CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hybrid rice - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"16e1969a-4243-41df-ab6d-4b74e2ae5686","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hybrid_rice","wgTitle":"Hybrid rice","wgCurRevisionId":1239590706,"wgRevisionId":1239590706,"wgArticleId":11371265,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Chinese-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Crops originating from China","Food plant hybrids","Rice varieties"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hybrid_rice", "wgRelevantArticleId":11371265,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5953293","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/1200px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/800px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/640px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hybrid rice - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_rice"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_rice"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hybrid_rice rootpage-Hybrid_rice skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hybrid+rice" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hybrid+rice" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hybrid+rice" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hybrid+rice" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strengths_and_drawbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strengths_and_drawbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Strengths and drawbacks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strengths_and_drawbacks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Strengths and drawbacks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Strengths_and_drawbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Future_Directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_Directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Future Directions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_Directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_the_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_the_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>State of the art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_the_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hybrid rice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_hybride" title="Riz hybride – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Riz hybride" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="संकर धान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संकर धान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E7%B1%B3" title="ハイブリッド米 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイブリッド米" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E4%BA%A4%E6%B0%B4%E7%A8%BB" title="雜交水稻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雜交水稻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5953293#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rice" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hybrid_rice" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rice"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rice"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hybrid_rice" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hybrid_rice" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&oldid=1239590706" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hybrid_rice&id=1239590706&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHybrid_rice"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHybrid_rice"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hybrid_rice&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hybrid_rice" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5953293" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rice crossbred from different varieties</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/220px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/330px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/440px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption> Hybrid Rice</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hybrid rice</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Asian_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian rice">Asian rice</a> that has been <a href="/wiki/Crossbred" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbred">crossbred</a> from two very different parent varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other types of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>, hybrid rice typically displays <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a> or "hybrid vigor", so when grown under the same conditions as comparable <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">varieties</a>, it can produce up to 30% more <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-test_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To produce <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_seed" title="Hybrid seed">hybrid seeds</a> in large quantity, a purebred <a href="/wiki/Sterile_male_plant" title="Sterile male plant">sterile</a> rice variety is <a href="/wiki/Fertilize" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilize">fertilized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fertile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertile">fertile</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> from a different variety. <a href="/wiki/High-yielding_variety" title="High-yielding variety">High-yield crops</a>, including hybrid rice, are one of the most important tools for combatting worldwide <a href="/wiki/Food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crises">food crises</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hybridization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridization (biology)">Hybridization</a> has long been used for breeding new rice varieties, such as <a href="/wiki/IR8" title="IR8">IR8</a>. The use of <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a> in <a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">first-generation hybrid</a> (F1) seeds is well known, but in those cases the F1 seeds are only produced in small quantity. The first <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">academic paper</a> on the application of heterosis to rice production was published in 1926,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its application in <a href="/wiki/Rice_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production">rice production</a> was limited because of the <a href="/wiki/Self-pollinating" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-pollinating">self-pollinating</a> nature of rice. In 1974, Chinese scientists successfully transferred the male sterility gene from <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasmic_male_sterility" title="Cytoplasmic male sterility">cytoplasmic male sterility</a> (CMS) genetic line and hybrid combination.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first time the F1 hybrid seeds were used for large-scale planting. The first generation of hybrid rice varieties were three-line hybrids and produced yields that were about 15 to 20 percent greater than those of improved or high-yielding varieties of the same growth duration. </p><p>Chinese scientist <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Longping" title="Yuan Longping">Yuan Longping</a> (1930–2021), renowned as the "Father of Hybrid Rice",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the most famous researchers on hybrid rice. In the 1960s, he made his seminal discovery of the genetic basis of heterosis in rice. This was a unique discovery because it had been previously thought that heterosis was not possible for self-pollinating crops such as rice.<sup id="cite_ref-RT-hybridfather_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-hybridfather-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Chinese agronomist, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhengyou" title="Li Zhengyou">Li Zhengyou</a>, developed the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Dian</a>-type hybrid rice, and was a pioneer in the research of <a href="/wiki/Organisms_at_high_altitudes#Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms at high altitudes">high-altitude</a> hybrid rice. He published the book <i>Dian-type Hybrid Rice</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">滇型杂交水稻</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, hybrid rice is estimated to be planted on more than 50% of rice-growing fields and it is credited with helping the country increase its annual rice yields, which are among the highest in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Hybrid rice is also grown in many other important rice-producing countries including <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and United States.<sup id="cite_ref-history-IRRI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-IRRI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 study published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> (IRRI), reports that the profitability of hybrid rice in three Indian states varied from being equally profitable as other rice to 34% more profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI-india-report_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI-india-report-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Myanmar, thousands of farmers have become landless and left in destitute after four consecutive years of poor harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese hybrid rice investors have taken over formerly ethnic-minority-owned land and simultaneously stoking anti-Chinese sentiment in Myanmar's remote northern Shan State.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of China, other institutes are also researching hybrid rice, including the IRRI, which also coordinates the Hybrid Rice Development Consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI-hybrid-science_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI-hybrid-science-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, during an ethnographic study of surface water management, American researcher Joy D'Angelo discovered a problem with growing the hybrid on terraces: The hybrid is actually so water-efficient that it can put the local mountain aquifer recharge cycle at risk, and cause certain paddies to crumble.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strengths_and_drawbacks">Strengths and drawbacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strengths and drawbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vigor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vigor">Hybrid vigor</a> is expressed during the plant's early vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Young hybrid seedlings have faster <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> development and better <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> development; the mature plant has increased total dry matter, larger <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicles</a> (the terminal shoots that produce <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>), more <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a> (units of flower) <a href="/wiki/Area_density" title="Area density">per unit area</a>, increased total weight of grains, and, consequently, higher yields. The downside is that farmers need to buy new seeds each season. The grains produced by purebred varieties are almost genetically identical to their parents and so can be stored for planting later. If a farmer tries to plant the genetically diverse seeds (produced by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>) saved from a previous hybrid crop, the resultant plants will display widely varying traits, in much the same way that <a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">siblings</a> look different, and the ensuing crop will be an inconsistently yielding disappointment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a> of hybrid varieties continues to remain low in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> possibly due to its poor performance in certain environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, the hybrid system involving limits on certain characteristics has prevented researchers from finding a way to cure poor <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">resistance against disease and pests</a>. Moreover, hybrid rice has more frequency on having "incidence of <a href="/wiki/Stem_borer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem borer">stem borer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogatella" title="Sogatella">whitebacked planthopper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf roller">leaf roller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial blight">bacterial blight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheath_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheath blight">sheath blight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral diseases</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-grain.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grain.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "downey mildew, false smut, and kernel smut" <sup id="cite_ref-grain.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grain.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred on hybrid rice more. Therefore, there is a huge increase in pesticide using on hybrid rice than others. For example, in Hunan Province, compared to normal crop, extra 31% of pesticide was used in hybrid rice.<sup id="cite_ref-grain.org_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grain.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeding process itself is also a limitation of development of hybrid rice. The cultivation of seed and high-skilled labor cost much money in the beginning, causing 20% of government avenue solving the gap. According to saying from famous Chinese scientist Yuan Longping, two-line systems are needed to build in the future due to the limited plateau area. Most importantly, the lack of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> has been the major problem needed to solve. </p><p>Private seeding company also has challenges dealing with hybrid rice because the process of cultivating them is very time-consuming and expensive. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a> purchased the seed from the Chinese government in the 1980s, the seed was produced commercially until 1992s. There are still more challenges facing in this area such as "inferior grain quality; inadequate disease/insect resistance in the first generation of hybrids; inconsistent and low seed yield; inadequate supply of pure seed of parental lines; and the high cost of seed."<sup id="cite_ref-fao.org_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the free-sharing IRRI policy has actually limited the development of hybrid rice research. The information of technology is blocked from countries and companies, preventing the way of hybrid rice to success. </p><p>Economically and politically, the problem that hybrid rice brought along is still considerable. Farmers lost their <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">breeders' rights</a> because the hybrid seed won't exist after harvest, and therefore rely heavily on specialized seeding companies. Hybrid rice for the whole country is controlled by a few large seeding companies, bringing up potential <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> problems. </p><p>Importantly however, the hybrid rice has brought significant improvements to land and water use,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> access to calories and quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_Directions">Future Directions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Future Directions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For future research, grain quality and resistance against pests and diseases have to be enhanced. Compared with <a href="/wiki/High-yielding_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="High-yielding varieties">high-yielding varieties</a>, yield of hybrid rice is boosted by enhancing agronomic management. Moreover, "hybrid seed production capability of parental lines" and "development of hybrids possessing higher yield potential than NPT inbred lines"<sup id="cite_ref-fao.org_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao.org-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> needs to be enhanced. In IRRI-ADB project, more researchers and workers need to be more strength and professional. Seed companies need to invest money on stuff and research, finding the most stable way to seed production and potential way to market. The Government is also encouraged to polish policy or money that can improve or boost the research of hybrid rice. </p><p>Additionally, cultivation on <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">terraces</a> should be monitored for crumbling and accumulating soil toxicity issues, as new research demonstrates the hybrid has a propensity for changing a mountain water recharge cycle beyond what is sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposed solutions include increasing <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a> the old with the new at strategic locations.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_of_the_art">State of the art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State of the art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From October 21 to 22, 2019, the third-generation hybrid rice was tested for the first time in Qingzhu Village, <a href="/wiki/Hengnan_County" title="Hengnan County">Hengnan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan Province">Hunan Province</a>. The yield per <i><a href="/wiki/Mu_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (unit)">mu</a></i> was 1046.3 <a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a> (about 15 tonnes per hectare).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The third-generation hybrid rice technology is a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered">genetically engineered</a> sterile male line as a genetic tool, which allows all rice to theoretically find the "other half" that suits them and produce excellent offspring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irri.org/hybrid-rice">IRRI Hybrid Rice</a>, IRRI.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/news-events/hot-topics/hybrid-rice/about-hybrid-rice">About hybrid rice</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkin W. Jones, 1926. Hybrid vigor in rice. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 18, 423–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFAO.org2004" class="citation web cs1">FAO.org (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/f-sheet/factsheet6.pdf">"Hybrid Rice for Food Security"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fact Sheet</i>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact+Sheet&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Rice+for+Food+Security&rft.date=2004&rft.au=FAO.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Frice2004%2Fen%2Ff-sheet%2Ffactsheet6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+rice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The man who puts an end to hunger: Yuan Longping, "Father of Hybrid Rice"</i>. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119051093" title="Special:BookSources/9787119051093"><bdi>9787119051093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+man+who+puts+an+end+to+hunger%3A+Yuan+Longping%2C+%22Father+of+Hybrid+Rice%22&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9787119051093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+rice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RT-hybridfather-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RT-hybridfather_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/knowledge/publications/rice-today/features/hybridizing-the-world/Page-1">Hybridizing the world - The father of hybrid rice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331212718/http://irri.org/knowledge/publications/rice-today/features/hybridizing-the-world/Page-1">Archived</a> 2012-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rice Today (Oct-Dec, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRen2018" class="citation web cs1">Ren, Weidong (2018-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gmw.cn/2018-04/11/content_28277315.htm">"追忆高原杂交稻之父李铮友"</a>. <i>Guangming Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guangming+Daily&rft.atitle=%E8%BF%BD%E5%BF%86%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4%E7%A8%BB%E4%B9%8B%E7%88%B6%E6%9D%8E%E9%93%AE%E5%8F%8B&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=Weidong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gmw.cn%2F2018-04%2F11%2Fcontent_28277315.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+rice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0413/c87393-29925343.html">"李铮友同志逝世"</a>. <i>People's Daily</i>. 2018-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E6%9D%8E%E9%93%AE%E5%8F%8B%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2018%2F0413%2Fc87393-29925343.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+rice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oudhia P, Pandey N, Ganguli RN & Tripathi RS (1999) Gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) infestation in hybrid rice as affected by agronomical practices. Insect Environment 4: 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-IRRI-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history-IRRI_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/news-events/hot-topics/hybrid-rice/hybrid-rice-history">Hybrid rice history</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI-india-report-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI-india-report_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/50246052/Hybrid-Rice-Adoption-in-India-Farm-Level-Impacts-and-Challenges-TB-14">IRRI Technical Bulletin No.14 - Hybrid rice adoption in India: farm level impacts and challenges</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/2323">"Seedlings of evil growing in Myanmar"</a>. <i>farmlandgrab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=farmlandgrab.org&rft.atitle=Seedlings+of+evil+growing+in+Myanmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffarmlandgrab.org%2Fpost%2Fview%2F2323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+rice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grain.org/es/article/entries/1636-burma-seedlings-of-evil">"Burma: Seedlings of evil"</a>. <i>grain.org</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grain.org&rft.atitle=Burma%3A+Seedlings+of+evil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrain.org%2Fes%2Farticle%2Fentries%2F1636-burma-seedlings-of-evil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+rice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI-hybrid-science-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI-hybrid-science_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/our-science/better-varieties/hybrid-rice">Our science: Hybrid rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Angelo, J. et al. 2023. <i>Mitigating risks of hybrid rice use in terrace agriculture</i>. Geography and Sustainability, Volume 4 Issue 1, Pages 1-5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.11.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.11.002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Barclay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/97891456/RT-Vol-6-No-4-A-hybrid-history#fullscreen">A Hybrid History</a>，Rice Today, October–December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Checco, J. et al 2023. <i>Adoption of improved rice varieties in the Global South: A Review</i>. Rice Science. Volume 30, Issue 3 p. 186-206 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2023.03.004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grain.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grain.org_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grain.org_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grain.org_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wto. “Hybrid Rice in Asia: An Unfolding Threat.” GRAIN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.grain.org/article/entries/34-hybrid-rice-in-asia-an-unfolding-threat">https://www.grain.org/article/entries/34-hybrid-rice-in-asia-an-unfolding-threat</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao.org-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fao.org_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao.org_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Progress and Issues in Development and Use of Hybrid Rice in the Tropics - S.S. Virmani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fao.org/3/Y4751E/y4751e0g.htm">http://www.fao.org/3/Y4751E/y4751e0g.htm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Li, Y. Xin, L. Yuan Hybrid Rice Technology Development: Ensuring China's Food Security International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (2009) IFPRI Discussion Paper 00918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi.org-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Angelo, J. et al 2023. <i>Mitigating risks of hybrid rice use in terrace agriculture</i>. Geography and Sustainability. Volume 4, Issue 1 p. 1-5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.11.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2022.11.002</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213220420/http://irri.org/news-events/hot-topics/hybrid-rice">Hybrid rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrdc.irri.org/">Hybrid Rice Development Consortium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523073619/http://www.agrisci.com/main.html">Hybrid rice network in Chinese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/f-sheet/factsheet6.pdf">Hybrid rice for food security</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/about-rice/rice-facts/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-on-rice">Hybrid rice FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015015318/http://irri.org/about-rice/rice-facts/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-on-rice">Archived</a> 2011-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rice" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rice" title="Template:Rice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rice" title="Template talk:Rice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation" title="History of rice cultivation">History of rice cultivation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">African rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Asian rice</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White,_Brown,_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/100px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/150px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/200px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rice varieties">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties of<br /><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Asian rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamchini_Chawal" title="Adamchini Chawal">Adamchini Chawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajara_Ghansal_rice" title="Ajara Ghansal rice">Ajara Ghansal rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambemohar" title="Ambemohar">Ambemohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborio_rice" title="Arborio rice">Arborio rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaghat_Chinnor" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaghat Chinnor">Balaghat Chinnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandara_Chinoor_rice" title="Bhandara Chinoor rice">Bhandara Chinoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">Basmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_red_rice" title="Bhutanese red rice">Bhutanese red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_rice" title="Bomba rice">Bomba rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_saul" title="Bora saul">Bora saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calasparra_rice" title="Calasparra rice">Calasparra rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calrose_rice" title="Calrose rice">Calrose rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camargue_red_rice" title="Camargue red rice">Camargue red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaroli" title="Carnaroli">Carnaroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_rice" title="Champa rice">Champa rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokuwa_saul" title="Chokuwa saul">Chokuwa saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubraj_rice" title="Dubraj rice">Dubraj rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IR8" title="IR8">IR8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice" title="Japanese rice">Japanese rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonica_rice" title="Japonica rice">Japonica rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmati" title="Jasmati">Jasmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">Jasmine rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joha_rice" title="Joha rice">Joha rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalonunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalonunia">Kalonunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraput_Kalajeera_rice" title="Koraput Kalajeera rice">Koraput Kalajeera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshihikari" title="Koshihikari">Koshihikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratelli" title="Maratelli">Maratelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_rice" title="Marcha rice">Marcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matta_rice" title="Matta rice">Matta rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molakolukulu" title="Molakolukulu">Molakolukulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushqbudji_rice" title="Mushqbudji rice">Mushqbudji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A0ng_Th%C6%A1m_Ch%E1%BB%A3_%C4%90%C3%A0o_rice" title="Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice">Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navara_rice" title="Navara rice">Navara rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishiki_rice" title="Nishiki rice">Nishiki rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_rice" title="Patna rice">Patna rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paw_hsan_hmwe" title="Paw hsan hmwe">Paw hsan hmwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokkali_Rice" title="Pokkali Rice">Pokkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponni_rice" title="Ponni rice">Ponni rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusa_Basmati_1121" title="Pusa Basmati 1121">Pusa Basmati 1121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cargo_rice" title="Red Cargo rice">Red Cargo rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riceberry" title="Riceberry">Riceberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(rice)" title="Samba (rice)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanishiki" title="Sasanishiki">Sasanishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dwarf_IR36" title="Semi-dwarf IR36">Semi-dwarf IR36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_masuri_rice" title="Sona masuri rice">Sona masuri rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_lal_chawal_(red_rice)" title="Uttarakhand lal chawal (red rice)">Uttarakhand Lal Chawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vialone_Nano" title="Vialone Nano">Vialone Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehani_rice" title="Wehani rice">Wehani rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamada_Nishiki" title="Yamada Nishiki">Yamada Nishiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties of<br /><a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">African rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Gold" title="Carolina Gold">Carolina Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Rice_for_Africa" title="New Rice for Africa">New Rice for Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_rice" title="Aromatic rice">Aromatic rice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hybrid rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_rice" title="Perennial rice">Perennial rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">Glutinous rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weedy_rice" title="Weedy rice">Weedy rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processed forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flattened_rice" title="Flattened rice">Flattened rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffed_rice" title="Puffed rice">Puffed rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_rice" title="Broken rice">Broken rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice" title="Brown rice">Brown rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_rice" title="Red rice">Red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rice" title="Black rice">Black rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germinated_brown_rice" title="Germinated brown rice">Germinated brown rice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiled_rice" title="Parboiled rice">Parboiled rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">White rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rice_dishes" title="Category:Rice dishes">Rice dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_con_pollo" title="Arroz con pollo">Arroz con pollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopao" title="Asopao">Asopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champorado" title="Champorado">Champorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Congee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimbap" title="Gimbap">Gimbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">Gumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">Kabsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprais" title="Lamprais">Lamprais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_rice" title="Mexican rice">Mexican rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puto_(food)" title="Puto (food)">Puto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahchin" title="Tahchin">Tahchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwon_shinkafa" title="Tuwon shinkafa">Tuwon shinkafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rice" title="Yellow rice">Yellow rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&oldid=1239590706">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&oldid=1239590706</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_China" title="Category:Crops originating from China">Crops originating from China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_plant_hybrids" title="Category:Food plant hybrids">Food plant hybrids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rice_varieties" title="Category:Rice varieties">Rice varieties</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 August 2024, at 07:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_rice&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-7s9zb","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.391","walltime":"0.490","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1065,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":30910,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1085,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":38120,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 416.800 1 -total"," 40.35% 168.169 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.90% 124.640 5 Template:Cite_web"," 23.67% 98.654 1 Template:Varieties_of_rice"," 23.38% 97.467 2 Template:Navbox"," 19.88% 82.842 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.22% 50.926 2 Template:Pagetype"," 10.72% 44.696 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.19% 38.313 1 Template:Fix"," 5.79% 24.151 2 Template:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.236","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5007055,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5566db54f9-bgg64","timestamp":"20241127200907","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hybrid rice","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hybrid_rice","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5953293","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5953293","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-05-23T05:22:01Z","dateModified":"2024-08-10T07:56:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg","headline":"rice grown from hybrid rice seed"}</script> </body> </html>