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Cardiac Complications in COVID-19 Patients: Understanding the Link Between the Virus and Heart Healt – Epidemiology
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container hfeed" id="page"> <div class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-69" class="post-69 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-covid-19-patients tag-arrhythmias tag-cardiac-complications tag-covid-19 tag-heart-failure tag-myocardial-injury tag-myocarditis tag-thromboembolism" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://epidemiology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-23-min-scaled-e1727785226153.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Cardiac Complications in COVID-19 Patients: Understanding the Link Between the Virus and Heart Healt</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-01T17:41:13+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 1, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://epidemiology.blog/archive/author/epidemiology/" title="View all posts by epidemiology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">epidemiology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since its first report in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, known as COVID-19, has been a persistent viral infection that has negatively impacted global health. Although mainly presenting as a respiratory disease with mild to severe symptoms such as cough, fever, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it is also associated with many other systemic syndromes. One aspect that has received attention more recently is that the virus causes problems in the cardiovascular system. Regarding the connection between COVID-19 and cardiac complications, much research has discussed how patients, even with mild to no respiratory symptoms, have presented symptoms of heart-related issues. These complications include myocarditis, acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias, and thrombosis. In this article, the author examines the pathways between COVID and heart health, the kinds of cardiac issues that people with the virus have experienced, and how these might play out in the long term for both patients and healthcare systems.</span></p> <h3><b>How COVID-19 Affects the Heart</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Different mechanisms of COVID-19 affect the heart, which together increase the risk of cardiac events among patients. One of them seems to be the inflammation the body experiences as a result of the viral infection. When a patient contracts SARS-CoV-2, the immune system overreacts, causing inflammation that can impact multiple organs, including the heart. The inflammation can also directly harm the heart muscles or aggravate previously existing cardiovascular diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 targets the ACE2 receptors in various organs, such as the heart and lungs. These receptors help the virus get into cells, and the fact that they were found in heart tissues means that many patients can get infected directly. This viral invasion can cause acute myocarditis, a condition characterized by heart muscle inflammation and impaired blood circulation.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition to causing inflammation-triggering damage and having a direct impact on the viral load, COVID-19 also contributes to the formation of blood clots, thereby increasing the risk of thromboembolism. These blood clots can block the blood flow to our vital organs, such as the heart, and cause heart attacks or other heart-related complications.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://epidemiology.blog/publication-trends/index/covid 19 patients" target="_blank" title="covid 19 patients - yearwise publication trends">covid 19 patients</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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Researchers have identified several specific cardiac conditions in COVID-19 patients, and the severity of these conditions may vary depending on the patient’s general health and the severity of their COVID-19 infection.</span></p> <h4><b>Acute Myocardial Injury</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cardiac injury, which manifests in high concentrations of cardiac troponins, enzymes that are released into the bloodstream when the heart is damaged, is among the most frequent cardiac dysfunctions reported in COVID-19 patients. The studies reveal that COVID-19 patients have myocardial injuries ranging from mild to severe in 20–30% of cases while in the hospital. This damage is the result of either direct viral infection of the cardiac cells, hypoxia, or systemic inflammation. Consequently, myocardial injury is also identified as an important parameter that predicts high mortality among patients since those with high troponin levels are at a higher risk of death.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acute myocardial injury can lead to several other complications due to the damage it has caused. For instance, patients may have heart failure in case the muscular walls of the heart are significantly damaged, leading to reduced capacity to pump blood in the body. It may, therefore, cause chronic heart conditions after recovery from the initial viral illness of the heart.</span></p> <h4><b>Myocarditis</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscles, is another extremely severe condition associated with COVID-19. The virus acutely infects the heart muscles, causing abnormal heart functions. Although there are many cases of viral myocarditis, it stratigraphically appears to be more frequent in patients with COVID-19 because the virus targets the ACE2 receptor in cardiac tissue.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The symptoms that one is likely to exhibit if he or she is suffering from myocarditis include chest pains, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart rhythms. The most severe form of myocarditis can result in heart failure, a long-term treatment plan, or a heart transplant. Since most of the patients with myocarditis have similar signs and symptoms as those with COVID-19, it may be rather difficult to establish myocarditis in COVID-19 patients. But the inflammation in the heart muscles cannot be diagnosed by non-invasive tests; other tests like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help detect it.</span></p> <h4><b>Arrhythmias</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another cardiovascular-related issue that has been noted amongst COVID-19 patients is ‘arrhythmias,’ which simply means an irregular beating of the heart. These patients’ arrhythmias have a complex etiology, with predisposing factors including electrolyte disturbances, hypoxic state of the tissues, systemic inflammation, and the medication they are taking. Furthermore, studies have proven that some COVID-19 therapies, such as hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin, increase the risk of arrhythmias.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are different kinds of arrhythmias that patients can have, ranging from simple palpitations to lethal ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Therefore, arrhythmias in severe conditions may result in sudden cardiac arrest, especially in patients with compromised heart disorders.</span></p> <h4><b>Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Embolism</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Researchers have observed a correlation between COVID-19 and the development of blood clots, also known as hypercoagulable states. This coagulative state may result in thromboembolic conditions, in which clots occur in the blood vessels and block blood circulation to organs in the body. When such clots form in the arteries that supply blood to the heart, a heart attack results. Similarly, clots in the lungs’ blood vessels lead to pulmonary embolism, a condition that restricts blood flow to the lung tissues.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The management of COVID-19, particularly among hospitalized patients, has incorporated anticoagulant therapy. However, managing these treatments is difficult because there is always a problem of bleeding on one hand and clot formation on the other. Anticoagulation may be required in cases with thromboembolic complications, so long-term follow-up may be required in most patients.</span></p> <h3><b>Long-Term Cardiovascular Implications of COVID-19</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While the majority of infected patients that go through the acute phase of COVID-19 have no long-term consequences, emerging studies indicate that some may It is still noteworthy to discover that some patients may have persistent cardiovascular problems even after the acute phase of the disease. This is commonly labeled as ‘long COVID’ and results in symptoms that include fatigue, chest pains, and a shortage of breath. Such symptoms may herald heart injury or dysfunction, even in patients with minimal manifestations during the initial phase of the COVID-19 illness.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Particularly, certain chemotherapeutic drugs can cause myocarditis and acute myocardial injury, both of which can have long-term effects on the heart. Research into COVID-19’s effects on myocardial involvement revealed that patients with COVID-19-related myocarditis faced a high risk of heart failure, which significantly reduced their quality of life. Furthermore, some of the patients may have developed cardiac abnormalities during their illness, such as arrhythmias or thromboembolic events, and require follow-up care and additional medication to prevent the occurrence of new cardiac events.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The real extent of COVID-19’s impact on the cardiovascular system has not been fully documented; however, physicians will have to screen those patients who recovered from COVID-19 for potential signs of cardiological problems for a long time. Such measures may include annual/biannual, invasive, and non-invasive cardiovascular tests, including stress tests, imaging, and blood work to gauge the condition of the patient’s heart.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://epidemiology.blog/recent-publications/index/covid 19 patients" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="covid 19 patients - yearwise publication list">covid 19 patients</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; 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publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://epidemiology.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Endoscopic Characterization and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients with Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Case Series of a Tertiary Center.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944874", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "An analysis of factors contributing to household transmission of COVID-19-using data from active epidemiological investigations performed in the Setagaya ward of Tokyo, Japan.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945861", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Impact of COVID-19 on paracoccidioidomycosis. Which was the most influential: The pandemic or the virus?", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946016", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Elective and Emergency Surgeries, and Postoperative Mortality in a Brazilian Metropolitan Area: A Time-Series Cohort Study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946840", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Finding Long-COVID: Temporal Topic Modeling of Electronic Health Records from the N3C and RECOVER Programs.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947087", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Role of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Polymorphisms in COVID-19 Risk and Severity in Children: A Systematic Review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947671", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Evaluating User Experience and DNA Yield from Self-Collection Devices.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38767175", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Cardiovascular complications in the course of COVID-19 - lessons learned and implications for the future care of patients with viral respiratory diseases: Data from a single center retrospective observational study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944910", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "[Pharmacological characteristics and clinical study results of ensitrelvir fumaric acid (XOCOVA Tablets 125\u2005\u200dmg)].", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945910", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Changes in experienced quality of oncological cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic based on patient reported outcomes - a cross-sectional study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946287", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Identification of coxsackievirus A-24 GIV C5 strain as the cause of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in Hyderabad, India in 2022.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947457", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Odontogenic Cervicofacial Infections in a Single Center in Greece.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947612", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Exploring the Clinical Features, Management of Hypertension, and Predictors of Severity in Hospitalized Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947593", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Vital Signs as Predictors of Oxygen Requirements in COVID-19 Outpatients: The Development of a Streamlined Risk Score.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947613", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Incidence of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 as Compared to Non-COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Case-Control Study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947882", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "IRF4 impedes human CD8 T\u00a0cell function and promotes cell proliferation and PD-1 expression.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38943641", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Mammalian Meat Allergy and IgE to Alpha-gal in in Central Virginia: findings from a COVID-19 vaccine and patient cohort.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944197", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Profile, Outcome and Risk Factors of Covid-19 among Health Care Workers in a COVID Dedicated Hospital.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944718", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir in Protecting Long COVID for Outpatient Adult Patients - A Large-Scale Observational Cohort Study from the RECOVER Initiative.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947026", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Reduced IFNL1 and\/or IFNL2, but not IFNL3 is associated with worse outcome in patients with COVID-19.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38953458", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["COVID-19","cardiac complications","myocarditis","myocardial injury","arrhythmias","thromboembolism","heart failure"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Pre-Existing Cardiovascular Conditions and COVID-19</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hypertensive patients, those with coronary arterial disease, heart failure, or any form of cardiovascular disease, are more vulnerable to serious conditions arising from COVID-19. In these patients, the virus is deemed to worsen the condition of the heart, and such patients are most likely to be worse off and potentially die. Also, certain drugs that are employed for the treatment of unspecified cardiovascular diseases may have interactions with medicines that are intended to treat COVID-19, making the general health of these patients even more challenging to handle.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Given the high risk of patients with diagnosed heart disease by coronavirus, vaccination, early treatment, and strict monitoring of patients with heart disease in the course of the infection are mandatory. It remains the responsibility of healthcare providers to spend adequate time with such patients to ensure that treatment plans are modified and to avoid complications.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is easy to establish there is a link between COVID-19 infection and cardiac issues, with numerous patients suffering from heart complications during the period of their infection or after. Patients have experienced severe and prolonged cardiovascular involvement from COVID-19, ranging from acute myocardial injury and myocarditis to arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, which can have a long-term impact on their health. In conclusion, clinicians must have a thorough understanding of these cardiac manifestations, as their understanding of the virus and its impact on patients is vital. Furthermore, we should conduct more investigations to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system and develop more effective therapeutic strategies for patients with these comorbidities.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Biadsee, A., Biadsee, A., Kassem, F., Dagan, O., Masarwa, S. and Ormianer, Z., 2020. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0194599820934380">Olfactory and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related symptoms—a potential pathway to early diagnosis.</a> <i>Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery</i>, <i>163</i>(4), pp.722-728.</li> <li>Mawhinney, J.A., Wilcock, C., Haboubi, H. and Roshanzamir, S., 2020. <a href="https://casereports.bmj.com/content/13/6/e236123.abstract">Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 presenting with an acute manic episode.</a> <i>BMJ Case Reports CP</i>, <i>13</i>(6), p.e236123.</li> <li>Kariyanna, P.T., Hossain, N.A., Jayarangaiah, A., Hossain, N.A., Uppin, V., Hegde, S., Capric, V., Salifu, M.O. and McFarlane, S.I., 2020. <a href="http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naseem-Hossain/publication/341446656_Thrombus_in_Transit_and_Impending_Pulmonary_Embolism_Detected_on_POCUS_in_a_Patient_with_COVID-19_Pneumonia/links/5ec1646d92851c11a86d4902/Thrombus-in-Transit-and-Impending-Pulmonary-Embolism-Detected-on-POCUS-in-a-Patient-with-COVID-19-Pneumonia.pdf">Thrombus in transit and impending pulmonary embolism detected on POCUS in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia.</a> <i>Am J Med Case Rep</i>, <i>8</i>(8), pp.225-28.</li> <li>Tahir, F., Arif, T.B., Ahmed, J., Malik, F. and Khalid, M., 2020. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282369/">Cardiac manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a comprehensive review.</a> <i>Cureus</i>, <i>12</i>(5).</li> <li>Lei, J., Li, J., Li, X. and Qi, X., 2020. <a href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.2020200236">CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia.</a> <i>Radiology</i>, <i>295</i>(1), pp.18-18.</li> <li>Carlos, W.G., Cruz, C.S.D., Cao, B., Pasnick, S. and Jamil, S., 2020. <a href="https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A13%3A12432061/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A141797197&crl=c">Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus.</a> <i>American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine</i>, <i>201</i>(4).</li> <li>Holshue, M.L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K.H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A. and Diaz, G., 2020. <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191">First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States.</a> <i>New England journal of medicine</i>, <i>382</i>(10), pp.929-936.</li> <li>Lu, H., 2020. <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bst/14/1/14_2020.01020/_article/-char/ja/">Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV).</a> <i>Bioscience trends</i>, <i>14</i>(1), pp.69-71.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">covid 19 patients</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://epidemiology.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; 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