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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jiki da aka samar da kwayoyin halitta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiki_da_aka_samar_da_kwayoyin_halitta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanyar_samar_da_kwayar_halitta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanyar_samar_da_kwayar_halitta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hanyar samar da kwayar halitta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanyar_samar_da_kwayar_halitta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsarin_shuke-shuke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsarin_shuke-shuke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tsarin shuke-shuke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsarin_shuke-shuke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dubi_kuma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dubi_kuma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dubi kuma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dubi_kuma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayanan_da_aka_ambata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayanan_da_aka_ambata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bayanan da aka ambata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayanan_da_aka_ambata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kwayar halitta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Je zuwa maƙala domin wani harshen. Akwai a 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 harsuna</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Afirkanci" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afirkanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نمط جيني – Larabci" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نمط جيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Larabci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Azerbaijanci" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Генатып – Belarusanci" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генатып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Bulgariyanci" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgariyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Bosniyanci" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosniyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Kataloniyanci" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kataloniyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA" title="بۆماوەبابەت – Kurdawa ta Tsakiya" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆماوەبابەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdawa ta Tsakiya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Cek" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Jamusanci" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jamusanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γονότυπος – Girkanci" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γονότυπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Girkanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Turanci" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Turanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Sifaniyanci" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sifaniyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genot%C3%BC%C3%BCp" title="Genotüüp – Istoniyanci" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Genotüüp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Istoniyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="ژنوتیپ – Farisa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنوتیپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyyppi" title="Genotyyppi – Yaren mutanen Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Genotyyppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Yaren mutanen Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9notype" title="Génotype – Faransanci" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génotype" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Faransanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9init%C3%ADopa" title="Géinitíopa – Dan Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géinitíopa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Dan Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotipo" title="Xenotipo – Bagalike" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenotipo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Bagalike" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4" title="גנוטיפ – Ibrananci" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנוטיפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrananci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Kuroshiyan" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kuroshiyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenotip" title="Jenotip – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenotip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genot%C3%ADpus" title="Genotípus – Harshen Hungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genotípus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Harshen Hungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA" title="Գենոտիպ – Armeniyanci" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենոտիպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeniyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Harshen Indunusiya" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Harshen Indunusiya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfger%C3%B0" title="Arfgerð – Yaren mutanen Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arfgerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yaren mutanen Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Italiyanci" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%9E%8B" title="遺伝子型 – Japananci" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝子型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japananci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Jafananci" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafananci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="გენოტიპი – Jojiyanci" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენოტიპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Jojiyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಜೀನ್‌ನಮೂನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀನ್‌ನಮೂನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%ED%98%95" title="유전자형 – Harshen Koreya" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전자형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Harshen Koreya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Kirgizanci" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotypus" title="Genotypus – Dan Kabilar Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genotypus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Dan Kabilar Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Dan Masedoniya" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Dan Masedoniya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyyp" title="Genotyyp – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Genotyyp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Holanci" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Ositanci" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Harshen Polan" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Harshen Polan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="جینوټایپ – Pashtanci" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جینوټایپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashtanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B3tipo" title="Genótipo – Harshen Potugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genótipo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Harshen Potugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Romaniyanci" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romaniyanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Rashanci" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rashanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Basulke" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Basulke" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Basulabe" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Basulabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Sabiyan" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sabiyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Harshen Suwedan" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Harshen Suwedan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மரபணுவமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபணுவமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="รูปแบบพันธุกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูปแบบพันธุกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotipo" title="Henotipo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henotipo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Harshen Turkiyya" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Harshen Turkiyya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Harshen Yukuren" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Harshen Yukuren" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%83u_gen" title="Kiểu gen – Harshen Biyetinam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiểu gen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Harshen Biyetinam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 – Sinancin Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Sinancin Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 – Harshen Sinanci" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Harshen Sinanci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 – Harshen Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Harshen Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106016#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar harshen" class="wbc-editpage">Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Sarari"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Kwayar hallita</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayil:Genotype_Plus_Environment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Genotype_Plus_Environment.svg/220px-Genotype_Plus_Environment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Genotype_Plus_Environment.svg/330px-Genotype_Plus_Environment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Genotype_Plus_Environment.svg/440px-Genotype_Plus_Environment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Yanda kwayar hallita me canzawa</figcaption></figure> <p>Organogenesis shine lokaci na ci gaban amfrayo wanda ke farawa daga ƙarshen haƙori kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa haihuwa. A lokacin organogenesis, nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku da suka samo asali daga gastrulation (ectoderm, endoderm, da mesoderm) suna haifar da gabobin cikin kwayoyin halitta.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayil:Germ_layers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Germ_layers.jpg/590px-Germ_layers.jpg" decoding="async" width="590" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Germ_layers.jpg/885px-Germ_layers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Germ_layers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>endoderm na vertebrates yana samar da nama a cikin <a href="/wiki/Huhu" title="Huhu">huhu</a>, thyroid, da pancreas. mesoderm yana taimakawa wajen samar da tsokoki na zuciya, tsokoki, tsokoshi mai santsi, kyallen takarda a cikin koda, da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. ectoderm yana samar da kyallen takarda a cikin epidermis kuma yana taimakawa wajen samar da neurons a cikin kwakwalwa, da melanocytes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kwayoyin kowane nau'in nau'in kwayoyin cuta guda uku suna fuskantar bambance-bambance, tsari inda sel marasa ƙwarewa ke zama mafi ƙwarewa ta hanyar bayyana takamaiman tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Bambance-bambancen tantanin halitta yana gudana ta hanyar siginar tantanin halitta. Bambance-bambancen yana tasiri ta hanyar sigina na waje irin su abubuwan haɓaka da ake musayar su zuwa sel kusa da ake kira siginar juxtracrine ko zuwa ga sel makwabta a kan ɗan gajeren nesa wanda ake kira siginar paracrine. Sigina na cikin salula - kwayar tantanin halitta mai siginar kanta (siginar autocrine) - shima yana taka rawa wajen samuwar gabobin. Waɗannan hanyoyin sigina suna ba da damar sake tsara tantanin halitta da kuma tabbatar da cewa gabobin suna samuwa a takamaiman wurare a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Za a iya yin nazarin tsarin organogenesis ta amfani da embryos da organoids.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jiki_da_aka_samar_da_kwayoyin_halitta">Jiki da aka samar da kwayoyin halitta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Gyara sashe: Jiki da aka samar da kwayoyin halitta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gyara sashe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Jiki da aka samar da kwayoyin halitta"><span>gyara masomin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayil:Development_of_the_neural_tube.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Development_of_the_neural_tube.png/590px-Development_of_the_neural_tube.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Development_of_the_neural_tube.png 1.5x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Kwayoyin precursor na jijiyoyi suna ninkawa kuma suna tsawo don samar da bututun jijiyoyi. Mesoderm cells sun taru don samar da sandar da za ta aika da sigina don sake jagorantar ectoderm cells a sama. Wannan ninka tare da bututun jijiyoyi ya kafa tsarin juyayi na tsakiya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Endoderm shine mafi yawan kwayoyin cuta na ciki na tayin wanda ke haifar da gabobin ciki da na numfashi ta hanyar samar da suturar epithelial da gabobin kamar hanta, huhu, da pancreas. Mesoderm ko tsakiyar germ Layer na amfrayo zai samar da jini, zuciya, koda, tsokoki, da kyallen takarda. Ectoderm ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙwaya mai girma na amfrayo mai tasowa yana haifar da epidermis, kwakwalwa, da tsarin juyayi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanyar_samar_da_kwayar_halitta">Hanyar samar da kwayar halitta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Gyara sashe: Hanyar samar da kwayar halitta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gyara sashe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hanyar samar da kwayar halitta"><span>gyara masomin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yayin da kowane Layer germ ke samar da takamaiman gabobin, a cikin 1820s, masanin ilimin mahaifa Heinz Christian Pander ya gano cewa sassan ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya samar da gabobin su ba tare da hulɗar salula daga wasu kyallen takarda ba. A cikin mutane, gabobin ciki suna farawa a cikin makonni 3-8 bayan hadi. Yarinyar ƙwayoyin cuta suna samar da gabobin ta hanyoyi guda uku: folds, tsagewa, da ƙumburi. Folds suna samuwa a cikin takardar sel kuma yawanci suna samar da bututun da ke kewaye wanda zaku iya gani a cikin haɓakar bututun vertebrates. Rarraba ko aljihu na iya samuwa a cikin takardar ƙwayayen sel waɗanda ke yin vesicles ko elongations. Huhu da gland na kwayoyin halitta na iya tasowa ta wannan hanyar. </p><p>Mataki na farko a cikin organogenesis don chordates shine haɓakar notochord, wanda ke haifar da samuwar farantin jijiyoyi, kuma a ƙarshe bututun jijiya a cikin haɓakar kashin baya. Ci gaban bututun jijiyoyi zai haifar da kwakwalwa da kashin baya. Vertebrates suna haɓaka jijiyar jijiyoyi wanda ya bambanta zuwa sassa da yawa, ciki har da ƙasusuwa, tsokoki, da sassan tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Bambance-bambancen ectoderm a cikin jijiyar jijiyoyi, bututun jijiyoyi, da ectoderm na sama wani lokaci ana kiran su da jijiya kuma amfrayo a cikin wannan lokaci shine neurula. Coelom na jiki yana samuwa daga tsagawar mesoderm tare da axis na somite <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tsarin_shuke-shuke">Tsarin shuke-shuke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Gyara sashe: Tsarin shuke-shuke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gyara sashe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tsarin shuke-shuke"><span>gyara masomin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cikin tsire-tsire, organogenesis yana faruwa ci gaba kuma yana tsayawa ne kawai lokacin da shuka ya mutu. A cikin harbin, harbe-harbe apical meristems akai-akai suna samar da sabbin gabobin gefe (ganye ko furanni) da rassan gefe. A cikin tushen, sabbin saiwoyin gefe suna fitowa daga nama mai rauni mai rauni (misali xylem-pole pericycle a cikin ƙirar Arabidopsis thaliana). A cikin vitro da kuma mayar da martani ga takamaiman cocktails na hormones (yafi auxins da cytokinins), yawancin kyallen jikin tsire-tsire na iya rarrabuwa kuma su samar da tarin rarrabuwar sel masu ƙarfi da ake kira callus. Organogenesis na iya faruwa daga waɗannan sel. Nau'in gabobin da aka kafa ya dogara ne akan adadin dangi na hormones a cikin matsakaici. Za a iya haifar da kwayoyin halittar shuka a cikin al'adun nama kuma a yi amfani da su don farfado da tsire-tsire.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dubi_kuma">Dubi kuma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Gyara sashe: Dubi kuma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gyara sashe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Dubi kuma"><span>gyara masomin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bayanan_da_aka_ambata">Bayanan da aka ambata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Gyara sashe: Bayanan da aka ambata" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gyara sashe</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bayanan da aka ambata"><span>gyara masomin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertBarresi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, S. F.; Barresi, M. J. F. (2017-05-01). "Developmental Biology, 11Th Edition 2016". <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A</i>. <b>173</b> (5): 1430. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.38166">10.1002/ajmg.a.38166</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4833">1552-4833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics+Part+A&rft.atitle=Developmental+Biology%2C+11Th+Edition+2016&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1430&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.a.38166&rft.issn=1552-4833&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=S.+F.&rft.au=Barresi%2C+M.+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fha.wikipedia.org%3AKwayar+halitta" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r73326">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdlund2002" class="citation journal cs1">Edlund, Helena (July 2002). "Organogenesis: Pancreatic organogenesis — developmental mechanisms and implications for therapy". <i>Nature Reviews Genetics</i>. <b>3</b> (7): 524–532. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg841">10.1038/nrg841</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0064">1471-0064</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12094230">12094230</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2436869">2436869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=Organogenesis%3A+Pancreatic+organogenesis+%E2%80%94+developmental+mechanisms+and+implications+for+therapy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=524-532&rft.date=2002-07&rft.issn=1471-0064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2436869&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12094230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg841&rft.aulast=Edlund&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fha.wikipedia.org%3AKwayar+halitta" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r73326"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAderTanaka2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ader, Marius; Tanaka, Elly M (2014). "Modeling human development in 3D culture". <i>Current Opinion in Cell Biology</i>. <b>31</b>: 23–28. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2014.06.013">10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.013</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25033469">25033469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Modeling+human+development+in+3D+culture&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2014.06.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25033469&rft.aulast=Ader&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Elly+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fha.wikipedia.org%3AKwayar+halitta" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r73326"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKieckerBatesBell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kiecker, Clemens; Bates, Thomas; Bell, Esther (2016-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744249">"Molecular specification of germ layers in vertebrate embryos"</a>. <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>. <b>73</b> (5): 923–947. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-015-2092-y">10.1007/s00018-015-2092-y</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1420-682X">1420-682X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744249">4744249</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (babu wannan shafin)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26667903">26667903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Molecular+specification+of+germ+layers+in+vertebrate+embryos&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=923-947&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4744249&rft.issn=1420-682X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26667903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00018-015-2092-y&rft.aulast=Kiecker&rft.aufirst=Clemens&rft.au=Bates%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Bell%2C+Esther&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4744249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fha.wikipedia.org%3AKwayar+halitta" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r73326"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=956783940&topicorder=3&maxto=10&minto=1">"Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary"</a>. <i>passel.unl.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=passel.unl.edu&rft.atitle=Plant+and+Soil+Sciences+eLibrary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpassel.unl.edu%2Fpages%2Finformationmodule.php%3Fidinformationmodule%3D956783940%26topicorder%3D3%26maxto%3D10%26minto%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fha.wikipedia.org%3AKwayar+halitta" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r73326"></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Daga "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&oldid=510491">https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwayar_halitta&oldid=510491</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Musamman:Categories" title="Musamman:Categories">Rukuni</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukuni:Shafuka_masu_fassarorin_da_ba%27a_duba_ba" title="Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba">Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Anyi gyaran ƙarshe na wannan shafi a ranar 19 ga Augusta, 2024, da ƙarfe 20:05.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">An samar da muƙaloli a ƙarƙashin lasisin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; mai yiwuwa da kwai sauran sharudda. 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