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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nutrients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Phytochemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects_and_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects_and_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adverse effects and toxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects_and_toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects and toxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects_and_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eye_irritation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eye_irritation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Eye irritation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eye_irritation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producing_onions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producing_onions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Producing onions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Producing_onions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Producing onions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Producing_onions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_onion_group_(var._cepa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_onion_group_(var._cepa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Common onion group (var. <i>cepa</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_onion_group_(var._cepa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggregatum_group_(var._aggregatum)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregatum_group_(var._aggregatum)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Aggregatum group (var. <i>aggregatum</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregatum_group_(var._aggregatum)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybrids_with_A._cepa_parentage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids_with_A._cepa_parentage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Hybrids with <i>A. cepa</i> parentage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids_with_A._cepa_parentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Onion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ui" title="Ui – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ui" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiebel" title="Zwiebel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zwiebel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ሽንኩርት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሽንኩርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ABpe" title="Cīpe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cīpe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%84" title="بصل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بصل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%AD" title="Գլուխ Սոխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գլուխ Սոխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aeap%C3%A2" title="Țeapâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Țeapâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C" title="পিয়াঁজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পিয়াঁজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="पियाज – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पियाज" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sev%C3%B3i" title="Sevói – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sevói" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwilla" title="Siwilla – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Siwilla" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_so%C4%9Fan" title="Adi soğan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi soğan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوغان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوغان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_bombai" title="Bawang bombai – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bawang bombai" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="পিঁয়াজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিঁয়াজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_Bombay" title="Bawang Bombay – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bawang Bombay" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhang-th%C3%A2u" title="Chhang-thâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhang-thâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һуған – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һуған" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Цыбуля рэпчатая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыбуля рэпчатая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Рэпчатая цыбуля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэпчатая цыбуля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="पियाज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पियाज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibulyas" title="Sibulyas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sibulyas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кромид лук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кромид лук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཙོང་རིལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཙོང་རིལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_luk" title="Crveni luk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crveni luk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ognon_(Allium_cepa)" title="Ognon (Allium cepa) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ognon (Allium cepa)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceba" title="Ceba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ceba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibule_kuchy%C5%88sk%C3%A1" title="Cibule kuchyňská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cibule kuchyňská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyezi" title="Hanyezi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hanyezi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipolla" title="Cipolla – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cipolla" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nionyn" title="Nionyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nionyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepal%C3%B8g" title="Kepaløg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kepaløg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiwwel" title="Zwiwwel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Zwiwwel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiebel" title="Zwiebel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwiebel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ފިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%A1edna_cybula" title="Wšedna cybula – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wšedna cybula" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_sibul" title="Harilik sibul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik sibul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B9" title="Κρεμμύδι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρεμμύδι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чурька – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чурька" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepo" title="Cepo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cepo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipula" title="Tipula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tipula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پیاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oignon" title="Oignon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oignon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevole" title="Cevole – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cevole" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinni%C3%BAn" title="Oinniún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oinniún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnish" title="Unnish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Unnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uinnean" title="Uinnean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uinnean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebola" title="Cebola – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cebola" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Хох – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хох" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پیاز – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پیاز" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80" title="ડુંગળી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ડુંગળી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-chh%C3%BBng-th%C3%A8u" title="Thai-chhûng-thèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-chhûng-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%ED%8C%8C" title="양파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albasa" title="Albasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Albasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%AD" title="Գլուխ սոխ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլուխ սոխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="प्याज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्याज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybli%C4%8Dkowacy_kobo%C5%82k" title="Cybličkowacy kobołk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Cybličkowacy kobołk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_luk" title="Crveni luk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crveni luk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_bombai" title="Bawang bombai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bawang bombai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibolla" title="Cibolla – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cibolla" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Бынджын хъæдындз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бынджын хъæдындз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itswele" title="Itswele – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Itswele" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uanyanisi" title="Uanyanisi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uanyanisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukur" title="Laukur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Laukur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בצל הגינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בצל הגינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_bombay" title="Bawang bombay – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bawang bombay" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaab%CA%8A" title="Kaabʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kaabʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಈರುಳ್ಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಈರುಳ್ಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyas" title="Sibuyas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sibuyas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B7" title="Пияз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пияз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntunguru" title="Ubuntunguru – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuntunguru" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibitunguru" title="Ibitunguru – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ibitunguru" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitunguu" title="Kitunguu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitunguu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonyon" title="Zonyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zonyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEvaz" title="Pîvaz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîvaz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B7" title="Пияз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пияз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Охыра – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Охыра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevoya" title="Sevoya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sevoya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rza_s%C4%ABpoli" title="Dārza sīpoli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārza sīpoli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bnn" title="Ënn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ënn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgomasis_svog%C5%ABnas" title="Valgomasis svogūnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valgomasis svogūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%B2ula" title="Çiòula – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Çiòula" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooj" title="Ooj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ooj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litung%C3%BAlu" title="Litungúlu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Litungúlu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6shagyma" title="Vöröshagyma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vöröshagyma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C" title="पिआउज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पिआउज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кромид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кромид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongolobe" title="Tongolobe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tongolobe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="ഉള്ളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉള്ളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="कांदा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कांदा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%84" title="بصل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بصل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="الەزي – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الەزي" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang" title="Bawang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bawang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A7" title="ꯇꯤꯜꯍꯧ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯤꯜꯍꯧ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_bombai" title="Bawang bombai – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bawang bombai" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B2ng-ch%C4%95%CC%A4ng" title="Iòng-chĕ̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iòng-chĕ̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сонгино – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сонгино" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ကြက်သွန်နီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြက်သွန်နီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ui_(plant)" title="Ui (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ui (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uui" title="Uui – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Uui" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="प्याज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्याज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AE" title="タマネギ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タマネギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalot" title="Skalot – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skalot" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepal%C3%B8k" title="Kepaløk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kepaløk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauk" title="Lauk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lauk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceba" title="Ceba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ceba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%9C" title="ପିଆଜ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପିଆଜ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyoz" title="Piyoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Piyoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਪਿਆਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਆਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پیاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پياز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پياز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugnon" title="Eugnon – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Eugnon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebula_zwyczajna" title="Cebula zwyczajna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cebula zwyczajna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebola" title="Cebola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cebola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyaz" title="Piyaz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Piyaz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96llich" title="Öllich – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Öllich" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceap%C4%83" title="Ceapă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ceapă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwilla" title="Siwilla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siwilla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лук репчатый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лук репчатый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniani" title="Aniani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aniani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="पलाण्डुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पलाण्डुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱸᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibudda" title="Chibudda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chibudda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingan" title="Ingan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ingan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qepa" title="Qepa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qepa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94" title="ලූනු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලූනු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion" title="Onion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Onion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="بصر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بصر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesnak_cibu%C4%BEov%C3%BD" title="Cesnak cibuľový – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cesnak cibuľový" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cebula" title="Čebula – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čebula" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwibla" title="Cwibla – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cwibla" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal" title="Basal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Basal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پیاز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیاز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Црни лук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црни лук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_(biljka)" title="Luk (biljka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Luk (biljka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_bombay" title="Bawang bombay – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bawang bombay" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruokasipuli" title="Ruokasipuli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruokasipuli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6k_(art)" title="Lök (art) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lök (art)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyas" title="Sibuyas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sibuyas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெங்காயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெங்காயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93alim" title="Aẓalim – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aẓalim" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflilu" title="Aflilu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aflilu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF" title="ఉల్లిపాయ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉల్లిపాయ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="หอมใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอมใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7" title="Пиёз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пиёз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onioni" title="Onioni – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Onioni" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa%C3%B3en%C3%AAh%C3%A9st%C3%A2h%C3%A9vo" title="Xaóenêhéstâhévo – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Xaóenêhéstâhévo" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ನೀರುಳ್ಳಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೀರುಳ್ಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fan" title="Soğan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soğan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gurma" title="A̱gurma – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gurma" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Цибуля городня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цибуля городня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پیاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پىياز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىياز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" title="Allium cepa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Allium cepa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rgeline_lauk" title="Järgeline lauk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Järgeline lauk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_t%C3%A2y" title="Hành tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andjoen" title="Andjoen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Andjoen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyas" title="Sibuyas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sibuyas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%91%B1" title="洋葱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洋葱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C" title="ציבל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ציבל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80l%C3%B9b%E1%BB%8D%CC%81s%C3%A0" title="Àlùbọ́sà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àlùbọ́sà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%94%A5" title="洋蔥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洋蔥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juun" title="Juun – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Juun" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%97bol%C4%97" title="Cėbolė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Cėbolė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%94%A5" title="洋蔥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洋蔥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang" title="Bawang – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Bawang" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayom%C3%A0" title="Ayomà – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Ayomà" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_bombay" title="Bawang bombay – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bawang bombay" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%9Bba" title="Gɛba – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Gɛba" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Цибуля – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Цибуля" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9E%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%B4_%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B4_%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B4" title="ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥚᥐᥴ ᥔᥨᥒᥴ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥚᥐᥴ ᥔᥨᥒᥴ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Onion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Onion (disambiguation)">Onion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Onions" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Onions_(surname)" title="Onions (surname)">Onions (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Onion </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_onions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mixed_onions.jpg/220px-Mixed_onions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mixed_onions.jpg/330px-Mixed_onions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mixed_onions.jpg/440px-Mixed_onions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="2797" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A display of commercially-grown <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a>, including red and yellow cultivars. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Allium_subg._Cepa" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium"><i>Allium</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Cepa" title="Taxonomy of Allium"><i>A. <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Cepa</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. cepa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Allium cepa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>Species synonymy</small></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium angolense</i> <small>Baker</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium aobanum</i> <small>Araki</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium ascalonicum</i> <small>auct.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium ascalonicum</i> var. <i>condensum</i> <small>Millán</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium ascalonicum</i> var. <i>fertile</i> <small>Millán</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium ascalonicum</i> f. <i>rotterianum</i> <small>Voss ex J.Becker</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium ascalonicum</i> var. <i>sterile</i> <small>Millán</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>aggregatum</i> <small>G.Don</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>anglicum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>argenteum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>bifolium</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>crinides</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>flandricum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>globosum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>hispanicum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>jamesii</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>lisboanum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>luteum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>multiplicans</i> <small>L.H.Bailey</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>portanum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>praecox</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>rosum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>sanguineum</i> <small>Alef</small>. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>solaninum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>tripolitanum</i> <small>Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>viviparum</i> <small>(Metzg.) Alef.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cepaeum</i> <small>St.-Lag.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium commune</i> <small>Noronha</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium cumaria</i> <small>Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium esculentum</i> <small>Salisb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium napus</i> <small>Pall. ex Kunth</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium nigritanum</i> <small>A.Chev.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium pauciflorum</i> <small>Willd. ex Ledeb.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Allium salota</i> <small>Dostál</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Ascalonicum sativum</i> <small>P.Renault</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Cepa alba</i> <small>P.Renault</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Cepa esculenta</i> <small>Gray</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Cepa pallens</i> <small>P.Renault</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Cepa rubra</i> <small>P.Renault</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Cepa vulgaris</i> <small>Garsault</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Kepa esculenta</i> <small>Raf.</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Porrum cepa</i> <small>(L.) Rchb.</small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>An <b>onion</b> (<i><b>Allium cepa</b></i> L., from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>cepa</i> meaning "onion"), also known as the <b>bulb onion</b> or <b>common onion</b>, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallot</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">botanical variety</a> of the onion which was classified as a separate species until 2011. The onion's close relatives include <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a>. </p><p>The genus contains several other species variously called onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">Allium fistulosum</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Tree_onion" title="Tree onion">tree onion</a> <i>Allium</i> × <i>proliferum</i>, and the Canada onion <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Allium canadense</a></i>. The name <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild onion (disambiguation)">wild onion</a></i> is applied to a number of <i>Allium</i> species, but <i>A. cepa</i> is exclusively known from cultivation. Its ancestral wild original form is not known, although escapes from cultivation have become established in some regions. The onion is most frequently a <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial plant</a>, but is usually treated as an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> and harvested in its first growing season. </p><p>The onion plant has a fan of hollow, bluish-green leaves, and its bulb at the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is reached. The bulbs are composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale (leaves) that envelop a central bud at the tip of the stem. In the autumn (or in spring, in the case of overwintering onions), the foliage dies down and the outer layers of the bulb become more dry, and brittle. The crop is harvested and dried and the onions are ready for use or storage. The crop is prone to attack by a number of pests and diseases, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Delia_antiqua" title="Delia antiqua">onion fly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ditylenchus_dipsaci" title="Ditylenchus dipsaci">onion eelworm</a>, and various fungi which can cause rotting. Some varieties of <i>A. cepa</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato_onion" title="Potato onion">potato onions</a>, produce multiple bulbs. </p><p>Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a food item, they are often served raw as a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can be eaten cooked or used to make <a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">pickles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutneys</a>. They are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pungent" class="extiw" title="wikt:pungent">pungent</a> when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which may irritate the eyes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_etymology">Taxonomy and etymology</h2></div> <p>The onion plant (<i>Allium cepa</i>), also known as the bulb onion<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_Allium_cepa_var_cepa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN_Allium_cepa_var_cepa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or common onion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most widely cultivated species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Block_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Block_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first officially <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his 1753 work <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synonyms during its taxonomic history are:<sup id="cite_ref-ALCE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALCE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITIS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>aggregatum</i> – G. Don</li> <li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>bulbiferum</i> – Regel</li> <li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>cepa</i> – Linnaeus</li> <li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>multiplicans</i> – L.H. Bailey</li> <li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>proliferum</i> – (Moench) Regel</li> <li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>solaninum</i> – Alef</li> <li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>viviparum</i> – (Metz) Mansf.<sup id="cite_ref-ALCE_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALCE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITIS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>A. cepa</i> is known exclusively from cultivation,<sup id="cite_ref-FNA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but related wild species occur in Central Asia and Iran. The most closely related include <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_vavilovii" title="Allium vavilovii">A. vavilovii</a></i> from Turkmenistan and <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_asarense" title="Allium asarense">A. asarense</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prota_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prota-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus <i>Allium</i> contains other species variously called onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion (<i>A. fistulosum</i>), Egyptian onion (<i>A.  × proliferum</i>), and Canada onion (<i>A. canadense</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of <i>A. cepa</i> belong to the common onion group (<i>A. cepa</i> var. <i>cepa</i>) and are usually referred to simply as onions. The Aggregatum Group of cultivars (<i>A. cepa</i> var. <i>aggregatum</i>) includes both shallots,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly classed as a separate species,<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2010-08-20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN_2010-08-20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200221_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and potato onions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related species include <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Block2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Cepa</i> is commonly accepted as Latin for "onion"; the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">generic</a> name <i>Allium</i> is the classical Latin name for garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an affinity with Spanish: <i>cebolla</i>, Italian: <i>cipolla</i>, Polish: <i>cebula</i>, and the German <i>Zwiebel</i> (this last altered by <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>). The English word "<a href="/wiki/Chive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chive">chive</a>" is from the Old French <i>chive</i> , in turn from <i>cepa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Onion_Etym_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Onion_Etym-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>The onion is a <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial plant</a> but is usually grown as an annual. Modern varieties typically grow to a height of 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). The leaves are yellowish- to bluish green and grow alternately in a flattened, fan-shaped swathe. They are fleshy, hollow, and cylindrical, with one flattened side. They are at their broadest about a quarter of the way up, beyond which they taper to blunt tips. The base of each leaf is a flattened, usually white sheath that grows out of the basal plate of a bulb. From the underside of the plate, a bundle of <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_root_system" title="Fibrous root system">fibrous roots</a> extends for a short way into the soil. As the onion matures, food reserves accumulate in the leaf bases, and the bulb of the onion swells.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the autumn, the leaves die back, and the outer scales of the bulb become dry and brittle, so the crop is normally harvested. If left in the soil over winter, the growing point in the middle of the bulb begins to develop in the spring. New leaves appear, and a long, stout, hollow stem expands, topped by a <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bract</a> protecting a developing inflorescence. The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inflorescence" class="extiw" title="wikt:inflorescence">inflorescence</a> takes the form of a rounded <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umbel" class="extiw" title="wikt:umbel">umbel</a> of white flowers with parts in sixes. The seeds are glossy black and triangular in cross-section.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average pH of an onion is around 5.5.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARS_red_onion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roots, leaves and developing bulb"><img alt="Roots, leaves and developing bulb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ARS_red_onion.jpg/122px-ARS_red_onion.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ARS_red_onion.jpg/183px-ARS_red_onion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ARS_red_onion.jpg/245px-ARS_red_onion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roots, leaves and developing bulb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_Flower_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inflorescence with flower buds"><img alt="Inflorescence with flower buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Onion_Flower_Bangladesh.jpg/135px-Onion_Flower_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Onion_Flower_Bangladesh.jpg/202px-Onion_Flower_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Onion_Flower_Bangladesh.jpg/270px-Onion_Flower_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="2810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inflorescence with flower buds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_seed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seeds"><img alt="Seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Onion_seed.jpg/145px-Onion_seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Onion_seed.jpg/218px-Onion_seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Onion_seed.jpg/290px-Onion_seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seeds</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_onion,_woodcut,_1547_Wellcome_L0029214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/An_onion%2C_woodcut%2C_1547_Wellcome_L0029214.jpg/170px-An_onion%2C_woodcut%2C_1547_Wellcome_L0029214.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/An_onion%2C_woodcut%2C_1547_Wellcome_L0029214.jpg/255px-An_onion%2C_woodcut%2C_1547_Wellcome_L0029214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/An_onion%2C_woodcut%2C_1547_Wellcome_L0029214.jpg/340px-An_onion%2C_woodcut%2C_1547_Wellcome_L0029214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="3998" /></a><figcaption>Medieval woodcut print of an onion, from <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Sanitatis" title="Hortus Sanitatis">Hortus Sanitatis</a></i> (1547)</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have grown and selectively bred onions in cultivation for at least 7,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographic origin of the onion is uncertain; ancient records of onion use span both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">western</a> Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-cumo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ansari_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ansari-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestication likely took place in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onions have been variously described as having originated in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cumo_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Many archaeologists, botanists, and food historians believe onions originated in central Asia. Other research suggests onions were first grown in Iran and West Pakistan."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1</span> </sup><sup id="cite_ref-ansari_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ansari-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onion species <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">Allium fistulosum</a></i> (spring onion, bunching onion) and <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">Allium tuberosum</a></i> (Chinese leek) were domesticated in China around 6000 BC alongside other vegetables, grains, and fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recipes using onions and other <i>Allium</i> species were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> script on clay tablets in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">ancient Mesopotamia</a>, around 2000 BC; the tablets are held in <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> collection.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_onion_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_onion-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Assyriologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologist">Assyriologist</a> and "gourmet cook"<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_onion_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_onion-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean Bottero stated this was "a cuisine of striking richness, refinement, sophistication and artistry".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_onion_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_onion-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> revered the onion bulb, viewing its spherical shape and concentric rings as symbols of eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onions were used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces found in the eye sockets of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> of the first century AD wrote about the use of onions and cabbage in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. He documented Roman beliefs about the onion's ability to improve ocular ailments, aid in sleep, and heal everything from oral sores and toothaches to dog bites, <a href="/wiki/Lumbago" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbago">lumbago</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>. Archaeologists unearthing Pompeii long after <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">its 79 AD volcanic burial</a> have found gardens resembling those in Pliny's detailed narratives. According to texts collected in the fifth/sixth century AD under the authorial aegis of "Apicius" (said to have been a <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a>), onions were used in many Roman recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, onions were taken to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> by the first European settlers in part of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>. They found close relatives of the plant such as <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Allium tricoccum</a></i> readily available and widely used in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> gastronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-cumo_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to diaries kept by some of the first English colonists, the bulb onion was one of the first crops planted in North America by the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim fathers">Pilgrim fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1883 and 1939, inventors in the United States patented 97 inventions meant to make onion-growing more efficient through automation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_dishes" title="List of onion dishes">List of onion dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frying_onion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frying_onion.JPG/220px-Frying_onion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frying_onion.JPG/330px-Frying_onion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frying_onion.JPG/440px-Frying_onion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a> onions</figcaption></figure> <p>Three colour varieties of onions offer different possibilities for the cook: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_onion" title="Yellow onion">Yellow or brown onions</a> are sweet, with many cultivars bred specifically to accentuate this sweetness, such as <a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion" title="Sweet onion">Vidalia</a>, Walla Walla, Cévennes, and Bermuda.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow onions turn a rich, dark brown when caramelised and are used to add a sweet flavour to various dishes, such as French onion soup.<sup id="cite_ref-Mower_2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mower_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">Red or purple onions</a>, known for their sharp pungent flavour, are commonly cooked in many cuisines, and used raw and in <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mower_2009_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mower_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_onion" title="White onion">White onions</a> are mild in flavour; they have a golden colour when cooked and a particularly sweet flavour when sautéed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mower_2009_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mower_2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOA_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While the large, mature onion bulb is most often eaten, onions can be eaten at immature stages. Young plants may be harvested before bulbing occurs and used whole as <a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum#Ambiguous_names" title="Allium fistulosum">spring onions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallions</a>. When an onion is harvested after bulbing has begun, but the onion is not yet mature, the plants are sometimes referred to as "summer" onions. Onions may be bred and grown to mature at smaller sizes, known as pearl, boiler, or pickler onions; these are not true <a href="/wiki/Pearl_onion" title="Pearl onion">pearl onions</a> which are a different species.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_1995_143_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_1995_143-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearl and boiler onions may be cooked as a vegetable rather than as an ingredient, while pickler onions are often preserved in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> as a long-lasting relish.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">Onions pickled in vinegar</a> are eaten as a side serving with traditional <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> food such as a <a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">ploughman's lunch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Onions are commonly chopped and used as an ingredient in various hearty warm dishes, and may be used as a main ingredient in their own right, for example in <a href="/wiki/French_onion_soup" title="French onion soup">French onion soup</a>, creamed onions, and <a href="/wiki/Onion_chutney" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion chutney">onion chutney</a>. They are versatile and can be baked, boiled, braised, grilled, fried, roasted, sautéed, or eaten raw in salads.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onions are a major ingredient of some <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curries</a>; the Persian-style <a href="/wiki/Dopiaza" title="Dopiaza">dopiaza</a>'s name means "double onion", and it is used both in the dish's sour curry sauce and as a garnish.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_2024_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_2024-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a> is a seasoning made from finely ground, dehydrated onions; it is often included in seasoned salt and spice mixes.<sup id="cite_ref-Engineers_2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engineers_2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cells_from_a_red_onion_epidermal_peel.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cells_from_a_red_onion_epidermal_peel.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Cells_from_a_red_onion_epidermal_peel.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cells_from_a_red_onion_epidermal_peel.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Cells_from_a_red_onion_epidermal_peel.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cells_from_a_red_onion_epidermal_peel.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Cells_from_a_red_onion_epidermal_peel.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Onion <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> cells are visible in <a href="/wiki/True_color_(rendering)" class="mw-redirect" title="True color (rendering)">true color</a> with minimal <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">magnification</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Onions have particularly large <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that are easy to observe under low magnification. Forming a single layer of cells, the bulb epidermis is easy to separate for educational, experimental, and <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onions are therefore commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">science education</a> to teach the use of a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> for observing cell structure.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabeO'Donnell2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabeO'Donnell2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onion skins can be boiled to make an orange-brown dye.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Raw onion bulbs</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">166 kJ (40 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">9.34 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.24 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.7 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.1 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.1 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.046 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.027 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.116 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.123 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 19 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 7.4 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 23 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.21 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 10 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.129 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 146 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.17 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">89.11 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.1 µg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170000/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most onion cultivars are about 89% water, 9% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (including 4% sugar and 2% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fibre</a>), 1% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary protein">protein</a>, and negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). Onions contain low amounts of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a> and have an energy value of 166 kJ (40 <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilocalorie">kilocalories</a>) in a 100 g (3.5 oz) amount. Onions contribute savoury flavour to dishes without contributing significant caloric content.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h3></div> <p>Onion varieties vary widely in <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemical</a> content, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, with shallots having the highest level, six times the amount found in <a href="/wiki/Vidalia_onion" title="Vidalia onion">Vidalia onions</a>. Yellow onions have the highest total <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoid</a> content, an amount 11 times higher than in white onions. Red onions have considerable content of <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, with at least 25 different compounds identified representing 10% of total flavonoid content.<sup id="cite_ref-jafc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jafc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> onions can show an additional colour – pink-red – after cutting, an effect caused by reactions of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> with sulfur compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onion polyphenols are under <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> to determine their possible biological properties in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-jafc_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jafc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects_and_toxicity">Adverse effects and toxicity</h2></div> <p>Some people suffer from <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reactions</a> after handling onions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms can include contact <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>, intense itching, <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinoconjunctivitis</a>, blurred vision, bronchial <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, sweating, and <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>. Allergic reactions may not occur when eating cooked onions, possibly due to the <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denaturing</a> of the proteins from cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye_irritation">Eye irritation</h3></div> <p>Freshly cut onions can produce a stinging sensation in the eyes of people nearby and often uncontrollable <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a>. This is caused by the release of a <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile liquid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syn-propanethial-S-oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Syn-propanethial-S-oxide"><i>syn</i>-propanethial-S-oxide</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a>, which stimulates nerves in the eye. This gas is produced by a chain of reactions which serve as a <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">defence mechanism</a>: chopping an onion causes damage to <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> which releases <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> called <a href="/wiki/Alliinase" title="Alliinase">alliinases</a>. These break down <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoxides</a> and generate <a href="/wiki/Sulfenic_acid" title="Sulfenic acid">sulfenic acids</a>. A specific sulfenic acid, 1-propenesulfenic acid, is rapidly acted on by a second enzyme, the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">lacrimatory</a> factor synthase (LFS), producing the <i>syn</i>-propanethial-S-oxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Block_2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Block_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gas diffuses through the air and soon reaches the eyes, where it activates sensory neurons. <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">Lacrimal glands</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a> to dilute and flush out the irritant. Eye irritation can be minimised by cutting onions under running water or submerged in a basin of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Sciam_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sciam-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving the root end intact also reduces irritation as the onion base has a higher concentration of sulphur compounds than the rest of the bulb.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortando_cebolla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cut onions emit a chemical compound which cause the lacrimal glands in the eyes to become irritated, releasing tears."><img alt="Cut onions emit a chemical compound which cause the lacrimal glands in the eyes to become irritated, releasing tears." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cortando_cebolla.jpg/180px-Cortando_cebolla.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cortando_cebolla.jpg/270px-Cortando_cebolla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cortando_cebolla.jpg/360px-Cortando_cebolla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cut onions emit a chemical compound which cause the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">lacrimal glands</a> in the eyes to become irritated, releasing tears.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syn-propanethial-S-oxide-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of syn-Propanethial-S-oxide, the volatile molecule that causes eye irritation"><img alt="Model of syn-Propanethial-S-oxide, the volatile molecule that causes eye irritation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Syn-propanethial-S-oxide-3D-balls.png/180px-Syn-propanethial-S-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Syn-propanethial-S-oxide-3D-balls.png/270px-Syn-propanethial-S-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Syn-propanethial-S-oxide-3D-balls.png/360px-Syn-propanethial-S-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of <a href="/wiki/Syn-propanethial-S-oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Syn-propanethial-S-oxide"><i>syn</i>-Propanethial-S-oxide</a>, the volatile molecule that causes eye irritation</div> </li> </ul> <p>The amount of sulfenic acids and lacrimal factor released and the irritation effect differs among <i>Allium</i> species. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Institute_for_Crop_and_Food_Research" title="New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research">New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research</a> created "no tears" onions by <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetic modification</a> to prevent the synthesis of lachrymatory factor synthase in onions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study suggests that consumers prefer the flavour of onions with lower LFS content.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the process impedes sulfur ingestion by the plant, some find LFS− onions inferior in flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A method for efficiently differentiating LFS− and LFS+ onions has been developed based on <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>, with potential application in high-volume production;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a> is also used to measure lachrymatory factor in onions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2018, <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> released the first crop yield of commercially available LFS-silenced onions under the name "Sunions".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the product of 30 years of cross-breeding; genetic modification was not employed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Petiveria" title="Petiveria">Guinea hen weed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allium_siculum" title="Allium siculum">honey garlic</a> contain a similar lachrymatory factor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthetic onion lachrymatory factor has been used in a study related to tear production,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been proposed as a nonlethal deterrent against thieves and intruders.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Onions are toxic to animals including dogs, cats, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cope2005_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cope2005-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salgado2011_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salgado2011-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producing_onions">Producing onions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_mother_plants_(bulbs)_for_production_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Onion_mother_plants_%28bulbs%29_for_production_seeds.jpg/220px-Onion_mother_plants_%28bulbs%29_for_production_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Onion_mother_plants_%28bulbs%29_for_production_seeds.jpg/330px-Onion_mother_plants_%28bulbs%29_for_production_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Onion_mother_plants_%28bulbs%29_for_production_seeds.jpg/440px-Onion_mother_plants_%28bulbs%29_for_production_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Onion bulbs to be planted for seed production</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_with_onions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Field_with_onions.jpg/220px-Field_with_onions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Field_with_onions.jpg/330px-Field_with_onions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Field_with_onions.jpg/440px-Field_with_onions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Large-scale onion cultivation</figcaption></figure> <p>Onions are best cultivated in fertile, well-drained soils. Sandy loams are good as they are low in sulphur, while clayey soils usually have a high sulphur content and produce pungent bulbs. Onions require a high level of <a href="/wiki/Soil#Nutrients" title="Soil">nutrients</a> in the soil. <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> is often present in sufficient quantities, but may be applied before planting because of its low level of availability in cold soils. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> can be applied at regular intervals during the growing season, the last application of nitrogen being at least four weeks before harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulbing onions are day-length sensitive; their bulbs begin growing only after the number of daylight hours has surpassed some minimal quantity. Most traditional European onions are referred to as "long-day" onions, producing bulbs only after 14 hours or more of daylight occurs. Southern European and North African varieties are often known as "intermediate-day" types, requiring only 12–13 hours of daylight to stimulate bulb formation. "Short-day" onions, which have been developed in more recent times, are planted in mild-winter areas in the autumn and form bulbs in the early spring and require only 11–12 hours of daylight to stimulate bulb formation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onions are a cool-weather crop and can be grown in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA zones</a> 3 to 9.<sup id="cite_ref-almanac_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot temperatures or other stressful conditions cause them to "<a href="/wiki/Bolting_(horticulture)" title="Bolting (horticulture)">bolt</a>", meaning that a flower stem begins to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Onions are grown from seeds or from partially grown <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs called "sets"</a> or <a href="/wiki/Starter_bulb" title="Starter bulb">starter bulbs</a>. Onion seeds are short-lived and fresh seeds germinate more effectively when sown in shallow rows, or "drills," with each drill 12" to 18" apart.<sup id="cite_ref-almanac_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In suitable climates, certain cultivars can be sown in late summer and autumn to overwinter in the ground and produce early crops the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Onion bulbs are produced by sowing seeds in a dense pattern in early summer, then harvested in the autumn when the bulbs are still small, followed by drying and storage. These bulbs are planted the following spring and grow into mature bulbs later in the growing season.<sup id="cite_ref-PFAF_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFAF-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain cultivars used for growing and storing bulbs may not have as good storage characteristics as those grown directly from seed.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Routine care during the growing season involves keeping the rows free of competing weeds, especially when the plants are young. The plants are shallow-rooted and do not need much water when established. Bulbing usually takes place after 12 to 18 weeks. The bulbs can be gathered when needed to eat fresh, but if stored, they are harvested after the leaves have died back naturally. In dry weather, they may be left on the surface of the soil for a few days for drying, then are placed in nets, roped into strings, or laid in layers in shallow boxes to be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div> <p>Onions suffer from several pests and diseases. The most serious for the home gardener are likely to be the <a href="/wiki/Onion_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion fly">onion fly</a>, stem and bulb eelworm, white rot, and neck rot. Diseases affecting the foliage include rust and smut, downy mildew, and white tip disease. The bulbs may be affected by splitting, white rot, and neck rot. Shanking is a condition in which the central leaves turn yellow and the inner part of the bulb collapses into an unpleasant-smelling slime. Most of these disorders are best treated by removing and burning affected plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Hessayon_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hessayon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae of the onion leaf miner or leek moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Acrolepiopsis_assectella" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolepiopsis assectella">Acrolepiopsis assectella</a></i>) sometimes attack the foliage and may burrow down into the bulb.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The onion fly (<i>Delia antiqua</i>) lays eggs on the leaves and stems and on the ground close to onion, shallot, leek, and garlic plants. The fly is attracted to the crop by the smell of damaged tissue and is liable to occur after thinning. Plants grown from sets are less prone to attack. The larvae tunnel into the bulbs and the foliage wilts and turns yellow. The bulbs are disfigured and rot, especially in wet weather. Control measures may include crop rotation, the use of seed dressings, early sowing or planting, and the removal of infested plants.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The onion eelworm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ditylenchus_dipsaci" title="Ditylenchus dipsaci">Ditylenchus dipsaci</a></i>), a tiny parasitic soil-living <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a>, causes swollen, distorted foliage. Young plants are killed and older ones produce soft bulbs. No cure is known and affected plants should be uprooted and burned. The site should not be used for growing onions again for several years and should also be avoided for growing <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, which are also susceptible to the eelworm.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White rot of onions, leeks, and garlic is caused by the soil-borne fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Stromatinia_cepivora" title="Stromatinia cepivora">Sclerotium cepivorum</a></i>. As the roots rot, the foliage turns yellow and wilts. The bases of the bulbs are attacked and become covered by a fluffy white mass of <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelia</a>, which later produces small, globular black structures called <a href="/wiki/Sclerotium" title="Sclerotium">sclerotia</a>. These resting structures remain in the soil to reinfect a future crop. No cure for this fungal disease exists, so affected plants should be removed and destroyed and the ground used for unrelated crops in subsequent years.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neck rot is a fungal disease affecting onions in storage. It is caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_allii" title="Botrytis allii">Botrytis allii</a></i>, which attacks the neck and upper parts of the bulb, causing a grey mould to develop. The symptoms often first occur where the bulb has been damaged and spread down the affected scales. Large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> are produced and crust-like sclerotia may also develop. In time, a dry rot sets in and the bulb becomes a dry, mummified structure. This disease may be present throughout the growing period, but only manifests itself when the bulb is in storage. Antifungal seed dressings are available and the disease can be minimised by preventing physical damage to the bulbs at harvesting, careful drying and curing of the mature onions, and correct storage in a cool, dry place with plenty of circulating air.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uienvlieg_maden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Larvae of the onion fly"><img alt="Larvae of the onion fly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uienvlieg_maden.jpg/180px-Uienvlieg_maden.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uienvlieg_maden.jpg/270px-Uienvlieg_maden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uienvlieg_maden.jpg/360px-Uienvlieg_maden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Onion_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion fly">onion fly</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urocystis_colchici_var._cepulae_on_an_onion_seedling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Onion smut, Urocystis colchici var. cepulae, on a seedling"><img alt="Onion smut, Urocystis colchici var. cepulae, on a seedling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Urocystis_colchici_var._cepulae_on_an_onion_seedling.jpg/121px-Urocystis_colchici_var._cepulae_on_an_onion_seedling.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Urocystis_colchici_var._cepulae_on_an_onion_seedling.jpg/182px-Urocystis_colchici_var._cepulae_on_an_onion_seedling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Urocystis_colchici_var._cepulae_on_an_onion_seedling.jpg/242px-Urocystis_colchici_var._cepulae_on_an_onion_seedling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Onion smut, <i>Urocystis colchici</i> var. cepulae, on a seedling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwiebel_Blattfleckenkrankheit_(Cladosporium_allii-cepae)_Anamorph_-_No%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_G.LLG-Bernburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Onion leaf spot caused by Cladosporium allii-cepae"><img alt="Onion leaf spot caused by Cladosporium allii-cepae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Zwiebel_Blattfleckenkrankheit_%28Cladosporium_allii-cepae%29_Anamorph_-_No%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_G.LLG-Bernburg.jpg/180px-Zwiebel_Blattfleckenkrankheit_%28Cladosporium_allii-cepae%29_Anamorph_-_No%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_G.LLG-Bernburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Zwiebel_Blattfleckenkrankheit_%28Cladosporium_allii-cepae%29_Anamorph_-_No%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_G.LLG-Bernburg.jpg/270px-Zwiebel_Blattfleckenkrankheit_%28Cladosporium_allii-cepae%29_Anamorph_-_No%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_G.LLG-Bernburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Zwiebel_Blattfleckenkrankheit_%28Cladosporium_allii-cepae%29_Anamorph_-_No%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_G.LLG-Bernburg.jpg/360px-Zwiebel_Blattfleckenkrankheit_%28Cladosporium_allii-cepae%29_Anamorph_-_No%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_G.LLG-Bernburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Onion leaf spot caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Cladosporium" title="Cladosporium">Cladosporium allii-cepae</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_(Allium_cepa)_Bacterial_soft_rot_(42052268015).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora"><img alt="Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Onion_%28Allium_cepa%29_Bacterial_soft_rot_%2842052268015%29.jpg/135px-Onion_%28Allium_cepa%29_Bacterial_soft_rot_%2842052268015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Onion_%28Allium_cepa%29_Bacterial_soft_rot_%2842052268015%29.jpg/202px-Onion_%28Allium_cepa%29_Bacterial_soft_rot_%2842052268015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Onion_%28Allium_cepa%29_Bacterial_soft_rot_%2842052268015%29.jpg/270px-Onion_%28Allium_cepa%29_Bacterial_soft_rot_%2842052268015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="4904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bacterial soft rot caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Erwinia_carotovora" class="mw-redirect" title="Erwinia carotovora">Erwinia carotovora</a></i> subsp. carotovora</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwiebel_Schmutzfleckenkrankheit_(Colletotrichum_dematium_f._sp._circinans)_-_G-Bedlan,_Wien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum dematium subsp. circinans"><img alt="Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum dematium subsp. circinans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zwiebel_Schmutzfleckenkrankheit_%28Colletotrichum_dematium_f._sp._circinans%29_-_G-Bedlan%2C_Wien.jpg/180px-Zwiebel_Schmutzfleckenkrankheit_%28Colletotrichum_dematium_f._sp._circinans%29_-_G-Bedlan%2C_Wien.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zwiebel_Schmutzfleckenkrankheit_%28Colletotrichum_dematium_f._sp._circinans%29_-_G-Bedlan%2C_Wien.jpg/270px-Zwiebel_Schmutzfleckenkrankheit_%28Colletotrichum_dematium_f._sp._circinans%29_-_G-Bedlan%2C_Wien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Zwiebel_Schmutzfleckenkrankheit_%28Colletotrichum_dematium_f._sp._circinans%29_-_G-Bedlan%2C_Wien.jpg/360px-Zwiebel_Schmutzfleckenkrankheit_%28Colletotrichum_dematium_f._sp._circinans%29_-_G-Bedlan%2C_Wien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anthracnose" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracnose">Anthracnose</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_dematium" title="Colletotrichum dematium">Colletotrichum dematium</a></i> subsp. circinans</div> </li> </ul> <p>Onion oil is authorised for use in the European Union for use as a pesticide against <a href="/wiki/Carrot_fly" title="Carrot fly">carrot fly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">umbelliferous crops</a> (carrots, parsnips, parsley, celery, celeriac).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:14em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Production of onions and shallots (green) in 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"><small><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>864,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td>610,576 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td>558,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>510,462 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>4,970,615</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/UN_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Food and Agriculture Organization">UN Food and Agriculture Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/220px--Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="155" data-mwtitle="Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology,_Water_and_Resilience_(CAWR),_Coventry_University.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology,_Water_and_Resilience_(CAWR),_Coventry_University.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm/Onion_grading_at_the_Centre_for_Agroecology%2C_Water_and_Resilience_%28CAWR%29%2C_Coventry_University.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Onion grading at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Agroecology,_Water_and_Resilience" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience">Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience</a>, England, using a manually-operated sorter</figcaption></figure> <p>Onions are a widely cultivated vegetable crop, produced in the second largest quantity after <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the top global producers of onions were China, India, the United States, and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, world production of onions and shallots (as green produce) was 5.0 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with 17% of the total, and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as secondary producers.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> <p>In the home, cooking onions and sweet onions are best stored at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>, optimally in a single layer, in large mesh bags in a dry, cool, dark, well-ventilated location. In this environment, cooking onions have a shelf life of three to four weeks and sweet onions one to two weeks. Cooking onions will absorb odours from apples and pears. Additionally, they draw moisture from <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> with which they are stored which may cause them to <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-almanac_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jauron_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jauron-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweet onions have a greater water and sugar content than cooking onions. This makes them sweeter and milder tasting, but reduces their shelf life. Sweet onions can be stored refrigerated; they have a shelf life of around one month. Irrespective of type, any cut pieces of onion are best tightly wrapped, stored away from other produce, and used within two to three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">List of onion cultivars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipollatropea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cipollatropea.jpg/170px-Cipollatropea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cipollatropea.jpg/255px-Cipollatropea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Cipollatropea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i>Rossa di Tropea</i> onions for sale in Italy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_onion_group_(var._cepa)"><span id="Common_onion_group_.28var._cepa.29"></span>Common onion group (var. <i>cepa</i>)</h3></div> <p>Most of the diversity within <i>A. cepa</i> occurs within this group, the most economically important <i>Allium</i> crop. Plants within this group form large single bulbs, and are grown from seed or seed-grown sets. The majority of cultivated varieties grown for dry bulbs, <a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum#Ambiguous_names" title="Allium fistulosum">salad onions</a>, and pickling onions belong to this group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of diversity found among these cultivars includes variation in photoperiod (length of day that triggers bulbing), storage life, flavour, and skin colour.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggregatum_group_(var._aggregatum)"><span id="Aggregatum_group_.28var._aggregatum.29"></span>Aggregatum group (var. <i>aggregatum</i>)</h3></div> <p>This group contains shallots and potato onions, also referred to as multiplier onions. The bulbs are smaller than those of common onions, and a single plant forms an aggregate cluster of several bulbs from a master. They are propagated almost exclusively from daughter bulbs, although reproduction from seed is possible. Shallots are the most important subgroup within this group and comprise the only cultivars cultivated commercially. They form aggregate clusters of small, narrowly ovoid to pear-shaped bulbs. Potato onions differ from shallots in forming larger bulbs with fewer bulbs per cluster, and having a flattened (onion-like) shape. Intermediate forms exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I'itoi onion is a prolific multiplier onion cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Baboquivari_Peak_Wilderness" title="Baboquivari Peak Wilderness">Baboquivari Peak Wilderness</a>, Arizona area. This small-bulb type has a shallot-like flavour and is easy to grow and ideal for hot, dry climates. Bulbs are separated, and planted in the fall 25 mm (1 in) below the surface and 300 mm (12 in) apart. Bulbs will multiply into clumps and can be harvested throughout the cooler months. Tops die back in the heat of summer and may return with heavy rains; bulbs can remain in the ground or be harvested and stored in a cool dry place for planting in the fall. The plants rarely flower; propagation is by division.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrids_with_A._cepa_parentage">Hybrids with <i>A. cepa</i> parentage</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sint_Jansui_(Allium_fistulosum_var._bulbifera).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sint_Jansui_%28Allium_fistulosum_var._bulbifera%29.jpg/220px-Sint_Jansui_%28Allium_fistulosum_var._bulbifera%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sint_Jansui_%28Allium_fistulosum_var._bulbifera%29.jpg/330px-Sint_Jansui_%28Allium_fistulosum_var._bulbifera%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sint_Jansui_%28Allium_fistulosum_var._bulbifera%29.jpg/440px-Sint_Jansui_%28Allium_fistulosum_var._bulbifera%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>The tree or Egyptian onion is a hybrid of <i>A. cepa</i> and <i>A. fistulosum</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some hybrids are cultivated that have <i>A. cepa</i> parentage, such as the <a href="/wiki/Diploid#Polyploid_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree_onion" title="Tree onion">tree onion</a> or Egyptian onion (<i>A.</i> ×<i>proliferum</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Triploid#Polyploid_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> onion (<i>A.</i> ×<i>cornutum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tree onion or Egyptian onion produces bulblets in the umbel instead of flowers, and is now known to be a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> of <i>A. cepa</i> and <i>A. fistulosum</i>. It has previously been treated as a variety of <i>A. cepa</i>, for example <i>A. cepa</i> var. <i>proliferum</i>, <i>A. cepa</i> var. <i>bulbiferum</i>, and <i>A. cepa</i> var. <i>viviparum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200219_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200219-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been grown for centuries in Japan and China for use as a salad onion.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The triploid onion is a hybrid species with three sets of chromosomes, two sets from <i>A. cepa</i> and the third set from an unknown parent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200219_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200219-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various clones of the triploid onion are grown locally in different regions, such as 'Ljutika' in Croatia, and 'Pran', 'Poonch', and 'Srinagar' in the India-Kashmir region. 'Pran' is grown extensively in the northern Indian provinces of Jammu and Kashmir. There are very small genetic differences between 'Pran' and the Croatian clone 'Ljutika', implying a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> origin for this species.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spring_onion" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring onion">Spring onions</a> or salad onions may be grown from the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_onion" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh onion">Welsh onion</a> (<i>A. fistulosum</i>), as well as from <i>A. cepa</i>. Young plants of <i>A. fistulosum</i> and <i>A. cepa</i> look very similar, but may be distinguished by their leaves, which are circular in cross-section in <i>A. fistulosum</i> rather than flattened on one side.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_seller_in_Heath_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1072379.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Onion_seller_in_Heath_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1072379.jpg/220px-Onion_seller_in_Heath_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1072379.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Onion_seller_in_Heath_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1072379.jpg/330px-Onion_seller_in_Heath_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1072379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Onion_seller_in_Heath_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1072379.jpg/440px-Onion_seller_in_Heath_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1072379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Onion_Johnny" title="Onion Johnny">Onion Johnny</a>, his bicycle laden with onions and garlic, in London, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The name 'the Big Onion' was formerly used of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, before it became 'the Big Apple', and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> became 'the Big Onion'.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_onion_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_onion-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10th century <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book" title="Exeter Book">Exeter Book</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, contains <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Book_Riddle_25" title="Exeter Book Riddle 25">a riddle</a> which seems to be about an onion, with sexual overtones. The "wondrous creature, a joy to women" stands "in a bed"; "My column is erect and tall"; a woman "rubs me to redness" but at once "she feels my meeting"; the riddle ends "Wet will be that eye."<sup id="cite_ref-Cavell_2014_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavell_2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> included the lines "I saw the shining tunic about his skin, like the skin of a dried onion, so soft was it, and it shone in the sun".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. Drew Griffith comments that the double comparison of the tunic that <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a> gave to the disguised <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> to onion and sun "risks being funny", and notes that Theopompus indeed found it "ridiculous".<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_2015_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith_2015-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffith suggests that Homer included the onion because of its capacity to produce tears, hinting at Penelope's sorrow at Odysseus's long absence.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffith_2015_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffith_2015-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Onion_Johnnies" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion Johnnies">Onion Johnnies</a> were <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Breton</a> farmers and agricultural labourers who travelled from <a href="/wiki/Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a> in Brittany, originally on foot and later on bicycles, selling strings of distinctive pink <a href="/wiki/Onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a> door to door in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, when the price of onions became very high in 2015, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i> recorded that people shared many onion jokes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">punning</a> <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">प्या (र)ज़ लो, प्याज़ दो</span></span> (<span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">pya (r)z lo, pyaz do</i></span>, "take love, give me onions").<sup id="cite_ref-Kaur_2015_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaur_2015-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allium_species" title="List of Allium species">List of <i>Allium</i> species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_scale" title="Pyruvate scale">Pyruvate scale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-295261">"<i>Allium cepa</i> L."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> – via <a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">The Plant List</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=Allium+cepa+L%26%2346%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Fkew-295261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span> Note that this website has been superseded by <a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN_Allium_cepa_var_cepa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_Allium_cepa_var_cepa_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=409114">"<i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>cepa</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Allium+cepa+var.+cepa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D409114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch20029–10_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritsch2002">Fritsch 2002</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eric_Block_2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Block_2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Block_2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Block, "Garlic and Other <i>Alliums</i>: The Lore and the Science" (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster1994" class="citation book cs1">Brewster JL (1994). <i>Onions and other vegetable </i>Alliums<i><span></span></i> (1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85198-753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85198-753-8"><bdi>978-0-85198-753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onions+and+other+vegetable+Alliums&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85198-753-8&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linnaeus C (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358281"><i>Species Plantarum</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 262. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616061629/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358281">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F358281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALCE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ALCE_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALCE_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRCS" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">NRCS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ALCE">"<i>Allium cepa</i>"</a>. <i>PLANTS Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PLANTS+Database&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EAllium+cepa%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.au=NRCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.sc.egov.usda.gov%2Fplant-profile%2FALCE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITIS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITIS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITIS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42720">"<i>Allium cepa</i> L."</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allium+cepa+L.&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D42720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FNA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FNA_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNealJacobsen2002" class="citation cs1">McNeal DW Jr, Jacobsen TD (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027457">"<i>Allium cepa</i>"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EAllium+cepa%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McNeal&rft.aufirst=Dale+W.+Jr.&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+T.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D200027457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prota-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prota_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grubben, G.J.H.; Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoharyHopf2000" class="citation book cs1">Zohary D, Hopf M (2000). <i>Domestication of plants in the Old World</i> (Third ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850357-6"><bdi>978-0-19-850357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestication+of+plants+in+the+Old+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850357-6&rft.aulast=Zohary&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Hopf%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200220–21_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritsch2002">Fritsch 2002</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN_2010-08-20-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_2010-08-20_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=2244">"<i>Allium cepa</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Allium+cepa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D2244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200221-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200221_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritsch2002">Fritsch 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Block2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Block2010_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2010" class="citation book cs1">Block E (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC"><i>Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9"><bdi>978-0-85404-190-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801202704/https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums%3A+The+Lore+and+the+Science&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-190-9&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AB89RHV9ucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282056">"Allium cepa - Plant Finder"</a>. <i>www.missouribotanicalgarden.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org&rft.atitle=Allium+cepa+-+Plant+Finder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2FPlantFinder%2FPlantFinderDetails.aspx%3Ftaxonid%3D282056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onion_Etym-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Onion_Etym_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/onion">"chive (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymological Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.atitle=chive+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fonion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHS_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHS_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHS_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHS_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHS_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickell1992" class="citation book cs1">Brickell C, ed. (1992). <i>The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening</i>. Dorling Kindersley. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1"><bdi>978-0-86318-979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Horticultural+Society+Encyclopedia+of+Gardening&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86318-979-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224184605/http://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf">"Approximate pH Values of Common Foods and Ingredients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wisconsin Food Safety and Health</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Food+Safety+and+Health&rft.atitle=Approximate+pH+Values+of+Common+Foods+and+Ingredients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodsafety.wisc.edu%2Fbusiness_food%2Ffiles%2FApproximate_pH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnastassakis2022" class="citation book cs1">Anastassakis K (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54">"Allium Cepa (Red Onion)"</a>. <i>Androgenetic Alopecia From A to Z</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">465–</span>469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-08057-9_54">10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-08056-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-08056-2"><bdi>978-3-031-08056-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allium+Cepa+%28Red+Onion%29&rft.btitle=Androgenetic+Alopecia+From+A+to+Z&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E465-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-08057-9_54&rft.isbn=978-3-031-08056-2&rft.aulast=Anastassakis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-08057-9_54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cumo-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cumo_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cumo_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cumo_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumo2015" class="citation book cs1">Cumo C (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqfACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248"><i>Onion. In: Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present</i></a>. ABC-CLIO LLC (American Bibliographic Center, CLIO Press). pp. <span class="nowrap">248–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440835377" title="Special:BookSources/9781440835377"><bdi>9781440835377</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204030543/https://books.google.com/books?id=WqfACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onion.+In%3A+Foods+that+Changed+History%3A+How+Foods+Shaped+Civilization+from+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Present&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+LLC+%28American+Bibliographic+Center%2C+CLIO+Press%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781440835377&rft.aulast=Cumo&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqfACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ansari-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ansari_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansari_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ansari NA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0712/MERJPSB_1(1&2)/MERJPSB_1(2)26-38o.pdf">"Onion Cultivation and Production in Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Middle Eastern and Russian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162151/http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0712/MERJPSB_1%281%262%29/MERJPSB_1%282%2926-38o.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span> – via Global Science Books. <q>Onion originated in Iran and its neighboring countries (Hanelt 1990).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+and+Russian+Journal+of+Plant+Science+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Onion+Cultivation+and+Production+in+Iran&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Naser+Alemzadeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsciencebooks.info%2FOnline%2FGSBOnline%2Fimages%2F0712%2FMERJPSB_1%281%262%29%2FMERJPSB_1%282%2926-38o.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOA_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOA_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOA_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOA_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOA_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onions-usa.org/all-about-onions/history-of-onions">"History of onions"</a>. US National Onion Association, Greeley, CO. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624120840/https://www.onions-usa.org/all-about-onions/history-of-onions">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+onions&rft.pub=US+National+Onion+Association%2C+Greeley%2C+CO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onions-usa.org%2Fall-about-onions%2Fhistory-of-onions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2010" class="citation book cs1">Block E (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC"><i>Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854041909" title="Special:BookSources/9780854041909"><bdi>9780854041909</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801202704/https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Royal Horticultural Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231507/https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=226">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RHS+Gardening&rft.atitle=Onion+white+rot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fadvice%2Fprofile%3Fpid%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=747">"Onion neck rot"</a>. <i>RHS Gardening</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Review+report+for+the+basic+substance+Onion+Oil+finalised+in+the+Standing+Committee+on+Plants%2C+Animals%2C+Food+and+Feed+at+its+meeting+on+20+July+2018+in+view+of+the+approval+of+onion+oil+as+basic+substance+in+accordance+with+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+1107%2F2009&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.au=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmst.dk%2Fmedia%2F171096%2Freview-report-for-onion-oil-juli-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faostat-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">"Production of onions and shallots (green) in 2022: Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists"</a>. 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Slow Food USA. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slowfoodusa.org/index.php/programs/ark_product_detail/iitoi_onion/">the original</a> on 23 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ark+of+Taste&rft.atitle=I%27Itoi+Onion&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slowfoodusa.org%2Findex.php%2Fprograms%2Fark_product_detail%2Fiitoi_onion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriesen,_N._&_M._Klaas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Friesen, N. & M. Klaas (1998). "Origin of some vegetatively propagated <i>Allium</i> crops studied with RAPD and GISH". <i>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution</i>. <b>45</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008647700251">10.1023/A:1008647700251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26205471">26205471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Resources+and+Crop+Evolution&rft.atitle=Origin+of+some+vegetatively+propagated+Allium+crops+studied+with+RAPD+and+GISH.&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E523&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008647700251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26205471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Friesen%2C+N.+%26+M.+Klaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=404736">"<i>Allium</i> × <i>proliferum</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Allium+%C3%97+proliferum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D404736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch200219-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200219_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch200219_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritsch2002">Fritsch 2002</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster1994" class="citation book cs1">Brewster JL (1994). <i>Onions and other vegetable Alliums</i> (1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85198-753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85198-753-8"><bdi>978-0-85198-753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onions+and+other+vegetable+Alliums&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85198-753-8&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriesenKlaas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Friesen N, Klaas M (1998). "Origin of some vegetatively propagated <i>Allium</i> crops studied with RAPD and GISH". <i>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution</i>. <b>45</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008647700251">10.1023/A:1008647700251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26205471">26205471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Resources+and+Crop+Evolution&rft.atitle=Origin+of+some+vegetatively+propagated+Allium+crops+studied+with+RAPD+and+GISH&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E523&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008647700251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26205471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Friesen&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Klaas%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster1994" class="citation book cs1">Brewster JL (1994). <i>Onions and other vegetable alliums</i> (1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85198-753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85198-753-8"><bdi>978-0-85198-753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onions+and+other+vegetable+alliums&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85198-753-8&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavell_2014-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavell_2014_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavell2014" class="citation web cs1">Cavell M (26 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theriddleages.bham.ac.uk/riddles/tag/riddle%2025/">"Exeter Riddle 25"</a>. University of Birmingham<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exeter+Riddle+25&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.aulast=Cavell&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheriddleages.bham.ac.uk%2Friddles%2Ftag%2Friddle%252025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i>Odyssey</i> 19, lines 232-234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith_2015-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_2015_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_2015_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith RD (2015). "His tunic was like an onion or the sun (<i>Odyssey</i> 19, 232-234)". <i>Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica</i>. <b>109</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24645248">24645248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+Urbinati+di+Cultura+Classica&rft.atitle=His+tunic+was+like+an+onion+or+the+sun+%28Odyssey+19%2C+232-234%29&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24645248%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=R.+Drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brittany-ferries.co.uk/holidays/experience/the-johnnies">"The history of the Johnnies of Roscoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Ferries" title="Brittany Ferries">Brittany Ferries</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921173120/https://www.brittany-ferries.co.uk/holidays/experience/the-johnnies">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Johnnies+of+Roscoff&rft.pub=Brittany+Ferries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brittany-ferries.co.uk%2Fholidays%2Fexperience%2Fthe-johnnies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaur_2015-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaur_2015_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur2015" class="citation news cs1">Kaur H (29 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/online-onion-humour-brings-tears-of-joy-on-raksha-bandhan/story-KEJ1Zm546jnIgNTjZ9nh9M.html">"Online onion humour brings tears of joy on Raksha Bandhan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Online+onion+humour+brings+tears+of+joy+on+Raksha+Bandhan&rft.date=2015-08-29&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Harpreet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Fonline-onion-humour-brings-tears-of-joy-on-raksha-bandhan%2Fstory-KEJ1Zm546jnIgNTjZ9nh9M.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritsch2002" class="citation book cs1">Fritsch RM, Friesen N (2002). "Chapter 1: Evolution, Domestication, and Taxonomy". In Rabinowitch HD, Currah L (eds.). <i>Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances</i>. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851995106.0005">10.1079/9780851995106.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-510-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-510-1"><bdi>0-85199-510-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228168061">228168061</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189956991">189956991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Evolution%2C+Domestication%2C+and+Taxonomy&rft.btitle=Allium+Crop+Science%3A+Recent+Advances&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228168061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189956991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2F9780851995106.0005&rft.isbn=0-85199-510-1&rft.aulast=Fritsch&rft.aufirst=Reinhard+M.&rft.au=Friesen%2C+Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Block E (2010). <i>Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9"><bdi>978-0-85404-190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums%3A+The+Lore+and+the+Science&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-190-9&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sen CT (2004). <i>Food culture in India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32487-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32487-5"><bdi>0-313-32487-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+culture+in+India&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32487-5&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Colleen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Onion</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/onion" class="extiw" title="wikt:onion">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allium_cepa" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Allium cepa">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Onion" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Onion">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Onion" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Onion">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" class="extiw" title="species:Allium cepa">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Onions_in_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Onions in art">Onions in art</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Onion_powder" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Onion powder">Onion powder</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301113518/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Allium+cepa&RF=Webdisplay">PROTAbase on <i>Allium cepa</i></a> (archived 1 March 2014)</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Allium" title="Template:Allium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allium" title="Template talk:Allium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allium460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allium_species" title="List of Allium species"><i>Allium</i> species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">Leek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibag_White_onion" title="Alibag White onion">Alibag White onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_rose_onion" title="Bangalore rose onion">Bangalore rose onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7ot" title="Calçot">Calçot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipolla_di_Giarratana" title="Cipolla di Giarratana">Cipolla di Giarratana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_onion" title="Cocktail onion">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Common / Bulb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_onion" title="Yellow onion">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_onion" title="White onion">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figueres_onion" title="Figueres onion">Figueres onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalgaon_onion" title="Lasalgaon onion">Lasalgaon onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_onion" title="Pearl onion">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_onion" title="Potato onion">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">Scallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">Shallot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion" title="Sweet onion">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_onion" title="Tree onion">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_onion" title="Vidalia onion">Vidalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Varieties">Onion species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Allium…13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i>Allium…</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_abramsii" title="Allium abramsii">…abramsii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_acuminatum" title="Allium acuminatum">…acuminatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_aflatunense" title="Allium aflatunense">…aflatunense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">…ampeloprasum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_amplectens" title="Allium amplectens">…amplectens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_anceps" title="Allium anceps">…anceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_atrorubens" title="Allium atrorubens">…atrorubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">…bisceptrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bolanderi" title="Allium bolanderi">…bolanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_burlewii" title="Allium burlewii">…burlewii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_caeruleum" title="Allium caeruleum">…caeruleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_campanulatum" title="Allium campanulatum">…campanulatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cernuum" title="Allium cernuum">…cernuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chinense" title="Allium chinense">…chinense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cratericola" title="Allium cratericola">…cratericola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_crispum" title="Allium crispum">…crispum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cristophii" title="Allium cristophii">…cristophii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">…fistulosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_koreanum" title="Allium koreanum">…koreanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_monanthum" title="Allium monanthum">…monanthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_platycaule" title="Allium platycaule">…platycaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_praecox" title="Allium praecox">…praecox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_punctum" title="Allium punctum">…punctum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sanbornii" title="Allium sanbornii">…sanbornii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_shevockii" title="Allium shevockii">…shevockii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_siskiyouense" title="Allium siskiyouense">…siskiyouense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sphaerocephalon" title="Allium sphaerocephalon">…sphaerocephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stellatum" title="Allium stellatum">…stellatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stipitatum" title="Allium stipitatum">…stipitatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_textile" title="Allium textile">…textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tribracteatum" title="Allium tribracteatum">…tribracteatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">…tricoccum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">…triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuolumnense" title="Allium tuolumnense">…tuolumnense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_unifolium" title="Allium unifolium">…unifolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">…validum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_victorialis" title="Allium victorialis">…victorialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_yosemitense" title="Allium yosemitense">…yosemitense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Uses">Onion food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_dishes" title="List of onion dishes">List of onion dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooming_onion" title="Blooming onion">Blooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_onion" title="Fried onion">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_cake" title="Onion cake">Onion cake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flammkuchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammkuchen">Flammkuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwiebelkuchen" title="Zwiebelkuchen">Zwiebelkuchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_ring" title="Onion ring">Onion ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogan-dolma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogan-dolma">Sogan-dolma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garlic cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_garlic" title="Elephant garlic">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">Garlic chives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Mountain_Garlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Mountain Garlic">Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_garlic" title="Solo garlic">Solo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garlic#Origin_and_major_types" title="Garlic">Garlic species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Allium…13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i>Allium…</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">…canadense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_drummondii" title="Allium drummondii">…drummondii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_moly" title="Allium moly">…moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_neapolitanum" title="Allium neapolitanum">…neapolitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">…nigrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_roseum" title="Allium roseum">…roseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sphaerocephalon" title="Allium sphaerocephalon">…sphaerocephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">…triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">…ursinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">…vineale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garlic#Culinary_uses" title="Garlic">Garlic food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garlic_dishes" title="List of garlic dishes">List of garlic dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_garlic" title="Black garlic">Black garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistou" title="Pistou">Pistou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_oil" title="Garlic oil">Garlic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_press" title="Garlic press">Garlic press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_bread" title="Garlic bread">Garlic bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_chutney" title="Garlic chutney">Garlic chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_butter" title="Garlic butter"><i>Beurre à la bourguignonne</i> (garlic butter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_soup" title="Garlic soup">Garlic soup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garlic and onion<br />constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_mercaptan" title="Allyl mercaptan">Allyl mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">syn-Propanethial-S-oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garlic_Is_as_Good_as_Ten_Mothers" title="Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers">Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers</a></i> (1980 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Allium" title="Category:Allium">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers10634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers10634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Allium cepa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23485" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q23485">Q23485</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_cepa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Allium cepa">Allium cepa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/14048">14048</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/82019">82019</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id41980">41980</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=416793">416793</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8630">8630</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/667JH">667JH</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=364">364</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1084354">1084354</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ALLCE">ALLCE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/188778">188778</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/8335">8335</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027457">200027457</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027457">200027457</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2857697">2857697</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=2244">2244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48592">48592</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/527795-1">527795-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10201687">10201687</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42720">42720</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=38">38</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282056">282056</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.141315/">2.141315</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000002249">NBNSYS0000002249</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4679">4679</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f82aaf80-f01e-478e-a663-830a981de942">f82aaf80-f01e-478e-a663-830a981de942</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4447">4447</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6349/">6349</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=781600">781600</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Allium_cepa">Allium_cepa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cepa">Allium cepa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=6890">6890</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-295261">kew-295261</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ALCE">ALCE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A527795-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:527795-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/101270/wd/Details">101270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/18401646">18401646</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=9650">9650</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000755919">wfo-0000755919</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Allium ascalonicum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193498" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q193498">Q193498</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_ascalonicum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Allium ascalonicum">Allium ascalonicum</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/14047">14047</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=955382">955382</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/BTYH">BTYH</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1084258">1084258</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027449">200027449</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2856558">2856558</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=2221">2221</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/739210">739210</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/527632-1">527632-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10206870">10206870</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506481">506481</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1476995">1476995</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/fc87e28f-f887-4651-b9a8-c850cff854a4">fc87e28f-f887-4651-b9a8-c850cff854a4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/114225/">114225</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5511448">5511448</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cepa+aggregatum">Allium cepa aggregatum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=6949">6949</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-295055">kew-295055</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ALAS2">ALAS2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30185627-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30185627-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/18400404">18400404</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000755698">wfo-0000755698</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1543" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23485#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Onions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85094798">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oignon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958994g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oignon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958994g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="cibule kuchyňská"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph156643&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000140225&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545896605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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