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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins and classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Independent vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gupta_numismatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta_numismatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gupta numismatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta_numismatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gupta script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गुप्त लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुप्त लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="গুপ্ত লিপি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গুপ্ত লিপি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="গুপ্ত লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুপ্ত লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_gupta" title="Alfabet gupta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet gupta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta" title="Gupta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gupta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_gupta" title="Alfabeto gupta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto gupta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89criture_gupta" title="Écriture gupta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écriture gupta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गुप्त लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुप्त लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Gupta" title="Aksara Gupta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Gupta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_gupta" title="Alfabeta gupta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta gupta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptaschrift" title="Guptaschrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guptaschrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गुप्त लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुप्त लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="गुप्त लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुप्त लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%97%E3%82%BF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="グプタ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グプタ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptaskrift" title="Guptaskrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guptaskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_yozuvi" title="Gupta yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gupta yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%BE%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="گپت لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گپت لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%88" title="អក្សរគុប្តៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរគុប្តៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_Gupta" title="Pismo Gupta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo Gupta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_gupta" title="Escrita gupta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita gupta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE)" title="Гупта (письмо) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гупта (письмо)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="गुप्तलिपिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुप्तलिपिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%AF%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%8A" title="براھمي گپتا لپي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="براھمي گپتا لپي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta-kirjaimisto" title="Gupta-kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gupta-kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="குப்தர் எழுத்துமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குப்தர் எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF" title="గుప్త లిపి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుప్త లిపి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0" title="อักษรคุปตะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรคุปตะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Gupta" title="Chữ Gupta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Gupta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87" title="笈多文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="笈多文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1992659#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="View the content page [c]" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Script system used to write Sanskrit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Late Brahmi script" redirects here. For the Brahmi script, see <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Gupta script<br /><small>(Late Brahmi script)</small><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Barabar_Caves_Gopika_Cave_Inscription_of_Anantavarman_5th-_or_6th-century_CE_Sanskrit_in_Gupta_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Barabar_Caves_Gopika_Cave_Inscription_of_Anantavarman_5th-_or_6th-century_CE_Sanskrit_in_Gupta_script.jpg/220px-Barabar_Caves_Gopika_Cave_Inscription_of_Anantavarman_5th-_or_6th-century_CE_Sanskrit_in_Gupta_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Barabar_Caves_Gopika_Cave_Inscription_of_Anantavarman_5th-_or_6th-century_CE_Sanskrit_in_Gupta_script.jpg/330px-Barabar_Caves_Gopika_Cave_Inscription_of_Anantavarman_5th-_or_6th-century_CE_Sanskrit_in_Gupta_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Barabar_Caves_Gopika_Cave_Inscription_of_Anantavarman_5th-_or_6th-century_CE_Sanskrit_in_Gupta_script.jpg/440px-Barabar_Caves_Gopika_Cave_Inscription_of_Anantavarman_5th-_or_6th-century_CE_Sanskrit_in_Gupta_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="1917" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">The <a href="/wiki/Gopika_Cave_Inscription" title="Gopika Cave Inscription">Gopika Cave Inscription</a> of Anantavarman, in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language and using the Gupta script. <a href="/wiki/Barabar_Caves" title="Barabar Caves">Barabar Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jehanabad" title="Jehanabad">Jehanabad</a> Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th</span>–6th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1992659?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Northern Brahmi<ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Gupta script<br /><small>(Late Brahmi script)</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddham_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddham script">Siddham</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a><sup id="cite_ref-daniels_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniels-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-masica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gupta script</b> (sometimes referred to as <b>Gupta Brahmi script</b> or <b>Late Brahmi script</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-sharma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used for writing <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which was a period of material prosperity and great <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> developments. The Gupta script was descended from <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a> and gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Śāradā</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a> scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a> (the most common script used for writing <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> since the 19th century), the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhī script</a> for <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengali-Assamese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali-Assamese script">Bengali-Assamese script</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_classification">Origins and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gupta script was descended from the Ashokan <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī script</a>, and is a crucial link between Brahmi and most other <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a>, a family of alphasyllabaries or <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a>. This means that while only consonantal phonemes have distinct symbols, vowels are marked by diacritics, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> being the implied pronunciation when the diacritic is not present. In fact, the Gupta script works in exactly the same manner as its predecessor and successors, and only the shapes and forms of the graphemes and diacritics are different. </p><p>Through the 4th century, letters began to take more cursive and symmetric forms, as a result of the desire to write more quickly and aesthetically. This also meant that the script became more differentiated throughout the Empire, with regional variations which have been broadly classified into three, four or five categories;<sup id="cite_ref-anupama_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anupama-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, a definitive classification is lacking, because even in a single inscription, there may be variation in how a particular symbol is written. In this sense, the term Gupta script should be taken to mean any form of writing derived from the Gupta period, even though there may be a lack of uniformity in the scripts. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" width="auto" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Evolution from Brahmi to Gupta, and to Devanagari<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">k-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">kh-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">g-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">gh-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ṅ-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">c-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ch-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">j-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">jh-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ñ-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ṭ-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ṭh-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ḍ-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ḍh-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ṇ-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">t-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">th-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">d-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">dh-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">n-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">p-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ph-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">b-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">bh-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">m-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">y-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">r-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">l-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">v-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ś-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">ṣ-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">s-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo">h-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> </th> <td><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226570325">.mw-parser-output .script-brahmi{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi","Segoe UI Historic"}</style><span class="script-brahmi">𑀓</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀔</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀕</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀖</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀗</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀘</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀙</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀚</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀛</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀜</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀝</span> </b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀞</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀟</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀠</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀡</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀢</span> </b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀣</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀤</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀥</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀦</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀧</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀨</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀩</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀪</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀫</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀬</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀭</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀮</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀯</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀰</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀱</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀲</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀳</span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gupta</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 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height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </th> <td><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear 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class="Unicode">च</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">छ</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ज</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">झ</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ञ</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ट</span> </b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ठ</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ड</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ढ</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ण</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">त</span> </b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">थ</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">द</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ध</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">न</span> </b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">प</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">फ</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">भ</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">म</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">य</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">र</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ल</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">व</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">श</span></b></td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ष</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">स</span></b></td> <td><b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ह</span></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The surviving inscriptions of the Gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the Gupta Dynasty. One of the most important was the <i>Prayagraj (Allahabad) <a href="/wiki/Prashasti" title="Prashasti">Prasasti</a></i>. Composed by <a href="/wiki/Harisena" title="Harisena">Harisena</a>, the court poet and minister of <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, it describes Samudragupta's reign, beginning from his accession to the throne as the second king of the Gupta Dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. It is inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gupta alphabet is composed of 37 letters: 32 consonants with the inherent ending "a" and 5 independent vowels. In addition diacritics are attached to the consonants in order to change the sound of the final vowel (from the inherent "a" to other sounds such as i, u, e, o, au ...). Consonants can also be combined into compounds, also called <a href="/wiki/Conjunct_consonant" title="Conjunct consonant">conjunct consonants</a> (for example sa+ya are combined vertically to give "sya").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GU_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_vowels">Independent vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independent vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Late Brahmi vowel diacritics</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_script_diacritics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gupta_script_diacritics.jpg/320px-Gupta_script_diacritics.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gupta_script_diacritics.jpg/480px-Gupta_script_diacritics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gupta_script_diacritics.jpg/640px-Gupta_script_diacritics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gupta script vowel diacritics<br />(<a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad</a> standard).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GU_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_diacritics_and_compounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gupta_diacritics_and_compounds.jpg/155px-Gupta_diacritics_and_compounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gupta_diacritics_and_compounds.jpg/233px-Gupta_diacritics_and_compounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gupta_diacritics_and_compounds.jpg/310px-Gupta_diacritics_and_compounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Usage examples<sup id="cite_ref-GU_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GU-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>IAST and<br />Sanskrit IPA </th> <th>Letter </th> <th>IAST and<br />Sanskrit IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gupta_allahabad_a.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gupta_allahabad_a.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gupta_allahabad_a.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">a</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ā</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gupta_allahabad_i.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gupta_allahabad_i.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gupta_allahabad_i.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">i</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ī</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gupta_allahabad_u.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gupta_allahabad_u.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gupta_allahabad_u.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">u</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ū</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_e.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_e.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_e.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">e</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gupta_allahabad_o.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gupta_allahabad_o.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gupta_allahabad_o.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">o</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ai</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əi/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_au.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gupta_allahabad_au.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gupta_allahabad_au.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gupta_allahabad_au.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">au</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əu/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀋</span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṛ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̩/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀌</span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṝ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̩ː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀍</span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">l̩</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̩/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀎</span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḹ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̩ː/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voicing</a> → </th> <td colspan="4">Voiceless </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:beige;">Voiced </td> <td colspan="2">Voiceless </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">Voiced </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspiration</a> → </th> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">Yes </td> <td colspan="2">No </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">Yes </td> <td colspan="4">No </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:beige;">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar consonants">Velar</a> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ka</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ga</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṅa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></span> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ca</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">cha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/cʰ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ja</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/36px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/48px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟʱ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ña</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ya</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_sh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕ/</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʱ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṇa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ra</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṣa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gupta_allahabad_t.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ta</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪ʰ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">da</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪ʱ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gupta_allahabad_n.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">na</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">la</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gupta_allahabad_p.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pa</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gupta_allahabad_b.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ba</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bha</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱ/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_allahabad_m.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ma</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/36px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/48px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">va</i></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋ/</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Unicode">In Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unicode Standard does not explicitly state that the Gupta script is considered a stylistic variation of Brahmi,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though use of the Brahmi encoding is one approach. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_(Unicode_block)" title="Brahmi (Unicode block)">Brahmi</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11000_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U11000_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11000_grey"><a href="#endnote_U11000_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11000.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1100x </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11000: BRAHMI SIGN CANDRABINDU">𑀀 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11001: BRAHMI SIGN ANUSVARA">𑀁 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11002: BRAHMI SIGN VISARGA">𑀂 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11003: BRAHMI SIGN JIHVAMULIYA"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"> 𑀃 </span> </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11004: BRAHMI SIGN UPADHMANIYA"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"> 𑀄 </span> </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11005: BRAHMI LETTER A">𑀅 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11006: BRAHMI LETTER AA">𑀆 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11007: BRAHMI LETTER I">𑀇 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11008: BRAHMI LETTER II">𑀈 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11009: BRAHMI LETTER U">𑀉 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1100A: BRAHMI LETTER UU">𑀊 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1100B: BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC R">𑀋 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1100C: BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC RR">𑀌 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1100D: BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC L">𑀍 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1100E: BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC LL">𑀎 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1100F: BRAHMI LETTER E">𑀏 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1101x </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11010: BRAHMI LETTER AI">𑀐 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11011: BRAHMI LETTER O">𑀑 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11012: BRAHMI LETTER AU">𑀒 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11013: BRAHMI LETTER KA">𑀓 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11014: BRAHMI LETTER KHA">𑀔 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11015: BRAHMI LETTER GA">𑀕 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11016: BRAHMI LETTER GHA">𑀖 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11017: BRAHMI LETTER NGA">𑀗 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11018: BRAHMI LETTER CA">𑀘 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11019: BRAHMI LETTER CHA">𑀙 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1101A: BRAHMI LETTER JA">𑀚 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1101B: BRAHMI LETTER JHA">𑀛 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1101C: BRAHMI LETTER NYA">𑀜 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1101D: BRAHMI LETTER TTA">𑀝 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1101E: BRAHMI LETTER TTHA">𑀞 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1101F: BRAHMI LETTER DDA">𑀟 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1102x </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11020: BRAHMI LETTER DDHA">𑀠 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11021: BRAHMI LETTER NNA">𑀡 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11022: BRAHMI LETTER TA">𑀢 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11023: BRAHMI LETTER THA">𑀣 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11024: BRAHMI LETTER DA">𑀤 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11025: BRAHMI LETTER DHA">𑀥 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11026: BRAHMI LETTER NA">𑀦 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11027: BRAHMI LETTER PA">𑀧 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11028: BRAHMI LETTER PHA">𑀨 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11029: BRAHMI LETTER BA">𑀩 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1102A: BRAHMI LETTER BHA">𑀪 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1102B: BRAHMI LETTER MA">𑀫 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1102C: BRAHMI LETTER YA">𑀬 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1102D: BRAHMI LETTER RA">𑀭 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1102E: BRAHMI LETTER LA">𑀮 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1102F: BRAHMI LETTER VA">𑀯 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1103x </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11030: BRAHMI LETTER SHA">𑀰 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11031: BRAHMI LETTER SSA">𑀱 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11032: BRAHMI LETTER SA">𑀲 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11033: BRAHMI LETTER HA">𑀳 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11034: BRAHMI LETTER LLA">𑀴 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11035: BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL LLLA">𑀵 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11036: BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL RRA">𑀶 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11037: BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL NNNA">𑀷 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11038: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AA">𑀸 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11039: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN BHATTIPROLU AA">𑀹 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1103A: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN I">𑀺 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1103B: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN II">𑀻 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1103C: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN U">𑀼 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1103D: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN UU">𑀽 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1103E: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R">𑀾 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1103F: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR">𑀿 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1104x </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11040: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L">𑁀 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11041: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL">𑁁 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11042: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN E">𑁂 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11043: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AI">𑁃 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11044: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN O">𑁄 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11045: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AU">𑁅 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11046: BRAHMI VIRAMA">𑁆 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11047: BRAHMI DANDA">𑁇 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11048: BRAHMI DOUBLE DANDA">𑁈 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11049: BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOT">𑁉 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1104A: BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DOT">𑁊 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1104B: BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LINE">𑁋 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1104C: BRAHMI PUNCTUATION CRESCENT BAR">𑁌 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1104D: BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LOTUS">𑁍 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1105x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11052: BRAHMI NUMBER ONE">𑁒 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11053: BRAHMI NUMBER TWO">𑁓 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11054: BRAHMI NUMBER THREE">𑁔 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11055: BRAHMI NUMBER FOUR">𑁕 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11056: BRAHMI NUMBER FIVE">𑁖 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11057: BRAHMI NUMBER SIX">𑁗 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11058: BRAHMI NUMBER SEVEN">𑁘 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11059: BRAHMI NUMBER EIGHT">𑁙 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1105A: BRAHMI NUMBER NINE">𑁚 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1105B: BRAHMI NUMBER TEN">𑁛 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1105C: BRAHMI NUMBER TWENTY">𑁜 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1105D: BRAHMI NUMBER THIRTY">𑁝 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1105E: BRAHMI NUMBER FORTY">𑁞 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1105F: BRAHMI NUMBER FIFTY">𑁟 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1106x </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11060: BRAHMI NUMBER SIXTY">𑁠 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11061: BRAHMI NUMBER SEVENTY">𑁡 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11062: BRAHMI NUMBER EIGHTY">𑁢 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11063: BRAHMI NUMBER NINETY">𑁣 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11064: BRAHMI NUMBER ONE HUNDRED">𑁤 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11065: BRAHMI NUMBER ONE THOUSAND">𑁥 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11066: BRAHMI DIGIT ZERO">𑁦 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11067: BRAHMI DIGIT ONE">𑁧 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11068: BRAHMI DIGIT TWO">𑁨 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11069: BRAHMI DIGIT THREE">𑁩 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1106A: BRAHMI DIGIT FOUR">𑁪 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1106B: BRAHMI DIGIT FIVE">𑁫 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1106C: BRAHMI DIGIT SIX">𑁬 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1106D: BRAHMI DIGIT SEVEN">𑁭 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1106E: BRAHMI DIGIT EIGHT">𑁮 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+1106F: BRAHMI DIGIT NINE">𑁯 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1107x </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11070: BRAHMI SIGN OLD TAMIL VIRAMA">𑁰 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11071: BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL SHORT E">𑁱 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11072: BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL SHORT O">𑁲 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11073: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN OLD TAMIL SHORT E">𑁳 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11074: BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN OLD TAMIL SHORT O">𑁴 </td> <td style="font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Noto Sans Brahmi';" title="U+11075: BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL LLA">𑁵 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1107F: BRAHMI NUMBER JOINER"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"><span style="font-size:75%;"> BNJ </span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11000_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U11000_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11000_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U11000_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gupta_numismatics">Gupta numismatics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gupta numismatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg/220px-Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg/330px-Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg/440px-Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> signet in Gupta Brahmi script, showing <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>. The seal reads <i>Damputrasya Dhanguptasya</i> ("[Seal of] Dhangupta son of Dama). 3rd century CE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Vikramaditya (<a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a>) with the name of the king in Gupta Brahmi script 380–415 CE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg/220px-Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg/330px-Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg/440px-Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a>. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in Gupta script (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_hi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gupta_ashoka_hi.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_hi.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gupta_ashoka_hi.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_hi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gupta_ashoka_hi.jpg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_hi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="406" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gupta_allahabad_r.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="394" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(Ja)yatu Mihirakula</i> ("Let there be victory to Mihirakula"). Rev: Dotted border around Fire altar flanked by attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coins</a> in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the <a href="/wiki/Bayana" title="Bayana">Bayana</a> (situated in <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Rajasthan" title="Bharatpur, Rajasthan">Bharatpur</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Gupta Empire's coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-anupama_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anupama-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a>. </p><p>The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-anupama_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anupama-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, with its standardised Gupta characters."><img alt="The Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, with its standardised Gupta characters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg/200px-Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg/300px-Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg/400px-Allahabad_stone_pillar_inscription_of_Samudragupta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="3348" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar</a> inscription of <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>, with its standardised Gupta characters.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahmi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brahmi and its descendent scripts."><img alt="Brahmi and its descendent scripts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Brahmi.png/141px-Brahmi.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Brahmi.png/212px-Brahmi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Brahmi.png/283px-Brahmi.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2970" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brahmi and its descendent scripts.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_or_6th_century_Gopika_cave_inscription,_Sanskrit,_Shaktism,_Anantavarman,_Gupta_script_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 5th- or 6th-century Gupta script Gopika Cave Inscription in Sanskrit about goddess Durga"><img alt="The 5th- or 6th-century Gupta script Gopika Cave Inscription in Sanskrit about goddess Durga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/5th_or_6th_century_Gopika_cave_inscription%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Shaktism%2C_Anantavarman%2C_Gupta_script_2.jpg/200px-5th_or_6th_century_Gopika_cave_inscription%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Shaktism%2C_Anantavarman%2C_Gupta_script_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/5th_or_6th_century_Gopika_cave_inscription%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Shaktism%2C_Anantavarman%2C_Gupta_script_2.jpg/300px-5th_or_6th_century_Gopika_cave_inscription%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Shaktism%2C_Anantavarman%2C_Gupta_script_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/5th_or_6th_century_Gopika_cave_inscription%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Shaktism%2C_Anantavarman%2C_Gupta_script_2.jpg/400px-5th_or_6th_century_Gopika_cave_inscription%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Shaktism%2C_Anantavarman%2C_Gupta_script_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 5th- or 6th-century Gupta script <a href="/wiki/Gopika_Cave_Inscription" title="Gopika Cave Inscription">Gopika Cave Inscription</a> in Sanskrit about goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Buch_der_Schrift_(Faulmann)_141.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gupta script decipheration table"><img alt="Gupta script decipheration table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_141.jpg/145px-Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_141.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_141.jpg/218px-Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_141.jpg/291px-Das_Buch_der_Schrift_%28Faulmann%29_141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4767" data-file-height="6550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gupta script decipheration table</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_palm_leaf_Sanskrit_manuscript_in_Brahmi_script_from_Miran_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in early Gupta Brahmi script, discovered in Miran, northwest China.[20]"><img alt="A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in early Gupta Brahmi script, discovered in Miran, northwest China.[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_palm_leaf_Sanskrit_manuscript_in_Brahmi_script_from_Miran_China.jpg/200px-A_palm_leaf_Sanskrit_manuscript_in_Brahmi_script_from_Miran_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_palm_leaf_Sanskrit_manuscript_in_Brahmi_script_from_Miran_China.jpg/300px-A_palm_leaf_Sanskrit_manuscript_in_Brahmi_script_from_Miran_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_palm_leaf_Sanskrit_manuscript_in_Brahmi_script_from_Miran_China.jpg/400px-A_palm_leaf_Sanskrit_manuscript_in_Brahmi_script_from_Miran_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="1421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in early Gupta Brahmi script, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a>, northwest China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Yashodharman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The name Śrī Yaśodharmma ("Lord Yashodharman") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana.[21]"><img alt="The name Śrī Yaśodharmma ("Lord Yashodharman") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana.[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sri_Yashodharman.jpg/200px-Sri_Yashodharman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sri_Yashodharman.jpg/300px-Sri_Yashodharman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sri_Yashodharman.jpg/400px-Sri_Yashodharman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The name <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/21px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_shrii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="602" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/21px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gupta_allahabad_y.svg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_sho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gupta_allahabad_sho.jpg/16px-Gupta_allahabad_sho.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gupta_allahabad_sho.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_sho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gupta_allahabad_sho.jpg/32px-Gupta_allahabad_sho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/10px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_rmm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_rmm.jpg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_rmm.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_rmm.jpg/21px-Gupta_allahabad_rmm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_rmm.jpg/28px-Gupta_allahabad_rmm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="726" /></a></span> <i>Śrī Yaśodharmma</i> ("Lord <a href="/wiki/Yashodharman" title="Yashodharman">Yashodharman</a>") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Mandsaur_stone_inscription_of_Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana" title="Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana">Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipi_(script)" title="Lipi (script)">Lipi scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <i>Indian Epigraphy</i>. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D">"Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epigraphy%2C+Indian+Epigraphy+Richard+Salmon+OUP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daniels-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-daniels_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation cs2">Daniels, P. T. (January 2008), <i>Writing systems of major and minor languages</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+systems+of+major+and+minor+languages&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-masica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-masica_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1993" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin (1993). <i>The Indo-Aryan languages</i>. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.pages=143&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sharma_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, Ram. <i> 'Brahmi Script' </i>. Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anupama-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anupama_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anupama_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anupama_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Srivastava, Anupama. <i>The Development of Imperial Gupta Brahmi Script</i>. New Delhi: Ramanand, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Roger_Fischer" title="Steven Roger Fischer">Fischer, Steven Roger</a>. <i>A History of Writing</i>. UK: Reaktion, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahmi_script_consonants_according_to_James_Prinsep_March_1838.jpg" title="File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg">Evolutionary chart</a>, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2004" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYMXnSko5QwC&pg=PT123"><i>History of Writing</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861895882" title="Special:BookSources/9781861895882"><bdi>9781861895882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Writing&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781861895882&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYMXnSko5QwC%26pg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublishing2010" class="citation book cs1">Publishing, Britannica Educational (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cabAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>The Culture of India</i></a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615302031" title="Special:BookSources/9781615302031"><bdi>9781615302031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781615302031&rft.aulast=Publishing&rft.aufirst=Britannica+Educational&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cabAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GU-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GU_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GU_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GU_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03249r-brahmi-proposal.pdf">"Gupta Unicode"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gupta+Unicode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2003%2F03249r-brahmi-proposal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog"><i>Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ...</i></a> (in German). K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1880. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog/page/n142">126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Buch+der+Schrift%3A+Enthaltend+die+Schriftzeichen+und+Alphabete+aller+...&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=K.K.+Hof-+und+Staatsdruckerei&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdasbuchderschri01faulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_Consortium2022" class="citation web cs1">Unicode Consortium (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch14.pdf">"The Unicode® Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode Consortium website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Consortium+website&rft.atitle=The+Unicode%C2%AE+Standard+Version+15.0+%E2%80%93+Core+Specification&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode15.0.0%2Fch14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "h" (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_ashoka_h.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_ashoka_h.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_ashoka_h.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>) is an early variant of the Gupta script.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09FqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT264"><i>The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana</i></a> (in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781643248813" title="Special:BookSources/9781643248813"><bdi>9781643248813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Maukharis%3A+History+of+Imperial+Maukharis+of+Kanauj+and+Harshavardhana&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781643248813&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Thakur+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09FqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar2008" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, D. C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA376"><i>Studies in Indian Coins</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120829732" title="Special:BookSources/9788120829732"><bdi>9788120829732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indian+Coins&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788120829732&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1JYwP5tVQUC%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandon2013" class="citation book cs1">Tandon, Pankaj (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html"><i>Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer</i></a>. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Evolution+of+Alchon+Coins+Journal+of+the+Oriental+Numismatic+Society%2C+No.+216%2C+Summer&rft.pages=24-34&rft.pub=Oriental+Numismatic+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tandon&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoinindia.com%2Fgalleries-alchon-early.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinindia.com/galleries-toramana.html">Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bajpai, KD. <i> 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' </i> New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri1987" class="citation book cs1">Puri, Baij Nath (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA187"><i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 187 Note 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120803725" title="Special:BookSources/9788120803725"><bdi>9788120803725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=187+Note+32&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788120803725&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EG-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EG_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1960" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254"><i>Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n151">150</a>-158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+Of+The+Early+Gupta+Kings+And+Their+Successors&rft.pages=150-158&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.463254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGupta+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carl Faulmann (1835–1894), Das Buch der Schrift, Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, 1880</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gupta_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/gupta">The Gupta Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/gupta.html">AncientScripts.com</a> entry on the Gupta Script</li> <li>Ye, Shao-Yong. (2009). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fanfoyan.com/resour/pale/buddhapalita.pdf">An eastern variety of the post-Gupta script: Akṣara List of the Manuscripts of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Buddhapālita's Commentary (ca. 550–650 CE)</a></i>. Research Institute of Sanskrit Manuscripts & Buddhist Literature, Peking University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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