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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Death of Bhimasimha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Bhimasimha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhoja's_defection_to_Alauddin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhoja's_defection_to_Alauddin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bhoja's defection to Alauddin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhoja's_defection_to_Alauddin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chahamana_victory_at_Hinduvata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chahamana_victory_at_Hinduvata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chahamana victory at Hinduvata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chahamana_victory_at_Hinduvata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Nusrat_Khan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Nusrat_Khan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death of Nusrat Khan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Nusrat_Khan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alauddin_at_Ranthambore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alauddin_at_Ranthambore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alauddin at Ranthambore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alauddin_at_Ranthambore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratipala's_defection_to_Alauddin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratipala's_defection_to_Alauddin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ratipala's defection to Alauddin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratipala's_defection_to_Alauddin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hammira's_last_stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammira's_last_stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hammira's last stand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hammira's_last_stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1301 siege</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For later siege of Ranthambore, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Siege of Ranthambore (1568)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Ranthambore</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji's conquest</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_mosque_and_graves_in_Ranthambore_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/An_old_mosque_and_graves_in_Ranthambore_fort.jpg/220px-An_old_mosque_and_graves_in_Ranthambore_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/An_old_mosque_and_graves_in_Ranthambore_fort.jpg/330px-An_old_mosque_and_graves_in_Ranthambore_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/An_old_mosque_and_graves_in_Ranthambore_fort.jpg/440px-An_old_mosque_and_graves_in_Ranthambore_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><br />Interior view of Ranthambore fort</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 July 1301</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_Fort" title="Ranthambore Fort">Ranthambore</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Khalji victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/15px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/23px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/30px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Ranastambhapura" title="Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura">Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hammiradeva" title="Hammiradeva">Hammiradeva</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Virama<br />Bhimasamha <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Jaja <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Kshetra Singh Parmar <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Tak Gangadhar <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Muhammad Shah (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br />Kehbru (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000 to 12,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 400px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="400" data-height="400" data-zoom="5" data-lat="27.34" data-lon="76.84" data-overlays="["_4464a5b21e192529c4b41cbd65eb0f1171e6ffbf"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/27.34/76.84/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,27.34,76.84,400x400.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&revid=1231221386&groups=_4464a5b21e192529c4b41cbd65eb0f1171e6ffbf" width="400" height="400" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,27.34,76.84,400x400@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&revid=1231221386&groups=_4464a5b21e192529c4b41cbd65eb0f1171e6ffbf 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Delhi and Ranthambore in present-day India</div></div></div> <p>In 1301, <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in India, conquered the neighbouring kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ranastambhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranastambhapura">Ranastambhapura</a> (modern Ranthambore). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hammiradeva" title="Hammiradeva">Hammira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Ranastambhapura" title="Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura">Chahamana</a> (Chauhan) king of Ranthambore, had granted asylum to some <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> rebels from Delhi in 1299. He refused requests to either kill these rebels or hand them over to Alauddin, resulting in an invasion from Delhi. Hammira lost his general Bhimasimha to an army led by Alauddin's general <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a>, and his brother Bhoja <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defected</a> to Alauddin some days later. After recovering from these initial reverses, Hammira's generals (including the Mongol rebels) defeated Ulugh Khan's army at a mountain pass near Ranthambore. Alauddin then dispatched his general <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan</a> to reinforce Ulugh Khan's army, but Nusrat Khan was killed while besieging the fort. </p><p>Alauddin then himself took control of the operations at Ranthambore. He ordered the construction of a mound to scale its walls. After a long siege, the defenders suffered from a famine and defections. Facing a desperate situation, in July 1301, Hammira and his loyal companions came out of the fort, and fought to death. His wives, daughters and other female relatives committed <a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">Jauhar</a> (mass self-immolation). Alauddin captured the fort, and appointed Ulugh Khan as its governor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranthambore was reputed to be an impregnable fort, and Alauddin's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaluddin Khalji">Jalaluddin</a> had made an unsuccessful attempt to capture it in 1291.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950100–101_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950100–101-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1299, Alauddin Khalji sent his generals Nusrat Khan and <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. This army included several <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> soldiers (also called Mughals or neo-Muslims), who had converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> recently. When the army was returning to Delhi after its successful campaign, some of the Mongols <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat#Mutiny_near_Jalore" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat">staged a mutiny</a> against the generals, near <a href="/wiki/Jalore" title="Jalore">Jalore</a>. The mutiny was crushed, and the army returned to Delhi. Two rebel Mongol leaders — Muhammad Shah and Kabhru — managed to escape with some of their followers. <a href="/wiki/Hammiradeva" title="Hammiradeva">Hammira</a> of Ranthambore (called Hamir Dev in Muslim chronicles) granted asylum to these Mongol fugitives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal195088_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal195088-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulugh Khan was the governor of <a href="/wiki/Bayana" title="Bayana">Bayana</a> near Ranthambore. After returning to Bayana from Delhi, he sent messengers to Hammira, urging him to kill the Mongol fugitives as a friendly ruler. He also threatened to wage a war against Hammira, if this request was not complied with. Hammira's counsellors advised him not to endanger his kingdom, and comply. However, Hammira refused to do so. He replied to Ulugh Khan that he had no desire to start a conflict, but he would not give up the refugees who had sought his asylum. He added that he was not afraid of a war, and had enough money and soldiers to participate in a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_of_Bhimasimha">Death of Bhimasimha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death of Bhimasimha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Alauddin learned about Hammira's reply, he dispatched an army led by Ulugh Khan to capture Ranthambore. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Hammira_Mahakavya" title="Hammira Mahakavya">Hammira Mahakavya</a></i> and <i>Surjana-Charita</i>, Hammira was engaged in a religious ceremony at the time of this invasion. Ulugh Khan's army marched unopposed up to the <a href="/wiki/Banas_River" title="Banas River">Banas River</a>. There, Hammira's general Bhimasimha stopped his advance. Bhimasimha underestimated the strength of the Delhi army, and launched a direct attack on them, instead of keeping his army stationed at the top of the mountain pass leading to Ranthambore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959109_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959109-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delhi army retreated temporarily, possibly deliberately to fool the Chahamanas into dropping their guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led Bhimasimha to believe that he had foiled the invasion. However, while Bhimasimha was returning to Ranthambore, Ulugh Khan's forces re-assembled and attacked his contingent. The defenders were defeated, and Bhimasimha was killed in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959109_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959109-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bhoja's_defection_to_Alauddin"><span id="Bhoja.27s_defection_to_Alauddin"></span>Bhoja's defection to Alauddin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bhoja's defection to Alauddin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>, Bhimasimha had abandoned his strong position at the top of the mountain pass on the advice of the minister Dharmasimha. As a punishment, Hammira ordered Dharmasimha to be blinded and <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a>, declaring that only a blind man would have failed to see the true strength of the invading army, and only an impotent man would have allowed Bhimasimha to die on the battlefield unsupported. After Dharmasimha's dismissal, Hammira's brother Bhoja became the chief royal counsellor. However, Bhoja was unable to arrange sufficient money for raising an army that could defeat Alauddin's invasion. In the past, the Chahamanas had raised money by raiding their neighbours, but this was not possible as they were under siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dharmasimha, who now maintained a grudge against Hammira, took advantage of this financial crunch. He contacted the king through a court dancer named Dhara, and offered to arrange horses for Hammira's cavalry from Malwa. Hammira took Dharmasimha back into service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharmasimha raised money by imposing heavy taxes, which made Hammira very unpopular among his subjects. Dharmasimha also sidelined Bhoja: on his advice, Hammira ordered Bhoja to provide a full account of the ministry during his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i> further states that Bhoja and his brother Pithasimha decided to leave Ranthambore as a result of Dharmasimha's scheming. Hammira did not try to stop his brothers, and instead, gave Bhoja's post of <i>danda-nayaka</i> to his general Ratipala. Feeling insulted, Bhoja defected to Alauddin, who received him with honour. Alauddin gave him the <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> (fief) of Jagara, which was earlier held by the rebel Mongol leader Muhammad Shah. Bhoja advised Alauddin to attack Ranthambore before the <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> season. Alauddin dispatched a large army (100,000-strong, according to <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>) to conquer Ranthambore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chahamana_victory_at_Hinduvata">Chahamana victory at Hinduvata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chahamana victory at Hinduvata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranthambore_vantage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranthambore_vantage.jpg/220px-Ranthambore_vantage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranthambore_vantage.jpg/330px-Ranthambore_vantage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ranthambore_vantage.jpg/440px-Ranthambore_vantage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>A portion of the Ranthambore fort and the surrounding region</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>, the Delhi army marched to Ranthambore, ransacking the Hindu territories on their way. At a mountain pass called Hinduvata, the Chahamana army inflicted a heavy defeat on the Delhi forces. This army was led by Hammira's own generals as well as the Mongol leaders who had taken asylum at Ranthambore. Hammira's own generals included Virama (his brother), Ratipala, Jaja and Ranamalla. The Mongol leaders included Muhammad Shah (called Mahimashahi in <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>), his brother Garbharuka, Tichara and Vaichara (the last three are <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskritized</a> names given in <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>: the original names are not certain).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chahamana army captured much of the Delhi army's equipment as a result of this victory. The <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i> states that the Chahamanas also captured a large number of Muslim women after this victory. These women were forced to sell sour buttermilk in the villages of Hammira's kingdom, in order to spread the news of the Chahamana victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hammira's Mongol allies then attacked Jagara, the former jagir of Muhammad Shah that Alauddin had granted to Bhoja. They captured Bhoja's family members, and brought them to Ranthambore as prisoners. Bhoja survived the attack, as he was at Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14th century <i>Pakrta-Paingalam</i> claims that Hammira's officer Jaja marched towards Delhi, striking fear into the hearts of its Muslim citizens, although the text does not mention the result of this march.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959116_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959116-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_of_Nusrat_Khan">Death of Nusrat Khan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death of Nusrat Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_of_Ranthambore_as_visible_from_Ranthambore_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fort_of_Ranthambore_as_visible_from_Ranthambore_National_Park.jpg/220px-Fort_of_Ranthambore_as_visible_from_Ranthambore_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fort_of_Ranthambore_as_visible_from_Ranthambore_National_Park.jpg/330px-Fort_of_Ranthambore_as_visible_from_Ranthambore_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fort_of_Ranthambore_as_visible_from_Ranthambore_National_Park.jpg/440px-Fort_of_Ranthambore_as_visible_from_Ranthambore_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Ranthambore Fort as seen from the ground</figcaption></figure> <p>After these initial reverses, Alauddin asked <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, to lead an army in Ulugh Khan's support. The joint armies of Nusrat Khan and Ulugh Khan invaded Hammira's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i> claims that, on this occasion, Ulugh Khan pretended that he was coming to negotiate a truce with Hammira. As a result, Hammira did not resist the invaders' entry into his territory, and the Delhi army crossed the Hinduvata mountain pass easily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delhi army captured <a href="/wiki/Jhain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhain">Jhain</a>, and renamed it "Shahr-i Nau" ("new town").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the Delhi army reached Ranthambore, and encamped near the fort walls. According to the <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>, a messenger from Alauddin offered two alternatives to Hammira:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Present 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Mohur" title="Mohur">mohurs</a> (gold coins), 4 elephants and Hammira's daughter in marriage to Alauddin</li> <li>Surrender the Mongol rebels who had taken refuge at Ranthambore</li></ol> <p>Hammira scornfully rejected the demands, and replied that Alauddin could have 400,000 sword wounds instead. The Delhi army then besieged the fort, and tried to scale its walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day, Nusrat Khan was hit by a <a href="/wiki/Manjaniq" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjaniq">manjaniq</a> stone; he died after 2–3 days. Taking advantage of the mourning in the invaders' camp, Hammira came out of the fort with a strong army, and forced Ulugh Khan to retreat to Jhain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 16th century writer Firishta, Hammira's force was 200,000-strong, but this appears to be an exaggeration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another chronicler <a href="/wiki/Yahya_bin_Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi">Yahya</a> states that Hammira had less than 12,000 cavalry, several elephants and "innumerable" infantry. Amir Khusrau estimates the strength of Hammira's cavalry as 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950102_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950102-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alauddin_at_Ranthambore">Alauddin at Ranthambore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alauddin at Ranthambore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Alau%27d_Din_put_to_Flight.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sultan_Alau%27d_Din_put_to_Flight.jpeg/350px-Sultan_Alau%27d_Din_put_to_Flight.jpeg" decoding="async" width="350" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sultan_Alau%27d_Din_put_to_Flight.jpeg/525px-Sultan_Alau%27d_Din_put_to_Flight.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sultan_Alau%27d_Din_put_to_Flight.jpeg/700px-Sultan_Alau%27d_Din_put_to_Flight.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><i>Sultan Alau'd Din put to Flight; Women of Ranthambhor commit <a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">Jauhar</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput painting</a> from 1825</figcaption></figure> <p>When Alauddin learned about Ulugh Khan's defeat, he decided to personally lead a stronger force to Ranthambore. He ordered his other officers from various provinces to bring their armies to <a href="/wiki/Tilpat" title="Tilpat">Tilpat</a> near Delhi. While these armies were on their way to Tilpat, he spent his time <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>. During one such hunting expedition, his nephew Sulaiman Shah <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_against_Alauddin_Khalji#Akat_Khan's_rebellion,_1299" title="Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji">Akat Khan conspired to kill him</a>. However, the conspiracy was not successful, and Akat Khan and his companions were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992343–344_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992343–344-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Alauddin reached Ranthambore, the fort was already surrounded by the Delhi army. He realized that a direct attack on the fort was not feasible: the advantage lay with the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alauddin's camp was located on a <a href="/wiki/Hillock" title="Hillock">hillock</a> called Ran, which faced the Ranthambore Fort's hill. Alauddin ordered the construction of a <i>pasheb</i>, an inclined mound built to fill the ditch separating his camp and the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950107_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950107-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weavers from the neighbouring areas were brought, and asked to sew a large number of bags. Alauddin's soldiers then filled these bags with soil, and used them to build the <i>pasheb</i> mound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of the <i>pasheb</i> was a long and difficult process for the invading army. But none of Alauddin's soldiers deserted him, because he demanded three years' pay from any deserter. The Delhi army used the <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a> called <i>maghrabis</i> to shoot stones at the defending garrison. But the defenders kept destroying the under-construction <i>pasheb</i> with fire and stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alauddin's army also tried to construct a tunnel, but the defenders destroyed it and killed those involved in its construction by throwing a mixture of oil and resin on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was heavy loss of lives on both the sides. During this time, Alauddin's army also plundered the neighbouring region, going as far as <a href="/wiki/Dhar" title="Dhar">Dhar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Alauddin was at Ranthambore, there were two attempts to usurp the power in Delhi. In the first attempt, his nephews <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_against_Alauddin_Khalji#Rebellion_of_Malik_Umar_and_Mangu_Khan" title="Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji">Malik Umar and Mangu Khan</a> started recruiting soldiers to overthrow his rule. But Alauddin sent his officers to subdue him. The two brothers were brought to Ranthambore, and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992345_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992345-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime later, an officer named <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_against_Alauddin_Khalji#Rebellion_of_Haji_Maula" title="Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji">Haji Maula</a> took control of Delhi and appointed one Alavi as the puppet Sultan. Alauddin first sent Malik Hamiduddin, who killed Haji Maula and Alavi. Some days later, he also sent Ulugh Khan, who had the other rebels executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346–347_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346–347-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these rebellions, Alauddin did not abandon his campaign to conquer Ranthambore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992345_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992345-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ratipala's_defection_to_Alauddin"><span id="Ratipala.27s_defection_to_Alauddin"></span>Ratipala's defection to Alauddin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ratipala's defection to Alauddin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i> states that during the siege, Alauddin once offered to negotiate a peace treaty. As a result, Hammira sent his general Ratipala (or Ratanpal) to Alauddin's camp. Alauddin received Ratipala with great honour, and treated him with good food and drinks. Alauddin then won Ratipala over to his side, by promising him the governorship of Ranthambore after Hammira's defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After returning to Ranthambore, Ratipala did not inform Hammira about what had actually transpired at the meeting. Instead, he told Hammira that Alauddin was willing to establish peace in return for marriage to Hammira's daughter. Later, he also turned another general named Ranamalla (or Ranmal) against Hammira. One evening, Ratipala and Ranamalla led their forces out of the fort, and joined Alauddin's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hammira's_last_stand"><span id="Hammira.27s_last_stand"></span>Hammira's last stand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hammira's last stand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammir_palace,ranthambor_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hammir_palace%2Cranthambor_fort.jpg/220px-Hammir_palace%2Cranthambor_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hammir_palace%2Cranthambor_fort.jpg/330px-Hammir_palace%2Cranthambor_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hammir_palace%2Cranthambor_fort.jpg/440px-Hammir_palace%2Cranthambor_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Hammira's palace at the Ranthambore Fort</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of the <i>pasheb</i>, which started in March–April (<i><a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a></i>), seems to have finished around the beginning of the rainy season in July. By this time, the defenders had exhausted their provisions. According to <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>, the fort had become a "desert of thorns" due to scarcity of water and green leaves: the people were willing to purchase "one grain of corn for two grains of gold", but still could not get it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rajput bardic chronicles such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hammira_Raso" title="Hammira Raso">Hammira Raso</a></i> claim that the scarcity of food resulted from a conspiracy by Sarjan Shah, a Buddhist merchant (<i>bania</i>) belonging to the Sharaoji sect. Sarjan Shah's father had been killed by Hammira. To avenge his father's death, he polluted the provisions stored in the fort with animal hides, thus rendering them unusable for the vegetarian Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103–104_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103–104-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been betrayed by his trusted generals, and under the famine-like circumstances in the fort, Hammira realized that Alauddin would capture the fort sooner or later. He decided to fight to death with his loyal men, while the women of the fort prepared for suicide by <i><a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">jauhar</a></i> (mass self-immolation to avoid falling into the enemy hands).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>, Hammira offered to escort the Mongol refugees to a safe place. However, the Mongol leader Muhammad Shah refused the offer: he killed his wife and children, and declared that he would join Hammira's <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a>. Hammira asked his brother Virama to be his successor, but Virama too decided to accompany Hammira in his last fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hammira had all his valuables thrown into the Padmasara lake, and appointed his minister Jaja (also Jajala or Jajadeva) as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other loyalists, Jaja had also been offered a safe passage out of the fort, but decided to stay behind. He supervised the organization of the <i>jauhar</i>, in which Hammira's queens, daughters and other female relatives committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959118–119_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959118–119-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>jauhar</i> has been described by Alauddin's courtier <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992368_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992368-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes it the first <i>jauhar</i> to be described in a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200797_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200797-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hammira and his loyal companions marched to the top of the <i>pasheb</i> mound, where they fought to death with Alauddin's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Rajput-era bards claim that Hammira severed his own head and offered it to the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Mahadeva</a> when faced with a certain defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950104_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 16th century historian <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a>, Alauddin's army captured the fort on 10 July 1301.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Jain author Nayachandra dates this conquest to two days later in his <i>Hammira Mahakavya</i>. According to Nayachandra, Jaja continued to offer resistance for two more days after Hammira's death, which may explain this discrepancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114–115_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114–115-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fort, Alauddin found the Mongol rebel Muhammad Shah lying wounded. Alauddin asked Muhammad Shah what he would do if pardoned and saved. Muhammad Shah replied that he would kill Alauddin and appoint Hammira's son as the new king. An angry Alauddin ordered Muhammad Shah to be trampled by an elephant. However, later he ordered Muhammad Shah to be buried with honour because he appreciated the dead man's courage and loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alauddin ordered punishments for Ratipala and Ranamalla, who had deserted Hammira to join him. Ratipala was flayed alive, while Ranamalla and his followers were killed. Alauddin argued that these people had not been loyal to their earlier master, so he did not expect them to be loyal to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The victors destroyed the Vaghabhatta (Bahar Deo) temple and other buildings on the fort premises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959115_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959115-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before returning to Delhi, Alauddin gave the control of the fort to Ulugh Khan. However, the local public hated Ulugh Khan so much that he decided not to go beyond the suburbs of Ranthambore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959115_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959115-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the late 1320s, it was captured by <i>Rana</i> <a href="/wiki/Hammir_Singh" title="Hammir Singh">Hammir Singh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>. It passed on to <a href="/wiki/Hada_Chauhan" title="Hada Chauhan">Hada Chauhans</a> in the 1470s. Mughals captured it after a siege in 1568. It eventually came under Jaipur kingdom in 17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRima_Hooja2006">Rima Hooja 2006</a>, p. 306–308: "A detailed description of Hammir’s last fight is given in the Rajput sources. According to Hammir Mahakavya, nine brave men fought by his side in his last hour — his brother Viram, Tak Gangadhar, four Mongol (brothers), Kshetra Singh Parmar and two others...Muhammad Shah and Kehbru, grateful to the last to the Rajput king for his hospitality and sacrifice, fought side by side with their patron"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRima_Hooja2006">Rima Hooja 2006</a>, p. 307:"Meanwhile, Hammir had completed his own preparations to withstand the siege. According to Yahya, Rai Hammir had 12,000 cavalry, several famous elephants and numerous infantry troops at his command, while Amir Khusrau mentions Hammir as having about 10,000 horses"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950100–101-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950100–101_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950">Kishori Saran Lal 1950</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal195088-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal195088_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950">Kishori Saran Lal 1950</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992342_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959109-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959109_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959109_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959110_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959111_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959116-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959116_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959112_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950">Kishori Saran Lal 1950</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950102-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950102_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950">Kishori Saran Lal 1950</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992343–344-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992343–344_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, pp. 343–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992344_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950107-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950107_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950">Kishori Saran Lal 1950</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959113_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992345-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992345_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992345_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346–347-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346–347_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992346_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103–104-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950103–104_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950">Kishori Saran Lal 1950</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959118–119-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959118–119_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992368-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992368_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200797-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra200797_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatish_Chandra2007">Satish Chandra 2007</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992347_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992">Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950104-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishori_Saran_Lal1950104_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950">Kishori Saran Lal 1950</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114–115-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959114–115_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959115-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959115_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959115_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959" class="citation book cs1">Dasharatha Sharma (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Early Chauhān Dynasties</i></a>. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842606189" title="Special:BookSources/9780842606189"><bdi>9780842606189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Chauh%C4%81n+Dynasties&rft.pub=S.+Chand+%2F+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780842606189&rft.au=Dasharatha+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4gcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlauddin+Khalji%27s+conquest+of+Ranthambore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Banarsi_Prasad_Saksena" class="mw-redirect" title="Banarsi Prasad Saksena">Banarsi Prasad Saksena</a> (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)</i></a>. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180">31870180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Khaljis%3A+Alauddin+Khalji&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanat+%28A.D.+1206-1526%29&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31870180&rft.au=Banarsi+Prasad+Saksena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlauddin+Khalji%27s+conquest+of+Ranthambore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishori_Saran_Lal1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">Kishori Saran Lal</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ"><i>History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)</i></a>. Allahabad: The Indian Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685167335">685167335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Khaljis+%281290-1320%29&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pub=The+Indian+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685167335&rft.au=Kishori+Saran+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2XXqAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlauddin+Khalji%27s+conquest+of+Ranthambore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra" title="Satish Chandra">Satish Chandra</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ"><i>History of Medieval India: 800-1700</i></a>. Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7"><bdi>978-81-250-3226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%3A+800-1700&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-250-3226-7&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHnHHwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlauddin+Khalji%27s+conquest+of+Ranthambore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRima_Hooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Rima Hooja (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ"><i>A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)</i></a>. Rupa & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1501-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1501-0"><bdi>978-81-291-1501-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+HISTORY+OF+RAJASTHAN+%28PB%29&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-291-1501-0&rft.au=Rima+Hooja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqqd1RAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlauddin+Khalji%27s+conquest+of+Ranthambore" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Alauddin_Khalji" title="Template:Alauddin Khalji"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alauddin_Khalji" title="Template talk:Alauddin Khalji"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alauddin_Khalji" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alauddin Khalji"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alauddin_Khalji_of_Delhi_Sultanate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generals and officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Khan" title="Alp Khan">Alp Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Mulk_Multani" title="Ayn al-Mulk Multani">Ayn al-Mulk Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Din_Gurg" title="Kamal al-Din Gurg">Kamal al-Din Gurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Khan_(Indian_general)" title="Zafar Khan (Indian general)">Zafar Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_of_Devagiri" title="Ramachandra of Devagiri">Ramachandra</a> (Yadava)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prataparudra" title="Prataparudra">Prataparudra II</a> (Kakatiya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_III" title="Veera Ballala III">Ballala III</a> (Hoysala)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_raid_on_Bhilsa" title="Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa">Bhilsa</a> (1293)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Multan" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan">Multan</a> (1296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (1299 and 1304)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranthambore</a> (1301)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1303)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)">Chittor</a> (1303)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa">Malwa</a> (1305)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Siwana" title="Siege of Siwana">Siwana</a> (1308)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Jalore" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore">Jalore</a> (1311)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_raid_on_Devagiri" title="Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri">Devagiri</a> (1296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Devagiri" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri">Devagiri</a> (1308)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warangal_(1310)" title="Siege of Warangal (1310)">Warangal</a> (1302-1303 and 1310)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dwarasamudra" title="Siege of Dwarasamudra">Dwarasamudra</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur%27s_invasion_of_the_Pandya_kingdom" title="Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom">Pandya kingdom</a> (1311)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with Mongols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_India_(1297%E2%80%931298)" title="Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298)">Jaran-Manjur</a> (1298)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Sindh" title="Mongol invasion of Sindh">Sivistan</a> (1298)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kili" title="Battle of Kili">Kili</a> (1299)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_India_(1303)" title="Mongol invasion of India (1303)">Delhi</a> (1303)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amroha" title="Battle of Amroha">Amroha</a> (1305)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_India_(1306)" title="Mongol invasion of India (1306)">Ravi riverbank</a> (1306)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_against_Alauddin_Khalji" title="Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji">Rebellions against Alauddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_reforms_of_Alauddin_Khalji" title="Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji">Revenue reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_reforms_of_Alauddin_Khalji" title="Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji">Market reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Massacre of Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Padmini" title="Rani Padmini">Rani Padmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alai_Darwaza" title="Alai Darwaza">Alai Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanderi_Inscription_of_%E2%80%98Al%C4%81%27_al-D%C4%ABn_Khalj%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanderi Inscription of ‘Alā' al-Dīn Khaljī">Chanderi inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha#Description_of_Alauddin's_achievements" title="Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha">Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakkar_Pheru" title="Thakkar Pheru">Thakkar Pheru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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