noel-coward-songs-from-bitter-sweet-after-the-ball-and-more-featuring-noel-coward/oclc/51236890&referer=brief_results">"Sutherland sings Noel Coward"</a>, WorldCat, accessed 5 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> McCall, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Dibbs, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Nichols, Peter: Privates on Parade, Act 2, Scene 1 ("Noël, Noël") </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Hoare, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3642513/Manuscripts-and-the-Master.html">"Manuscripts and the Master"</a>, The Daily Telegraph, 22 May 2005 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Martin, Dominic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/4361/making-dickie-happy">Making Dickie Happy</a>, TheStage.co.uk., 27 September 2004, accessed 4 January 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/75255/Star.html">"Star! (1968)"</a> Time Out Film Guide, accessed 16 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Grove, Valerie, "Carrying on Kenneth's pain", The Times, 27 December 1997, p. 19 and "Book Now" <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, 20 August 2008, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noelcoward.net/html/audio.html">"Audio and Broadcasts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422074717/http://www.noelcoward.net/html/audio.html">Archived</a> 22 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Noël Coward Society, 2007, accessed 11 March 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Isherwood, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117787685.html">"The Man Who Came to Dinner"</a>, Variety, 28 July 2000, accessed 16 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-TheStage-219"><a href="#cite_ref-TheStage_219-0">^</a> Vale, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/20351/lunch-with-marlene">"Lunch with Marlene"</a>, The Stage, 9 April 2008, accessed 29 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-hoare458-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoare458_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoare458_220-1">b</a> Hoare, p. 458 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Hoare, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haroldpinter.org/directing/directing_spirit.shtml">"Blithe Spirit by Noel Coward, The National Theatre, June 1976 (and tour)"</a> at haroldpinter.org, 2003, accessed 7 March 2009 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbey_D'Aurevilly2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey D'Aurevilly, Jules</a> (2002) [1845]. Who's a Dandy? – Dandyism and Beau Brummell. George Walden (trans. and ed. of new edition). London: Gibson Square. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903933-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903933-18-3"><bdi>978-1-903933-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+a+Dandy%3F+%E2%80%93+Dandyism+and+Beau+Brummell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gibson+Square&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-903933-18-3&rft.aulast=Barbey+D%27Aurevilly&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Castle" title="Charles Castle">Castle, Charles</a> (1972). Noël. London: W H Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-491-00534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-491-00534-0"><bdi>978-0-491-00534-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No%C3%ABl&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W+H+Allen&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-491-00534-0&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1994" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedplays00cowa">Plays, Five</a>. Sheridan Morley (introduction). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-51740-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-51740-1"><bdi>978-0-413-51740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plays%2C+Five&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-413-51740-1&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedplays00cowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1994" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedplays00cowa">Plays, Six</a>. Sheridan Morley (introduction). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-73410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-73410-5"><bdi>978-0-413-73410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plays%2C+Six&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-413-73410-5&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedplays00cowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward2004" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (2004) [1932]. Present Indicative – Autobiography to 1931. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-77413-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-77413-2"><bdi>978-0-413-77413-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present+Indicative+%E2%80%93+Autobiography+to+1931&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-413-77413-2&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1954" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1954). Future Indefinite. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5002107">5002107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Indefinite&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5002107&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1967" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1967). Not Yet the Dodo, and other verses. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/488338862">488338862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Yet+the+Dodo%2C+and+other+verses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F488338862&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2007" class="citation book cs1">Day, Barry, ed. (2007). The Letters of Noël Coward. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0675-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0675-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-0675-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+No%C3%ABl+Coward&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0675-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDibbs2019" class="citation book cs1">Dibbs, Martin (2019). Radio Fun and the BBC Variety Department, 1922–67. Cham: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Fun+and+the+BBC+Variety+Department%2C+1922%E2%80%9367&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Dibbs&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaye1967" class="citation book cs1">Gaye, Freda, ed. (1967). Who's Who in the Theatre (fourteenth ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5997224">5997224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Theatre&rft.place=London&rft.edition=fourteenth&rft.pub=Sir+Isaac+Pitman+and+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5997224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1977" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Ian, ed. (1977). Who's Who in the Theatre (sixteenth ed.). London and Detroit: Pitman Publishing and Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-00163-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-00163-8"><bdi>978-0-273-00163-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Theatre&rft.place=London+and+Detroit&rft.edition=sixteenth&rft.pub=Pitman+Publishing+and+Gale+Research&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-273-00163-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hoare" title="Philip Hoare">Hoare, Philip</a> (1995). Noël Coward, A Biography. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0675-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0675-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-0675-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No%C3%ABl+Coward%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stevenson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0675-4&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanStowel2000" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Joel; Stowel, Sheila, eds. (2000). Look Back in Pleasure: Noël Coward Reconsidered. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-75500-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-75500-1"><bdi>978-0-413-75500-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+Back+in+Pleasure%3A+No%C3%ABl+Coward+Reconsidered&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-413-75500-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoss2008" class="citation book cs1">Koss, Richard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetjama00rich">Jamaica</a>. London: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-693-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-693-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-693-9&rft.aulast=Koss&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonelyplanetjama00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahr1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lahr" title="John Lahr">Lahr, John</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cowardplaywright0000lahr">Coward the Playwright</a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-48050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-48050-7"><bdi>978-0-413-48050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coward+the+Playwright&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-413-48050-7&rft.aulast=Lahr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcowardplaywright0000lahr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesley1976" class="citation book cs1">Lesley, Cole (1976). The Life of Noël Coward. London: Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01288-1"><bdi>978-0-224-01288-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+No%C3%ABl+Coward&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cape&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-224-01288-1&rft.aulast=Lesley&rft.aufirst=Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManderMitchensonDayMorley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mander" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Mander">Mander, Raymond</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joe_Mitchenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Mitchenson">Mitchenson, Joe</a>; Day, Barry; <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Morley" title="Sheridan Morley">Morley, Sheridan</a> (2000) [1957]. Theatrical Companion to Coward (second ed.). London: Oberon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84002-054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84002-054-0"><bdi>978-1-84002-054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatrical+Companion+to+Coward&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Oberon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84002-054-0&rft.aulast=Mander&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Mitchenson%2C+Joe&rft.au=Day%2C+Barry&rft.au=Morley%2C+Sheridan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall2014" class="citation book cs1">McCall, Douglas (2014). Monty Python: A Chronology, 1969–2012. Jefferson: Mc Farland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7811-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-7811-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python%3A+A+Chronology%2C+1969%E2%80%932012&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=Mc+Farland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7811-8&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1974" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Sheridan (1974) [1969]. A Talent to Amuse. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003863-7"><bdi>978-0-14-003863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Talent+to+Amuse&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-14-003863-7&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2005" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Sheridan (2005). Noël Coward. London: Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90-434188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90-434188-8"><bdi>978-1-90-434188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No%C3%ABl+Coward&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-90-434188-8&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaynMorley1982" class="citation book cs1">Payn, Graham; Morley, Sheridan, eds. (1982). The Noël Coward Diaries (1941–1969). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78142-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78142-4"><bdi>978-0-297-78142-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+No%C3%ABl+Coward+Diaries+%281941%E2%80%931969%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-297-78142-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayn1994" class="citation book cs1">Payn, Graham (1994). My Life with Noël Coward. New York: Applause Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-190-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-190-3"><bdi>978-1-55783-190-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+with+No%C3%ABl+Coward&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Applause+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55783-190-3&rft.aulast=Payn&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1970" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Dick, ed. (1970). The Wit of Noël Coward. London: Sphere Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7221-3676-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7221-3676-8"><bdi>978-0-7221-3676-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wit+of+No%C3%ABl+Coward&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sphere+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7221-3676-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTynan1964" class="citation book cs1">Tynan, Kenneth (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tynanontheatre0000tyna">Tynan on Theatre</a>. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949598">949598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tynan+on+Theatre&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949598&rft.aulast=Tynan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftynanontheatre0000tyna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraybrooke1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Braybrooke" title="Patrick Braybrooke">Braybrooke, Patrick</a> (1933). The Amazing Mr Noel Coward. Denis Archer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1374995">1374995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+Mr+Noel+Coward&rft.pub=Denis+Archer&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1374995&rft.aulast=Braybrooke&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1985" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedshortst00cowa">The Complete Stories</a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-59970-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-59970-4"><bdi>978-0-413-59970-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Stories&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-413-59970-4&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedshortst00cowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1986" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1986). Past Conditional (third volume, unfinished, of autobiography). London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-60660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-60660-0"><bdi>978-0-413-60660-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Conditional+%28third+volume%2C+unfinished%2C+of+autobiography%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-413-60660-0&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1944" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1944). Middle East Diary. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/640033606">640033606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Diary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F640033606&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1998" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (1998). Barry Day (ed.). Coward: The Complete Lyrics. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-73230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-73230-9"><bdi>978-0-413-73230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coward%3A+The+Complete+Lyrics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-413-73230-9&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward2011" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Noël (2011). Barry Day (ed.). The Complete Verse of Noël Coward. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3174-9"><bdi>978-1-4081-3174-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Verse+of+No%C3%ABl+Coward&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-3174-9&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1992" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Clive (1992). Noël Coward. London: Weidenfeld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81180-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81180-0"><bdi>978-0-297-81180-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No%C3%ABl+Coward&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81180-0&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2020" class="citation book cs1">James, Elliot (2020). The Importance of Happiness: Noël Coward and the Actors' Orphanage. UK: Troubador Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800460416" title="Special:BookSources/9781800460416"><bdi>9781800460416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Happiness%3A+No%C3%ABl+Coward+and+the+Actors%27+Orphanage&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781800460416&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne-Tyson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Wynne-Tyson, Jon</a> (2004). Finding the Words: A Publishing Life. Norwich: Michael Russell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85955-287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85955-287-5"><bdi>978-0-85955-287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Words%3A+A+Publishing+Life&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Michael+Russell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85955-287-5&rft.aulast=Wynne-Tyson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coward" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coward&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Noël Coward at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:No%C3%ABl_Coward" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Noël Coward">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" class="extiw" title="q:Noël Coward">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298388" class="extiw" title="d:Q298388">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noelcoward.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298388#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002021/">Noël Coward</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-width:1px; border-color:#E0E0E0; width:20em; background-color:#FFF; margin:0.2em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:1.2em; background-color:#E0E0E0; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Archives at</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020570128">Barry Day Collection of Noel Coward Correspondence</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Works <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32147">Works by Noel Coward</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Coward%2C%20Noël%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Noël%20Coward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Coward%2C%20Noël%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Noël%20Coward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Noël%20Coward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Coward%2C%20Noël%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Noël%20Coward%22%20OR%20%22Coward%2C%20Noel%22%20OR%20%22Noel%20Coward%22%29%20OR%20%28%221899-1973%22%20AND%20Coward%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Noël Coward</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11459">Works by Noël Coward</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> Portals <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noelcoward.com">The Noël Coward Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430012835/http://www.tonightat830.com/Coward-Timeline/">Coward timeline and photos of Coward</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/NC.HTML">Noel Coward plays on radio</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Noël_Coward" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:No%C3%ABl_Coward_musicals" title="Template:Noël Coward musicals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:No%C3%ABl_Coward_musicals" title="Template talk:Noël Coward musicals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:No%C3%ABl_Coward_musicals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noël Coward musicals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Noël_Coward" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noël Coward</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Calling!_(musical)" title="London Calling! (musical)">London Calling!</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_with_the_Dance_(musical)" title="On with the Dance (musical)">On with the Dance</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Year_of_Grace" title="This Year of Grace">This Year of Grace</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_and_Music_(musical)" title="Words and Music (musical)">Words and Music</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_to_Music" title="Set to Music">Set to Music</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigh_No_More_(musical)" title="Sigh No More (musical)">Sigh No More</a> (1945)</li> <li>Noël Coward's Sweet Potato (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Coward!" title="Oh, Coward!">Oh, Coward!</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowardy_Custard" title="Cowardy Custard">Cowardy Custard</a> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(operetta)" title="Bitter Sweet (operetta)">Bitter Sweet</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_Piece_(musical)" title="Conversation Piece (musical)">Conversation Piece</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operette_(musical)" title="Operette (musical)">Operette</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_1860" title="Pacific 1860">Pacific 1860</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Clubs_(musical)" title="Ace of Clubs (musical)">Ace of Clubs</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_the_Ball_(musical)" title="After the Ball (musical)">After the Ball</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_Away_(musical)" title="Sail Away (musical)">Sail Away</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Came_to_Supper" title="The Girl Who Came to Supper">The Girl Who Came to Supper</a> (1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rat_Trap" title="The Rat Trap">The Rat Trap</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Leave_It_to_You" title="I'll Leave It to You">I'll Leave It to You</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Better_Half_(play)" title="The Better Half (play)">The Better Half</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Idea" title="The Young Idea">The Young Idea</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vortex" title="The Vortex">The Vortex</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay_Fever_(play)" title="Hay Fever (play)">Hay Fever</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Angels_(play)" title="Fallen Angels (play)">Fallen Angels</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Virtue_(play)" title="Easy Virtue (play)">Easy Virtue</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_Was_in_the_Parlour" title="The Queen Was in the Parlour">The Queen Was in the Parlour</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Monde" title="Semi-Monde">Semi-Monde</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Was_a_Man" title="This Was a Man">This Was a Man</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco_(play)" title="Sirocco (play)">Sirocco</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marquise" title="The Marquise">The Marquise</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Chat_(play)" title="Home Chat (play)">Home Chat</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives" title="Private Lives">Private Lives</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Mortem_(Coward_play)" title="Post-Mortem (Coward play)">Post-Mortem</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_(play)" title="Cavalcade (play)">Cavalcade</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Living" title="Design for Living">Design for Living</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Valaine" title="Point Valaine">Point Valaine</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonight_at_8.30" title="Tonight at 8.30">Tonight at 8.30</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_Laughter" title="Present Laughter">Present Laughter</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Happy_Breed" title="This Happy Breed">This Happy Breed</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(play)" title="Blithe Spirit (play)">Blithe Spirit</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Our_Time_(play)" title="Peace in Our Time (play)">Peace in Our Time</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble_(play)" title="South Sea Bubble (play)">South Sea Bubble</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_Values_(play)" title="Relative Values (play)">Relative Values</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrille_(play)" title="Quadrille (play)">Quadrille</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_with_Violin" title="Nude with Violin">Nude with Violin</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_After_Lulu!" title="Look After Lulu!">Look After Lulu!</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_in_the_Wings_(play)" title="Waiting in the Wings (play)">Waiting in the Wings</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_in_Three_Keys" title="Suite in Three Keys">Suite in Three Keys</a> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Which_We_Serve" title="In Which We Serve">In Which We Serve</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Happy_Breed_(film)" title="This Happy Breed (film)">This Happy Breed</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(1945_film)" title="Blithe Spirit (1945 film)">Blithe Spirit</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_Encounter" title="Brief Encounter">Brief Encounter</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astonished_Heart_(film)" title="The Astonished Heart (film)">The Astonished Heart</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomp_and_Circumstance_(novel)" title="Pomp and Circumstance (novel)">Pomp and Circumstance</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Polly_(film)#Original_story" title="Pretty Polly (film)">Pretty Polly and Other Stories</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memoirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Present_Indicative_(book)" title="Present Indicative (book)">Present Indicative</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Indefinite" title="Future Indefinite">Future Indefinite</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_No%C3%ABl_Coward_Diaries" title="The Noël Coward Diaries">The Noël Coward Diaries</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_Was_in_the_Parlour_(film)" title="The Queen Was in the Parlour (film)">The Queen Was in the Parlour</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vortex_(film)" title="The Vortex (film)">The Vortex</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Virtue_(1928_film)" title="Easy Virtue (1928 film)">Easy Virtue</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Lives_(1931_film)" title="Private Lives (1931 film)">Private Lives</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(1933_film)" title="Bitter Sweet (1933 film)">Bitter Sweet</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_(1933_film)" title="Cavalcade (1933 film)">Cavalcade</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonight_Is_Ours" title="Tonight Is Ours">Tonight Is Ours</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Living_(film)" title="Design for Living (film)">Design for Living</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_(1940_film)" title="Bitter Sweet (1940 film)">Bitter Sweet</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Were_Dancing_(film)" title="We Were Dancing (film)">We Were Dancing</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_Tonight" title="Meet Me Tonight">Meet Me Tonight</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Polly_(film)" title="Pretty Polly (film)">Pretty Polly</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_Values_(film)" title="Relative Values (film)">Relative Values</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Virtue_(2008_film)" title="Easy Virtue (2008 film)">Easy Virtue</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(2020_film)" title="Blithe Spirit (2020 film)">Blithe Spirit</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavalcade_(TV_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavalcade (TV play) (page does not exist)">Cavalcade</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blithe_Spirit_(Ford_Star_Jubilee)" title="Blithe Spirit (Ford Star Jubilee)">Blithe Spirit</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sea_Bubble_(TV_play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Sea Bubble (TV play) (page does not exist)">South Sea Bubble</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Peppers_(TV_play)" title="Red Peppers (TV play)">Red Peppers</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_with_Violin_(film)" title="Nude with Violin (film)">Nude with Violin</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_in_the_Wings_(Wednesday_Theatre)" title="Waiting in the Wings (Wednesday Theatre)">Waiting in the Wings</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_Laughter_(Play_of_the_Week)" title="Present Laughter (Play of the Week)">Present Laughter</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_After_Lulu!_(Brian_Rix_Presents...)" title="Look After Lulu! (Brian Rix Presents...)">Look After Lulu!</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Spirits_(musical)" title="High Spirits (musical)">High Spirits</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template talk:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1928–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time" title="The March of Time">The March of Time</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosson" title="Harold Rosson">Harold Rosson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_Department_of_Film" title="Museum of Modern Art Department of Film">Museum of Modern Art Film Library</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett">Mack Sennett</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Ball_(inventor)" title="Joseph A. Ball (inventor)">J. Arthur Ball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deanna_Durbin" title="Deanna Durbin">Deanna Durbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jennings" title="Gordon Jennings">Gordon Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Domela" title="Jan Domela">Jan Domela</a>, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, <a href="/wiki/Farciot_Edouart" title="Farciot Edouart">Farciot Edouart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Griggs" title="Loyal Griggs">Loyal Griggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loren_L._Ryder" title="Loren L. Ryder">Loren L. Ryder</a>, Harry D. Mills, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mesenkop" title="Louis Mesenkop">Louis Mesenkop</a>, Walter Oberst / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_T._Marsh" title="Oliver T. Marsh">Oliver T. Marsh</a> and Allen Davey / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Warner" title="Harry Warner">Harry Warner</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_%26_Television_Fund" title="Motion Picture & Television Fund">Motion Picture Relief Fund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Block" title="Ralph Block">Ralph Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Nagel" title="Conrad Nagel">Conrad Nagel</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Technicolor SA</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Levinson" title="Nathan Levinson">Nathan Levinson</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Garity" title="William Garity">William Garity</a>, John N. A. Hawkins, and the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA Manufacturing Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and his associates / Rey Scott / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Information</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a> (1944)</li> <li>Republic Studio, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bloomberg" title="Daniel J. Bloomberg">Daniel J. Bloomberg</a>, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_House_I_Live_In_(1945_film)" title="The House I Live In (1945 film)">The House I Live In</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Russell" title="Harold Russell">Harold Russell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jarman_Jr." title="Claude Jarman Jr.">Claude Jarman Jr.</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baskett" title="James Baskett">James Baskett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat">Thomas Armat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig">William Nicholas Selig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Smith_(producer)" title="Albert E. Smith (producer)">Albert E. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor" title="George Kirke Spoor">George Kirke Spoor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Coo" title="Bill and Coo">Bill and Coo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shoeshine_(film)" title="Shoeshine (film)">Shoeshine</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Vincent" title="Monsieur Vincent">Monsieur Vincent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sid_Grauman" title="Sid Grauman">Sid Grauman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">The Bicycle Thief</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Malapaga" title="The Walls of Malapaga">The Walls of Malapaga</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> / George Mitchell / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck" title="Joseph M. Schenck">Joseph M. Schenck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Games" title="Forbidden Games">Forbidden Games</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century-Fox Film Corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pete_Smith_(film_producer)" title="Pete Smith (film producer)">Pete Smith</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb Optical Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / Kemp Niver / <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_Whiteley" title="Jon Whiteley">Jon Whiteley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Winter" title="Vincent Winter">Vincent Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Hell_(film)" title="Gate of Hell (film)">Gate of Hell</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_I:_Musashi_Miyamoto" title="Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto">Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a> / <a href="/wiki/B._B._Kahane" title="B. B. Kahane">B. B. Kahane</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Mills" title="Hayley Mills">Hayley Mills</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Hendricks" title="William L. Hendricks">William L. Hendricks</a> / Fred L. Metzler / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Tuttle" title="William J. Tuttle">William J. Tuttle</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Canutt" title="Yakima Canutt">Yakima Canutt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Y._Frank_Freeman" title="Y. Frank Freeman">Y. Frank Freeman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(make-up_artist)" title="John Chambers (make-up artist)">John Chambers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onna_White" title="Onna White">Onna White</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1971)</li> <li>Charles S. Boren / <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Langlois" title="Henri Langlois">Henri Langlois</a> / <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Booth" title="Margaret Booth">Margaret Booth</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz" title="Walter Lantz">Walter Lantz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art Department of Film</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hal Elias / <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Boyle" title="Robert F. Boyle">Robert F. Boyle</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willis" title="Gordon Willis">Gordon Willis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(make-up_artist)" title="Dick Smith (make-up artist)">Dick Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hal_Needham" title="Hal Needham">Hal Needham</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Stevens_Jr." title="George Stevens Jr.">George Stevens Jr.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Piero_Tosi" title="Piero Tosi">Piero Tosi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Stalmaster" title="Lynn Stalmaster">Lynn Stalmaster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)" title="Charles Burnett (director)">Charles Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roizman" title="Owen Roizman">Owen Roizman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Levy_(publicist)" title="Marvin Levy (publicist)">Marvin Levy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wes_Studi" title="Wes Studi">Wes Studi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Lina Wertmüller">Lina Wertmüller</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elaine_May" title="Elaine May">Elaine May</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy" title="Euzhan Palcy">Euzhan Palcy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Littleton" title="Carol Littleton">Carol Littleton</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Taylor" title="Juliet Taylor">Juliet Taylor</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Special_Tony_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template talk:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_Tony_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1947–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Chamberlain" title="Dora Chamberlain">Dora Chamberlain</a> / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / <a href="/wiki/Jules_Leventhal" title="Jules Leventhal">Jules Leventhal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burns_Mantle" title="Burns Mantle">Burns Mantle</a> / P. A. MacDonald / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sardi_Sr." title="Vincent Sardi Sr.">Vincent Sardi Sr.</a> (1947)</li> <li>Vera Allen / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beisman" title="Paul Beisman">Paul Beisman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_E._Brown" title="Joe E. Brown">Joe E. Brown</a> / Cast of <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Dowling" title="Robert W. Dowling">Robert W. Dowling</a> / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / <a href="/wiki/June_Lockhart" title="June Lockhart">June Lockhart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Pierce_(backstage_doorman)" title="George Pierce (backstage doorman)">George Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1948)</li> <li>No award (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)" title="Maurice Evans (actor)">Maurice Evans</a> / Philip Faversham / <a href="/wiki/Brock_Pemberton" title="Brock Pemberton">Brock Pemberton</a> (1950)</li> <li>Ruth Green (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kook" title="Edward Kook">Edward Kook</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> (1953)</li> <li>No award (1954)</li> <li>Proscenium Productions (1955)</li> <li>Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">City Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">The New York Public Library Theatre Collection</a> / The Shakespearewrights / <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="American Shakespeare Theatre">American Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hammerstein" title="Willie Hammerstein">William Hammerstein</a> / Joseph Harbuck / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shyre" title="Paul Shyre">Paul Shyre</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Heims_Beck" title="Louise Heims Beck">Mrs. Martin Beck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> / Cast of <a href="/wiki/La_Plume_de_Ma_Tante" title="La Plume de Ma Tante">La Plume de Ma Tante</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Thurber" title="James Thurber">James Thurber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_III" title="John D. Rockefeller III">John D. Rockefeller III</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._McNeil_Lowry" title="W. McNeil Lowry">W. McNeil Lowry</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Miller" title="Gilbert Miller">Gilbert Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Menken" title="Helen Menken">Helen Menken</a> (1966)</li> <li>No award (1967)</li> <li>APA-Phoenix Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">The National Theatre Company of Great Britain</a> / The <a href="/wiki/Negro_Ensemble_Company" title="Negro Ensemble Company">Negro Ensemble Company</a> (1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1970)</li> <li>Ingram Ash / <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Norton" title="Elliot Norton">Elliot Norton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a>-American Theatre Society (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">Shubert Organization</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten" title="A Moon for the Misbegotten">A Moon for the Misbegotten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / Harold Friedlander / <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Development_Fund" title="Theatre Development Fund">Theatre Development Fund</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Wharton_(lawyer)" title="John F. Wharton (lawyer)">John F. Wharton</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a> / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Pincus" title="Mathilde Pincus">Mathilde Pincus</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a> / Equity Liberty Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_the_Deaf" title="National Theatre of the Deaf">National Theatre of the Deaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Dragoti" title="Stan Dragoti">Stan Dragoti</a> and Charles Moss (1978)</li> <li>Walter F. Diehl / <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> (1979)</li> <li>Richard Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> / Hobe Morrison (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Warner Communications</a> (1982)</li> <li>No award (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feller" title="Peter Feller">Peter Feller</a> / La Tragedie de Carmen (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Council on the Arts</a> (1985)</li> <li>No award (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mason" title="Jackie Mason">Jackie Mason</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> (1988)</li> <li>No award (1989)</li> <li>No award (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Harvey Sabinson (1995)</li> <li>No award (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard B. Jacobs">Bernard B. Jacobs</a> (1997)</li> <li>Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage#2000–2009" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna: The Royal Tour</a> / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gemignani" title="Paul Gemignani">Paul Gemignani</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> / Robert Whitehead (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cy_Feuer" title="Cy Feuer">Cy Feuer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a>' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Nederlander" title="James M. Nederlander">James M. Nederlander</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)" title="Sarah Jones (stage actress)">Sarah Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (2006)</li> <li>No award (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Seldes" title="Marian Seldes">Marian Seldes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a> / Philip J. Smith (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gersten" title="Bernard Gersten">Bernard Gersten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ming_Cho_Lee" title="Ming Cho Lee">Ming Cho Lee</a> / Paul Libin (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Greenwood" title="Jane Greenwood">Jane Greenwood</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell" title="John Cameron Mitchell">John Cameron Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Mason" title="Marshall W. Mason">Marshall W. Mason</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Miles Wilkin (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Harris" title="Rosemary Harris">Rosemary Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mazzie" title="Marin Mazzie">Marin Mazzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Terrence_McNally" title="Terrence McNally">Terrence McNally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Tilders" title="Sonny Tilders">Sonny Tilders</a> and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wheeler_(musician)" title="Harold Wheeler (musician)">Harold Wheeler</a> (2019)</li> <li>The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne's</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Utopia_(film)" title="American Utopia (film)">American Utopia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Love_Supreme" title="Freestyle Love Supreme">Freestyle Love Supreme</a> / <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a> (2020/21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_C._Nicola" title="James C. Nicola">James C. Nicola</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Grey" title="Joel Grey">Joel Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Edelman" title="Alex Edelman">Alex Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abe_Jacob" title="Abe Jacob">Abe Jacob</a> / Nikiya Mathis / <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Brien_(director)" title="Jack O'Brien (director)">Jack O'Brien</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wolfe" title="George C. Wolfe">George C. Wolfe</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/16px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/24px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/32px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298388#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121287424">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39375533">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/38287/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrCfMkyRjR7gb6cD8HDMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118670352">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79071142">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11898075c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11898075c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436770">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35926676">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0001677&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0167984&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX948535">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/68046">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069269254">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90074028">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000003266&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000005987&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=204756">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201910898">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz11wr54l52dj8">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810558844205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/48875">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302972505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000187244">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521451906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14435256">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02521241?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500073529">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6aa4bb26-36f8-4a96-8328-4810a4e9a617">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/18844">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102403">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1148935">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118670352.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118670352">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026804263">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6668c61">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noël_Coward&oldid=1258245110">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noël_Coward&oldid=1258245110</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Category:Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_births" title="Category:1899 births">1899 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1973_deaths" title="Category:1973 deaths">1973 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century English dramatists and playwrights">20th-century English dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_LGBTQ_people" title="Category:20th-century English LGBTQ people">20th-century English LGBTQ people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_male_actors" title="Category:20th-century English male actors">20th-century English male actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_male_singers" title="Category:20th-century English male singers">20th-century English male singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_memoirists" title="Category:20th-century English memoirists">20th-century English memoirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_screenwriters" title="Category:20th-century English screenwriters">20th-century English screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academy_Honorary_Award_recipients" title="Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients">Academy Honorary Award recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actors_awarded_knighthoods" title="Category:Actors awarded knighthoods">Actors awarded knighthoods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actors_from_the_London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="Category:Actors from the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Actors from the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algonquin_Round_Table" title="Category:Algonquin Round Table">Algonquin Round Table</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Italia_Conti_Academy_of_Theatre_Arts" title="Category:Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts">Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artists%27_Rifles_soldiers" title="Category:Artists' Rifles soldiers">Artists' Rifles soldiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:British Army personnel of World War I">British Army personnel of World War 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title="Category:English gay writers">English gay writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_LGBTQ_composers" title="Category:English LGBTQ composers">English LGBTQ composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_LGBTQ_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:English LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights">English LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_LGBTQ_screenwriters" title="Category:English LGBTQ screenwriters">English LGBTQ screenwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_LGBTQ_singers" title="Category:English LGBTQ singers">English LGBTQ singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_LGBTQ_songwriters" title="Category:English LGBTQ songwriters">English LGBTQ songwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_lyricists" title="Category:English lyricists">English lyricists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_male_composers" title="Category:English male composers">English male composers</a></li><li><a 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