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id="toc-Safety_and_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Safety and toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_utilised" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_utilised"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Species utilised</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_utilised-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compendial_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compendial_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Compendial status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compendial_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eucalyptus oil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эўкаліптавы алей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эўкаліптавы алей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukalyptus%C3%B6l" title="Eukalyptusöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eukalyptusöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukal%C3%BCpti%C3%B5li" title="Eukalüptiõli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eukalüptiõli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Έλαιο ευκαλύπτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έλαιο ευκαλύπτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huile_essentielle_d%27eucalyptus" title="Huile essentielle d'eucalyptus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huile essentielle d'eucalyptus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2" title="Նվենու յուղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նվենու յուղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaliptuszolaj" title="Eukaliptuszolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eukaliptuszolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efir_moyli_ekinlar" title="Efir moyli ekinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Efir moyli ekinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olejek_eukaliptusowy" title="Olejek eukaliptusowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olejek eukaliptusowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Эвкалиптовое масло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эвкалиптовое масло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evkaliptusovo_olje" title="Evkaliptusovo olje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evkaliptusovo olje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukalyptusolja" title="Eukalyptusolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eukalyptusolja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="నీలగిరి తైలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీలగిరి తైలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Евкаліптова олія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Евкаліптова олія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distilled oil from the leaf of Eucalyptus</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucalypt_oils_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eucalypt_oils_1.jpg/220px-Eucalypt_oils_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eucalypt_oils_1.jpg/330px-Eucalypt_oils_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eucalypt_oils_1.jpg/440px-Eucalypt_oils_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Eucalypt oils distilled in the early 20th century, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum" title="Powerhouse Museum">Powerhouse Museum</a>, Sydney</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg/100px-Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg/150px-Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg/200px-Eteri%C4%8Dno_ulje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Eucalyptus oil for pharmaceutical use.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eucalyptus oil</b> is the generic name for distilled oil from the leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i>, a genus of the plant family <a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a>, mostly native to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> but cultivated worldwide. Eucalyptus oil has a history of wide application, as a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">repellent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavouring">flavouring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrance</a>, as well as having industrial uses. The leaves of selected <i>Eucalyptus</i> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are <a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">steam distilled</a> to <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extract</a> eucalyptus oil. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_production">Types and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the trade, eucalyptus oils are categorized into three broad types according to their composition and main end-use: <a href="/wiki/Medicinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal">medicinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfumery" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfumery">perfumery</a> and industrial.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prevalent is the standard <a href="/wiki/Cineole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cineole">cineole</a>-based "oil of eucalyptus", a colourless mobile liquid (which yellows with age), having a penetrating, <a href="/wiki/Camphoraceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Camphoraceous">camphoraceous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody</a>-sweet scent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> produces about 75% of the world output, but most of that is derived from the cineole fractions of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a> rather than being true eucalyptus oil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant producers of true eucalyptus include <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_polybractea_leaf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eucalyptus_polybractea_leaf.JPG/220px-Eucalyptus_polybractea_leaf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eucalyptus_polybractea_leaf.JPG/330px-Eucalyptus_polybractea_leaf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eucalyptus_polybractea_leaf.JPG/440px-Eucalyptus_polybractea_leaf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i>Eucalyptus polybractea</i> or Blue-leaf Mallee, a species yielding high-quality eucalyptus oil</figcaption></figure> <p>Global production is dominated by oil from <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_globulus" title="Eucalyptus globulus">Eucalyptus globulus</a></i>. However, <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_kochii" title="Eucalyptus kochii">Eucalyptus kochii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_polybractea" title="Eucalyptus polybractea">Eucalyptus polybractea</a></i> have the highest <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">cineole</a> content, ranging from 80 to 95%. The <a href="/wiki/British_Pharmacopoeia" title="British Pharmacopoeia">British Pharmacopoeia</a> states that the oil must have a minimum cineole content of 70% if it is <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> grade. <a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">Rectification</a> is used to bring lower grade oils up to the high cineole standard required. In 1991, global annual production was estimated at 3,000 tonnes for the medicinal eucalyptus oil, with another 1,500 tonnes being for the main perfumery oil, produced from <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_citriodora" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucalyptus citriodora">Eucalyptus citriodora</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eucalyptus genus also produces non-cineole oils, including <a href="/wiki/Piperitone" title="Piperitone">piperitone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phellandrene" title="Phellandrene">phellandrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citral" title="Citral">citral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_cinnamate" title="Methyl cinnamate">methyl cinnamate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geranyl_acetate" title="Geranyl acetate">geranyl acetate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbal_medicine">Herbal medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Herbal medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eucalyptus oil is a common ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestant</a> formulations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Herbal_Medicinal_Products" title="Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products">Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products</a> concluded that <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicines</a> based on eucalyptus oil can be used for treating <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>, and to relieve symptoms of localized muscle pain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repellent_and_biopesticide">Repellent and biopesticide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Repellent and biopesticide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as an <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">insect repellent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biopesticide" title="Biopesticide">biopesticide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., eucalyptus oil was first registered in 1948 as an insecticide and <a href="/wiki/Miticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Miticide">miticide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavouring_and_fragrance">Flavouring and fragrance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flavouring and fragrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used, at low levels (0.002%), as a flavouring in various products, including <a href="/wiki/Baked_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked goods">baked goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> products and <a href="/wiki/Beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverages">beverages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eucalyptus oil has <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> activity against a broad range of food-borne human <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_spoilage" title="Food spoilage">food spoilage</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-cineole <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_dives" title="Eucalyptus dives">peppermint gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_olida" title="Eucalyptus olida">strawberry gum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_staigeriana" title="Eucalyptus staigeriana">lemon ironbark</a> are used as flavouring. Eucalyptus oil is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrance</a> component to impart a fresh and clean aroma in <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>, lotions, and <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfumes</a>. It is known for its pungent, intoxicating scent. Due to its cleansing properties, eucalyptus oil is found in <a href="/wiki/Mouthrinse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouthrinse">mouthrinses</a> to freshen breath.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research shows that cineole-based eucalyptus oil (5% of mixture) prevents the separation problem with <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> blends. Eucalyptus oil also has a respectable <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a>, and can be used as a fuel in its own right. However, production costs are currently too high for the oil to be economically viable as a fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phellandrene- and piperitone-based eucalyptus oils have been used in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> to separate <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide minerals">sulfide minerals</a> via <a href="/wiki/Flotation_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Flotation process">flotation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleaning">Cleaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cleaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eucalyptus oil is used in household cleaning applications.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly used in commercial laundry products such as wool wash liquid. It is used as a solvent for removing grease and sticky residue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_toxicity">Safety and toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Safety and toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If consumed internally at low dosage as a flavouring component or in pharmaceutical products at the recommended rate, cineole-based 'oil of eucalyptus' is safe for adults. However, systemic toxicity can result from ingestion or topical application at higher than recommended doses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, eucalyptus oil is one of the many <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> that have been increasingly causing cases of poisoning, mostly of children. There were 2,049 reported cases in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> between 2014 and 2018, accounting for 46.4% of essential oil poisoning incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probable lethal dose of pure eucalyptus oil for an adult is in the range of 0.05 mL to 0.5 mL/per kg of body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their high body-surface-area-to-mass ratio, children are more vulnerable to poisons absorbed transdermally. Severe poisoning has occurred in children after ingestion of 4 mL to 5 mL of eucalyptus oil.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eucalyptus oil has also been shown to be dangerous to domestic cats, causing an unstable gait, excessive drooling, and other symptoms of ill health.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucalypt_oils_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eucalypt_oils_2.jpg/220px-Eucalypt_oils_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eucalypt_oils_2.jpg/330px-Eucalypt_oils_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eucalypt_oils_2.jpg/440px-Eucalypt_oils_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Eucalypt oils distilled in the early 20th century, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Powerhouse_Museum" title="Powerhouse Museum">Powerhouse Museum</a>, Sydney</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> use eucalyptus leaf infusions (which contain eucalyptus oil) as a traditional <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> for treating body pains, <a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomy)" title="Sinus (anatomy)">sinus</a> congestion, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colds" class="mw-redirect" title="Colds">colds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1788, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Considen" title="Dennis Considen">Dennis Considen</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_White_(surgeon)" title="John White (surgeon)">John White</a>, surgeons on the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>, distilled eucalyptus oil from <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_piperita" title="Eucalyptus piperita">Eucalyptus piperita</a></i>, growing on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a>, to treat convicts and marines.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eucalyptus oil was subsequently extracted by early colonists, but was not commercially exploited for some time. </p><p>Baron <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller" title="Ferdinand von Mueller">Ferdinand von Mueller</a>, government botanist for the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a>, promoted the qualities of Eucalyptus as a <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectant</a> in "fever districts", and also encouraged <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bosisto" title="Joseph Bosisto">Joseph Bosisto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a>, to investigate the commercial potential of the oil.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bosisto started the commercial eucalyptus oil industry in 1852 near <a href="/wiki/Dandenong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandenong">Dandenong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, Australia, when he set up a distillation plant and extracted the <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> from the cineole <a href="/wiki/Chemotype" title="Chemotype">chemotype</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_radiata" title="Eucalyptus radiata">Eucalyptus radiata</a></i>. This resulted in the cineole chemotype becoming the generic 'oil of eucalyptus', and "<a href="/wiki/Bosisto%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosisto's">Bosisto's Eucalyptus Oil</a>" still survives as a brand. </p><p>French chemist, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Stanislas_Cloez" title="François Stanislas Cloez">F. S. Cloez</a>, identified and ascribed the name <i>eucalyptol</i> — also known as <a href="/wiki/Cineole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cineole">cineole</a> — to the dominant portion of <i>E. globulus</i> oil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s oil from <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i>, Tasmanian blue gum, was being exported worldwide and eventually dominated world trade, while other higher quality species were also being distilled to a lesser extent. <a href="/wiki/Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgeons">Surgeons</a> were using eucalyptus oil as an <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> during <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> by the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eucalyptus oil became an important industry in the <a href="/wiki/Box%E2%80%93ironbark_forest" title="Box–ironbark forest">box-ironbark forests</a> of Victoria during the post <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">gold-rush</a> era of the 1870s. The oil was often described as Australia's natural wonder and was exported to a growing international market, mostly for medicinal purposes. Eucalyptus oil was in particularly big demand during the global <a href="/wiki/Influenza_pandemic_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza pandemic of 1918">influenza pandemic of 1918-19</a>. A distillation plant was established by the <a href="/wiki/Forests_Commission_Victoria" title="Forests Commission Victoria">Forests Commission Victoria</a> at Wellsford State Forest<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near Bendigo in 1926. The Principal of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_School_of_Forestry" title="Victorian School of Forestry">Victorian School of Forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_James_Semmens" title="Edwin James Semmens">Edwin James Semmens</a>, undertook much of the pioneering chemistry into the composition of eucalyptus oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His steam extraction kilns are in the museum at the school. </p><p>The Australian eucalyptus oil industry peaked in the 1940s, the main area of production being the central goldfields region of Victoria, particularly <a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_Victoria" title="Inglewood, Victoria">Inglewood</a>; then the global establishment of eucalyptus plantations for <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> resulted in increased volumes of eucalyptus oil as a plantation by-product. By the 1950s the cost of producing eucalyptus oil in Australia had increased so much that it could not compete against cheaper Spanish and Portuguese oils (being of lower cost due to their proximity to the European market). Non-Australian sources now dominate commercial eucalyptus oil supply, although Australia continues to produce high grade oils, mainly from blue mallee (<i>E. polybractea</i>) stands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_utilised">Species utilised</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Species utilised"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial cineole-based eucalyptus oils are produced from several species of <i>Eucalyptus</i>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_cneorifolia" title="Eucalyptus cneorifolia">Eucalyptus cneorifolia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_dives" title="Eucalyptus dives">Eucalyptus dives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_dumosa" title="Eucalyptus dumosa">Eucalyptus dumosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_globulus" title="Eucalyptus globulus">Eucalyptus globulus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_goniocalyx" title="Eucalyptus goniocalyx">Eucalyptus goniocalyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_horistes" title="Eucalyptus horistes">Eucalyptus horistes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_kochii" title="Eucalyptus kochii">Eucalyptus kochii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_leucoxylon" title="Eucalyptus leucoxylon">Eucalyptus leucoxylon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oleosa" title="Eucalyptus oleosa">Eucalyptus oleosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_polybractea" title="Eucalyptus polybractea">Eucalyptus polybractea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_radiata" title="Eucalyptus radiata">Eucalyptus radiata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_sideroxylon" title="Eucalyptus sideroxylon">Eucalyptus sideroxylon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_smithii" title="Eucalyptus smithii">Eucalyptus smithii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_tereticornis" title="Eucalyptus tereticornis">Eucalyptus tereticornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_viridis" title="Eucalyptus viridis">Eucalyptus viridis</a></i></li></ul> <p>Non-cineole oil producing species: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_dives" title="Eucalyptus dives">Eucalyptus dives</a></i> - phellandrene variant</li> <li><i>Eucalyptus dives</i> - piperitone variant</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_elata" title="Eucalyptus elata">Eucalyptus elata</a></i> - piperitone variant</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_macarthurii" title="Eucalyptus macarthurii">Eucalyptus macarthurii</a></i> - geranyl acetate</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_olida" title="Eucalyptus olida">Eucalyptus olida</a></i> - methyl cinnamate</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_radiata" title="Eucalyptus radiata">Eucalyptus radiata</a></i> - phellandrene variant</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_staigeriana" title="Eucalyptus staigeriana">Eucalyptus staigeriana</a></i> - citral, limonene</li></ul> <p>The former lemon eucalyptus species <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_citriodora" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucalyptus citriodora">Eucalyptus citriodora</a></i> is now classified as <i>Corymbia citriodora</i>, which produces a <a href="/wiki/Citronellal" title="Citronellal">citronellal</a>-based oil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compendial_status">Compendial status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compendial status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Pharmacopoeia" title="British Pharmacopoeia">British Pharmacopoeia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ib29_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ib29-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbas_Oil" title="Olbas Oil">Olbas Oil</a>, a combination of oils from Eucalyptus, <a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">peppermint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajuput" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajuput">cajuput</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaultheria_procumbens" title="Gaultheria procumbens">wintergreen</a> used as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">nasal congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalypts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucalypts">Eucalypts</a>, woody plants belonging to three closely related genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Corymbia" title="Corymbia">Corymbia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Angophora" title="Angophora">Angophora</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCiesla" class="citation book cs1">Ciesla, William M. "Types of oil and uses". <i>Non-wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees</i>. Food & Agriculture Org (2002). p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Types+of+oil+and+uses&rft.btitle=Non-wood+Forest+Products+from+Temperate+Broad-leaved+Trees&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org+%282002%29&rft.aulast=Ciesla&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEucalyptus+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawless, J., <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils</i>, Element Books 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85230-661-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85230-661-0">1-85230-661-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshurst1999" class="citation book cs1">Ashurst, P. 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Government Printer, Sydney, 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_23/23_26.cfm">Copy of letter received by Dr Anthony Hamiltion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725082348/http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_23/23_26.cfm">Archived</a> 25 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from Dennis Considen, 18 November 1788, and sent onto Joseph Banks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lassak, E.V., & McCarthy, T., <i>Australian Medicinal Plants</i>, Methuen Australia, 1983, p. 15, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-454-00438-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-454-00438-9">0-454-00438-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0301531h.html">White, J., <i>Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales</i>, 1790</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grieve, M.,(author) & Leyel, C.F., (ed), <i>A Modern Herbal</i>, Jonathon Cape, 1931, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, <i>Eucalyptus Leaf Oils</i>, 1991, p. 6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909605-69-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-909605-69-6">0-909605-69-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maiden, J.H., <i>The Useful Native Plants of Australia</i>, pp. 255, 1889</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Groch2015" class="citation web cs1">Amy Groch (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102173655/https://www.ffm.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/26300/FS0068-Gunyah-Picnic-Area.pdf">"Wellsford State Forest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ffm.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/26300/FS0068-Gunyah-Picnic-Area.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wellsford+State+Forest&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Amy+Groch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffm.vic.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0011%2F26300%2FFS0068-Gunyah-Picnic-Area.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEucalyptus+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoulds1991" class="citation book cs1">Moulds, F. R. (1991). <i>The Dynamic Forest – A History of Forestry and Forest Industries in Victoria</i>. Lynedoch Publications. Richmond, Australia. pp. 232pp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0646062654" title="Special:BookSources/0646062654"><bdi>0646062654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamic+Forest+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+Forestry+and+Forest+Industries+in+Victoria&rft.pages=232pp&rft.pub=Lynedoch+Publications.+Richmond%2C+Australia&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0646062654&rft.aulast=Moulds&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEucalyptus+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ib29-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ib29_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_British_Pharmacopoeia_Secretariat2009" class="citation web cs1">The British Pharmacopoeia Secretariat (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411071437/http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf">"Index, BP 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharmacopoeia.co.uk/pdf/2009_index.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index%2C+BP+2009&rft.date=2009&rft.au=The+British+Pharmacopoeia+Secretariat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmacopoeia.co.uk%2Fpdf%2F2009_index.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEucalyptus+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Boland, D.J., Brophy, J.J., and A.P.N. House, <i>Eucalyptus Leaf Oils</i>, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909605-69-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-909605-69-6">0-909605-69-6</a></li> <li>FAO Corporate Document Repository, Flavours and fragrances of plant origin</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eucalyptus_oil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim031.htm#SectionTitle:7.2">Toxicity</a> Eucalyptus oil profile, Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-eucalyptus.html">Eucalyptus oil (E. globulus Labillardiere, E. fructicetorum F. Von Mueller, E. smithii R.T. Baker)</a> <a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Library of Medicine">U.S. National Library of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Institutes_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Institutes of Health">U.S. National Institutes of Health</a> evidence-based monograph prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Standard_Research_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Standard Research Collaboration">Natural Standard Research Collaboration</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" 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