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Related dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkradei_dialektus" title="Kerkradei dialektus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerkradei dialektus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkraads" title="Kerkraads – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerkraads" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkraods" title="Karkraods – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Karkraods" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" 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(August 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Colognian Wikipedia article at [[:ksh:Kirchröadsj]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ksh|Kirchröadsj}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kerkrade_dialect" title="Talk:Kerkrade dialect">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkraads" class="extiw" title="nl:Kerkraads">the corresponding article</a> in Dutch. (June 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKerkraads&sl=nl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Dutch article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Dutch#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Dutch">adding a topic</a> to this template: there are already 229 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Dutch Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kerkrade dialect</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kirchröadsj plat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade" title="Kerkrade">Kerkrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herzogenrath" title="Herzogenrath">Herzogenrath</a><a href="#cite_note-eurode-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language#Varieties" title="Ripuarian language">West Ripuarian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Kerkrade dialect</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj plat <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] or simply Kirchröadsj, literally 'Kerkradish', <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-li (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-li</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈkɪʀ(ə)kˌʀœːtʃ]</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Standard Dutch</a>: Kerkraads, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Standard German</a>: Kerkrader Platt) is a <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kerkrade" title="Kerkrade">Kerkrade</a> and its surroundings, including <a href="/wiki/Herzogenrath" title="Herzogenrath">Herzogenrath</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-eurode-1">[1]</a> It is spoken in all social classes, but the variety spoken by younger people in Kerkrade is somewhat closer to Standard Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer19979-3">[3]</a> The name Ripuarisch is strictly a scientific term on both sides of the border. Especially on the Dutch side of the border, the speakers of the Kerkrade dialect consider it to be a <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> dialect (see <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish dialect</a>) and call it Limburgsj <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈlembøʁəçʃ]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] ('Limburgish'), Kirchröadsj ('Kerkradish') or simply plat ('dialect'). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Colognian grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3></div> There are three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The corresponding definite articles are d'r /dər/, de /də/ and 't /ət/. The plural form takes the feminine article de regardless of the gender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721-4">[4]</a> The plural form of nouns is formed with by adding ⟨-e⟩, ⟨-er⟩ or ⟨-s⟩ to the stem or by <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlauting</a>. Examples: sjtrief /ˈʃtriːf/ - sjtriefe /ˈʃtriːfə/, hats /ˈɦɑts/ - hatser /ˈɦɑtsər/, plavong /plaːˈvɔŋ/[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] - plavongs /plaːˈvɔŋs/,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] pansj /ˈpɑnʃ/[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] - pensj /ˈpɛnʃ/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721–22-5">[5]</a> The plural form can also be differentiated from the singular by tone, as in 't peëd /ət ˈpéət/ - de peëd /də ˈpeət/. This can be combined with other differences, such as umlaut: sjtórm /ˈʃtórəm/ - sjturm /ˈʃtørəm/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719,_22-6">[6]</a> As in German, the plural form can be unmarked: eëpel - eëpel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199722-7">[7]</a> The ending ⟨-er⟩ is used mainly for neuter nouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard High German, a language formerly used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199710-8">[8]</a> An example sentence: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Variety </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kerkrade dialect </td> <td>Jód èse en drinke hilt lief en zieël tsezame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>[jod ˈɛːsə ʔæn ˈdʁeŋkə ˈɦelt ˈliːv æn ˈziəl tsəˈzaːmə][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">English </td> <td>Communicative translation </td> <td>Eating and drinking well keeps one healthy. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːtɪŋ ən ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈwɛl ˈkiːps wʌn ˈhɛlθi/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Literal translation </td> <td>Eating and drinking well keeps the body and soul together. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːtɪŋ ən ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈwɛl ˈkiːps ðə ˈbɒdi ən ˈsoʊl təˈɡɛðər/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kölsch (dialect)">Kölsch</a> (the largest <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> variety) </td> <td>Jod esse un drinke hält Liev un Siel zesamme. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Standard Dutch </td> <td>Communicative translation </td> <td>Goed eten en drinken houdt de mens gezond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394-9">[9]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌudə ˈmɛns xəˈzɔnt]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Literal translation </td> <td>Goed eten en drinken houdt lichaam en ziel samen. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌut ˈlɪxaːm ɛn ˈzil ˈsaːmə(n)]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Standard High German </td> <td>Gut essen und trinken hält Leib und Seele zusammen. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɡuːt ˈʔɛsn̩ ʔʊnt ˈdʁɪŋkŋ̍ hɛlt ˈlaɪp ʔʊnt ˈzeːlə tsuˈzamən]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> This example sentence illustrates both the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> (èse, tsezame) and the [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] → [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] shift (jód). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect phonology</a></div> As most other <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features a distinction between the thrusting tone (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-nl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-nl (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-nl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-de (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-de</a> or Stoßton), which has a shortening effect on the syllable (not shown in transcriptions in this article) and the slurring tone (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-nl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-nl (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-nl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-de (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-de</a>). In this article, the slurring tone is transcribed as a high tone, whereas the thrusting tone is left unmarked. This is nothing more than a convention, as the phonetics of the Kerkrade pitch accent are severely under-researched. There are minimal pairs, for example moer /ˈmuːr/ 'wall' - moer /ˈmúːr/ 'carrot'.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719-11">[11]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">x</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">r</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The Kerkrade dialect features <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>, which means that the underlying /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, v, z, ʒ, ɣ/ are devoiced to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] at the end of a word. /dz/ is not affected by this as it occurs only in the intervocalic position. They are realized as voiced before the plural markers /-ə/ and /-ər/: rub [ˈʁøp] - rubbe [ˈʁøbə], vroag [ˈvʁoəχ][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] 'question' - vroage [ˈvʁoəʁə][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] 'questions', wief [ˈβiːf][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] - wiever [ˈβiːvəʁ],[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] or in verbal conjugation (iech loog [ˈloːχ] - ze loge [ˈlóːʁə]). The voiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] appears only in this context. /ɣ/ has two voiced allophones: a uvular fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>], which appears after back vowels, and a palatal approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], which occurs after front vowels. They are devoiced to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] in the word-final position. Phonetically, the voiced variants are the same as /r/ and /j/, which are phonological sonorants (and thus cannot participate in final-obstruent devoicing), whereas the voiceless variants are the same as the allophones of /x/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_19,_21,_126-12">[12]</a></li> <li>/dz/ is rare as a phoneme and occurs only in a few words, such as ködzele /ˈkœdzələ/ 'to drool'. This mirrors the situation in Luxembourgish.</li> <li>The sounds corresponding to Limburgish /x, ɣ/ are very back after back vowels, being uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] (as in Luxembourgish), rather than velar as in Limburgish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Most instances of the historical [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] have merged with [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], so that the word for green in the Kerkrade dialect is jreun /ˈjrøːn/ (compare Standard Dutch groen /ˈɣrun/). As explained above, many intervocalic instances of [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] are still phonemically /ɣ/ as it behaves like an obstruent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_21,_126-15">[15]</a></li> <li>The palatal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] is an allophone of /x/ after consonants, the front vowels and the close-mid central /ø/, which phonologically is a front vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717-13">[13]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:aut"> <caption>Vowel phonemes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715–17-16">[16]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">unrounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ø</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th> <th>closing </th> <td colspan="8">ɛɪ   œʏ   ɔɪ   ɔʊ   aɪ   aʊ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>centering </th> <td colspan="8">iə   yə   uə   eə   œə   oə </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.</li> <li>/aː/ is a phonological back vowel like /ɑ/, and the two function as a long–short pair. The former is phonetically central [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a>], whereas the latter is a genuine back vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715,_18-17">[17]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2></div> The spelling presented here, which is to a large extent Dutch-based is used in Kirchröadsjer dieksiejoneer, the only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect. The notes are mostly aimed at native speakers of Dutch (including those that can read Limburgish) and German. There is no official German-based orthography. <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"> <caption>Letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></td> <td width="3%"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Furthermore, there is ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a>⟩, which never appears as a separate letter, but only in the centering diphthongs ⟨eë⟩, ⟨ieë⟩ and ⟨oeë⟩ (phonetically /eə/, /iə/ and /uə/). However, only half of the centering diphthongs are spelled this way; the remaining /yə/, /œə/ and /oə/ are spelled ⟨üe⟩, ⟨öa⟩ and ⟨oa⟩. In other dialects and regional languages of the Netherlands, ⟨oa⟩ is sometimes used for the long open /ɔː/, which is always spelled ⟨ao⟩ in this orthography. As the orthography is Dutch-based, it does not make use of the Eszett ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>⟩, which is extensively used on the other side of the border. It represents the phoneme /s/. In turn, German-based orthographies use ⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩ for the /z/ sound, whereas ⟨<a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a>⟩ is restricted for the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/, though it can also be spelled ⟨tz⟩. Futhermore, the letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩ found in those orthographies is also not used. It stands for either /ɛ/ or /ɛː/ in German-based orthographies. In this orthography, /s/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩, /z/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a>⟩ (although ⟨<a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a>⟩ is used in the stem-final position), /ts/ is spelled ⟨ts⟩, /ɛ/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a>⟩, whereas /ɛː/ is spelled ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a>⟩ (rather than ⟨ae⟩, which is a common spelling in Dutch-based orthographies of Limburgish). The orthography is highly phonemic, with the exception of the spelling of /ɡ, v, z, ɣ, ʒ/ which, for the most part, are spelled phonetically. As in Limburgish, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, stress and tone are not marked, blurring the distinction between /eː/ and /ə/ in open syllables and between /ɛ/ and /ə/ in closed syllables, where the distinction between the short /i, u/ on the one hand and the long /iː, uː/ on the other is also blurred. The grapheme-phoneme correspondence is as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:4em">Spelling </th> <th style="width:4em">Phoneme </th> <th style="width:4em">Realization </th> <th style="width:10em">Example words </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">a </td> <td>/ɑ/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] </td> <td>bakke </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/aː/<a href="#cite_note-open-19">[b]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td>jape </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa<a href="#cite_note-closedanddigraphs-20">[c]</a> </td> <td>kaat, sjaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai </td> <td>/aɪ/ </td> <td>[aɪ] </td> <td>fain </td></tr> <tr> <td>ao </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>] </td> <td>kaod </td></tr> <tr> <td>auw </td> <td>/aʊ/ </td> <td>[aʊ] </td> <td>kauw </td></tr> <tr> <td>äo </td> <td>/œː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a>] </td> <td>kräoche </td></tr> <tr> <td>äu </td> <td>/ɔɪ/ </td> <td>[ɔɪ] </td> <td>vräud </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">b </td> <td rowspan="2">/b/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">ch </td> <td rowspan="4">/x/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>maache </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">/d/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dsj<a href="#cite_note-22">[e]</a> </td> <td>/dʒ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dz </td> <td>/dz/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>ködzele </td></tr> <tr> <td>dzj </td> <td>/dʒ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>pieëdzje </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">e </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛ/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>] </td> <td>sjtek </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-23">[f]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ə/<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td> <td>oavend </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/eː/<a href="#cite_note-open-19">[b]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>] </td> <td>dene </td></tr> <tr> <td>ee<a href="#cite_note-closedanddigraphs-20">[c]</a> </td> <td>deer </td></tr> <tr> <td>eë </td> <td>/eə/ </td> <td>[eə] </td> <td>keëts </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei<a href="#cite_note-eiij-25">[h]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɛɪ/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[ɛɪ] </td> <td>knei </td></tr> <tr> <td>ij<a href="#cite_note-eiij-25">[h]</a> </td> <td>jekkerij </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu </td> <td>/øː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>] </td> <td>meun </td></tr> <tr> <td>è </td> <td>/ɛː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>] </td> <td>nès </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">f </td> <td rowspan="2">/f/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/v/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>wief </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">g </td> <td rowspan="4">/ɣ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>zeëgblad </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>zeëg </td></tr> <tr> <td>gk<a href="#cite_note-26">[i]</a> </td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>herregke </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>/ɦ/<a href="#cite_note-hng-27">[j]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>/e/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td> <td>rikke </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ie </td> <td>/i/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/iː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ieë </td> <td>/iə/ </td> <td>[iə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">j </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>jód </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɣ/<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>zeëje </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">k </td> <td rowspan="2">/k/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>herrek </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">m </td> <td rowspan="2">/m/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-28">[k]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-28">[k]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">n </td> <td rowspan="4">/n/<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-28">[k]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-28">[k]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-28">[k]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-nasalassimilation-28">[k]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng<a href="#cite_note-hng-27">[j]</a> </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">o </td> <td>/ɔ/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/oː/<a href="#cite_note-open-19">[b]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oa </td> <td>/oə/ </td> <td>[oə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">oe </td> <td>/u/<a href="#cite_note-oe-29">[l]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uː/<a href="#cite_note-oe-29">[l]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oeë </td> <td>/uə/ </td> <td>[uə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo<a href="#cite_note-closedanddigraphs-20">[c]</a> </td> <td>/oː/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ouw </td> <td>/ɔʊ/ </td> <td>[ɔʊ] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ó </td> <td>/o/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ö </td> <td>/œ/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>öa </td> <td>/œə/ </td> <td>[œə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td rowspan="2">/p/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">s </td> <td rowspan="2">/s/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/z/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">sj<a href="#cite_note-30">[m]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/ʃ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʒ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="2">/t/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ts </td> <td rowspan="2">/ts/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsj </td> <td>/tʃ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td>/ø/<a href="#cite_note-closed-18">[a]</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ø</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/yː/<a href="#cite_note-open-19">[b]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu<a href="#cite_note-closedanddigraphs-20">[c]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ui </td> <td>/œʏ/ </td> <td>[œʏ] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü<a href="#cite_note-closedanddigraphs-20">[c]</a> </td> <td>/y/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">y</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>üe </td> <td>/yə/ </td> <td>[yə] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">v </td> <td rowspan="2">/v/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td>wieve </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td>/β/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td rowspan="2">/z/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>zj </td> <td>/ʒ/ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-voicing-21">[d]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-closed-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closed_18-7">h</a> In closed syllables. /i/ appears also in unstressed open syllables. The spelling ⟨ie⟩ is ambiguous before a single final consonant (intervocalic consonants get doubled, as in piezzele, reintroducing the distinction between /i/ and /iː/ to the spelling). </li> <li id="cite_note-open-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-open_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-open_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-open_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-open_19-3">d</a> In open syllables. </li> <li id="cite_note-closedanddigraphs-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-closedanddigraphs_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closedanddigraphs_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closedanddigraphs_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closedanddigraphs_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-closedanddigraphs_20-4">e</a> In closed syllables, before digraphs such as ⟨ch⟩ and word-finally. </li> <li id="cite_note-voicing-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-voicing_21-40">ao</a> The voiceless-voiced pairs of obstruents /p–b, t–d, k–ɡ, ts–dz, tʃ–dʒ, f–v, s–z, ʃ–ʒ, x–ɣ/ are neutralized in the syllable-final position. This is reflected in the orthography in the case of fricatives, but not in the case of the stops (excluding /ɡ/). They surface as voiced before voiced obstruents and word-initial vowels (including compounds) and as voiceless elsewhere (see <a href="/wiki/Final_obstruent_devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Final obstruent devoicing">final obstruent devoicing</a>). The /ts–dz/ neutralization is not a true neutralization since only /ts/ occurs in this environment, as the /dz/ phoneme is rare and is restricted to the intervocalic position. The voiceless allophones of the /x–ɣ/ pair are the uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] after back vowels and the palatal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] after front vowels and consonants. The voiced ones are [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], not dissimilar to /r/ and /j/ which are phonological <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>. /ɣ/ does not occur in the word-initial position, where it has been replaced with /j/. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The only spelling of the underlying stem-final /dʒ/. It stands for a disyllabic /d.ʃ/ across word boundaries in compounds such as vrundsjaf [ˈvʁønt.ʃɑf][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] 'friendship'. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Allophone of /ɛ/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, r/. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> In unstressed syllables. The dialect does not possess syllabic consonants. The schwa inserted between /l/ or /r/ and the following non-alveolar nasal or obstruent (as in milch /ˈmeləx/[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] 'milk') is not marked in the orthography, though it is marked in Luxembourgish (as ⟨e⟩, e.g. Mëllech <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[ˈmələɕ]</a>, meaning the same) and may also be marked in German-based orthographies of Ripuarian. </li> <li id="cite_note-eiij-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eiij_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eiij_25-1">b</a> The usage depends on the spelling of the Dutch cognate of the word. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Appears only intervocalically in plural forms of nouns. It stands for a disyllabic /ɣ.k/ across word boundaries in compounds such as hoeëgkómme [ˈɦuəχˌkomə].[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">tone?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-hng-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hng_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hng_27-1">b</a> /ɦ/ occurs only in the syllable initial position, whereas /ŋ/ occurs only in the syllable-final position. </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalassimilation-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalassimilation_28-5">f</a> Apart from /ŋ/, nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant: they merge to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] before bilabial consonants and to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>] before labiodental consonants. The alveolar /n/ is further assimilated to the postalveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar nasal">n̠</a>] before postalveolar consonants (which is not marked in transcriptions in this article) and to the velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] before velar consonants. In those contexts, /m/ remains bilabial [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-oe-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oe_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oe_29-1">b</a> Stands for either the short /u/ or the long /uː/ in stressed closed syllables, for the latter in stressed open syllables and for the former when unstressed. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The sequence of /s/ followed by /j/ is not assimilated to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>], unlike in Standard Dutch. This unassimilated sequence is written with a hyphen, as ⟨s-j⟩, as in müs-je [ˈmysjə] 'little mouse' (cf. Standard Dutch muisje <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/Nl-muisje.ogg\/Nl-muisje.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8m\u0153y\u0283\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-muisje.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Nl-muisje.ogg/Nl-muisje.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈmœyʃə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-muisje.ogg" title="File:Nl-muisje.ogg">ⓘ</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_dialects">Related dialects</h2></div> The most similar other Ripuarian dialects are those of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocholtz_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocholtz dialect (page does not exist)">Bocholtz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaals_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaals dialect">Vaals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aachen_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aachen dialect">Aachen</a>. A distinct <a href="/wiki/East_Limburgish" class="mw-redirect" title="East Limburgish">East Limburgish</a> dialect called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egelzer_plat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egelzer plat (page does not exist)">Egelzer plat</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eygelshoven" title="Eygelshoven">Eygelshoven</a>, in the north of the Kerkrade municipality. The biggest differences between the two is the presence of the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> in the Kerkrade dialect as well the pronunciation of the sound written ⟨g⟩ in Limburgish; in Eygelshoven, it is pronounced as in Limburgish and (southern) standard Dutch (as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a>), whereas in the Kerkrade dialect it is pronounced as in <a href="/wiki/Colognian" class="mw-disambig" title="Colognian">Colognian</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> (where it is spelled ⟨j⟩), except after back vowels where it is <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">rhotacized</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a>, resulting in a phonetic merger with /r/. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eurode-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurode_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurode_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herzogenrath.de/rathaus-service/stadtportrait/eurode/eurode-auf-dem-weg-zur-ersten-europaeischen-stadt/">"Eurode - Auf dem Weg zur ersten europäischen Stadt - | Stadt Herzogenrath"</a> (in German). Retrieved 12 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurode+-+Auf+dem+Weg+zur+ersten+europ%C3%A4ischen+Stadt+-+%7C+Stadt+Herzogenrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herzogenrath.de%2Frathaus-service%2Fstadtportrait%2Feurode%2Feurode-auf-dem-weg-zur-ersten-europaeischen-stadt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221111356/http://www.kerkrade.nl/de_stad_kerkrade/kerkrade_toen_en_nu/kirchroadsj_plat">"Gemeente Kerkrade | Kirchröadsj Plat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerkrade.nl/de_stad_kerkrade/kerkrade_toen_en_nu/kirchroadsj_plat">the original</a> on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemeente+Kerkrade+%7C+Kirchr%C3%B6adsj+Plat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerkrade.nl%2Fde_stad_kerkrade%2Fkerkrade_toen_en_nu%2Fkirchroadsj_plat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer19979-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer19979_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721–22-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199721–22_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719,_22-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719,_22_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 19, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199722-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199722_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199710-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199710_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer200394_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer2003">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003)</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournierGussenhovenPetersSwerts" class="citation web cs1">Fournier, Rachel; Gussenhoven, Carlos; Peters, Jörg; Swerts, Marc; Verhoeven, Jo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226145130/http://www.let.ru.nl/gep/jp/TonenLimburg%20engels.html">"The tones of Limburg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.ru.nl/gep/jp/TonenLimburg_engels.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+tones+of+Limburg&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Gussenhoven%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Peters%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Swerts%2C+Marc&rft.au=Verhoeven%2C+Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.ru.nl%2Fgep%2Fjp%2FTonenLimburg_engels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199719_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_19,_21,_126-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_19,_21,_126_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 17, 19, 21, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_21,_126-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199717,_21,_126_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 17, 21, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715–17-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715–17_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715,_18-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer199715,_18_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997)</a>, pp. 15, 18. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3C9FB295A261FD6F28D694252B06B4A3/S0025100312000278a.pdf/luxembourgish.pdf">"Luxembourgish"</a> (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000278">10.1017/S0025100312000278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Luxembourgish&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-74&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000278&rft.aulast=Gilles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Trouvain%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F3C9FB295A261FD6F28D694252B06B4A3%2FS0025100312000278a.pdf%2Fluxembourgish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987]. Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-70246-34-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-70246-34-1"><bdi>90-70246-34-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rft.place=Kerkrade&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-70246-34-1&rft.au=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStichting_Kirchröadsjer_Dieksiejoneer2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003). Benders, Jo; Hirsch, Herman; Stelsmann, Hans; Vreuls, Frits (eds.). Kirchröadsjer Zagenswies (in Dutch). Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-70246-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-70246-47-3"><bdi>90-70246-47-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Zagenswies&rft.place=Kerkrade&rft.pub=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-70246-47-3&rft.au=Stichting+Kirchr%C3%B6adsjer+Dieksiejoneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerkrade+dialect" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without Glottolog code">Languages without Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialects_of_languages_with_ISO_639-3_code" title="Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code">Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialect_articles_with_speakers_set_to_%27unknown%27" title="Category:Dialect articles with speakers set to 'unknown'">Dialect articles with speakers set to 'unknown'</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Limburgish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Limburgish IPA">Pages with Limburgish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Dutch_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Dutch IPA">Pages with Dutch IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 July 2023, at 17:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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