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id="toc-Pre-Columbian_civilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pre-Columbian civilizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 European colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_from_Spain_and_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_from_Spain_and_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Independence from Spain and Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_from_Spain_and_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nation-building_and_fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nation-building_and_fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Nation-building and fragmentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nation-building_and_fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_and_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_and_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Wars and conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_and_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_and_fall_of_military_dictatorships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_and_fall_of_military_dictatorships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Rise and fall of military dictatorships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_and_fall_of_military_dictatorships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Contemporary issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outlying_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outlying_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Outlying islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outlying_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Special cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_states_and_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_states_and_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of states and territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_states_and_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaports_and_harbors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaports_and_harbors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.3 Seaports and harbors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaports_and_harbors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.4 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.5 Waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.6 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ethnic demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Indigenous people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Populace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Plastic arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">South America</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 260 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-260" aria-hidden="true" > 260 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirika_Tunong" title="Amirika Tunong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Amirika Tunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8D_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Ипшэ Америкэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ипшэ Америкэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Къыблэ Америкэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Къыблэ Америкэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Amerika" title="Suid-Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdamerika" title="Südamerika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südamerika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ደቡብ አሜሪካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡብ አሜሪካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maad%C3%A2-Amerik" title="Maadâ-Amerik – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Maadâ-Amerik" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%B0america" title="Sūðamerica – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūðamerica" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аладатәи Америка – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аладатәи Америка" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أمريكا الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمريكا الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_d%27o_Sud" title="America d'o Sud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="America d'o Sud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90_%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_du_Mi%C3%A9-jorn" title="Amèrica du Mié-jorn – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Amèrica du Mié-jorn" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_del_Sur" title="América del Sur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="América del Sur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्खिन अमेरिका – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दक्खिन अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emby_Am%C3%A9rika" title="Ñemby Amérika – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemby Amérika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Amerika" title="Cənubi Amerika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Amerika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جنوبی آمریکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوبی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Kelod" title="Amérika Kelod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Amérika Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirika_Selatan" title="Amirika Selatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Amirika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_B%C3%AD-chiu" title="Lâm Bí-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm Bí-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Kidul" title="Amerika Kidul – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Amerika Kidul" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көньяҡ Америка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ Америка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвая Амерыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвая Амерыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўднёвая Амэрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвая Амэрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्खिन अमेरिका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्खिन अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan_na_Amerika" title="Habagatan na Amerika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Habagatan na Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saot_Amerika" title="Saot Amerika – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Saot Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южна Америка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южна Америка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siidamerika" title="Siidamerika – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Siidamerika" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Amerika" title="Južna Amerika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južna Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suamerika" title="Suamerika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Suamerika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Урда Америкэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урда Америкэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_del_Sud" title="Amèrica del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amèrica del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кăнтăр Америка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр Америка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatang_Amerika" title="Habagatang Amerika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Habagatang Amerika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Amerika" title="Jižní Amerika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Amerika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="South America" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Chamhembe" title="Amerika Chamhembe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Amerika Chamhembe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelika_wa_Kummwela" title="Amelika wa Kummwela – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Amelika wa Kummwela" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_meridiunale" title="America meridiunale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="America meridiunale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_America" title="De America – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De America" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydamerika" title="Sydamerika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydamerika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أمريكا لجانوبية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أمريكا لجانوبية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulli-Amerihkk%C3%A1" title="Lulli-Amerihkká – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lulli-Amerihkká" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd-Amerikaa" title="Sudd-Amerikaa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Sudd-Amerikaa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdamerika" title="Südamerika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südamerika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82dnjowa_Amerika" title="Pódpołdnjowa Amerika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołdnjowa Amerika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Ameerika_manner" title="Lõuna-Ameerika manner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Ameerika manner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Νότια Αμερική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότια Αμερική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лембеёнксонь Америка – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лембеёнксонь Америка" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_del_Sur" title="América del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="América del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudameriko" title="Sudameriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sudameriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_del_Sul" title="América del Sul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="América del Sul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Amerika" title="Hego Amerika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Amerika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آمریکای جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمریکای جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="South America" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0uramerika" title="Suðuramerika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suðuramerika" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Sud" title="Amérique du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amérique du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-Amearika" title="Súd-Amearika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Amearika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americhe_dal_Sud" title="Americhe dal Sud – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Americhe dal Sud" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirice%C3%A1_Theas" title="Meiriceá Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meiriceá Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Yiass" title="America Yiass – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="America Yiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BClen_Amerika" title="Üülen Amerika – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Üülen Amerika" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimearaga_a_Deas" title="Aimearaga a Deas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aimearaga a Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sur" title="América do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="América do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="ЗӀилбухера Америка – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀилбухера Америка" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="南美洲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_ya_Kuthini" title="Amerika ya Kuthini – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Amerika ya Kuthini" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="نسايي آمريکا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نسايي آمريکا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="દક્ષિણ અમેરિકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દક્ષિણ અમેરિકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m_M%C3%AE-ch%C3%BB" title="Nàm Mî-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm Mî-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="남아메리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남아메리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurka_ta_Kudu" title="Amurka ta Kudu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amurka ta Kudu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAmelika_Hema" title="ʻAmelika Hema – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAmelika Hema" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Հարավային Ամերիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Ամերիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Amerika" title="Južna Amerika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Južna Amerika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Amerika" title="Južna Amerika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Amerika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Amerika" title="Sud-Amerika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sud-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Amerika" title="South Amerika – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="South Amerika" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagatan_nga_Amerika" title="Abagatan nga Amerika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abagatan nga Amerika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amerika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_del_Sud" title="America del Sud – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="America del Sud" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_del_Sud" title="America del Sud – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="America del Sud" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%A5%E1%90%8A%E1%93%95%E1%91%B2_%E1%93%82%E1%92%8B%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᓂᒋᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ ᓂᒋᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Хуссар Америкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар Америкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmZantsi_Melika" title="UmZantsi Melika – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UmZantsi Melika" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMelika_Eningizimu" title="IMelika Eningizimu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMelika Eningizimu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Amer%C3%ADka" title="Suður-Ameríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Ameríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_meridionale" title="America meridionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="America meridionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אמריקה הדרומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמריקה הדרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Kidul" title="Amérika Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Amérika Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_n%C9%9B_had%C9%9B_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8B_wandamm" title="Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wandamm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wandamm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಅಮೇರಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಅಮೇರಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauling_Amerika" title="Mauling Amerika – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mauling Amerika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къыбыла Америка – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къыбыла Америка" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სამხრეთი ამერიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი ამერიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4%C5%82niow%C3%B4_Amerika" title="Pôłniowô Amerika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pôłniowô Amerika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оңтүстік Америка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік Америка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Dheghow" title="Amerika Dheghow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Amerika Dheghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_y%E2%80%99Epfo" title="Amerika y’Epfo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Amerika y’Epfo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_ya_Kusini" title="Amerika ya Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Amerika ya Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelika_ya_Sudi" title="Amelika ya Sudi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Amelika ya Sudi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geefa_Amerika" title="Geefa Amerika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Geefa Amerika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerik_disid" title="Amerik disid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Amerik disid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A9rik_di_Sid" title="Lanmérik di Sid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmérik di Sid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amer%C3%AEkaya_Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr" title="Amerîkaya Başûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amerîkaya Başûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_dl_Sud" title="America dl Sud – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="America dl Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_del_Sud" title="Amerika del Sud – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Amerika del Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ທະວີບອາເມຣິກາໃຕ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະວີບອາເມຣິກາໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Australis" title="America Australis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="America Australis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidamerika" title="Dienvidamerika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidamerika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdamerika" title="Südamerika – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Südamerika" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кьиблепатан Америка – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кьиблепатан Америка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Amerika" title="Pietų Amerika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Amerika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_do_Sud" title="America do Sud – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="America do Sud" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Amerika" title="Zuud-Amerika – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuud-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Sude" title="America Sude – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="America Sude" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi-Amerikku" title="Suvi-Amerikku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Suvi-Amerikku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ketytu%27a" title="ketytu'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ketytu'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="South America" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_del_S%C3%BCd" title="America del Süd – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="America del Süd" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Amerika" title="Dél-Amerika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јужна Америка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужна Америка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Atsimo" title="Amerika Atsimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Amerika Atsimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="തെക്കേ അമേരിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെക്കേ അമേരിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Amerika_t%27Isfel" title="L-Amerika t'Isfel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="L-Amerika t'Isfel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_ki_te_Tonga" title="Amerika ki te Tonga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Amerika ki te Tonga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ობჟათე ამერიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე ამერიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امريكا الجنوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امريكا الجنوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="အမေရိကသမၠုင်ကျာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အမေရိကသမၠုင်ကျာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جنوبی امریکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی امریکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amerika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Amerika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng_M%C4%AB-ci%C5%AD" title="Nàng Mī-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng Mī-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_de_l_Sul" title="América de l Sul – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="América de l Sul" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Өмнөд Америк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд Америк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="တောင်အမေရိက – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်အမေရိက" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceva_Amerika" title="Ceva Amerika – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ceva Amerika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Amerika" title="Zuid-Amerika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Amerika" title="Zuud-Amerika – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zuud-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="南アメリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南アメリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suddam%C3%A8reca" title="Suddamèreca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Suddamèreca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къилба Америка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилба Америка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCd-Ameerikoo" title="Süüd-Ameerikoo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüd-Ameerikoo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Amerika" title="Sør-Amerika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Amerika" title="Sør-Amerika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9thique_du_Sud" title="Améthique du Sud – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Améthique du Sud" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudi_Amerika" title="Sudi Amerika – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sudi Amerika" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_del_Sud" title="America del Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="America del Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кечывалвел Америка – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кечывалвел Америка" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆମେରିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଆମେରିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerikaa_Kibbaa" title="Ameerikaa Kibbaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ameerikaa Kibbaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_Amerika" title="Janubiy Amerika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy Amerika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لما امریکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لما امریکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA" title="အမေႏရိကနဝ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အမေႏရိကနဝ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Am%C3%A9rika" title="Sur Amérika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sur Amérika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سوېلي امريکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي امريکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sout_Amoerka" title="Sout Amoerka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sout Amoerka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лунвыв Америка – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лунвыв Америка" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anm%C3%A9rike_du_Sud" title="Anmérike du Sud – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Anmérike du Sud" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Meridional" title="América Meridional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="América Meridional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_Amerika" title="Saut Amerika – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saut Amerika" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdamerika" title="Süüdamerika – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süüdamerika" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Ameryka Południowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ameryka Południowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul" title="América do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="América do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubla_Amerika" title="Qubla Amerika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qubla Amerika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%BCbiy_Amerika" title="Cenübiy Amerika – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cenübiy Amerika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_de_Sud" title="America de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="America de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudutni_Amerika" title="Sudutni Amerika – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Sudutni Amerika" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_dal_Sid" title="America dal Sid – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="America dal Sid" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurin_Apya_Yala" title="Hurin Apya Yala – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hurin Apya Yala" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южна Америка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Южна Америка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южная Америка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южная Америка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Соҕуруу Америка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруу Америка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_i_Saute" title="Amerika i Saute – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Amerika i Saute" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण अमेरिका – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दक्षिण अमेरिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%81" title="جنوبی امریکہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جنوبی امریکہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_de_su_Sud" title="Amèrica de su Sud – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amèrica de su Sud" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Americae" title="Sooth Americae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Americae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suud-Amerikoa" title="Suud-Amerikoa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suud-Amerikoa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Borwa" title="Amerika Borwa – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Amerika Borwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Borwa" title="Amerika Borwa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Amerika Borwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Jugore" title="Amerika Jugore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amerika Jugore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_d%C3%BB_Sud" title="Amèrica dû Sud – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Amèrica dû Sud" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South America" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%DA%A9%DA%BB_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="ڏکڻ آمريڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏکڻ آمريڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Amerika" title="Južná Amerika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južná Amerika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Amerika" title="Južna Amerika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južna Amerika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%94%D1%80%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Южьна Амєрїка – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Южьна Амєрїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82edniow%C5%8F_Ameryka" title="Połedniowŏ Ameryka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Połedniowŏ Ameryka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerikada_koonfureed" title="Ameerikada koonfureed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ameerikada koonfureed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئەمریکای باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەمریکای باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondro_Amrika" title="Ondro Amrika – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ondro Amrika" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јужна Америка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужна Америка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Amerika" title="Južna Amerika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južna Amerika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Kidul" title="Amérika Kidul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Amérika Kidul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Amerikka" title="Etelä-Amerikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Amerikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydamerika" title="Sydamerika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydamerika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog_Amerika" title="Timog Amerika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog Amerika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தென் அமெரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென் அமெரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamrikt_n_Wen%E1%BA%93ul" title="Tamrikt n Wenẓul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamrikt n Wenẓul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americhe_meridionale" title="Americhe meridionale – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Americhe meridionale" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көньяк Америка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк Америка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%99%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဢမႄႇရိၵၸၢၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢမႄႇရိၵၸၢၼ်း" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan-Meco" title="Nan-Meco – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Nan-Meco" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="దక్షిణ అమెరికా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దక్షిణ అమెరికా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ทวีปอเมริกาใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทวีปอเมริกาใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%98%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ደቡብ ኣመሪካ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ደቡብ ኣመሪካ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Амрикои Ҷанубӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амрикои Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%AE_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%B0%E1%8F%9F" title="ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಅಮೇರಿಕ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಅಮೇರಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Amerika" title="Güney Amerika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Amerika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_Amerika" title="Günorta Amerika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta Amerika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_A%CC%B1tak" title="Amerika A̱tak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Amerika A̱tak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лымшор Америка – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лымшор Америка" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Південна Америка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Америка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جنوبی امریکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی امریکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="جەنۇبىي ئامېرىكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەنۇبىي ئامېرىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanzmeijcouh" title="Nanzmeijcouh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nanzmeijcouh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_del_Sud" title="Amèrica del Sud – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Amèrica del Sud" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suviamerik" title="Suviamerik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suviamerik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Nam Mỹ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Mỹ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sul%C3%BCda-Merop" title="Sulüda-Merop – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sulüda-Merop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5un%C3%B5-Ameeriga" title="Lõunõ-Ameeriga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõunõ-Ameeriga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerike_nonnrece" title="Amerike nonnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Amerike nonnrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Uuchim%C3%BCin" title="Ameerika Uuchimüin – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ameerika Uuchimüin" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Amerika" title="Zuud-Amerika – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuud-Amerika" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatan_nga_Amerika" title="Salatan nga Amerika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salatan nga Amerika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABj-saalumu_Aamerig" title="Bëj-saalumu Aamerig – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bëj-saalumu Aamerig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南美洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikha_ya_le_Dzongeni" title="Amerikha ya le Dzongeni – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Amerikha ya le Dzongeni" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="דרום אמעריקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום אמעריקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9_Am%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南美洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikay_Veroci" title="Amerikay Veroci – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Amerikay Veroci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Amerika" title="Zuud-Amerika – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zuud-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97it%C5%AB_Amer%C4%97ka" title="Pėitū Amerėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitū Amerėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南美洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Osiki" title="Amerika Osiki – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Amerika Osiki" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Amerika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koibutan_Amerika" title="Koibutan Amerika – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Koibutan Amerika" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Amerika Selatan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Hulu" title="Amerika Hulu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Amerika Hulu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Continent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Southern America" redirects here. For the region of the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. For the botanical continent defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, see <a href="/wiki/World_Geographical_Scheme_for_Recording_Plant_Distributions#8_Southern_America" title="World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions">Southern America (WGSRPD)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">South America</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">17,840,000 km2 (6,890,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/Continent#Area_and_population" title="Continent">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 434,254,119 (2021; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">5th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">$7.61 trillion (2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of continents by GDP">5th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">$3.62 trillion (2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of continents by GDP">4th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$8,340 (2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_per_capita_(nominal)" title="List of continents by GDP">5th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America#Christianity" title="Religion in South America">Christianity</a> (90.0%)<a href="#cite_note-Survey-6">[6]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (7.7%)<a href="#cite_note-Survey-6">[6]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">Other</a> (2.3%)<a href="#cite_note-Survey-6">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_America" title="Demographics of South America">South American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America#Sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">12</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/40px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/60px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">External</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America#External_territories" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">2–5</a>)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aruba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[d]</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">Internal</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America#Internal_territory" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">1–3</a>)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[e]</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a><a href="#cite_note-OI-12">[f]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Spanish</li> <li>Portuguese</li> <li>English</li> <li>Dutch</li> <li>French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">Other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202:00" title="UTC−02:00">UTC−02:00</a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_America" title="List of cities in South America">10 largest cities in South America</a> (2015)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a></li></ol> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">UN M49</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>005</code> – South America <code>419</code> – <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <code>019</code> – <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> <code>001</code> – <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SACN_member_states.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SACN_member_states.jpg/220px-SACN_member_states.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SACN_member_states.jpg/330px-SACN_member_states.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/SACN_member_states.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">Scheme for geographical regions and subregions</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a></figcaption></figure> South America is a continent<a href="#cite_note-14">[g]</a> entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[h]</a> and mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, with a considerably smaller portion in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. It can also be described as the southern <a href="/wiki/Subregion#Americas" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. South America is bordered on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, on the north and east by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, and to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> lie to the northwest. The continent includes twelve <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>; two <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[i]</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">internal territory</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[j]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> are geologically located on the South-American continental shelf,<a href="#cite_note-18">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[9]</a> and thus may be considered part of South America as well. <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> (a part of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">dependency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>) may also be considered parts of South America. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit">[update]</a> has been estimated at more than 434 million.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2">[2]</a> South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">fifth</a> in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with almost half of the continent's population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Peru. In recent decades, Brazil has also generated half of the continent's GDP and has become the continent's first regional power.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-20">[10]</a> Most of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">far south</a> are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná</a> flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a>. The continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> with European <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquerors</a> and immigrants and, more locally, with <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slaves</a>. Given a long <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">history of colonialism</a>, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and societies and states are rich in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western traditions</a>. Relative to Africa, Asia, and Europe, post-1900 South America has been a peaceful continent with few wars,<a href="#cite_note-21">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franch-22">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[k]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Crime_and_violence_in_Latin_America" title="Crime and violence in Latin America">high rates of violent crime</a> remain a concern in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-25">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">History of South America</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America#Pre-Columbian_era" title="History of South America">History of South America § Pre-Columbian era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/220px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/330px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg/440px-SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos" title="Cueva de las Manos">Cueva de las Manos</a>, or "Cave of the Hands", in Argentina</figcaption></figure> South America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when people were crossing the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>) at least 15,000 years ago from the territory that is present-day Russia. They migrated south through North America, and eventually reached South America through the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>. Amongst the oldest evidence for human presence in South America is the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde II</a> site in Chile, suggested to date to around 14,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-27">[16]</a> From around 13,000 years ago, the <a href="/wiki/Fishtail_projectile_point" title="Fishtail projectile point">Fishtail projectile point</a> style became widespread across South America, with its disappearance around 11,000 years ago coincident with the disappearance of South America's megafauna.<a href="#cite_note-:12-28">[17]</a> Maize was present in northern South America by around 6,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-29">[18]</a> By 2000 BC, many <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian</a> communities had been settled throughout the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-30">[19]</a> South American cultures began domesticating <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a> in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.<a href="#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-30">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_civilizations">Pre-Columbian civilizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian civilizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#South_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era § South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-30,_DD_39.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Machu_Picchu%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-30%2C_DD_39.JPG/220px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-30%2C_DD_39.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Machu_Picchu%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-30%2C_DD_39.JPG/330px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-30%2C_DD_39.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Machu_Picchu%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-30%2C_DD_39.JPG/440px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-30%2C_DD_39.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6399" data-file-height="5496" /></a><figcaption>The Inca estate of <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_the_World#Winners" class="mw-redirect" title="New Seven Wonders of the World">New Seven Wonders of the World</a>.</figcaption></figure> The rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America. One of the earliest known South American civilizations was <a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe" class="mw-redirect" title="Caral–Supe">Caral–Supe</a>, on the central Peruvian coast. Though a pre-ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of Caral–Supe created one of the first cities of the world, generally dated to around 3500 BC, at <a href="/wiki/Huaricanga" title="Huaricanga">Huaricanga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza_River_(Peru)" title="Fortaleza River (Peru)">Fortaleza</a> area, contemporaneous with the pyramids of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">oldest-known civilizations</a> in the Americas and one of the six sites where civilization separately originated in the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-AncientAndes-31">[20]</a> Caral–Supe governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavín">Chavín</a> by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavín de Huantar">Chavín de Huantar</a> in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters (10,423 ft). Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC. In the central coast of Peru, around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> (100 BC – 700 AD, at the northern coast of Peru), <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a> (400 BC – 800 AD, Peru) cultures flourished with centralized states with permanent militia improving agriculture through <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and new styles of ceramic art. At the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>, Tiahuanaco or <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> (100 BC – 1200 AD, Bolivia) managed a large commercial network based on religion. Around the 7th century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari or <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Huari</a> Empire (600–1200, Central and northern Peru) expanded its influence to all the Andean region, imposing the Huari urbanism and Tiahuanaco religious iconography. The <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a> were the main indigenous civilization in what is now Colombia. They established the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> of many clans, or <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacicazgos</a>, that had a free trade network among themselves. Many were goldsmiths and farmers. Other important Pre-Columbian cultures include: the <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a> (in south central Ecuador), <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú Empire">Chimú Empire</a> (1300–1470, Peruvian northern coast), <a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chachapoyas culture">Chachapoyas</a>, and the Aymaran kingdoms (1000–1450, Western Bolivia and southern Peru). Holding their capital at the great city of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca civilization">Inca civilization</a> dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as Tawantin suyu, and "the land of the four regions", in <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some nine to fourteen million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer <a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">road system</a>. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. <a href="/wiki/Terrace_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace farming">Terrace farming</a> was a useful form of agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> in Central and Southern Chile resisted the European and Chilean settlers, waging the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> for more than 300 years. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonization">European colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European colonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_(1865%E2%80%931939).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/220px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/330px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/440px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2775" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landing in Brazil in 1500</figcaption></figure> In 1494, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and Spain, the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopoly</a> between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-32">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG/220px-Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG/330px-Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG/440px-Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca–Spanish confrontation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Battle of Cajamarca</a> left thousands of natives dead.</figcaption></figure> The treaty established an imaginary line along a north–south <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> 370 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> (approximately 1,110 mi (1,790 km)) west of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>, roughly 46° 37' W. In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line (known to comprise most of the South American soil) would belong to Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal. As accurate measurements of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese expansion of Brazil</a> across the meridian. Beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a>, first from Spain and later from Portugal. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies. European infectious diseases (<a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>) – to which the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">native populations</a> had no immune resistance – caused large-scale depopulation of the native population under Spanish control. Systems of forced labor, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a> and mining industry's <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">mit'a</a> also contributed to the depopulation. After this, <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslaved Africans">enslaved Africans</a>, who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/250px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/330px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg/500px-Imperios_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Portugu%C3%A9s_1790.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An interpretation of the extent of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas in 1790</figcaption></figure> The Spaniards were committed to converting their native subjects to Christianity and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end; however, many initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as native groups simply blended <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> with their established beliefs and practices. Furthermore, the Spaniards brought their language to the degree they did with their religion, although the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s evangelization in <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a> actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">natives</a> and the Spaniards interbred, forming a <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> class. At the beginning, many mestizos of the Andean region were offspring of Amerindian mothers and Spanish fathers. After independence, most mestizos had native fathers and European or mestizo mothers. Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered. They also significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples. Finally, with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages, many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of Latin American. <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> was initially <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">colonized by the Dutch</a> before coming under <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British control</a>, though there was a brief period during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> when it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a>. The region was initially partitioned between the Dutch, French and British before fully coming under the control of Britain. Suriname was first explored by the Spanish in the 16th century and then <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(English_colony)" title="Surinam (English colony)">settled by the English</a> in the mid-17th century. It became a <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Dutch colony</a> in 1667.<a href="#cite_note-33">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_enslavement_of_Indigenous_Americans" title="European enslavement of Indigenous Americans">European enslavement of Indigenous Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg/250px-Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg/330px-Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg/500px-Johann_Moritz_Rugendas_in_Brazil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Public flogging of a slave in 19th-century Brazil</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">CSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_China" title="Human trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Human trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraud factory">Fraud factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">... in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">... in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysaesthesia_aethiopica" title="Dysaesthesia aethiopica">Dysaesthesia aethiopica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">Gladiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladiatrix" title="Gladiatrix">Gladiatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">Proslavery thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning_(slavery)" title="Seasoning (slavery)">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavocracy" title="Slavocracy">Slavocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_slavery" title="Voluntary slavery">Voluntary slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-slavery_ideology_in_the_United_States" title="Pro-slavery ideology in the United States">proslavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haruwa-charuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruwa-charuwa">Haruwa-charuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawi_system" title="Bawi system">Bawi system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karayuki-san" title="Karayuki-san">Karayuki-san</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">Nobi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were forced to work in European plantations and mines; along with enslaved Africans who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries via the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. European colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were often captured by expeditions. The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. The slave trade brought enslaved Africans primarily to South American colonies, beginning with the Portuguese since 1502.<a href="#cite_note-34">[23]</a> The main destinations of this phase were the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> colonies and Brazil, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Nearly 40% of all African slaves trafficked to the Americas went to Brazil. An estimated 4.9 million slaves from Africa came to Brazil during the period from 1501 to 1866.<a href="#cite_note-35">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[25]</a> In contrast to other European colonies in the Americas which mainly used the labor of African slaves, Spanish colonists mainly enslaved indigenous Americans. In 1750, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Crown">Portuguese Crown</a> abolished the enslavement of indigenous peoples in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial Brazil</a>, under the belief that they were unfit for labor and less effective than enslaved Africans. Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas on <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a>, under inhuman conditions and ill-treatment, and those who survived were sold in <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave markets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yeager1995-37">[26]</a> After independence, all South American countries maintained slavery for some time. The first South American country to abolish slavery was Chile in 1823, Uruguay in 1830, Bolivia in 1831, Guyana in 1833, Colombia and Ecuador in 1851, Argentina in 1853, Peru and Venezuela in 1854, Suriname in 1863, Paraguay in 1869, and in 1888 Brazil was the last South American nation and the last country in western world to abolish slavery.<a href="#cite_note-c-38">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_from_Spain_and_Portugal">Independence from Spain and Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence from Spain and Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a></div> The European <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> (1807–14), a theater of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, changed the political situation of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. First, Napoleon invaded Portugal, but the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> avoided capture by <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">escaping to Brazil</a>. Napoleon captured King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a> of Spain, and appointed his own brother instead. This appointment provoked popular resistance, which created <a href="/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)" title="Junta (Peninsular War)">Juntas</a> to rule in the name of the captured king. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coroa%C3%A7ao_pedro_I_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coroa%C3%A7ao_pedro_I_001.jpg/250px-Coroa%C3%A7ao_pedro_I_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coroa%C3%A7ao_pedro_I_001.jpg/330px-Coroa%C3%A7ao_pedro_I_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coroa%C3%A7ao_pedro_I_001.jpg/500px-Coroa%C3%A7ao_pedro_I_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> as 1st <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> Many cities in the Spanish colonies, however, considered themselves equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain. This began the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> between the patriots, who promoted such autonomy, and the <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)">royalists</a>, who supported Spanish authority over the Americas. The Juntas, in both Spain and the Americas, promoted the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. Five years after the beginning of the war, Ferdinand VII returned to the throne and began the <a href="/wiki/Absolutist_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolutist Restoration">Absolutist Restoration</a>, as the royalists got the upper hand in the conflict. The independence of South America was secured by <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> (Venezuela) and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> (Argentina), the two most important <a href="/wiki/Libertadores" title="Libertadores">Libertadores</a>. Bolívar led a great uprising in the north, then led his army south towards <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. Meanwhile, San Martín led an army across the Andes Mountains, along with Chilean expatriates, and liberated Chile. He organized a fleet to reach Peru by sea, and sought the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1822 the two men met at the <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil_Conference" title="Guayaquil Conference">Guayaquil Conference</a> in Ecuador, where they failed to agree on governance strategies for the liberated nations.<a href="#cite_note-guay-39">[28]</a> Two years later Bolívar's forces beat the Spanish at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a>, securing the independence of Peru and the rest of South America.<a href="#cite_note-guay-39">[28]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Portuguese Kingdom of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_Pedro_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pedro I">Dom Pedro I</a> (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese King <a href="/wiki/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom João VI">Dom João VI</a>, proclaimed the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a> in 1822, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. Despite the Portuguese loyalties of garrisons in <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, independence was diplomatically accepted by Portugal in 1825, on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil mediated by the United Kingdom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nation-building_and_fragmentation">Nation-building and fragmentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nation-building and fragmentation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Manuel_Blanes_-_El_Juramento_de_los_Treinta_y_Tres_Orientales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Juan_Manuel_Blanes_-_El_Juramento_de_los_Treinta_y_Tres_Orientales.jpg/250px-Juan_Manuel_Blanes_-_El_Juramento_de_los_Treinta_y_Tres_Orientales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Juan_Manuel_Blanes_-_El_Juramento_de_los_Treinta_y_Tres_Orientales.jpg/330px-Juan_Manuel_Blanes_-_El_Juramento_de_los_Treinta_y_Tres_Orientales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Juan_Manuel_Blanes_-_El_Juramento_de_los_Treinta_y_Tres_Orientales.jpg/500px-Juan_Manuel_Blanes_-_El_Juramento_de_los_Treinta_y_Tres_Orientales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Three_Orientals" title="Thirty-Three Orientals">Thirty-Three Orientals</a> proclaimed the independence of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisplatine Province">Cisplatine Province</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Cena_de_Batalha_no_Sul_do_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Cena_de_Batalha_no_Sul_do_Brasil.jpg/220px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Cena_de_Batalha_no_Sul_do_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Cena_de_Batalha_no_Sul_do_Brasil.jpg/330px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Cena_de_Batalha_no_Sul_do_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Cena_de_Batalha_no_Sul_do_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Fanfa, battle scene in Southern Brazil during the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a></figcaption></figure> The newly independent nations began a process of fragmentation, with several civil and international wars. However, it was not as strong as in Central America. Some countries created from provinces of larger countries stayed as such up to modern times (such as Paraguay or Uruguay), while others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries (such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Entre_R%C3%ADos" title="Republic of Entre Ríos">Republic of Entre Ríos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Riograndense_Republic" title="Riograndense Republic">Riograndense Republic</a>). The first separatist attempt was in 1820 by the Argentine province of <a href="/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Entre Ríos Province">Entre Ríos</a>, led by a <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[29]</a> In spite of the "Republic" in its title, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%ADrez_(governor)" title="Francisco Ramírez (governor)">General Ramírez</a>, its caudillo, never really intended to declare an independent Entre Rios. Rather, he was making a political statement in opposition to the monarchist and centralist ideas that back then permeated <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> politics. The "country" was reincorporated at the United Provinces in 1821. In 1825, the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisplatine Province">Cisplatine Province</a> declared its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> between the imperials and the Argentine from the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> to control the region. Three years later, the United Kingdom intervened in the question by proclaiming a tie and creating in the former Cisplatina a new independent country: The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Republic of Uruguay">Oriental Republic of Uruguay</a>. Later in 1836, while Brazil was experiencing the chaos of the regency, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">proclaimed its independence</a> motivated by a tax crisis. With the anticipation of the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro II">Pedro II</a> to the throne of Brazil, the country could stabilize and fight the separatists, which the province of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> had joined in 1839. The Conflict came to an end by a process of compromise by which both <a href="/wiki/Riograndense_Republic" title="Riograndense Republic">Riograndense Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Republic" title="Juliana Republic">Juliana Republic</a> were reincorporated as provinces in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-41">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Chorrillos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a> in the battlefield of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chorrillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chorrillos">Battle of Chorrillos</a>, 1883</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a>, a short-lived union of Peru and Bolivia, was blocked by Chile in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a> (1836–1839) and again during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1883). Paraguay was virtually destroyed by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_and_conflicts">Wars and conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wars and conflicts">edit</a>]</div> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazilian War of Independence</a>, the new nations quickly began to suffer with internal conflicts and wars among themselves. Most of the countries' borders who had initially accepted the 1810 borders on the uti possidetis iuris principle had by 1848 either been altered by war or were contested.<a href="#cite_note-43">[32]</a> In 1825, the proclamation of independence of Cisplatina led to the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> between historical rivals the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a>, Argentina's predecessor. The result was a stalemate, ending with the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> arranging for the independence of Uruguay. Soon after, another Brazilian province proclaimed its independence leading to the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> which Brazil won. Between 1836 and 1839, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a> broke out between the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Peru-Bolivian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru-Bolivian Confederation">Peru-Bolivian Confederation</a> and Chile, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a>. The war was fought mostly in the actual territory of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and ended with a Confederate defeat and the dissolution of the Confederacy and annexation of many territories by Argentina. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Argentine Civil Wars</a> plagued Argentina since its independence. The conflict was mainly between those who defended the centralization of power in Buenos Aires and those who defended a confederation. During this period it can be said that "there were two Argentines": the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Republic">Argentine Republic</a>. At the same time, the political instability in Uruguay led to the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a> among the main political factions of the country. All this instability in the <a href="/wiki/Platine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Platine region">platine region</a> interfered with the goals of other countries such as Brazil, which was soon forced to take sides. In 1851, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Empire">Brazilian Empire</a>, supporting the centralizing unitarians, and the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguayan government</a> invaded Argentina and deposed the caudillo, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Rosas" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Manuel Rosas">Juan Manuel Rosas</a>, who ruled the confederation with an iron hand. Although the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> did not put an end to the political chaos and civil war in Argentina, it brought temporary peace to Uruguay where the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorados faction</a> won, supported by <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Empire">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a> of Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-Latin_America's_Wars-44">[33]</a> Peace lasted only a short time: in 1864, the Uruguayan factions faced each other again in the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">Blancos</a> supported by Paraguay started to attack Brazilian and Argentine farmers near the borders. The Empire made an initial attempt to settle the dispute between Blancos and Colorados without success. In 1864, after a Brazilian ultimatum was refused, the imperial government declared that Brazil's military would begin reprisals. Brazil declined to acknowledge a formal state of war, and, for most of its duration, the Uruguayan–Brazilian armed conflict was an undeclared war which led to the deposition of the Blancos and the rise of the pro-Brazilian Colorados to power again. This angered the Paraguayan government, which even before the end of the war invaded Brazil, beginning the longest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin American history: the Paraguayan War.<a href="#cite_note-45">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg/220px-Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg/330px-Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg/440px-Brazilians_during_the_siege_of_Paysandu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Imperial Brazilian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paysand%C3%BA" title="Siege of Paysandú">siege of Paysandú</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure> The Paraguayan War began when the Paraguayan dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a> ordered the invasion of the Brazilian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>. His attempt to cross Argentinian territory without Argentinian approval led the pro-Brazilian Argentine government into the war. The pro-Brazilian Uruguayan government showed its support by sending troops. In 1865 the three countries signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Triple_Alliance" title="Treaty of the Triple Alliance">Treaty of the Triple Alliance</a> against Paraguay. At the beginning of the war, the Paraguayans took the lead with several victories, until the Triple Alliance organized to repel the invaders and fight effectively. This was the second <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> experience in the world after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. It was deemed the greatest war effort in the history of all participating countries, taking almost 6 years and ending with the complete devastation of Paraguay. The country lost 40% of its territory to Brazil and Argentina and lost 60% of its population, including 90% of the men. The dictator Lopez was killed in battle and a new government was instituted in alliance with Brazil, which maintained occupation forces in the country until 1876.<a href="#cite_note-46">[35]</a> The last South American war in the 19th century was the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> with Bolivia and Peru on one side and Chile on the other. In 1879 the war began with Chilean troops occupying Bolivian ports, followed by Bolivia declaring war on Chile which activated an alliance treaty with Peru. The Bolivians were completely defeated in 1880 and Lima was occupied in 1881. Peace was signed with Peru in 1883 while a truce was signed with Bolivia in 1884. Chile annexed territories of both countries leaving Bolivia <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/220px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/330px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/440px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship" title="Minas Geraes-class battleship">Minas Geraes class</a> kindled an <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Argentine–Brazilian–Chilean naval arms race</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the new century, as wars became less violent and less frequent, Brazil entered into a small conflict with Bolivia for the possession of the Acre, which was acquired by Brazil in 1902. In 1917 Brazil declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, joined the allied side in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and sent a small fleet to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and some troops to be integrated with the British and French forces in the region. Brazil was the only South American country that participated in the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-48">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[38]</a> Later in 1932 Colombia and Peru entered a <a href="/wiki/Leticia_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia Incident">short armed conflict</a> for territory in the Amazon. In the same year Paraguay declared <a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">war on Bolivia</a> for possession of the Chaco, in a conflict that ended three years later with Paraguay's victory. Between 1941 and 1942 Peru and Ecuador <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">fought for territories</a> claimed by both that were annexed by Peru, usurping Ecuador's frontier with Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-50">[39]</a> Also in this period, the first major naval battle of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> took place in the South Atlantic close to the continental mainland: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a>, between a British <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> squadron and a German <a href="/wiki/Pocket_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket battleship">pocket battleship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[40]</a> The Germans still made numerous attacks on Brazilian ships on the coast, causing Brazil to declare war on the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in 1942, being the only South American country to fight in this war (and in both World Wars). Brazil sent naval and air forces to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">combat German and Italian submarines</a> off the continent and throughout the South Atlantic, in addition to sending an <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">expeditionary force</a> to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ibidem_Maximiano_2011-52">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[42]</a> A brief war was fought between Argentina and the UK in 1982, following an Argentine invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, which ended with an Argentine defeat. The last international war to be fought on South American soil was the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a> between Ecuador and Peru along their mutual border. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_and_fall_of_military_dictatorships">Rise and fall of military dictatorships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise and fall of military dictatorships">edit</a>]</div> Wars became less frequent in the 20th century, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars. Early in the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/ABC_countries" title="ABC countries">three wealthiest South American countries</a> engaged in <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">a vastly expensive naval arms race</a> which began after the introduction of a new warship type, the "<a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a>". At one point, the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts, a price that did not include later in-service costs, which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase.<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldadosargentinos3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Soldadosargentinos3.jpg/250px-Soldadosargentinos3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Soldadosargentinos3.jpg/330px-Soldadosargentinos3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Soldadosargentinos3.jpg/500px-Soldadosargentinos3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>Argentine soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></figcaption></figure> The continent became a battlefield of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the late 20th century. Some democratically elected governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrown or displaced by military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. To curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, many of whom were tortured or killed on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">inter-state collaboration</a>. Economically, they began a transition to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic policies. They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of "National Security" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">an internal conflict</a>. In 1982, Argentina invaded the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falkland Islands</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">dependent territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> began and 74 days later <a href="/wiki/Argentine_surrender_in_the_Falklands_War" title="Argentine surrender in the Falklands War">Argentine forces surrendered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[45]</a> Colombia has had an ongoing, though diminished internal conflict, which started in 1964 with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrillas">guerrillas</a> (FARC-EP) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist-leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the stronger, though also greatly reduced, FARC. Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships became common after World War II, but since the 1980s, a wave of democratization passed through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now.<a href="#cite_note-57">[46]</a> Nonetheless, allegations of corruption are still very common, and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments, although, on most occasions, regular civilian succession has continued. <a href="/wiki/Debt_of_developing_countries" title="Debt of developing countries">International indebtedness</a> became a significant problem in the late 1980s, and some countries, despite having strong democracies, have not developed political institutions capable of handling such crises without resorting to unorthodox economic policies. This was illustrated by Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)">default</a> in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-58">[47]</a> There has been an increased push towards <a href="/wiki/Integration_of_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Integration of Latin America">regional integration</a>, with the creation of uniquely South American institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unasur" class="mw-redirect" title="Unasur">Unasur</a>. Starting with the election of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> in Venezuela in 1998, the region experienced a <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a> – the election of several leftist and center-left administrations in most countries, except the Guianas and Colombia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_issues">Contemporary issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary issues">edit</a>]</div> South America's political geography since the 1990s has been characterized by a desire to reduce foreign influence.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-59">[48]</a> The nationalization of industries, by which the state controls entire economic sectors (as opposed of private companies doing it), has become a prominent political issue in the region.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-59">[48]</a> Some South American nations have nationalized their electricity industries.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-59">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_America" title="Geography of South America">Geography of South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg/220px-South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg/330px-South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg/440px-South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="10000" /></a><figcaption>A composite relief image of South America</figcaption></figure> South America occupies the southern portion of the Americas. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién watershed</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Panama_border" title="Colombia–Panama border">Colombia–Panama border</a>, although some may consider the border instead to be the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitically</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> and geographically, all of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> – including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is typically included in North America alone<a href="#cite_note-61">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-North_America_Atlas-63">[52]</a> and among the countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[54]</a> Almost all of mainland South America sits on the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>. South America is home to several superlatives, including the <a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_height" title="List of waterfalls by height">world's highest uninterrupted waterfall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Angel Falls</a> in Venezuela; the highest single-drop waterfall <a href="/wiki/Kaieteur_Falls" title="Kaieteur Falls">Kaieteur Falls</a> in Guyana; the largest river by volume, the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>; the longest mountain range, the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> (whose highest mountain is <a href="/wiki/Aconcagua" title="Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a> at 6,962 m or 22,841 ft); the driest non-polar place on earth, the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>;<a href="#cite_note-66">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> the wettest place on earth, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3pez_de_Micay" title="López de Micay">López de Micay</a> in Colombia; the largest rainforest, the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>; the highest capital city, <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>; and, excluding research stations in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Toro" title="Puerto Toro">Puerto Toro</a>, Chile. South America's major <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, and petroleum. These resources have brought high income to its countries, especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one, or few, major export <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> has often hindered the development and diversification of its economies. The fluctuation in the price of commodities in international markets has led historically to major highs and lows, booms and busts, in the economies of South American states, often causing political instability.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-69">[58]</a> This has led for calls to diversify production and increase trade within South America itself.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-69">[58]</a> Brazil is the largest country in South America, covering a little less than half of the continent's land area and encompassing around half of the continent's population.<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> The remaining countries and territories are divided among four <a href="/wiki/Subregion#South_America" title="Subregion">subregions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outlying_islands">Outlying islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outlying islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_Gran_Roque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Village_Gran_Roque.jpg/220px-Village_Gran_Roque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Village_Gran_Roque.jpg/330px-Village_Gran_Roque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Village_Gran_Roque.jpg/440px-Village_Gran_Roque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Gran Roque village, the largest settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago" title="Los Roques Archipelago">Los Roques Archipelago</a>, Venezuela</figcaption></figure> Physiographically, South America also includes some of the nearby islands. The Dutch <a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>), the islands of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad Island">Trinidad Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobago_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobago Island">Tobago Island</a> etc.), the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">State of Nueva Esparta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies of Venezuela</a> sit on the northern portion of the South American <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> and are sometimes considered parts of the continent. Geopolitically, all the island countries and territories in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> have generally been grouped as a <a href="/wiki/Subregion#North_America" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of North America instead. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Aves_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves Island">Aves Island</a> (administered by <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andrés Island">San Andrés Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providencia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Providencia Island">Providencia Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Island_(Colombia)" title="Santa Catalina Island (Colombia)">Santa Catalina Island</a> etc., which are administered by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>) are politically parts of South American countries but physiographically parts of North America.<a href="#cite_note-North_America_Atlas-63">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[62]</a> Other islands often associated with geopolitical South America are the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Robinson Crusoe Island</a> (both administered by Chile), <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (culturally a part of Oceania, also administered by Chile),<a href="#cite_note-protectedareas-74">[63]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> (administered by <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, sometimes considered part of Oceania),<a href="#cite_note-protectedareas-74">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> (split between Argentina and Chile). In the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil administers <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade and Martim Vaz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelago" title="Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago">Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">biogeographically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">hydrologically</a> associated with Antarctica)<a href="#cite_note-77">[66]</a> have been administered as two <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> under <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, whose sovereignty over the islands is <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">disputed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_cases">Special cases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Special cases">edit</a>]</div> An isolated <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> is geologically a part of South America.<a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a> Administered as a dependency of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>, the island is geopolitically <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa#Western_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">a part</a> of Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arid_Diagonal" title="Arid Diagonal">Arid Diagonal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_South_America_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_South_America_present.svg/370px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_South_America_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_South_America_present.svg/555px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_South_America_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_South_America_present.svg/740px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_South_America_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map for South America<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> All of the world's major climate zones are present in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Danuta-80">[69]</a> The distribution of the average temperatures in the region presents a constant regularity from the <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_south" title="30th parallel south">30° of latitude south</a>, when the isotherms tend, more and more, to be confused with the degrees of latitude.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[70]</a> In temperate latitudes, winters and summers are milder than in North America. This is because the most extensive part of the continent is in the equatorial zone (the region has more areas of equatorial plains than any other region),<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[70]</a> therefore giving the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> more oceanic influence, which moderates year round temperatures. The average annual temperatures in the Amazon basin oscillate around 27 °C (81 °F), with low thermal amplitudes and high rainfall indices. Between the <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracaibo Lake">Maracaibo Lake</a> and the mouth of the Orinoco, that also includes parts of the Brazilian territory, an <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial climate">equatorial climate</a> typical of the Congolese regions in Central Africa predominates.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[70]</a> The east-central Brazilian plateau has a humid and warm tropical climate. The northern and eastern parts of the Argentine pampas have a <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">humid subtropical climate</a> with dry winters and humid summers commonly classified as a "<a href="/wiki/Climate_of_China" title="Climate of China">Chinese type</a>" climate, while the western and eastern ranges have a subtropical climate similar to the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> in Europe. At the highest points of the Andean region, climates are colder than the ones occurring at the highest point of the Norwegian fjords. In the Andean plateaus, the warm climate prevails, although it is tempered by the altitude, while in the coastal strip, there is an equatorial climate commonly classified as a "Guinean type" climate. North of the Andean plateaus up to the north of the Chilean coast a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean oceanic climate</a> dominates with temperate summers and cold winters akin to Cape Breton. In <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> a cold climate persists that is commonly referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> type" climate.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png/370px-Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png/555px-Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png/740px-Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>Map of all tropical cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2006</figcaption></figure> The distribution of rainfall is related to the regime of winds and air masses. In most of the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical region">tropical region</a> east of the Andes, winds blowing from the northeast, east and southeast carry moisture from the Atlantic, causing abundant rainfall. However, due to a consistently strong <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> and a weak <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">South Atlantic tropical cyclones</a> are rare.<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Llanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco Llanos">Orinoco Llanos</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">Guianas Plateau</a>, the precipitation levels go from moderate to high. The Pacific coast of Colombia and northern Ecuador are rainy regions, with <a href="/wiki/El_Choc%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="El Chocó">Chocó</a> in Colombia being the rainiest place in the world along with the northern slopes of Indian Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a> The Atacama Desert, along this stretch of coast, is one of the driest regions in the world. The central and southern parts of Chile are subject to <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclones</a>, and most of the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> is <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a> of Argentina, Uruguay and South of Brazil the rainfall is moderate, with rains well distributed during the year. The moderately dry conditions of the Chaco oppose the intense rainfall of the eastern region of Paraguay. In the <a href="/wiki/Semiarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiarid">semiarid</a> coast of the Brazilian Northeast the rains are linked to a monsoon regime.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[70]</a> Important factors in the determination of climates are sea currents such as the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Current" title="Falkland Current">Falkland Current</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">Equatorial Current</a> of the South Atlantic strikes the coast of the Northeast where is divided into two others: the current of <a href="/wiki/Brazil_Current" title="Brazil Current">Brazil</a> and a coastal current that flows to the northwest towards the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> from where it turns northeast forming the most important and famous ocean current in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Know.net-84">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on Earth. It is home to many unique species of animals including the <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaconda" title="Anaconda">anaconda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a>, and to one of the largest known insects in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Titan_beetle" title="Titan beetle">Titan beetle</a>. The Amazon rainforests possess high <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, with Brazil estimated to contain 10% of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a> 83% of South America's large mammals (<a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>) became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene around 11,000 years ago as part of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Quaternary extinction event</a>, among the highest of any continent, with the casualties including <a href="/wiki/Smilodon" title="Smilodon">saber-toothed cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">ground sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyptodont" title="Glyptodont">glyptodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomphothere" title="Gomphothere">gomphotheres</a>, the equines <a href="/wiki/Hippidion" title="Hippidion">Hippidion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equus_neogeus" title="Equus neogeus">Equus neogeus</a>, and all remaining <a href="/wiki/South_American_native_ungulates" title="South American native ungulates">South American native ungulates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNASUR_(Ecuador).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UNASUR_%28Ecuador%29.jpg/250px-UNASUR_%28Ecuador%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UNASUR_%28Ecuador%29.jpg/330px-UNASUR_%28Ecuador%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UNASUR_%28Ecuador%29.jpg/500px-UNASUR_%28Ecuador%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/UNASUR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNASUR">UNASUR</a> in Quito, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, the Hispanic countries were founded as Republican dictatorships led by <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillos</a>. Brazil was the only exception, being a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> for its first 67 years of independence, until a coup d'état proclaimed a republic. In the late 19th century, the most democratic countries were <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile_during_the_Parliamentary_Era_(1891%E2%80%931925)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)">Chile</a>, Argentina and Uruguay.<a href="#cite_note-88">[77]</a> All South American countries are <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republics</a> with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> is a <a href="/wiki/French_overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="French overseas department">French overseas department</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> are British overseas territories. It is currently the only inhabited continent in the world without monarchies; the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> existed during the 19th century and there was an unsuccessful attempt to establish a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia</a> in southern Argentina and Chile. Also in the twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> was established as a constituent kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> retained the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> for 4 years after its independence. Recently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions: <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community</a>, thus forming the third-largest trade bloc in the world.<a href="#cite_note-89">[78]</a> This new political organization, known as <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>, seeks to establish free movement of people, economic development, a common defense policy and the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_states_and_territories">List of states and territories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of states and territories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_South_America" title="Armorial of South America">Arms</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign_state_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of sovereign state flags">Flag</a> </th> <th>Country / <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Territory</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Area</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[l]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">Population</a> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2">[2]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">Population density</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals" title="List of national capitals">Capital</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Name(s) in official language(s)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,766,890 km2 (1,068,300 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,276,780 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.3/km2 (37/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </td> <td>Argentina </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Insigne_Bolivicus.svg/20px-Insigne_Bolivicus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Insigne_Bolivicus.svg/30px-Insigne_Bolivicus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Insigne_Bolivicus.svg/40px-Insigne_Bolivicus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="468" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,098,580 km2 (424,160 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,079,472 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.4/km2 (22/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[m]</a> </td> <td>Bolivia / Mborivia / Wuliwya / Puliwya </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Insigne_Brasilicum.svg/20px-Insigne_Brasilicum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Insigne_Brasilicum.svg/30px-Insigne_Brasilicum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Insigne_Brasilicum.svg/40px-Insigne_Brasilicum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="302" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,514,877 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">214,326,223 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22/km2 (57/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> </td> <td>Brasil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Roundel_of_Chile.svg/20px-Roundel_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Roundel_of_Chile.svg/40px-Roundel_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[n]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">756,950 km2 (292,260 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,493,184 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22/km2 (57/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[o]</a> </td> <td>Chile </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Insigne_Columbum.svg/20px-Insigne_Columbum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Insigne_Columbum.svg/40px-Insigne_Columbum.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="385" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,141,748 km2 (440,831 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,516,562 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40/km2 (100/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> </td> <td>Colombia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Insigne_Aequatorium.svg/20px-Insigne_Aequatorium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Insigne_Aequatorium.svg/30px-Insigne_Aequatorium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Insigne_Aequatorium.svg/40px-Insigne_Aequatorium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="414" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">283,560 km2 (109,480 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,797,737 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.8/km2 (139/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> </td> <td>Ecuador / Ikwayur / Ekuatur </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><img alt="Falkland Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Insigne_Falklandiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Falklandiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Insigne_Falklandiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Falklandiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Insigne_Falklandiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Falklandiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="253" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><img alt="Falkland Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">United Kingdom</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,764 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.26/km2 (0.67/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a> </td> <td>Falkland Islands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana"><img alt="French Guiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BlasonGuyane.svg/20px-BlasonGuyane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BlasonGuyane.svg/30px-BlasonGuyane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BlasonGuyane.svg/40px-BlasonGuyane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="537" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana"><img alt="French Guiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">France</a>)<a href="#cite_note-94">[p]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,000 km2 (35,000 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">297,449 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.1/km2 (5.4/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Préfecture">Préfecture</a>) </td> <td>Guyane </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Insigne_Guianae.svg/20px-Insigne_Guianae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Insigne_Guianae.svg/30px-Insigne_Guianae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Insigne_Guianae.svg/40px-Insigne_Guianae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="406" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">214,999 km2 (83,012 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">804,567 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a> </td> <td>Guyana </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">406,750 km2 (157,050 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,703,799 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.6/km2 (40/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a> </td> <td>Paraguay/Paraguái </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Peruviae.svg/20px-Insigne_Peruviae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Peruviae.svg/30px-Insigne_Peruviae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Peruviae.svg/40px-Insigne_Peruviae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="362" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,285,220 km2 (496,230 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,715,471 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22/km2 (57/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> </td> <td>Perú/Piruw/Piruw </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><img alt="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Insigne_Georgiae_Australis_et_Insularum_Sandvich_Australium.svg/20px-Insigne_Georgiae_Australis_et_Insularum_Sandvich_Australium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Insigne_Georgiae_Australis_et_Insularum_Sandvich_Australium.svg/30px-Insigne_Georgiae_Australis_et_Insularum_Sandvich_Australium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Insigne_Georgiae_Australis_et_Insularum_Sandvich_Australium.svg/40px-Insigne_Georgiae_Australis_et_Insularum_Sandvich_Australium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="375" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><img alt="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">United Kingdom</a>)<a href="#cite_note-95">[q]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,093 km2 (1,194 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0/km2 (0/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a> </td> <td>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Insigne_Surinamiae.svg/20px-Insigne_Surinamiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Insigne_Surinamiae.svg/30px-Insigne_Surinamiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Insigne_Surinamiae.svg/40px-Insigne_Surinamiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="345" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/40px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/60px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,270 km2 (63,040 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">612,985 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3/km2 (7.8/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a> </td> <td>Suriname </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Insigne_Uraquariae.svg/20px-Insigne_Uraquariae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Insigne_Uraquariae.svg/40px-Insigne_Uraquariae.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="414" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">176,220 km2 (68,040 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,426,260 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.4/km2 (50/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> </td> <td>Uruguay/Uruguai </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Venetiolae.svg/20px-Insigne_Venetiolae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Venetiolae.svg/30px-Insigne_Venetiolae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Venetiolae.svg/40px-Insigne_Venetiolae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="630" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,199,867 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.8/km2 (72/sq mi) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> </td> <td>Venezuela </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th style="text-align:right;">17,824,513 km2 (6,882,083 sq mi) </th> <th style="text-align:right;">434,254,119 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">21.5/km2 (56/sq mi) </th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_America" title="Economy of South America">Economy of South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banco_del_Sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Banco_del_Sur.jpg/250px-Banco_del_Sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Banco_del_Sur.jpg/330px-Banco_del_Sur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Banco_del_Sur.jpg/500px-Banco_del_Sur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina Fernández">Cristina Fernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Duarte" title="Nicanor Duarte">Nicanor Duarte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> signed the founding charter of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg/250px-Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg/330px-Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg/500px-Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption>Trading panel of the <a href="/wiki/BM%26F_Bovespa" class="mw-redirect" title="BM&F Bovespa">São Paulo Stock Exchange</a> is the second biggest in the Americas and 13th in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CostaneraCenter2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CostaneraCenter2016.jpg/220px-CostaneraCenter2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CostaneraCenter2016.jpg/330px-CostaneraCenter2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CostaneraCenter2016.jpg/440px-CostaneraCenter2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption>Financial center of <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_liftoff_from_ELA-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ariane_5ES_liftoff_from_ELA-3.jpg/250px-Ariane_5ES_liftoff_from_ELA-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ariane_5ES_liftoff_from_ELA-3.jpg/330px-Ariane_5ES_liftoff_from_ELA-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ariane_5ES_liftoff_from_ELA-3.jpg/500px-Ariane_5ES_liftoff_from_ELA-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Launch at the <a href="/wiki/Kourou_Space_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourou Space Centre">Kourou Space Centre</a> in French Guiana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg/250px-Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg/330px-Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg/500px-Petrobrasbolivia2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Refinery" title="Refinery">Refinery</a> of Brazilian state-owned <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_(15414135738).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_%2815414135738%29.jpg/250px-Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_%2815414135738%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_%2815414135738%29.jpg/330px-Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_%2815414135738%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_%2815414135738%29.jpg/500px-Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_%2815414135738%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embraer_KC-390" class="mw-redirect" title="Embraer KC-390">KC-390</a> is the largest military transport aircraft produced in South America by the Brazilian company <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodega_chakana_hacia_la_monta%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bodega_chakana_hacia_la_monta%C3%B1a.jpg/170px-Bodega_chakana_hacia_la_monta%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bodega_chakana_hacia_la_monta%C3%B1a.jpg/255px-Bodega_chakana_hacia_la_monta%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bodega_chakana_hacia_la_monta%C3%B1a.jpg/340px-Bodega_chakana_hacia_la_monta%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="4108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luj%C3%A1n_de_Cuyo" title="Luján de Cuyo">Luján de Cuyo</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza, Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> $bn 2023 <a href="#cite_note-PPP_GDP-96">[79]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/GDP_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> $bn 2023 <a href="#cite_note-PPP_GDP-96">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[80]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP per capita</a> $,000 2023 <a href="#cite_note-PPP_GDP-96">[79]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">Merchandise exports</a> $bn 2022 <a href="#cite_note-wfex-98">[81]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> 2021 <a href="#cite_note-UN-99">[82]</a> </th> <th>% with less than $2.15 per day 2021 <a href="#cite_note-wb2-100">[83]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Argentina </td> <td>622 </td> <td>1,240 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>103 </td> <td>0.84 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Bolivia </td> <td>47 </td> <td>125 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>0.69 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Brazil </td> <td>2,130 </td> <td>4,100 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>380 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Chile </td> <td>344 </td> <td>600 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>107 </td> <td>0.86 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Colombia </td> <td>364 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Ecuador </td> <td>120 </td> <td>243 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>0.74 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Falkland Islands<a href="#cite_note-101">[84]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>71 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">French Guiana<a href="#cite_note-102">[85]</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Guyana </td> <td>16 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>61 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0.71 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Paraguay </td> <td>44 </td> <td>117 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>0.72 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Peru </td> <td>265 </td> <td>550 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>0.76 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Suriname </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0.73 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Uruguay </td> <td>76 </td> <td>103 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>0.81 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Venezuela </td> <td>92 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>0.69 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Total</th> <th>4,100</th> <th>8,200</th> <th>19</th> <th>850</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> Since 1930, the continent has experienced growth and diversification in most economic sectors. Most agricultural and livestock products are destined for the domestic market and local consumption. However, the export of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural products</a> is essential for the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a> in most countries.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-103">[86]</a> The main agrarian crops are export crops, such as <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> and wheat. The production of staple foods such as vegetables, corn or beans is large, but focused on domestic consumption. Livestock raising for meat exports is significant in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Colombia. In tropical regions the most important crops are coffee, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a>, mainly in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Traditionally, the countries producing sugar for export are Peru, Guyana and Suriname, and in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> is also used to make <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. On the coast of Peru, northeast and south of Brazil, cotton is grown. 51% of South America's land surface is covered by forest.<a href="#cite_note-104">[87]</a> Transnational companies have settled in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> to exploit timber destined for export. The Pacific coastal waters are the most important for commercial fishing. The anchovy catch reaches thousands of tonnes, and tuna is abundant, Peru is a major exporter. The capture of <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a> is large, particularly in northeastern Brazil and Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-103">[86]</a> Brazil and Argentina are part of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> industrial countries, while only Brazil is part of the <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a> (the most powerful and influential nations in the world). In the tourism sector, negotiations began in 2005 to promote tourism and increase air connections within the region. <a href="/wiki/Punta_del_Este" title="Punta del Este">Punta del Este</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a> are among the largest resorts in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-103">[86]</a> The most industrialized countries in South America are Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Chile respectively. These countries alone account for more than 80% of the region's economy. Industries in South America significantly developed from the 1930s, when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the United States and elsewhere, boosted industrial production on the continent. The region partially moved away from agriculture and began to achieve high rates of economic growth that remained until the early 1990s, when they slowed due to political instabilities and economic crises.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-103">[86]</a> Since the end of the economic crisis in Brazil and Argentina between 1998 and 2002, which led to <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a>, rising unemployment and falling income, the industrial and service sectors have recovered. South America has shown good signs of economic stability, with controlled inflation and exchange rates, continuous growth, a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> and unemployment – factors that favor industry.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-103">[86]</a> The main industries are: electronics, textiles, food, automotive, metallurgy, aviation, naval, clothing, beverage, steel, tobacco, timber, chemical, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-103">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economic_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic gap">economic gap</a> between rich and poor in most South American nations is larger than most other continents. The richest 10% receive over 40% of the nation's income in Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-share-105">[88]</a> while the poorest 20% receive 4% or less.<a href="#cite_note-106">[89]</a> This wide gap can be seen in large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie in the vicinity of skyscrapers and luxury apartments; many South Americans live on less than $2 per day.<a href="#cite_note-wb2-100">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> The four countries with the strongest agriculture are Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Chile and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Currently: <ul><li>Brazil is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, coffee, orange, <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraná">guaraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Açaí">açaí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a>; is one of the top 5 producers of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, banana, cotton, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>, lemon and <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerba mate">yerba mate</a>; is one of the top 10 world producers of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, rice, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and tomato; and is one of the top 15 world producers of grape, apple, melon, peanut, <a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">fig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, onion, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>;</li> <li>Argentina is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerba mate">yerba mate</a>; is one of the five largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, maize, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seed</a>, lemon and pear, one of the 10 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, grape, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a>, tobacco and cotton, and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of wheat, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a>;</li> <li>Chile is one of the five largest world producers of <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberry</a>, and one of the 10 largest world producers of grape, apple, <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnut</a>, focusing on exporting high-value fruits;</li> <li>Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of coffee, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, and one of the 10 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, banana, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>; is one of the five largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>; one of the 10 largest producers in the world of coffee and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>; one of the 15 largest producers in the world of potato and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, and also has a considerable production of grape, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, rice, banana, maize and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>; its agriculture is considerably diversified;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>'s agriculture is currently developing, being currently the sixth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> in the world and entering the list of the 20 largest producers of maize and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[90]</a></li></ul> Brazil is the world's largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a>: 3.8 million tonnes in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-108">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[92]</a> The country is the holder of the second largest herd of cattle in the world, 22% of the world herd. The country was the second largest producer of beef in 2019, responsible for 15% of global production.<a href="#cite_note-110">[93]</a> It was also the third largest world producer of milk in 2018, 35 billion liters.<a href="#cite_note-111">[94]</a> In 2019, Brazil was the 4th largest pork producer in the world, with almost 4 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[95]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> was the fourth largest producer of beef in the world, with a production of 3 million tonnes (behind only the United States, Brazil and China).<a href="#cite_note-113">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a> production, Argentina ranks among the 15 largest producers in the world, and Peru and Colombia among the 20 biggest producers. In beef production, Colombia is one of the 20 largest producers in the world. In <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> production, Argentina ranks among the five largest. In <a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow's milk">cow's milk</a>, Argentina ranks among the 20 largest producers.<a href="#cite_note-114">[97]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sugarcane plantation in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 746 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's sugarcane."><img alt="Sugarcane plantation in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 746 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's sugarcane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG/120px-Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG/180px-Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG/240px-Faz_S_Sofia_canavial_090607_REFON.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sugarcane plantation in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 746 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's sugarcane.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SojaBrasnorte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soy plantation in Mato Grosso. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's soybeans."><img alt="Soy plantation in Mato Grosso. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's soybeans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SojaBrasnorte.jpg/120px-SojaBrasnorte.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SojaBrasnorte.jpg/180px-SojaBrasnorte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SojaBrasnorte.jpg/240px-SojaBrasnorte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soy plantation in <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's soybeans.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_Plantation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coffee in Minas Gerais. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 3.5 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's coffee."><img alt="Coffee in Minas Gerais. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 3.5 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's coffee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coffee_Plantation.jpg/120px-Coffee_Plantation.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coffee_Plantation.jpg/250px-Coffee_Plantation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="762" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coffee in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 3.5 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's coffee.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Laranja_(Avar%C3%A9)_REFON_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million tonnes. South America produces 25% of the world's orange."><img alt="Orange in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million tonnes. South America produces 25% of the world's orange." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Laranja_%28Avar%C3%A9%29_REFON_1.JPG/120px-Laranja_%28Avar%C3%A9%29_REFON_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Laranja_%28Avar%C3%A9%29_REFON_1.JPG/180px-Laranja_%28Avar%C3%A9%29_REFON_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Laranja_%28Avar%C3%A9%29_REFON_1.JPG/240px-Laranja_%28Avar%C3%A9%29_REFON_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1979" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orange in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million tonnes. South America produces 25% of the world's orange.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Perdigao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Truck of a meat company in Brazil. South America produces 20% of the world's beef and chicken meat."><img alt="Truck of a meat company in Brazil. South America produces 20% of the world's beef and chicken meat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perdigao.jpg/120px-Perdigao.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perdigao.jpg/180px-Perdigao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Perdigao.jpg/240px-Perdigao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Truck of a meat company in Brazil. South America produces 20% of the world's beef and chicken meat.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EMS_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/EMS_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-EMS_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/EMS_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-EMS_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/EMS_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-EMS_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EMS_(pharmaceuticals)" title="EMS (pharmaceuticals)">EMS</a>, the largest Brazilian pharmaceutical company</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. According to the 2019 list, Brazil has the thirteenth most valuable industry in the world (US$174 billion), <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, it depends on oil to obtain this value), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion), <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion) and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).<a href="#cite_note-115">[98]</a> Brazil has the third-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting for 29 percent of GDP, Brazil's industries range from automobiles, steel, and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>), food, pharmaceutical, footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. In the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>, in 2019, Brazil was the second largest exporter of processed foods in the world.<a href="#cite_note-116">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[101]</a> In 2016, the country was the 2nd largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> and the 8th largest producer of paper.<a href="#cite_note-119">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[104]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Footwear_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwear industry">footwear industry</a>, in 2019, Brazil ranked 4th among world producers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[108]</a> In 2019, the country was the 8th largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a> and the 9th largest producer of steel in the world.<a href="#cite_note-126">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[111]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> of Brazil was the 8th largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-129">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[114]</a> Although Brazil was in 2013 among the five largest producers of textiles in the world, its <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> still lacks proper integration in the world trade.<a href="#cite_note-132">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_ricco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/250px-Cerro_ricco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/330px-Cerro_ricco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/500px-Cerro_ricco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Rico" title="Cerro Rico">Cerro Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosi</a>, Bolivia, still a major silver mine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasil_-_Ametista_do_Sul_-_Piedra_amatista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Brasil_-_Ametista_do_Sul_-_Piedra_amatista.jpg/250px-Brasil_-_Ametista_do_Sul_-_Piedra_amatista.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Brasil_-_Ametista_do_Sul_-_Piedra_amatista.jpg/330px-Brasil_-_Ametista_do_Sul_-_Piedra_amatista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Brasil_-_Ametista_do_Sul_-_Piedra_amatista.jpg/500px-Brasil_-_Ametista_do_Sul_-_Piedra_amatista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>Amethyst mine in <a href="/wiki/Ametista_do_Sul" title="Ametista do Sul">Ametista do Sul</a>. South America is a major producer of gems such as amethyst, topaz, emerald, aquamarine and tourmaline.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuqui001_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chuqui001_02.jpg/250px-Chuqui001_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chuqui001_02.jpg/330px-Chuqui001_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Chuqui001_02.jpg/500px-Chuqui001_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Open_pit_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pit mine">open pit mine</a> in the world, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Calama,_Chile" title="Calama, Chile">Calama</a> in Chile.</figcaption></figure> Mining is one of the most important economic sectors in South America, especially for Chile, Peru and Bolivia, whose economies are highly dependent on this sector. The continent is a large producer of gold (mainly in Peru, Brazil and Argentina);<a href="#cite_note-133">[116]</a> silver (mainly in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina);<a href="#cite_note-134">[117]</a> copper (mainly in Chile, Peru and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a> iron ore (Brazil, Peru and Chile);<a href="#cite_note-136">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-137">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (Chile and Peru);<a href="#cite_note-auto7-138">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> (Chile, Argentina and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a> lead (Peru and Bolivia);<a href="#cite_note-auto9-140">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-141">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-142">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-143">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> (Bolivia and Ecuador);<a href="#cite_note-144">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-145">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> (Brazil);<a href="#cite_note-146">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> (Chile);<a href="#cite_note-147">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> (Chile),<a href="#cite_note-148">[131]</a> among others. Brazil stands out in the extraction of iron ore (where it is the second largest producer and exporter in the world – iron ore is usually one of the three export products that generate the greatest value in the country's trade balance), copper, gold, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> (one of the five largest producers in the world), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (one of the five largest producers in the world), <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (one of the largest producers in the world), <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> (concentrates 98% of reserves known to the world) and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. In terms of gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> and one of the main producers of <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gemstone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarine (gemstone)">aquamarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[137]</a> Chile contributes about a third of the world copper production.<a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a> In addition to copper, Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[140]</a> the second largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a><a href="#cite_note-auto6-158">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto7-138">[121]</a> the sixth largest producer of silver,<a href="#cite_note-auto4-159">[142]</a> the seventh largest producer of salt,<a href="#cite_note-160">[143]</a> the eighth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[144]</a> the thirteenth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[145]</a> and the thirteenth largest producer of iron ore<a href="#cite_note-163">[146]</a> in the world. In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> was the 2nd largest world producer of copper<a href="#cite_note-164">[147]</a> and silver,<a href="#cite_note-auto4-159">[142]</a> 8th largest world producer of gold,<a href="#cite_note-auto8-165">[148]</a> 3rd largest world producer of lead,<a href="#cite_note-auto9-140">[123]</a> 2nd largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[149]</a> 4th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto12-167">[150]</a> 5th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a><a href="#cite_note-auto11-168">[151]</a> and 4th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-138">[121]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> was the 8th largest world producer of silver;<a href="#cite_note-auto4-159">[142]</a> 4th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>;<a href="#cite_note-auto11-168">[151]</a> 5th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>;<a href="#cite_note-169">[152]</a> 5th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-auto12-167">[150]</a> 6th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>;<a href="#cite_note-170">[153]</a> 7th largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[154]</a> and the 8th largest producer of lead.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-140">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-campbell-172">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-gov.br-173">[156]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> was the 4th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto6-158">[141]</a> the 9th largest world producer of silver,<a href="#cite_note-auto4-159">[142]</a> the 17th largest world producer of gold<a href="#cite_note-auto8-165">[148]</a> and the 7th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-168">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Emeralds" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeralds">emeralds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[157]</a> In the production of gold, among 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tonnes (15 long tons; 17 short tons) per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, breaking a record of 66.1 tonnes (65.1 long tons; 72.9 short tons) extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tonnes (51.4 long tons; 57.5 short tons). The country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-175">[158]</a> In the production of silver, in 2017 the country extracted 15.5 tonnes (15.3 long tons; 17.1 short tons).<a href="#cite_note-campbell-172">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-gov.br-173">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[159]</a> In the production of oil, Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Venezuela was the 21st largest, with 877 thousand barrels / day and Colombia in 22nd with 886 thousand. As Venezuela and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. Venezuela had a big drop in production after 2015 (where it produced 2.5 million barrels / day), falling in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investment.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-177">[160]</a> For natural gas, in 2018, Argentina produced 1524 bcf (billion cubic feet), Venezuela 946, Brazil 877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379.<a href="#cite_note-178">[161]</a> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and natural gas, Brazil exceeded 4 million <a href="/wiki/Barrels_of_oil_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrels of oil equivalent">barrels of oil equivalent</a> per day, for the first time. In January 2021, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 139 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-179">[162]</a> The continent had 2 of the 30 largest world producers of coal in 2018: Colombia (12th) and Brazil (27th).<a href="#cite_note-auto10-180">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for South American countries.<a href="#cite_note-181">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[165]</a> Historic relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, colorful cities, and pretty landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu Falls</a>, São Paulo, <a href="/wiki/Arma%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_B%C3%BAzios" title="Armação dos Búzios">Armação dos Búzios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombinhas" title="Bombinhas">Bombinhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis" title="Angra dos Reis">Angra dos Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balne%C3%A1rio_Cambori%C3%BA" title="Balneário Camboriú">Balneário Camboriú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraty" title="Paraty">Paraty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipojuca" title="Ipojuca">Ipojuca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairu" title="Cairu">Cairu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itapema" title="Itapema">Itapema</a> in Brazil;<a href="#cite_note-183">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bariloche" title="Bariloche">Bariloche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jujuy">Jujuy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perito_Moreno_Glacier" title="Perito Moreno Glacier">Perito Moreno Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdes_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdes Peninsula">Valdes Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD#Jesuit_reductions_by_country" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Guarani Jesuit Missions in the cities of Misiones and Corrientes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischigualasto_Provincial_Park" title="Ischigualasto Provincial Park">Ischigualasto Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> in Argentina;<a href="#cite_note-184">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isla_Margarita" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Margarita">Isla Margarita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Angel Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Roques archipelago">Los Roques archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sabana" title="Gran Sabana">Gran Sabana</a> in Venezuela; <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, Lima, <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> in Peru; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a>, La Paz, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Chiquitos" title="Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos">Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos</a> in Bolivia; <a href="/wiki/Tayrona_National_Natural_Park" title="Tayrona National Natural Park">Tayrona National Natural Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> in Colombia, and the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> in Ecuador.<a href="#cite_note-185">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[169]</a> In 2016 Brazil hosted the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1010px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Cartagena (2008), a major port on the northern coast of Colombia and one of the country's main tourist destinations"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/1000px-67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/1500px-67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg/2000px-67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="19695" data-file-height="3758" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:67_-_Carthag%C3%A8ne_-_D%C3%A9cembre_2008.jpg" title="File:67 - Carthagène - Décembre 2008.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> (2008), a major port on the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and one of the country's main tourist destinations</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> Due to the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and pluviometric precipitation conditions, the region's water resources vary enormously in different areas. In the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, navigation possibilities are limited, except for the Magdalena River, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> and the lakes of the southern regions of Chile and Argentina. Irrigation is an important factor for agriculture from northwestern Peru to Patagonia. Less than 10% of the known electrical potential of the Andes had been used until the mid-1960s. The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a> have a much higher hydroelectric potential than the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean region</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and its possibilities of exploitation are greater due to the existence of several large rivers with high margins and the occurrence of great differences forming huge cataracts, such as those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and others. The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> system has about 13,000 km (8,100 mi) of waterways, but its possibilities for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> use are still unknown. Most of the continent's energy is generated through <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power plants">hydroelectric power plants</a>, but there is also an important share of <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoelectric">thermoelectric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a>. Brazil and Argentina are the only South American countries that generate <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, each with two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power plants">nuclear power plants</a>. In 1991 these countries signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1510px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Itaipu Dam, the second largest of the world in energy production"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/1500px-Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/2250px-Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/3000px-Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10630" data-file-height="1275" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" title="File:Itaipu Décembre 2007 - Vue Générale.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a>, the second largest of the world in energy production</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energia_Eolica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/220px-Energia_Eolica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/330px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/440px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parna%C3%ADba" title="Parnaíba">Parnaíba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg/220px-Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg/330px-Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg/440px-Angra_dos_Reis_-_usinas_nucleares.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angra_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Angra Nuclear Power Plant">Angra Nuclear Power Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis" title="Angra dos Reis">Angra dos Reis</a>, Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif/250px-Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif/330px-Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif/500px-Usina_solar_de_Pirapora_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pirapora_Solar_Complex" title="Pirapora Solar Complex">Pirapora Solar Complex</a>, the largest in Brazil and Latin America with a capacity of 321 MW</figcaption></figure> The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels/day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-177">[160]</a> In the beginning of 2020, in the production of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and natural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-179">[162]</a> Brazil is one of the main world producers of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a>. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, that constitutes 60.16% of the country's energy generation.<a href="#cite_note-187">[170]</a> In 2019 Brazil reached a total of 170,000 megawatts of installed power generation capacity, of which more than 75% are from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).<a href="#cite_note-188">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[172]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast Region</a> used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. Hydroelectric generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% coming mostly from thermoelectric generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais for about 25%; Rio de Janeiro for 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South Region</a> owns the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a>, which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China. It remains the second largest operating hydroelectric power generation capacity in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>: the dam is located on the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>, located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North Region</a> has large hydroelectric plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Belo_Monte_Dam" title="Belo Monte Dam">Belo Monte Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucuru%C3%AD_Dam" title="Tucuruí Dam">Tucuruí Dam</a>, which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.<a href="#cite_note-190">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[174]</a> As of July 2022,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes">[ref]</a> according to ONS, total installed capacity of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> was 22 GW, with average <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> of 58%.<a href="#cite_note-192">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[176]</a> While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record average capacity factors of over 60%;<a href="#cite_note-194">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-195">[178]</a> the average capacity factor in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Region</a> is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.<a href="#cite_note-196">[179]</a> In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.<a href="#cite_note-auto-197">[180]</a> In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.<a href="#cite_note-198">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[182]</a> In 2021 Brazil ranked 7th in the world in terms of installed wind power capacity (21 GW),<a href="#cite_note-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021-200">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[184]</a> and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, United States and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-202">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-203">[186]</a> Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.<a href="#cite_note-uic-204">[187]</a> The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by <a href="/wiki/Eletronuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Eletronuclear">Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A)</a>, a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Eletrobr%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Eletrobrás">Eletrobrás</a>. Nuclear energy is produced by <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors#Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear reactors">two reactors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angra_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Angra Nuclear Power Plant">Angra</a>. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in <a href="/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis" title="Angra dos Reis">Angra dos Reis</a>, Rio de Janeiro. It consists of two <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactors</a>, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.<a href="#cite_note-merco-205">[188]</a> As of October 2022,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes">[ref]</a> according to ONS, total installed capacity of <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic solar">photovoltaic solar</a> was 21 GW, with average <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> of 23%. Some of the most <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">irradiated</a> Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO (Goiás), which have indeed world <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">irradiation</a> level records.<a href="#cite_note-206">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-195">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[190]</a> In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country.<a href="#cite_note-auto-197">[180]</a> In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),<a href="#cite_note-208">[191]</a> and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<a href="#cite_note-209">[192]</a> In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.<a href="#cite_note-210">[193]</a> After Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> was in 2017 the 18th largest producer of natural gas in the world, and the largest producer of natural gas in Latin America, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, which is the second largest natural shale gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it lacks the necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region. <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> stand out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in 2015. <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-211">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-203">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> Transport infrastructure in South America includes roads, railways, <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a> and airports. The railway and <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> sector, although having more robust contemporary potential, are still somewhat treated in a secondary way. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruta_Nacional_9_en_Z%C3%A1rate_hacia_el_noroeste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ruta_Nacional_9_en_Z%C3%A1rate_hacia_el_noroeste.jpg/220px-Ruta_Nacional_9_en_Z%C3%A1rate_hacia_el_noroeste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ruta_Nacional_9_en_Z%C3%A1rate_hacia_el_noroeste.jpg/330px-Ruta_Nacional_9_en_Z%C3%A1rate_hacia_el_noroeste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ruta_Nacional_9_en_Z%C3%A1rate_hacia_el_noroeste.jpg/440px-Ruta_Nacional_9_en_Z%C3%A1rate_hacia_el_noroeste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Ruta 9 / 14, in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1rate,_Buenos_Aires" title="Zárate, Buenos Aires">Zarate</a>, Argentina</figcaption></figure> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Andes_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes Mountains">Andes Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Forest">Amazon Forest</a>, there have always been difficulties in implementing larger scale transcontinental or bi-oceanic highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, (in Argentina) and later to Santiago, (in Chile). However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru (<a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Highway" title="Interoceanic Highway">Interoceanic Highway</a>), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile (<a href="/wiki/Central_Bi-Oceanic_railway" title="Central Bi-Oceanic railway">Bioceanic Corridor</a>). Some of the most modern roads extend through northern and south-east Argentina; and south of Brazil, a vast road complex aims to link <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, the federal capital, to the South, Southeast, Northeast and Northern regions of Brazil. Brazil has more than 1.7 million kilometres (1.1 million miles) of roads, of which 215,000 km (134,000 mi) are paved, and about 14,000 km (8,700 mi) are <a href="/wiki/Divided_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided highways">divided highways</a>. The two most important highways in the country are <a href="/wiki/BR-101" class="mw-redirect" title="BR-101">BR-101</a> and <a href="/wiki/BR-116" class="mw-redirect" title="BR-116">BR-116</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-214">[197]</a> Argentina has more than 600,000 km (370,000 mi) of roads, of which about 70,000 km (43,000 mi) are paved, and about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) are divided highways. The three most important highways in the country are <a href="/wiki/National_Route_9_(Argentina)" title="National Route 9 (Argentina)">Route 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Route_7_(Argentina)" title="National Route 7 (Argentina)">Route 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Route_14_(Argentina)" title="National Route 14 (Argentina)">Route 14</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-214">[197]</a> Colombia has about 210,000 km (130,000 mi) of roads, and about 2,300 km (1,400 mi) are divided highways.<a href="#cite_note-215">[198]</a> Chile has about 82,000 km (51,000 mi) of roads, 20,000 km (12,000 mi) of which are paved, and about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) are divided highways. The most important highway in the country is the <a href="/wiki/Chile_Route_5" title="Chile Route 5">Route 5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>).<a href="#cite_note-216">[199]</a> These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways. In addition, there is a reputed <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>, which crosses Argentina and the Andean countries from north to south, although various stretches are unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-217">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aviation">Aviation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aviation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riodejaneiro_aerea_aeroportogaleao-131756(cut).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Riodejaneiro_aerea_aeroportogaleao-131756%28cut%29.jpg/220px-Riodejaneiro_aerea_aeroportogaleao-131756%28cut%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Riodejaneiro_aerea_aeroportogaleao-131756%28cut%29.jpg/330px-Riodejaneiro_aerea_aeroportogaleao-131756%28cut%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Riodejaneiro_aerea_aeroportogaleao-131756%28cut%29.jpg/440px-Riodejaneiro_aerea_aeroportogaleao-131756%28cut%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2885" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro International Airport">Rio de Janeiro International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> In South America, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a> has a magnificent expansion field, which has one of the largest traffic density lines in the world, Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo, and large airports, such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Congonhas_Airport" title="São Paulo–Congonhas Airport">Congonhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Guarulhos_International" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo–Guarulhos International">São Paulo–Guarulhos International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viracopos" class="mw-redirect" title="Viracopos">Viracopos</a> (São Paulo), <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro%E2%80%93Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santos_Dumont_Airport" title="Santos Dumont Airport">Santos Dumont</a> (Rio de Janeiro), <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport" title="El Dorado International Airport">El Dorado</a> (Bogotá), <a href="/wiki/Ministro_Pistarini_International_Airport" title="Ministro Pistarini International Airport">Ezeiza</a> (Buenos Aires), <a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancredo Neves International Airport">Tancredo Neves International Airport</a> (Belo Horizonte), <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Pena_International_Airport" title="Afonso Pena International Airport">Curitiba International Airport</a> (Curitiba), Brasília, Caracas, Montevideo, Lima, <a href="/wiki/Viru_Viru_International_Airport" title="Viru Viru International Airport">Viru Viru International Airport</a> (Santa Cruz de la Sierra), Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém. There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo/Guarulhos_International_Airport" title="São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo International Airport</a>, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country – the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_International_Airport" title="Brasília International Airport">Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte_International_Airport" title="Belo Horizonte International Airport">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herc%C3%ADlio_Luz_International_Airport" title="Hercílio Luz International Airport">Florianópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marechal_Rondon_International_Airport" title="Marechal Rondon International Airport">Cuiabá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador International Airport">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife/Guararapes%E2%80%93Gilberto_Freyre_International_Airport" title="Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza_Airport" title="Fortaleza Airport">Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m/Val-de-Cans_International_Airport" title="Belém/Val-de-Cans International Airport">Belém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Gomes_International_Airport" title="Eduardo Gomes International Airport">Manaus</a>, among others. Argentina has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/Ministro_Pistarini_International_Airport" title="Ministro Pistarini International Airport">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingeniero_Aeron%C3%A1utico_Ambrosio_L.V._Taravella_International_Airport" title="Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport">Cordoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_de_Bariloche_Airport" title="San Carlos de Bariloche Airport">Bariloche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_Francisco_Gabrielli_International_Airport" title="Governor Francisco Gabrielli International Airport">Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Miguel_de_G%C3%BCemes_International_Airport" title="Martín Miguel de Güemes International Airport">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataratas_del_Iguaz%C3%BA_International_Airport" title="Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport">Puerto Iguazú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidente_Per%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Presidente Perón International Airport">Neuquén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia_%E2%80%93_Malvinas_Argentinas_International_Airport" title="Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport">Usuhaia</a>, among others. Chile has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Merino_Ben%C3%ADtez_International_Airport" title="Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Sabella_G%C3%A1lvez_International_Airport" title="Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport">Antofagasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Tepual_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="El Tepual Airport">Puerto Montt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidente_Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_del_Campo_International_Airport" title="Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport">Punta Arenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Aracena_International_Airport" title="Diego Aracena International Airport">Iquique</a>, among others. Colombia has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport" title="El Dorado International Airport">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova_International_Airport" title="José María Córdova International Airport">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_International_Airport" title="Rafael Núñez International Airport">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Bonilla_Arag%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport">Cali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cortissoz_International_Airport" title="Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport">Barranquilla</a>, among others. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (<a href="/wiki/Carrasco_International_Airport" title="Carrasco International Airport">Montevideo</a>), Paraguay (<a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pettirossi_International_Airport" title="Silvio Pettirossi International Airport">Asunción</a>), Peru (<a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Lima</a>), Bolivia (<a href="/wiki/El_Alto_International_Airport" title="El Alto International Airport">La Paz</a>) and Ecuador (<a href="/wiki/Mariscal_Sucre_International_Airport" title="Mariscal Sucre International Airport">Quito</a>). The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).<a href="#cite_note-218">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaports_and_harbors">Seaports and harbors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Seaports and harbors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_(7110638275).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg/180px-A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg/270px-A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg/360px-A_Sa%C3%BAde_dos_Portos_%287110638275%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Port of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil</figcaption></figure> The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. The following are those of Chile, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. The largest ports in commercial movement are those of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>, Rio de Janeiro, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca" title="Bahía Blanca">Bahía Blanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, Montevideo, <a href="/wiki/Paranagu%C3%A1" title="Paranaguá">Paranaguá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>. Brazil has some of the busiest seaports in South America, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Santos" title="Port of Santos">Port of Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Port of Rio de Janeiro">Port of Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Paranagu%C3%A1" title="Port of Paranaguá">Port of Paranaguá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Itaja%C3%AD" title="Port of Itajaí">Port of Itajaí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rio_Grande" title="Port of Rio Grande">Port of Rio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_do_Sul" title="Port of São Francisco do Sul">Port of São Francisco do Sul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suape_Port" title="Suape Port">Suape Port</a>. Argentina has ports such as <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Port of Buenos Aires">Port of Buenos Aires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rosario" title="Port of Rosario">Port of Rosario</a>. Chile has important ports in <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Chile" title="Caldera, Chile">Caldera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mejillones" title="Mejillones">Mejillones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a>. Colombia has important ports such as <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura,_Valle_del_Cauca" title="Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca">Buenaventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Container_Terminal" title="Cartagena Container Terminal">Cartagena Container Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Bolivar,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Bolivar, Colombia">Puerto Bolivar</a>. Peru has important ports in <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilo,_Peru" title="Ilo, Peru">Ilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matarani" title="Matarani">Matarani</a>. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).<a href="#cite_note-219">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> Two primary railroads are continental: the Transandina, which connects <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, in Argentina to <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, in Chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia Railroad, which makes it the connection between the port of <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a> in Brazil and the city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a>, in Bolivia. Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector: the platinum network, which develops around the <a href="/wiki/Platine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Platine region">Platine region</a>, largely belonging to Argentina, with more than 45,000 km (28,000 mi) in length; And the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Brazil">Southeast Brazil</a> network, which mainly serves the <a href="/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="State of São Paulo">state of São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Rio de Janeiro">state of Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>. The Argentine rail network, with 47,000 km (29,000 mi) of tracks, at one stage was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about 100,000 km (62,000 mi) of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The Brazilian railway network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometres (19,000 miles). It is basically used for transporting ores.<a href="#cite_note-220">[203]</a> Chile has almost 7,000 km (4,300 mi) of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Colombia has about 3,500 km (2,200 mi) of railways.<a href="#cite_note-221">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waterways">Waterways</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Waterways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/250px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/330px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/500px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>The mouth of the Amazon River</figcaption></figure> South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world, represented mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Platine_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Platine basin">Platine basin</a>, the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins, with Brazil having about 54,000 km (34,000 mi) navigable, while Argentina has 6,500 km (4,000 mi) and Venezuela has 1,200 km (750 mi). Among the main Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a>, two stand out: the one is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrovia_Tiet%C3%AA-Paran%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná (page does not exist)">Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná</a>—which has a length of 2,400 kilometres (1,500 miles), of which 1,600 kilometres (990 miles) are on the Paraná River and 800 kilometres (500 miles) are on the Tietê River—draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais; the second one is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrovia_do_Solim%C3%B5es-Amazonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (page does not exist)">Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas</a> with two sections: Solimões which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus with a length of approximately 1,600 kilometres (990 miles), and Amazonas which extends from Manaus to Belém with a length of approximately 1,650 kilometres (1,030 miles). Almost all passenger transport in the Amazon plain is done via this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus. In Brazil, water transport is still underutilised: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still requires the construction of locks, major dredging works and the development of ports that allow intermodal integration. In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The main river ports are <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1rate,_Buenos_Aires" title="Zárate, Buenos Aires">Zárate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campana_Partido" title="Campana Partido">Campana</a>. The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along 67 kilometres (42 miles) of the Santa Fé portion of the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrates around 50% of the total exports of the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> The primary public transport in major cities is the bus. Many cities have a diverse transport system of metro and subway trains, the first of which was the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Underground" title="Buenos Aires Underground">Buenos Aires subte</a>, opened 1913.<a href="#cite_note-222">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Santiago_subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago subway">Santiago subway</a><a href="#cite_note-Home-223">[206]</a> is the longest subway network in South America spanning 103 kilometres (64 miles), while the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_subway" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo subway">São Paulo subway</a> is the most heavily utilised with more than 4.6 million passengers per day.<a href="#cite_note-2014ridership-224">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> installed the continent's first railroad in 1854. Today the city has a diversified system of metropolitan trains, integrated with buses and subway. It has a Light Rail System called <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_Light_Rail" title="Rio de Janeiro Light Rail">VLT</a>, with small electrical trams at low speed, while <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> has inaugurated a <a href="/wiki/Line_15_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro)" title="Line 15 (São Paulo Metro)">monorail</a>. In Brazil, an express bus system called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which operates in several cities, has been developed. <a href="/wiki/Mi_Telef%C3%A9rico" title="Mi Teleférico">Mi Teleférico</a>, also known as Teleférico <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>–<a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a> (La Paz–El Alto Cable Car), is an aerial cable car urban transit system serving the La Paz–El Alto metropolitan area in Bolivia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_America" title="Demographics of South America">Demographics of South America</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">List of South American countries by population</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">List of South American countries by life expectancy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/South_America_night.jpg/220px-South_America_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/South_America_night.jpg/330px-South_America_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/South_America_night.jpg/440px-South_America_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of South America at night from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, showing the contrast between heavily populated coastal areas and the more remote regions of the Amazonian interior and Patagonia.</figcaption></figure> South America has a population of over 428 million people. They are distributed as to form a "hollow continent" with most of the population concentrated around the margins of the continent.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-59">[48]</a> On one hand, there are several sparsely populated areas such as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> and the icy portions of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. On the other hand, the continent presents regions of high population density, such as the great urban centers. The population is formed by descendants of Europeans (mainly <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> and Italians), <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Africans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amerindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindians">Amerindians</a>. There is a high percentage of <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">Mestizos</a> that vary greatly in composition by place. There is a population of about 5 million Asians, mostly <a href="/wiki/East_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asians">East Asians</a>, especially in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by English, French and Dutch in smaller numbers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">Languages of South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_South_America_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Languages_of_South_America_%28en%29.svg/220px-Languages_of_South_America_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Languages_of_South_America_%28en%29.svg/330px-Languages_of_South_America_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Languages_of_South_America_%28en%29.svg/440px-Languages_of_South_America_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Official languages in South America</figcaption></figure> Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> are the most spoken languages in South America, with approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>; English is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country, including <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Hindustani</a> and several native languages.<a href="#cite_note-225">[208]</a> English is also spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. French is the official language of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> and the second language in <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a>, Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a> of South America include <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina and Colombia; <a href="/wiki/Wayuunaiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayuunaiki">Wayuunaiki</a> in northern Colombia (<a href="/wiki/La_Guajira" class="mw-redirect" title="La Guajira">La Guajira</a>) and northwestern Venezuela (<a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a>); <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a> in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia; <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and <a href="/wiki/Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a> is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages. Other languages found in South America include <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Hindustani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> in Suriname; Italian in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Venezuela; and German in certain pockets of Argentina, Chile and Brazil. German is also spoken in many regions of the southern states of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch</a> being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country; among other Germanic dialects, a Brazilian form of <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a> is also well represented and is experiencing a revival. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> remains spoken and written in the historic towns of <a href="/wiki/Trelew" title="Trelew">Trelew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rawson,_Chubut" title="Rawson, Chubut">Rawson</a> in the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> is spoken in southern Chile, Arabic speakers, often of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Palestinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian">Palestinian</a> descent, can be found in Arab communities in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela and in Paraguay.<a href="#cite_note-226">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santuario_de_Las_Lajas,_Ipiales,_Colombia,_2015-07-21,_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/250px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/330px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg/500px-Santuario_de_Las_Lajas%2C_Ipiales%2C_Colombia%2C_2015-07-21%2C_DD_21-23_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3958" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Las_Lajas_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Lajas Sanctuary">Las Lajas Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipiales" title="Ipiales">Ipiales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">Religion in South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latin_America" title="Religion in Latin America">Religion in Latin America</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism in Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina" title="Islam in Argentina">Islam in Argentina</a></div> An estimated 90% of South Americans are Christians<a href="#cite_note-227">[210]</a> (82% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, 8% other Christian denominations mainly traditional <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a>), accounting for 19% of Christians worldwide. African descendent and Indigenous religions are common throughout South America; some examples are <a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">Crypto-Jews</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a> were an important part of colonial life in Latin America. Buenos Aires and São Paulo figure among the largest <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_urban_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish population by urban areas">Jewish populations by urban area</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto-derived</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese New Religions">Japanese New Religions</a> are common in Brazil and Peru. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a> is especially found in Brazil, while <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Chinese Confucianism</a> have spread throughout the continent. <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_Spiritism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kardecist Spiritism">Kardecist Spiritism</a> can be found in several countries. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> form 25% of the Guyanese population and 22% of Suriname's.<a href="#cite_note-:1-228">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-229">[212]</a> Muslims account for 7% of the Guyanese population and 14% of the Surinamese population.<a href="#cite_note-:1-228">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-229">[212]</a> Part of Religions in South America (2013):<a href="#cite_note-latbar-230">[213]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in South America </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Countries </th> <th>Christians </th> <th>Roman Catholics </th> <th>Other Christians </th> <th>No religion (atheists and agnostics) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina</td> <td>88%</td> <td>77%</td> <td>11%</td> <td>11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bolivia</td> <td>96%</td> <td>74%</td> <td>22%</td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>88%</td> <td>64%</td> <td>22%</td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile</td> <td>70%</td> <td>57%</td> <td>13%</td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia</td> <td>92%</td> <td>80%</td> <td>12%</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador</td> <td>93%</td> <td>80%</td> <td>13%</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana</td> <td>63%</td> <td>7%</td> <td>56%</td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraguay</td> <td>96%</td> <td>87%</td> <td>9%</td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peru</td> <td>94%</td> <td>81%</td> <td>13%</td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suriname</td> <td>51%</td> <td>29%</td> <td>22%</td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay</td> <td>58%</td> <td>47%</td> <td>11%</td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venezuela</td> <td>88%</td> <td>71%</td> <td>17%</td> <td>8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_demographics">Ethnic demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ethnic demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">Ethnic groups in South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/170px-Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/255px-Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/340px-Japanese_Brazilian_Miko_Curitiba_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese-Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a> during a festival in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festuva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Festuva.jpg/220px-Festuva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Festuva.jpg/330px-Festuva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Festuva.jpg/440px-Festuva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>President of Brazil Lula and members of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Brazilian">Italian Brazilian</a> community during the Grape Festival at <a href="/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul" title="Caxias do Sul">Caxias do Sul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quechuawomanandchild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Quechuawomanandchild.jpg/220px-Quechuawomanandchild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Quechuawomanandchild.jpg/330px-Quechuawomanandchild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Quechuawomanandchild.jpg/440px-Quechuawomanandchild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian">Peruvian</a> woman and her son</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">Genetic admixture</a> occurs at high levels in South America. In Argentina, European influence accounts for 65–80% of the genetic background, <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> (indigenous people) 17–31% and sub-Saharan African 2–4%. In Colombia, the sub-Saharan African genetic background varied 1% to 89%, while the European genetic background varied from 20 to 79%, depending on the region. In Peru, European ancestries ranged from 1% to 31%, while the African contribution was only 1–3%.<a href="#cite_note-231">[214]</a> The Genographic Project determined the average Peruvian from Lima had about 25% European ancestry, 68% Native American, 3% Southwest Asian ancestry and 2% sub-Saharan African.<a href="#cite_note-232">[215]</a> Descendants of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous peoples</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quechuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuas">Quechua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Urarina" title="Urarina">Urarina</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[216]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amazonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonia">Amazonia</a>, make up the majority of the population in Bolivia (56%) and Peru (44%).<a href="#cite_note-234">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[218]</a> In Ecuador, Amerindians comprise two-fifths of the population. The indigenous population is also a significant element in most other countries in South America. People who identify as of primarily or totally <a href="/wiki/Light_skin" title="Light skin">European descent</a>, or identify their <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> as corresponding to such group, are a majority in Uruguay,<a href="#cite_note-blanca-236">[219]</a> Argentina<a href="#cite_note-237">[220]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile" title="Demographics of Chile">Chile</a> (64.7%),<a href="#cite_note-238">[221]</a> and are 43.5% of the population in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-239">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[224]</a> In Venezuela, according to the census, 42% of the population is of primarily Spanish, Italian or Portuguese descendence.<a href="#cite_note-242">[225]</a> In Colombia, people who identify as from European descendants are about 20%.<a href="#cite_note-The_Society_and_Its_Environment-243">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-schwartzman-244">[227]</a> In Peru, European descendants are the third group in number (15%).<a href="#cite_note-245">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a> (mixed European and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic group in Bolivia, Paraguay, Venezuela, Colombia<a href="#cite_note-The_Society_and_Its_Environment-243">[226]</a> and Ecuador and the second group in Peru, Chile and Argentina. South America is home to one of the largest populations of <a href="/wiki/Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Africans">Africans</a>. This group is significantly present in Brazil, Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, French Guiana, Venezuela and Ecuador. Brazil, followed by Peru, has the largest Japanese, Korean and Chinese communities in South America. Lima has the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-246">[229]</a> Guyana and Suriname have the largest ethnic <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">East Indian</a> community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_people">Indigenous people</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Indigenous people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">List of Indigenous peoples of South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples of South America</a></div> In some places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle, based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter-gatherers. There are still <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncontacted tribes">uncontacted tribes</a> residing in the Amazon Rainforest.<a href="#cite_note-247">[230]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguarunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguarunas">Aguarunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alacalufe">Alacalufe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawaks">Arawaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanincas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanincas">Ashanincas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacame%C3%B1os" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacameños">Atacameños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aw%C3%A1-Guaj%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Awá-Guajá people">Awá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> – live in the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, Chile and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Their language is co-official in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Traditional lifestyle includes llama herding.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaw%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Banawá people">Banawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiapos" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiapos">Caiapos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibcha">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayahuita" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayahuita">Chayahuita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enxet" title="Enxet">Enxet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge (people)">Gê</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarani people">Guaraní</a> – live in Paraguay, where the <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani language</a> is co-official with Spanish. They are also found in Bolivia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juris" title="Juris">Juris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuna_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuna (people)">Kuna</a> live on the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> border.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> – live mainly in southern Chile and southwestern Argentina (see <a href="/wiki/Araucanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucanian">Araucanian</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s" title="Matsés">Matsés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a> – a branch of Mapuches that lived in the Andean valleys of southern (see <a href="/wiki/Araucanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucanian">Araucanian</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuas">Quechuas</a> – make up a large part of the population of Peru and Bolivia. Are diverse as an ethnic group. The Incas spoke <a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%CA%BCnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Selkʼnam">Selkʼnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipibo">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jívaro</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina" title="Urarina">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-Wai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wai-Wai people">Wai-Wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayuu">Wayuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukuru_people" title="Xukuru people">Xucuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan people">Yaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagua" title="Yagua">Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%85nomam%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Yąnomamö">Yąnomamö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparos" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaparos">Zaparos</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populace">Populace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Populace">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">South American cities</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg/200px-SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg/300px-SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg/400px-SP_from_Altino_Arantes_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg/200px-Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg/300px-Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg/400px-Buenos_Aires_Puerto_Madero_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1898" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Urca,_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_-_panoramio_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Urca%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/250px-Urca%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Urca%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/330px-Urca%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Urca%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/500px-Urca%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="677" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_de_Chile_(winter).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Santiago_de_Chile_%28winter%29.jpg/200px-Santiago_de_Chile_%28winter%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Santiago_de_Chile_%28winter%29.jpg/300px-Santiago_de_Chile_%28winter%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Santiago_de_Chile_%28winter%29.jpg/400px-Santiago_de_Chile_%28winter%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="637" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></div></div></div></div></div> While Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to those nations. The top ten largest South American metropolitan areas by population as of 2015, based on national censuses: <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Metro Area </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a> </td> <td>21,090,792 </td> <td>7,947 km2 (3,068 sq mi) </td> <td>Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </td> <td>13,693,657 </td> <td>3,830 km2 (1,480 sq mi) </td> <td>Argentina </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> </td> <td>13,131,431 </td> <td>6,744 km2 (2,604 sq mi) </td> <td>Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a> </td> <td>9,904,727 </td> <td>2,819 km2 (1,088 sq mi) </td> <td>Peru </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a> </td> <td>9,800,225 </td> <td>4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi) </td> <td>Colombia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region" title="Santiago Metropolitan Region">Santiago</a> </td> <td>6,683,852 </td> <td>15,403 km2 (5,947 sq mi) </td> <td>Chile </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belo_Horizonte" title="Greater Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a> </td> <td>5,829,923 </td> <td>9,467 km2 (3,655 sq mi) </td> <td>Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Caracas">Caracas</a> </td> <td>5,322,310 </td> <td>4,715 km2 (1,820 sq mi) </td> <td>Venezuela </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Porto_Alegre" title="Greater Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a> </td> <td>4,258,926 </td> <td>10,232 km2 (3,951 sq mi) </td> <td>Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> </td> <td>4,201,737 </td> <td>56,433 km2 (21,789 sq mi) </td> <td>Brazil </td></tr></tbody></table> Five of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">top ten metropolitan areas</a> are in Brazil. These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 4 million and include the <a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo metropolitan area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area">Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Belo Horizonte metropolitan area">Belo Horizonte metropolitan area</a>. Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within Brazil, Argentina is host to the second largest metropolitan area by population in South America: the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires metropolitan region</a>, with a population in excess of 13 million. South America has been witness to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">megapolitan areas</a>. In Brazil four megaregions exist including the <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Metropolitan_Complex_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo">Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo</a> with more than 32 million inhabitants. The others are the Greater Rio, Greater Belo Horizonte and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Porto_Alegre" title="Greater Porto Alegre">Greater Porto Alegre</a>. Colombia also has four megaregions which comprise 72% of its population, followed by Venezuela, Argentina and Peru which are also homes of megaregions. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_America" title="Culture of South America">Culture of South America</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_fachada_columnas_Teatro_Sol%C3%ADs_de_Montevideo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2016_fachada_columnas_Teatro_Sol%C3%ADs_de_Montevideo.jpg/150px-2016_fachada_columnas_Teatro_Sol%C3%ADs_de_Montevideo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2016_fachada_columnas_Teatro_Sol%C3%ADs_de_Montevideo.jpg/225px-2016_fachada_columnas_Teatro_Sol%C3%ADs_de_Montevideo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/2016_fachada_columnas_Teatro_Sol%C3%ADs_de_Montevideo.jpg/300px-2016_fachada_columnas_Teatro_Sol%C3%ADs_de_Montevideo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Teatro Solis, Uruguay</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg/150px-0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg/225px-0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg/300px-0200_years_Biblioteca_Nacional_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1559" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Rio_de_Janeiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro">National Library</a>, Brazil</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:P1060656a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/P1060656a.jpg/180px-P1060656a.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/P1060656a.jpg/270px-P1060656a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/P1060656a.jpg/360px-P1060656a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1195" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Arya_Diwaker" title="Arya Diwaker">Arya Diwaker</a> Hindu temple, <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a>, Suriname</div></div></div></div></div> South Americans are culturally influenced by their indigenous peoples, the historic connection with the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, and waves of immigrants from around the globe. South American nations have a rich variety of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">music</a>. Some of the most famous genres include <a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">vallenato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">cumbia</a> from Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Pasillo" title="Pasillo">pasillo</a> from Colombia and Ecuador, <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_sertaneja" class="mw-redirect" title="Música sertaneja">música sertaneja</a> from Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo">joropo</a> from Venezuela and <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a> from Argentina and Uruguay. Also well known is the non-commercial folk genre <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Canci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Canción">Nueva Canción</a> movement which was founded in Argentina and Chile and quickly spread to the rest of the Latin America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg/142px-Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg/213px-Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg/284px-Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a> show in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, typical Argentine dance</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/250px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/330px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1245" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Miranda" title="Carmen Miranda">Carmen Miranda</a>, Portuguese Brazilian singer helped popularize <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a> internationally.</div></div></div></div></div> People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and <a href="/wiki/Cajon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajon">cajon</a> duos or trios in the most <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> (mixed) of South American rhythms such as the Marinera (from Lima), the <a href="/wiki/Tondero" title="Tondero">Tondero</a> (from Piura), the 19th-century popular Creole Valse or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early-20th-century Paraguayan <a href="/wiki/Guarania_(music)" title="Guarania (music)">Guarania</a>. In the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Rock_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock en Español">Spanish rock</a> emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock. <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> has a Portuguese-language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres. In the central and western regions of Bolivia, Andean and folklore music like <a href="/wiki/Diablada" title="Diablada">Diablada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caporales" title="Caporales">Caporales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morenada" title="Morenada">Morenada</a> are the most representative of the country, which were originated by European, Aymara and Quechua influences. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American literature">literature</a> of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a> of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> in novels and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> in other genres. The Brazilians <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Guimar%C3%A3es_Rosa" title="João Guimarães Rosa">João Guimarães Rosa</a> are widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Food and drink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of South America">Cuisine of South America</a></div> Because of South America's broad ethnic mix, <a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South American cuisine</a> has African, Mestizo, South Asian, East Asian, and European influences. <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, Brazil, is especially well known for its West African–influenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, Uruguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, and Venezuelans regularly consume wine. People in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Chile, Bolivia and Southern Brazil drink <a href="/wiki/Mate_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (beverage)">mate</a>, an herb which is brewed. The Paraguayan version, <a href="/wiki/Terere" class="mw-redirect" title="Terere">terere</a>, differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. <a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a> is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Italian, African, Arab, Andean, and Amazonic food. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_arts">Plastic arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Plastic arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South America">Art of South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_Botero,_Bird_(1990),_Singapore_-_20040616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fernando_Botero%2C_Bird_%281990%29%2C_Singapore_-_20040616.jpg/250px-Fernando_Botero%2C_Bird_%281990%29%2C_Singapore_-_20040616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fernando_Botero%2C_Bird_%281990%29%2C_Singapore_-_20040616.jpg/330px-Fernando_Botero%2C_Bird_%281990%29%2C_Singapore_-_20040616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Fernando_Botero%2C_Bird_%281990%29%2C_Singapore_-_20040616.jpg/500px-Fernando_Botero%2C_Bird_%281990%29%2C_Singapore_-_20040616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Bird (<a href="/wiki/UOB_Plaza" title="UOB Plaza">UOB Plaza</a>, Singapore), sculpture of Colombian artist <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laberinto_Cromovegetal_-_Universidad_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Laberinto_Cromovegetal_-_Universidad_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/220px-Laberinto_Cromovegetal_-_Universidad_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Laberinto_Cromovegetal_-_Universidad_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/330px-Laberinto_Cromovegetal_-_Universidad_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Laberinto_Cromovegetal_-_Universidad_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg/440px-Laberinto_Cromovegetal_-_Universidad_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>"Chromovegetal Maze" by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Cruz-Diez" title="Carlos Cruz-Diez">Carlos Cruz Diez</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></figcaption></figure> The artist <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Guayasam%C3%ADn" title="Oswaldo Guayasamín">Oswaldo Guayasamín</a> (1919–1999) from <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, represented with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America<a href="#cite_note-248">[231]</a> highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world. The Colombian <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a> (1932–2023) was one of the greatest exponents of painting and sculpture that was able to develop a recognizable style of his own.<a href="#cite_note-249">[232]</a> For his part, the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Cruz-Diez" title="Carlos Cruz-Diez">Carlos Cruz-Diez</a> has contributed significantly to contemporary art,<a href="#cite_note-250">[233]</a> with the presence of works around the world. Currently several emerging South American artists are recognized by international art critics: <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Lora" title="Guillermo Lora">Guillermo Lorca</a> – Chilean painter,<a href="#cite_note-251">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Cobe%C3%B1a" title="Teddy Cobeña">Teddy Cobeña</a> – Ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpture award in France)<a href="#cite_note-253">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[238]</a> and Argentine artist <a href="/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Villar_Rojas" title="Adrián Villar Rojas">Adrián Villar Rojas</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[240]</a> – winner of the Zurich Museum Art Award among many others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">Sport in South America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maracan%C3%A3_2014_f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maracan%C3%A3_2014_f.jpg/220px-Maracan%C3%A3_2014_f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maracan%C3%A3_2014_f.jpg/330px-Maracan%C3%A3_2014_f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Maracan%C3%A3_2014_f.jpg/440px-Maracan%C3%A3_2014_f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium" title="Maracanã Stadium">Maracanã Stadium</a> in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</figcaption></figure> A wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America, with <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> being the most popular overall, while baseball is the most popular in Venezuela. Other sports include basketball, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, volleyball, <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorsports">motorsports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, tennis, golf, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. South America hosted its first <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2016, and has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a> in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2018. A multi-sport event, the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Games" title="South American Games">South American Games</a>, are held every four years. The first edition was held in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> in 1978 and the most recent took place in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> in 2014. South America shares, with Europe, supremacy over football: all winners in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup" title="FIFA Club World Cup">FIFA Club World Cup</a> have come from these two continents. Brazil has won the FIFA World Cup a record five times; Argentina three times, Uruguay twice. Five South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). Two were in Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978). South America is home to the longest-running international football tournament, the <a href="/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Copa América">Copa América</a>, which has been contested since 1916. Argentina has <a href="/wiki/List_of_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_finals" title="List of Copa América finals">won the Copa América</a> 16 times, the most among all countries. <a href="/wiki/South_American_Cricket_Championship" title="South American Cricket Championship">South American Cricket Championship</a> is an international <a href="/wiki/One-day_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="One-day cricket">one-day cricket</a> tournament played since 1995 featuring national teams from <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in South America">South America</a> and certain other invited sides including teams from North America, currently played annually but until 2013 was usually played every two seasons. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South America">South America portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_South_America" title="Flags of South America">Flags of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Games" title="South American Games">South American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_America" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South America">List of World Heritage Sites in South America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Sometimes included. Physiographically <a href="#Outlying_islands">a part</a> of South America, but geopolitically <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas#Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">a part</a> of North America. <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> is a member nation of <a href="/wiki/ODESUR" title="ODESUR">ODESUR</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Occasionally included. An isolated volcanic island near the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> is <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">biogeographically</a> and geologically <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_Subantarctic_islands#List_of_Antarctic_islands_north_of_60°_S" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands">associated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Despite being closer to Antarctica and Africa geographically, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">United Nations geoscheme</a> has included Bouvet Island in South America instead. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Sometimes included. Physiographically <a href="#Outlying_islands">a part</a> of South America, but geopolitically <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas#Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">a part</a> of North America. <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> is a member nation of <a href="/wiki/ODESUR" title="ODESUR">ODESUR</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Geologically, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a> and the southernmost portion of mainland South America are both on the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotia Plate">Scotia Plate</a> while the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> is on the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandwich Plate">Sandwich Plate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">hydrologically</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_Subantarctic_islands#List_of_Antarctic_islands_north_of_60°_S" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands">associated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">United Nations geoscheme</a> has included the <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes" title="List of territorial disputes">disputed territory</a> in South America. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Occasionally included. An isolated volcanic island on the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> is geologically <a href="#Outlying_islands">a part</a> of South America, but geopolitically <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa#Western_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">a part</a> of Africa. </li> <li id="cite_note-OI-12"><a href="#cite_ref-OI_12-0">^</a> Sometimes included. Physiographically <a href="#Outlying_islands">a part</a> of South America, but geopolitically <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_the_Americas#Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for the Americas">a part</a> of North America. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> In some parts of the world, for example, Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe#Romance" title="Languages of Europe">Latin Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, South America is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">subcontinent</a> of the Americas (a single continent named America).<a href="#cite_note-Brasil_Emb-Mercosul-13">[7]</a> However, in many countries with English as an official language, it is considered a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Americas_(terminology)" title="Americas (terminology)">Americas (terminology)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Except <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, which has occasionally been included as a part of South America. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Both administered as <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> under <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a>, claimed by Argentina. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas department and region</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">France</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Despite relative peace, some international tensions persist and intra-state levels of violence are high.<a href="#cite_note-Franch-22">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Land areas and population estimates are taken from The 2008 World Factbook which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> is the administrative capital of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a> is the constitutional and judicial capital of Bolivia. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> in the Pacific Ocean, a Chilean territory frequently reckoned in Oceania. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> is the administrative capital of Chile; <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> is the site of legislative meetings. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The territory has been <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">fully integrated</a> into the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French central state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> has no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. 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International Monetary Fund. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+PPP%2C+current+prices&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FPPPGDP%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"GDP Nominal, current prices"</a>. 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London: Macmillan, 1975, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313000755/http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/ricardo-setti/tema-livre/vergonha-ainda-maior-novas-informacoes-disponiveis-em-um-enorme-banco-de-dados-mostram-que-a-escravidao-no-brasil-foi-muito-pior-do-que-se-sabia-antes/">"Vergonha Ainda Maior: Novas informações disponíveis em um enorme banco de dados mostram que a escravidão no Brasil foi muito pior do que se sabia antes ("</a>. Veja (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/ricardo-setti/tema-livre/vergonha-ainda-maior-novas-informacoes-disponiveis-em-um-enorme-banco-de-dados-mostram-que-a-escravidao-no-brasil-foi-muito-pior-do-que-se-sabia-antes/">the original</a> on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veja&rft.atitle=Vergonha+Ainda+Maior%3A+Novas+informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es+dispon%C3%ADveis+em+um+enorme+banco+de+dados+mostram+que+a+escravid%C3%A3o+no+Brasil+foi+muito+pior+do+que+se+sabia+antes+%28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Fblog%2Fricardo-setti%2Ftema-livre%2Fvergonha-ainda-maior-novas-informacoes-disponiveis-em-um-enorme-banco-de-dados-mostram-que-a-escravidao-no-brasil-foi-muito-pior-do-que-se-sabia-antes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Behrendt" title="Stephen D. Behrendt">Stephen D. Behrendt</a>, David Richardson, and David Eltis, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. B. Du Bois Institute">W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Behrendt1999" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Behrendt (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi">"Transatlantic Slave Trade"</a>. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-465-00071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transatlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00071-5&rft.au=Stephen+Behrendt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeager1995-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Yeager1995_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeager1995" class="citation journal cs1">Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (4): 842–859. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700042182">10.1017/S0022050700042182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155030781">155030781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Encomienda+or+Slavery%3F+The+Spanish+Crown%27s+Choice+of+Labor+Organization+in+Sixteenth-Century+Spanish+America&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E842-%3C%2Fspan%3E859&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700042182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155030781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yeager&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-38"><a href="#cite_ref-c_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"The 'Golden Law' Abolishing Slavery in Brazil". Encyclopedia of emancipation and abolition in the Transatlantic world. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Golden+Law%27+Abolishing+Slavery+in+Brazil&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+emancipation+and+abolition+in+the+Transatlantic+world&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guay-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guay_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guay_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Guayaquil-Conference">"Guayaquil Conference | Latin America, Ecuador, Independence | Britannica"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Guayaquil+Conference+%26%23124%3B+Latin+America%2C+Ecuador%2C+Independence+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FGuayaquil-Conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historia-da-america/caudilhismo.htm">"Caudilhismo"</a>. Brasil Escola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154311/https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historia-da-america/caudilhismo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brasil+Escola&rft.atitle=Caudilhismo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrasilescola.uol.com.br%2Fhistoria-da-america%2Fcaudilhismo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay1997" class="citation web cs1">Day, Peter (17 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303074424/http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/guerra-farrapos.htm">"Ragamuffin War"</a>. Brasil Escola. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/guerra-farrapos.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ragamuffin+War&rft.pub=Brasil+Escola&rft.date=1997-12-17&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasilescola.com%2Fhistoriab%2Fguerra-farrapos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouza2002" class="citation web cs1">Souza, Rainer (20 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/revolucao-farroupilha.htm">"Ragamuffin Revolution"</a>. RioGrande. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718095538/http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/revolucao-farroupilha.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ragamuffin+Revolution&rft.pub=RioGrande&rft.date=2002-01-20&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasilescola.com%2Fhistoriab%2Frevolucao-farroupilha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Holsti 1996, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-Latin_America's_Wars-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Latin_America's_Wars_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khU0sFxgyjMC&q=chapter+twenty-five&pg=RA2-PA1844">Latin America's Wars</a>. Potomac Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597974776" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597974776"><bdi>978-1597974776</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414173957/https://books.google.com/books?id=khU0sFxgyjMC&q=chapter+twenty-five&pg=RA2-PA1844">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1597974776&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhU0sFxgyjMC%26q%3Dchapter%2Btwenty-five%26pg%3DRA2-PA1844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBethell2018" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie (2018). "3. The Paraguayan War (1864–70)". Brazil: Essays on History and Politics. London: University of London. pp. 93–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908857-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908857-61-3"><bdi>978-1-908857-61-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+The+Paraguayan+War+%281864%E2%80%9370%29&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Essays+on+History+and+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-908857-61-3&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorges" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borges, Fernando Tadeu de Miranda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiadobrasil.net/guerraparaguai/">"A Guerra do Paraguai – História – Resumo"</a>. Historiadobrasil.net (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308172856/http://historiadobrasil.net/guerraparaguai/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historiadobrasil.net&rft.atitle=A+Guerra+do+Paraguai+%E2%80%93+Hist%C3%B3ria+%E2%80%93+Resumo&rft.aulast=Borges&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Tadeu+de+Miranda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historiadobrasil.net%2Fguerraparaguai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossi2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rossi, Carlos (9 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304002203/http://pt.shvoong.com/humanities/h_history/1628182-am%C3%A9rica-latina-guerra-pac%C3%ADfico/">"América Latina – Guerra do Pacífico"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pt.shvoong.com/humanities/h_history/1628182-américa-latina-guerra-pacífico/">the original</a> on 4 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+%E2%80%93+Guerra+do+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpt.shvoong.com%2Fhumanities%2Fh_history%2F1628182-am%C3%A9rica-latina-guerra-pac%C3%ADfico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Woodard, James P. "A Place in Politics: São Paulo, Brazil; From Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt" Duke University Press 2009 Chapter 3 "War and the Health of the State" especially pp. 77–81, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RS7kgAPs430C&dq=Brazil+%22A+Place+in+Politics%22+pickets+pestilence&pg=PA77">visualization on Google Books</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421193251/https://books.google.com/books?id=RS7kgAPs430C&pg=PA77&dq=Brazil+%22A+Place+in+Politics%22+pickets+pestilence&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=WaFPUefhOOfK0AH_iYGQAw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Brazil%20%22A%20Place%20in%20Politics%22%20pickets%20pestilence&f=false">Archived</a> 21 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Conniff" title="Michael Conniff">Conniff, Michael L.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_McCann" title="Frank McCann">McCann, Frank D.</a> "Modern Brazil, Elites and Masses in Historical Perspective", University of Nebraska Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803263481" title="Special:BookSources/0803263481">0803263481</a>, p. 168, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UhbQdNXVtKYC&dq=strike+brazil+1917+brazil&pg=PA168">visualization on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216013933/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhbQdNXVtKYC&pg=PA168&dq=strike+brazil+1917+brazil&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=tZpPUbwfktXSAcG1gOgK&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=strike%20brazil%201917%20brazil&f=false">Archived</a> 16 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucdp.uu.se/#country/135">"Peru"</a>. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Uppsala Universitet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220062811/https://ucdp.uu.se/#country/135">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uppsala+Conflict+Data+Program&rft.atitle=Peru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucdp.uu.se%2F%23country%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyers1990" class="citation journal cs1">Smyers, Richard P. (1990). "Review: Panzerschiff "Admiral Gragg Spee" by Siegfried Breyer". Warship International. 27 (1): 44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44891302">44891302</a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Panzerschiff+%22Admiral+Gragg+Spee%22+by+Siegfried+Breyer&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44891302%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smyers&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandsborough2016" class="citation book cs1">Landsborough, Gordon (2016). The Battle of the River Plate: the First Naval Battle of the Second World War. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473878952" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473878952"><bdi>978-1473878952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+River+Plate%3A+the+First+Naval+Battle+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1473878952&rft.aulast=Landsborough&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibidem_Maximiano_2011-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibidem_Maximiano_2011_52-0">^</a> Maximiano, Cesar. with Bonalume, Ricardo N. & Bujeiro, Ramiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6HVtOSmWAEC&q=Brazilian+Expeditionary+Force+WWII">Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105203029/https://books.google.com/books?id=L6HVtOSmWAEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Brazilian+Expeditionary+Force+WWII&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=kgVwUslnwaaRB7_hgaAB&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Brazilian%20Expeditionary%20Force%20WWII&f=false">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Osprey Publishing Limited, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849084833" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849084833">978-1849084833</a> (Print version). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Frank D. MacCann – 'Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe', vol. 6, No. 2, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Richard Hough, The Big Battleship (London, England: Michael Joseph, 1966), p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8898108">8898108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Robert Scheina, Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987 (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987), p. 86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8">0-87021-295-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15696006">15696006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.bt.com/news/on-this-day/june-14-1982-falklands-war-comes-to-an-end-as-britain-accepts-argentinas-surrender-11363986434075">"June 14, 1982: Falklands War comes to an end as Britain accepts Argentina's surrender"</a>. BT Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081007/http://home.bt.com/news/on-this-day/june-14-1982-falklands-war-comes-to-an-end-as-britain-accepts-argentinas-surrender-11363986434075">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BT+Group&rft.atitle=June+14%2C+1982%3A+Falklands+War+comes+to+an+end+as+Britain+accepts+Argentina%27s+surrender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.bt.com%2Fnews%2Fon-this-day%2Fjune-14-1982-falklands-war-comes-to-an-end-as-britain-accepts-argentinas-surrender-11363986434075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "The Cambridge History of Latin America", edited by Leslie Bethell, Cambridge University Press (1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39525-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39525-9">0-521-39525-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Bethell1995" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Bethell (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6tNWbywFXhkC">Bibliographical Essays</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39525-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39525-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39525-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101123048/https://books.google.com/books?id=6tNWbywFXhkC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliographical+Essays&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39525-0&rft.au=Leslie+Bethell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6tNWbywFXhkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_59-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSociety2012" class="citation web cs1">Society, National Geographic (4 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/south-america-human-geography/">"South America: Human Geography"</a>. National Geographic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107175007/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/south-america-human-geography/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=South+America%3A+Human+Geography&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fsouth-america-human-geography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Cohen, Saul Bernard. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA141">"North and Middle America" (Ch. 5)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101123048/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA141">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Geopolitics of the World System, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0847699072" title="Special:BookSources/0847699072">0847699072</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas">"Americas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004109/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49), United Nations Statistics Division. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303233306/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view">"North America"</a>. Atlas of Canada. 14 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view">the original</a> on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+of+Canada&rft.atitle=North+America&rft.date=2003-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlas.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Fenglish%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Finternational%2Fnorth_america%2Freferencemap_image_view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_America_Atlas-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_Atlas_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_America_Atlas_63-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=nameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w">North America Atlas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525180734/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/?xpop=1">Archived</a> 25 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Geographic. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama">"Panama"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 31 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502193816/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panama&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1999-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F440722%2FPanama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/">"Panama"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123023447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Panama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpanama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815172530/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature3/">"Parts of Chile's Atacama Desert haven't seen a drop of rain since recordkeeping began. Somehow, more than a million people squeeze life from this parched land"</a>. National Geographic Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0308/feature3/">the original</a> on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Parts+of+Chile%27s+Atacama+Desert+haven%27t+seen+a+drop+of+rain+since+recordkeeping+began.+Somehow%2C+more+than+a+million+people+squeeze+life+from+this+parched+land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2F0308%2Ffeature3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408100840/http://www.extremescience.com/DriestPlace.htm">"Driest Place | Driest Desert Atacama Desert"</a>. Extremescience.com. 25 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremescience.com/DriestPlace.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Driest+Place+%26%23124%3B+Driest+Desert+Atacama+Desert&rft.pub=Extremescience.com&rft.date=2007-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremescience.com%2FDriestPlace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2002" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, C. P. (May–June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826151945/http://quest.nasa.gov/challenges/marsanalog/egypt/AtacamaAdAstra.pdf">"Two dry for life: The Atacama Desert and Mars"</a> (PDF). Ad Astra. 14 (3): 30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quest.nasa.gov/challenges/marsanalog/egypt/AtacamaAdAstra.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ad+Astra&rft.atitle=Two+dry+for+life%3A+The+Atacama+Desert+and+Mars&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2002-05%2F2002-06&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquest.nasa.gov%2Fchallenges%2Fmarsanalog%2Fegypt%2FAtacamaAdAstra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/why-latin-america-lost-at-globalization-and-how-it-can-win-now/">"Why Latin America Lost at Globalization—and How It Can Win Now"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Latin+America+Lost+at+Globalization%E2%80%94and+How+It+Can+Win+Now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americasquarterly.org%2Farticle%2Fwhy-latin-america-lost-at-globalization-and-how-it-can-win-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bacctravel.com/about-brazil">"Bacc Travel brazilian Vacation Experts"</a>. bacctravel.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307064450/https://www.bacctravel.com/about-brazil">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bacctravel.com&rft.atitle=Bacc+Travel+brazilian+Vacation+Experts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bacctravel.com%2Fabout-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/south-america-physical-geography/">"South America: Physical Geography"</a>. National Geographic Society. 4 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210204912/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/south-america-physical-geography/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+America%3A+Physical+Geography&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fsouth-america-physical-geography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=sameri&Rootmap=&Mode=d&SubMode=w">South America Atlas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116135938/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/?xpop=1">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Geographic. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas">"United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)"</a>. United Nations. 20 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004109/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. 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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120062626/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <q>Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Protected+Areas+System+in+Oceania&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F30152%2FRevOceania.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHull1937" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Frank M. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf">A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania</a> (PDF). Department of Biology, University of Missouri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126074835/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <q>Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and Galapagos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Check+List+of+the+Syrphidae+of+Oceania&rft.pub=Department+of+Biology%2C+University+of+Missouri&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbs.bishopmuseum.org%2Fpubs-online%2Fpdf%2Fop13-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf">"Oceania Bibliography"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 16 March 2022. <q>This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helictite%3A+Journal+of+Australasian+Cave+Research&rft.atitle=Oceania+Bibliography&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelictite.caves.org.au%2Fpdf4%2F25.01.Issue.Print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. p. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands&rft.pages=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcee.ou.edu/bweaver/Ascension/ai-geol.htm">"Ascension Island Geology"</a>. mcee.ou.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219213042/http://mcee.ou.edu/bweaver/Ascension/ai-geol.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020. 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Scientific Data. 5: 180214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSD...580214B">2018NatSD...580214B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214">10.1038/sdata.2018.214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207062">6207062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30375988">30375988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Data&rft.atitle=Present+and+future+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+maps+at+1-km+resolution&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=180214&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207062%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30375988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSD...580214B&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hylke+E.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Niklaus+E.&rft.au=McVicar%2C+Tim+R.&rft.au=Vergopolan%2C+Noemi&rft.au=Berg%2C+Alexis&rft.au=Wood%2C+Eric+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danuta-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Danuta_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartyn1992" class="citation book cs1">Martyn, Danuta (1992). 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Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 425: 41–49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PPP...425...41P">2015PPP...425...41P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2015.02.026">10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Megafauna+extinction+in+South+America%3A+A+new+chronology+for+the+Argentine+Pampas&rft.volume=425&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2015.02.026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PPP...425...41P&rft.aulast=Prado&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+L.&rft.au=Martinez-Maza%2C+Cayetana&rft.au=Alberdi%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0031018215000899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLira1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lira, Heitor (1977). 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G1. 12 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719091817/https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3">the original</a> on 19 June 2020. 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Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Sulfur+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-sulfur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf">"USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621060121/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Iron+Ore+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-iron-ore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">"USGS Copper Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621203439/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Copper+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-copper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf">"USGS Gold Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621193715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Gold+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-gold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">"USGS Zinc Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626080058/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Zinc+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-zinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">"USGS Tin Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Tin+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf">"USGS Boron Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Boron+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-boron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf">"USGS Antimony Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621062959/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Antimony+Production+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-antimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf">"USGS Tungsten Production Statistics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141418/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tungsten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2021. 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Agência Nacional de Mineração. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804161841/https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Nacional+de+Minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=ANM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fanm%2Fpt-br%2Fpagina-inicial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/10/121025_colombia_esmeraldas_ru">"Notícias – Região colombiana vive 'febre das esmeraldas'"</a>. 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U.S. Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304103613/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production?pd=5&p=0000000000000000000000000000000000vg&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=94694400000&e=1546300800000">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. 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U.S. Energy Information Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019114317/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/natural-gas/dry-natural-gas-production?pd=3002&p=00g&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=315532800000&e=1546300800000">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. 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Retrieved 14 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+de+Bellas+Artes&rft.atitle=Museo+de+Bellas+Artes+de+Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnba.cl%2F617%2Farticles-46265_archivo_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOda_Marín2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oda Marín, Loreto (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifestyle.americaeconomia.com/articulos/pintor-guillermo-lorca-para-un-artista-el-miedo-que-ignoren-tu-obra-es-terrible">"Pintor Guillermo Lorca: "para un artista el miedo a que ignoren tu obra es terrible""</a>. Life style (in Spanish). America Economia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228091407/http://lifestyle.americaeconomia.com/articulos/pintor-guillermo-lorca-para-un-artista-el-miedo-que-ignoren-tu-obra-es-terrible">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+style&rft.atitle=Pintor+Guillermo+Lorca%3A+%22para+un+artista+el+miedo+a+que+ignoren+tu+obra+es+terrible%22&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.aulast=Oda+Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Loreto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifestyle.americaeconomia.com%2Farticulos%2Fpintor-guillermo-lorca-para-un-artista-el-miedo-que-ignoren-tu-obra-es-terrible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europapress.es/comunicados/empresas-00908/noticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html">"Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas del público"</a>. Europa Press. 19 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083751/http://www.europapress.es/comunicados/empresas-00908/noticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europa+Press&rft.atitle=Las+esculturas+de+Teddy+Cobe%C3%B1a+las+favoritas+del+p%C3%BAblico&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europapress.es%2Fcomunicados%2Fempresas-00908%2Fnoticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniverso.com/vida-estilo/2015/06/12/nota/4956348/teddy-cobena-lleva-sus-esculturas-paris">"Teddy Cobeña lleva sus esculturas a Paris"</a>. El Universo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070119/http://www.eluniverso.com/vida-estilo/2015/06/12/nota/4956348/teddy-cobena-lleva-sus-esculturas-paris">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universo&rft.atitle=Teddy+Cobe%C3%B1a+lleva+sus+esculturas+a+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniverso.com%2Fvida-estilo%2F2015%2F06%2F12%2Fnota%2F4956348%2Fteddy-cobena-lleva-sus-esculturas-paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efe.com/efe/espana/comunicados/las-esculturas-de-teddy-cobena-favoritas-del-publico/10004010-MULTIMEDIAE_3129103">"Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas en Francia"</a>. EFE. 19 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805102506/https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/comunicados/las-esculturas-de-teddy-cobena-favoritas-del-publico/10004010-MULTIMEDIAE_3129103">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFE&rft.atitle=Las+esculturas+de+Teddy+Cobe%C3%B1a+las+favoritas+en+Francia&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efe.com%2Fefe%2Fespana%2Fcomunicados%2Flas-esculturas-de-teddy-cobena-favoritas-del-publico%2F10004010-MULTIMEDIAE_3129103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1795873-adrian-villar-rojas-o-como-convertir-las-ruinas-en-un-exito-planetario">"Adrián Villar Rojas o cómo convertir las ruinas en un éxito planetario"</a>. La Nacion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610085208/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1795873-adrian-villar-rojas-o-como-convertir-las-ruinas-en-un-exito-planetario">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Nacion&rft.atitle=Adri%C3%A1n+Villar+Rojas+o+c%C3%B3mo+convertir+las+ruinas+en+un+%C3%A9xito+planetario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2F1795873-adrian-villar-rojas-o-como-convertir-las-ruinas-en-un-exito-planetario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcultural.com/noticias/arte/Tiempo-ficcion-de-Adrian-Villar-Rojas/8790">"Tiempo-ficción de Adrián Villar Rojas"</a>. El Cultural. 14 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080512/http://www.elcultural.com/noticias/arte/Tiempo-ficcion-de-Adrian-Villar-Rojas/8790">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Cultural&rft.atitle=Tiempo-ficci%C3%B3n+de+Adri%C3%A1n+Villar+Rojas&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcultural.com%2Fnoticias%2Farte%2FTiempo-ficcion-de-Adrian-Villar-Rojas%2F8790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901152611/http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/">"South America"</a>. The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online. New York: Columbia University Press. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/">the original</a> on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Columbia+Gazetteer+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=South+America&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbiagazetteer.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091210190315/http://lanic.utexas.edu/">"Latin American Network Information Database"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/">the original</a> on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Network+Information+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolsti1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Holsti" title="Kalevi Holsti">Holsti, Kalevi J.</a> (1996). The State, War and the State of War. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511628306">10.1017/CBO9780511628306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0511628306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0511628306"><bdi>978-0511628306</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150457372">150457372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State%2C+War+and+the+State+of+War&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+International+Relations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150457372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511628306&rft.isbn=978-0511628306&rft.aulast=Holsti&rft.aufirst=Kalevi+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck1922" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Annie Smith (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/72488">Industrial and commercial South America</a>. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+and+commercial+South+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton+%26+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Annie+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F72488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> South America at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sudam%C3%A9rica_-_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul" class="extiw" title="c:Sudamérica - América do Sul">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:South_America" class="extiw" title="n:Category:South America">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/South_America" class="extiw" title="b:Pinyin/South America">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_America" class="extiw" title="voy:South America">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=South%20America">South America</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555844">South America</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-ancient-civilizations-south-america/">South America's Ancient Civilisations</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/">The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/South_America">"South America" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 485–489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+America&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E489&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+America" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topics" title="Template:South America topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topics" title="Template talk:South America topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_America_articles538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South America</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_America" title="Geography of South America">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_America" title="List of cities in South America">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_South_America" title="Extreme points of South America">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_South_America" title="Category:Geology of South America">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#South_America" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_South_America" title="Category:Mountains of South America">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers of South America">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government_and_politics">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (USAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Development_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum for the Progress and Development of South America">Forum for the Progress and Development of South America (FPDSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_America" title="Economy of South America">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_South_America" title="Category:Transport in South America">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Countries by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of South American countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP (per capita)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South American countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of South American countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index#Americas" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Internet users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minimum wages by country">Minimum wages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_America" title="Category:Society of South America">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_South_America" title="List of endangered languages in South America">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_America" title="Sexuality in South America">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in South America">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_America" title="Culture of South America">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South America">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art#South_America" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#The_Americas" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#South_America" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="South American cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_South_America" title="Category:Symbols of South America">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_America" title="Demographics of South America">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America by population density">density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" title="Category:Ethnic groups in South America">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">classification</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immigration_to_South_America" title="Category:Immigration to South America">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_America" title="Outline of South America">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_America" title="Category:South America">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/75px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/113px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/250px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">South America</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li>Other prehistoric continents <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li>Possible future supercontinents <a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/15px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/23px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/30px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America191" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependencies of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southeastern31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Other regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Himalayan27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian region</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caribbean" title="Greater Caribbean">Greater Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Am.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Americas12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Rim">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By direction: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2019" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/577145424560886831330">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1244515/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXBJV9Hk6cKTTG6C3fbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078014-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85125524">United States</a></li><li><a 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