sql package - database/sql

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<nav class="go-Main-nav go-Main-nav--sticky js-mainNav" aria-label="Outline"> <div class="go-Main-navDesktop"> <div class="UnitOutline-jumpTo"> <button class="UnitOutline-jumpToInput go-ShortcutKey js-jumpToInput" aria-controls="jump-to-modal" aria-label="Open Jump to Identifier" data-shortcut="f" data-shortcut-alt="find" data-test-id="jump-to-button" data-gtmc="outline button"> Jump to ... </button> </div> <ul class="go-Tree js-tree" role="tree" aria-label="Outline"> <li> <a href="#section-documentation" data-gtmc="outline link"> Documentation </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#pkg-overview" data-gtmc="doc outline link">Overview</a> </li> <li class="DocNav-overview"> <a href="#pkg-index" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Index </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#pkg-examples" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Examples </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="DocNav-constants"> <a href="#pkg-constants" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Constants </a> </li> <li class="DocNav-variables"> <a href="#pkg-variables" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Variables </a> </li> <li class="DocNav-functions"> <a href="#pkg-functions" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Functions </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Drivers" title="Drivers()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Drivers() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Register" title="Register(name, driver)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Register(name, driver) </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="DocNav-types"> <a href="#pkg-types" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Types </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#ColumnType" title="type ColumnType" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type ColumnType </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.DatabaseTypeName" title="(ci) DatabaseTypeName()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ci) DatabaseTypeName() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.DecimalSize" title="(ci) DecimalSize()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ci) DecimalSize() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.Length" title="(ci) Length()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ci) Length() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.Name" title="(ci) Name()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ci) Name() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.Nullable" title="(ci) Nullable()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ci) Nullable() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.ScanType" title="(ci) ScanType()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ci) ScanType() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn" title="type Conn" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Conn </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Conn.BeginTx" title="(c) BeginTx(ctx, opts)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) BeginTx(ctx, opts) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn.Close" title="(c) Close()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) Close() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn.ExecContext" title="(c) ExecContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) ExecContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn.PingContext" title="(c) PingContext(ctx)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) PingContext(ctx) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn.PrepareContext" title="(c) PrepareContext(ctx, query)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) PrepareContext(ctx, query) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn.QueryContext" title="(c) QueryContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) QueryContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn.QueryRowContext" title="(c) QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Conn.Raw" title="(c) Raw(f)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (c) Raw(f) </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#DB" title="type DB" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type DB </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Open" title="Open(driverName, dataSourceName)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Open(driverName, dataSourceName) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#OpenDB" title="OpenDB(c)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> OpenDB(c) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Begin" title="(db) Begin()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Begin() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.BeginTx" title="(db) BeginTx(ctx, opts)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) BeginTx(ctx, opts) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Close" title="(db) Close()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Close() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Conn" title="(db) Conn(ctx)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Conn(ctx) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Driver" title="(db) Driver()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Driver() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Exec" title="(db) Exec(query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Exec(query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.ExecContext" title="(db) ExecContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) ExecContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Ping" title="(db) Ping()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Ping() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.PingContext" title="(db) PingContext(ctx)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) PingContext(ctx) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Prepare" title="(db) Prepare(query)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Prepare(query) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.PrepareContext" title="(db) PrepareContext(ctx, query)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) PrepareContext(ctx, query) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Query" title="(db) Query(query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Query(query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.QueryContext" title="(db) QueryContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) QueryContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.QueryRow" title="(db) QueryRow(query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) QueryRow(query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.QueryRowContext" title="(db) QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetConnMaxIdleTime" title="(db) SetConnMaxIdleTime(d)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) SetConnMaxIdleTime(d) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetConnMaxLifetime" title="(db) SetConnMaxLifetime(d)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) SetConnMaxLifetime(d) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetMaxIdleConns" title="(db) SetMaxIdleConns(n)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) SetMaxIdleConns(n) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetMaxOpenConns" title="(db) SetMaxOpenConns(n)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) SetMaxOpenConns(n) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#DB.Stats" title="(db) Stats()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (db) Stats() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#DBStats" title="type DBStats" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type DBStats </a> </li> <li> <a href="#IsolationLevel" title="type IsolationLevel" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type IsolationLevel </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#IsolationLevel.String" title="(i) String()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (i) String() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NamedArg" title="type NamedArg" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NamedArg </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Named" title="Named(name, value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> Named(name, value) </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#Null" title="type Null" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Null </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Null.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Null.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullBool" title="type NullBool" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullBool </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullBool.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullBool.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullByte" title="type NullByte" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullByte </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullByte.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullByte.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullFloat64" title="type NullFloat64" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullFloat64 </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullFloat64.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullFloat64.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullInt16" title="type NullInt16" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullInt16 </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullInt16.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullInt16.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullInt32" title="type NullInt32" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullInt32 </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullInt32.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullInt32.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullInt64" title="type NullInt64" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullInt64 </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullInt64.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullInt64.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullString" title="type NullString" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullString </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullString.Scan" title="(ns) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ns) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullString.Value" title="(ns) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (ns) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#NullTime" title="type NullTime" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type NullTime </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#NullTime.Scan" title="(n) Scan(value)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Scan(value) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#NullTime.Value" title="(n) Value()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (n) Value() </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#Out" title="type Out" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Out </a> </li> <li> <a href="#RawBytes" title="type RawBytes" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type RawBytes </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Result" title="type Result" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Result </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Row" title="type Row" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Row </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Row.Err" title="(r) Err()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (r) Err() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Row.Scan" title="(r) Scan(dest)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (r) Scan(dest) </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#Rows" title="type Rows" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Rows </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Rows.Close" title="(rs) Close()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (rs) Close() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Rows.ColumnTypes" title="(rs) ColumnTypes()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (rs) ColumnTypes() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Columns" title="(rs) Columns()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (rs) Columns() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Err" title="(rs) Err()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (rs) Err() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Next" title="(rs) Next()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (rs) Next() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Rows.NextResultSet" title="(rs) NextResultSet()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (rs) NextResultSet() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Scan" title="(rs) Scan(dest)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (rs) Scan(dest) </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#Scanner" title="type Scanner" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Scanner </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Stmt" title="type Stmt" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Stmt </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Stmt.Close" title="(s) Close()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (s) Close() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.Exec" title="(s) Exec(args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (s) Exec(args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.ExecContext" title="(s) ExecContext(ctx, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (s) ExecContext(ctx, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.Query" title="(s) Query(args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (s) Query(args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.QueryContext" title="(s) QueryContext(ctx, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (s) QueryContext(ctx, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.QueryRow" title="(s) QueryRow(args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (s) QueryRow(args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.QueryRowContext" title="(s) QueryRowContext(ctx, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (s) QueryRowContext(ctx, args) </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx" title="type Tx" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type Tx </a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Tx.Commit" title="(tx) Commit()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) Commit() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Exec" title="(tx) Exec(query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) Exec(query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.ExecContext" title="(tx) ExecContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) ExecContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Prepare" title="(tx) Prepare(query)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) Prepare(query) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.PrepareContext" title="(tx) PrepareContext(ctx, query)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) PrepareContext(ctx, query) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Query" title="(tx) Query(query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) Query(query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.QueryContext" title="(tx) QueryContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) QueryContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.QueryRow" title="(tx) QueryRow(query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) QueryRow(query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.QueryRowContext" title="(tx) QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Rollback" title="(tx) Rollback()" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) Rollback() </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Stmt" title="(tx) Stmt(stmt)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) Stmt(stmt) </a> </li> <li> <a href="#Tx.StmtContext" title="(tx) StmtContext(ctx, stmt)" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> (tx) StmtContext(ctx, stmt) </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#TxOptions" title="type TxOptions" data-gtmc="doc outline link"> type TxOptions </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#section-sourcefiles" data-gtmc="outline link"> Source Files </a> </li> <li> <a href="#section-directories" data-gtmc="outline link"> Directories </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="go-Main-navMobile js-mainNavMobile"> <label class="go-Label"> <select class="go-Select"> <option selected disabled>Documentation</option> </select> </label> </div> </nav> <article class="go-Main-article js-mainContent"> <div class="UnitDetails" data-test-id="UnitDetails" style="display: block;"> <div class="UnitDetails-content js-unitDetailsContent" data-test-id="UnitDetails-content"> <div class="UnitDoc"> <h2 class="UnitDoc-title" id="section-documentation"> <img class="go-Icon" height="24" width="24" src="/static/shared/icon/code_gm_grey_24dp.svg" alt=""> Documentation <a class="UnitDoc-idLink" href="#section-documentation" title="Go to Documentation" aria-label="Go to Documentation">露</a> </h2> <div class="Documentation js-documentation"> <div class="Documentation-content js-docContent"> <section class="Documentation-overview"> <h3 tabindex="-1" id="pkg-overview" class="Documentation-overviewHeader">Overview <a href="#pkg-overview" title="Go to Overview" aria-label="Go to Overview">露</a></h3> <p>Package sql provides a generic interface around SQL (or SQL-like) databases. </p><p>The sql package must be used in conjunction with a database driver. See <a href="https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers">https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers</a> for a list of drivers. </p><p>Drivers that do not support context cancellation will not return until after the query is completed. </p><p>For usage examples, see the wiki page at <a href="https://golang.org/s/sqlwiki">https://golang.org/s/sqlwiki</a>. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-package-OpenDBCLI" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example (OpenDBCLI) <a href="#example-package-OpenDBCLI" title="Go to Example (OpenDBCLI)" aria-label="Go to Example (OpenDBCLI)">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "flag" "log" "os" "os/signal" "time" ) var pool *sql.DB // Database connection pool. func main() { id := flag.Int64("id", 0, "person ID to find") dsn := flag.String("dsn", os.Getenv("DSN"), "connection data source name") flag.Parse() if len(*dsn) == 0 { log.Fatal("missing dsn flag") } if *id == 0 { log.Fatal("missing person ID") } var err error // Opening a driver typically will not attempt to connect to the database. pool, err = sql.Open("driver-name", *dsn) if err != nil { // This will not be a connection error, but a DSN parse error or // another initialization error. log.Fatal("unable to use data source name", err) } defer pool.Close() pool.SetConnMaxLifetime(0) pool.SetMaxIdleConns(3) pool.SetMaxOpenConns(3) ctx, stop := context.WithCancel(context.Background()) defer stop() appSignal := make(chan os.Signal, 3) signal.Notify(appSignal, os.Interrupt) go func() { <-appSignal stop() }() Ping(ctx) Query(ctx, *id) } // Ping the database to verify DSN provided by the user is valid and the // server accessible. If the ping fails exit the program with an error. func Ping(ctx context.Context) { ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 1*time.Second) defer cancel() if err := pool.PingContext(ctx); err != nil { log.Fatalf("unable to connect to database: %v", err) } } // Query the database for the information requested and prints the results. // If the query fails exit the program with an error. func Query(ctx context.Context, id int64) { ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second) defer cancel() var name string err := pool.QueryRowContext(ctx, "select p.name from people as p where p.id = :id;", sql.Named("id", id)).Scan(&name) if err != nil { log.Fatal("unable to execute search query", err) } log.Println("name=", name) } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-package-OpenDBService" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example (OpenDBService) <a href="#example-package-OpenDBService" title="Go to Example (OpenDBService)" aria-label="Go to Example (OpenDBService)">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "encoding/json" "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "time" ) func main() { // Opening a driver typically will not attempt to connect to the database. db, err := sql.Open("driver-name", "database=test1") if err != nil { // This will not be a connection error, but a DSN parse error or // another initialization error. log.Fatal(err) } db.SetConnMaxLifetime(0) db.SetMaxIdleConns(50) db.SetMaxOpenConns(50) s := &Service{db: db} http.ListenAndServe(":8080", s) } type Service struct { db *sql.DB } func (s *Service) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { db := s.db switch r.URL.Path { default: http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound) return case "/healthz": ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), 1*time.Second) defer cancel() err := s.db.PingContext(ctx) if err != nil { http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("db down: %v", err), http.StatusFailedDependency) return } w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) return case "/quick-action": // This is a short SELECT. Use the request context as the base of // the context timeout. ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), 3*time.Second) defer cancel() id := 5 org := 10 var name string err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, ` select p.name from people as p join organization as o on p.organization = o.id where p.id = :id and o.id = :org ;`, sql.Named("id", id), sql.Named("org", org), ).Scan(&name) if err != nil { if err == sql.ErrNoRows { http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound) return } http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } io.WriteString(w, name) return case "/long-action": // This is a long SELECT. Use the request context as the base of // the context timeout, but give it some time to finish. If // the client cancels before the query is done the query will also // be canceled. ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), 60*time.Second) defer cancel() var names []string rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, "select p.name from people as p where p.active = true;") if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } for rows.Next() { var name string err = rows.Scan(&name) if err != nil { break } names = append(names, name) } // Check for errors during rows "Close". // This may be more important if multiple statements are executed // in a single batch and rows were written as well as read. if closeErr := rows.Close(); closeErr != nil { http.Error(w, closeErr.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } // Check for row scan error. if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } // Check for errors during row iteration. if err = rows.Err(); err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(names) return case "/async-action": // This action has side effects that we want to preserve // even if the client cancels the HTTP request part way through. // For this we do not use the http request context as a base for // the timeout. ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second) defer cancel() var orderRef = "ABC123" tx, err := db.BeginTx(ctx, &sql.TxOptions{Isolation: sql.LevelSerializable}) if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } _, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, "stored_proc_name", orderRef) if err != nil { tx.Rollback() http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } err = tx.Commit() if err != nil { http.Error(w, "action in unknown state, check state before attempting again", http.StatusInternalServerError) return } w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) return } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </section><section class="Documentation-index"> <h3 id="pkg-index" class="Documentation-indexHeader">Index <a href="#pkg-index" title="Go to Index" aria-label="Go to Index">露</a></h3> <ul class="Documentation-indexList"> <li class="Documentation-indexVariables"><a href="#pkg-variables">Variables</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexFunction"> <a href="#Drivers">func Drivers() []string</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexFunction"> <a href="#Register">func Register(name string, driver driver.Driver)</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#ColumnType">type ColumnType</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.DatabaseTypeName">func (ci *ColumnType) DatabaseTypeName() string</a></li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.DecimalSize">func (ci *ColumnType) DecimalSize() (precision, scale int64, ok bool)</a></li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.Length">func (ci *ColumnType) Length() (length int64, ok bool)</a></li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.Name">func (ci *ColumnType) Name() string</a></li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.Nullable">func (ci *ColumnType) Nullable() (nullable, ok bool)</a></li> <li> <a href="#ColumnType.ScanType">func (ci *ColumnType) ScanType() reflect.Type</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Conn">type Conn</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#Conn.BeginTx">func (c *Conn) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *TxOptions) (*Tx, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Conn.Close">func (c *Conn) Close() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Conn.ExecContext">func (c *Conn) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) (Result, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Conn.PingContext">func (c *Conn) PingContext(ctx context.Context) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Conn.PrepareContext">func (c *Conn) PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*Stmt, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Conn.QueryContext">func (c *Conn) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) (*Rows, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Conn.QueryRowContext">func (c *Conn) QueryRowContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) *Row</a></li> <li> <a href="#Conn.Raw">func (c *Conn) Raw(f func(driverConn any) error) (err error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#DB">type DB</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeFunctions"> <li> <a href="#Open">func Open(driverName, dataSourceName string) (*DB, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#OpenDB">func OpenDB(c driver.Connector) *DB</a></li> </ul></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#DB.Begin">func (db *DB) Begin() (*Tx, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.BeginTx">func (db *DB) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *TxOptions) (*Tx, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Close">func (db *DB) Close() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Conn">func (db *DB) Conn(ctx context.Context) (*Conn, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Driver">func (db *DB) Driver() driver.Driver</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Exec">func (db *DB) Exec(query string, args ...any) (Result, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.ExecContext">func (db *DB) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) (Result, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Ping">func (db *DB) Ping() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.PingContext">func (db *DB) PingContext(ctx context.Context) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Prepare">func (db *DB) Prepare(query string) (*Stmt, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.PrepareContext">func (db *DB) PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*Stmt, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Query">func (db *DB) Query(query string, args ...any) (*Rows, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.QueryContext">func (db *DB) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) (*Rows, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.QueryRow">func (db *DB) QueryRow(query string, args ...any) *Row</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.QueryRowContext">func (db *DB) QueryRowContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) *Row</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetConnMaxIdleTime">func (db *DB) SetConnMaxIdleTime(d time.Duration)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetConnMaxLifetime">func (db *DB) SetConnMaxLifetime(d time.Duration)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetMaxIdleConns">func (db *DB) SetMaxIdleConns(n int)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.SetMaxOpenConns">func (db *DB) SetMaxOpenConns(n int)</a></li> <li> <a href="#DB.Stats">func (db *DB) Stats() DBStats</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#DBStats">type DBStats</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#IsolationLevel">type IsolationLevel</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#IsolationLevel.String">func (i IsolationLevel) String() string</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NamedArg">type NamedArg</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeFunctions"> <li> <a href="#Named">func Named(name string, value any) NamedArg</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Null">type Null</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#Null.Scan">func (n *Null[T]) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Null.Value">func (n Null[T]) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullBool">type NullBool</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullBool.Scan">func (n *NullBool) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullBool.Value">func (n NullBool) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullByte">type NullByte</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullByte.Scan">func (n *NullByte) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullByte.Value">func (n NullByte) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullFloat64">type NullFloat64</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullFloat64.Scan">func (n *NullFloat64) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullFloat64.Value">func (n NullFloat64) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullInt16">type NullInt16</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullInt16.Scan">func (n *NullInt16) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullInt16.Value">func (n NullInt16) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullInt32">type NullInt32</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullInt32.Scan">func (n *NullInt32) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullInt32.Value">func (n NullInt32) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullInt64">type NullInt64</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullInt64.Scan">func (n *NullInt64) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullInt64.Value">func (n NullInt64) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullString">type NullString</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullString.Scan">func (ns *NullString) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullString.Value">func (ns NullString) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#NullTime">type NullTime</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#NullTime.Scan">func (n *NullTime) Scan(value any) error</a></li> <li> <a href="#NullTime.Value">func (n NullTime) Value() (driver.Value, error)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Out">type Out</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#RawBytes">type RawBytes</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Result">type Result</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Row">type Row</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#Row.Err">func (r *Row) Err() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Row.Scan">func (r *Row) Scan(dest ...any) error</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Rows">type Rows</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#Rows.Close">func (rs *Rows) Close() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Rows.ColumnTypes">func (rs *Rows) ColumnTypes() ([]*ColumnType, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Columns">func (rs *Rows) Columns() ([]string, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Err">func (rs *Rows) Err() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Next">func (rs *Rows) Next() bool</a></li> <li> <a href="#Rows.NextResultSet">func (rs *Rows) NextResultSet() bool</a></li> <li> <a href="#Rows.Scan">func (rs *Rows) Scan(dest ...any) error</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Scanner">type Scanner</a></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Stmt">type Stmt</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#Stmt.Close">func (s *Stmt) Close() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.Exec">func (s *Stmt) Exec(args ...any) (Result, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.ExecContext">func (s *Stmt) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, args ...any) (Result, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.Query">func (s *Stmt) Query(args ...any) (*Rows, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.QueryContext">func (s *Stmt) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, args ...any) (*Rows, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.QueryRow">func (s *Stmt) QueryRow(args ...any) *Row</a></li> <li> <a href="#Stmt.QueryRowContext">func (s *Stmt) QueryRowContext(ctx context.Context, args ...any) *Row</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#Tx">type Tx</a></li> <li><ul class="Documentation-indexTypeMethods"> <li> <a href="#Tx.Commit">func (tx *Tx) Commit() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Exec">func (tx *Tx) Exec(query string, args ...any) (Result, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.ExecContext">func (tx *Tx) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) (Result, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Prepare">func (tx *Tx) Prepare(query string) (*Stmt, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.PrepareContext">func (tx *Tx) PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*Stmt, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Query">func (tx *Tx) Query(query string, args ...any) (*Rows, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.QueryContext">func (tx *Tx) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) (*Rows, error)</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.QueryRow">func (tx *Tx) QueryRow(query string, args ...any) *Row</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.QueryRowContext">func (tx *Tx) QueryRowContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...any) *Row</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Rollback">func (tx *Tx) Rollback() error</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.Stmt">func (tx *Tx) Stmt(stmt *Stmt) *Stmt</a></li> <li> <a href="#Tx.StmtContext">func (tx *Tx) StmtContext(ctx context.Context, stmt *Stmt) *Stmt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="Documentation-indexType"> <a href="#TxOptions">type TxOptions</a></li> </ul> </section><section class="Documentation-examples"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="pkg-examples" class="Documentation-examplesHeader">Examples <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#pkg-examples" title="Go to Examples" aria-label="Go to Examples">露</a></h4> <ul class="Documentation-examplesList"> <li><a href="#example-package-OpenDBCLI" class="js-exampleHref">Package (OpenDBCLI)</a></li> <li><a href="#example-package-OpenDBService" class="js-exampleHref">Package (OpenDBService)</a></li> <li><a href="#example-Conn.ExecContext" class="js-exampleHref">Conn.ExecContext</a></li> <li><a href="#example-DB.BeginTx" class="js-exampleHref">DB.BeginTx</a></li> <li><a href="#example-DB.ExecContext" class="js-exampleHref">DB.ExecContext</a></li> <li><a href="#example-DB.PingContext" class="js-exampleHref">DB.PingContext</a></li> <li><a href="#example-DB.Prepare" class="js-exampleHref">DB.Prepare</a></li> <li><a href="#example-DB.Query-MultipleResultSets" class="js-exampleHref">DB.Query (MultipleResultSets)</a></li> <li><a href="#example-DB.QueryContext" class="js-exampleHref">DB.QueryContext</a></li> <li><a href="#example-DB.QueryRowContext" class="js-exampleHref">DB.QueryRowContext</a></li> <li><a href="#example-Rows" class="js-exampleHref">Rows</a></li> <li><a href="#example-Stmt" class="js-exampleHref">Stmt</a></li> <li><a href="#example-Stmt.QueryRowContext" class="js-exampleHref">Stmt.QueryRowContext</a></li> <li><a href="#example-Tx.ExecContext" class="js-exampleHref">Tx.ExecContext</a></li> <li><a href="#example-Tx.Prepare" class="js-exampleHref">Tx.Prepare</a></li> <li><a href="#example-Tx.Rollback" class="js-exampleHref">Tx.Rollback</a></li> </ul> </section><h3 tabindex="-1" id="pkg-constants" class="Documentation-constantsHeader">Constants <a href="#pkg-constants" title="Go to Constants" aria-label="Go to Constants">露</a></h3> <section class="Documentation-constants"><p class="Documentation-empty">This section is empty.</p></section> <h3 tabindex="-1" id="pkg-variables" class="Documentation-variablesHeader">Variables <a href="#pkg-variables" title="Go to Variables" aria-label="Go to Variables">露</a></h3> <section class="Documentation-variables"> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <span class="Documentation-declarationLink"><a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1936">View Source</a></span> <pre><span id="ErrConnDone" data-kind="variable">var ErrConnDone = <a href="/errors">errors</a>.<a href="/errors#New">New</a>("sql: connection is already closed")</span></pre> </div> <p>ErrConnDone is returned by any operation that is performed on a connection that has already been returned to the connection pool. </p> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <span class="Documentation-declarationLink"><a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=493">View Source</a></span> <pre><span id="ErrNoRows" data-kind="variable">var ErrNoRows = <a href="/errors">errors</a>.<a href="/errors#New">New</a>("sql: no rows in result set")</span></pre> </div> <p>ErrNoRows is returned by <a href="#Row.Scan">Row.Scan</a> when <a href="#DB.QueryRow">DB.QueryRow</a> doesn't return a row. In such a case, QueryRow returns a placeholder <a href="#Row">*Row</a> value that defers this error until a Scan. </p> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <span class="Documentation-declarationLink"><a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2230">View Source</a></span> <pre><span id="ErrTxDone" data-kind="variable">var ErrTxDone = <a href="/errors">errors</a>.<a href="/errors#New">New</a>("sql: transaction has already been committed or rolled back")</span></pre> </div> <p>ErrTxDone is returned by any operation that is performed on a transaction that has already been committed or rolled back. </p> </section> <h3 tabindex="-1" id="pkg-functions" class="Documentation-functionsHeader">Functions <a href="#pkg-functions" title="Go to Functions" aria-label="Go to Functions">露</a></h3> <section class="Documentation-functions"><div class="Documentation-function"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Drivers" data-kind="function" class="Documentation-functionHeader"> <span>func <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=76">Drivers</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Drivers" title="Go to Drivers" aria-label="Go to Drivers">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.4</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func Drivers() []<a href="/builtin#string">string</a></pre> </div> <p>Drivers returns a sorted list of the names of the registered drivers. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-function"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Register" data-kind="function" class="Documentation-functionHeader"> <span>func <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=56">Register</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Register" title="Go to Register" aria-label="Go to Register">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func Register(name <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, driver <a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Driver">Driver</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Register makes a database driver available by the provided name. If Register is called twice with the same name or if driver is nil, it panics. </p> </div></section> <h3 tabindex="-1" id="pkg-types" class="Documentation-typesHeader">Types <a href="#pkg-types" title="Go to Types" aria-label="Go to Types">露</a></h3> <section class="Documentation-types"><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="ColumnType" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3216">ColumnType</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#ColumnType" title="Go to ColumnType" aria-label="Go to ColumnType">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type ColumnType struct { <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>ColumnType contains the name and type of a column. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="ColumnType.DatabaseTypeName" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*ColumnType) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3270">DatabaseTypeName</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#ColumnType.DatabaseTypeName" title="Go to ColumnType.DatabaseTypeName" aria-label="Go to ColumnType.DatabaseTypeName">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ci *<a href="#ColumnType">ColumnType</a>) DatabaseTypeName() <a href="/builtin#string">string</a></pre> </div> <p>DatabaseTypeName returns the database system name of the column type. If an empty string is returned, then the driver type name is not supported. Consult your driver documentation for a list of driver data types. <a href="#ColumnType.Length">ColumnType.Length</a> specifiers are not included. Common type names include "VARCHAR", "TEXT", "NVARCHAR", "DECIMAL", "BOOL", "INT", and "BIGINT". </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="ColumnType.DecimalSize" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*ColumnType) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3247">DecimalSize</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#ColumnType.DecimalSize" title="Go to ColumnType.DecimalSize" aria-label="Go to ColumnType.DecimalSize">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ci *<a href="#ColumnType">ColumnType</a>) DecimalSize() (precision, scale <a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a>, ok <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a>)</pre> </div> <p>DecimalSize returns the scale and precision of a decimal type. If not applicable or if not supported ok is false. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="ColumnType.Length" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*ColumnType) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3241">Length</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#ColumnType.Length" title="Go to ColumnType.Length" aria-label="Go to ColumnType.Length">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ci *<a href="#ColumnType">ColumnType</a>) Length() (length <a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a>, ok <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Length returns the column type length for variable length column types such as text and binary field types. If the type length is unbounded the value will be <a href="/math#MaxInt64">math.MaxInt64</a> (any database limits will still apply). If the column type is not variable length, such as an int, or if not supported by the driver ok is false. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="ColumnType.Name" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*ColumnType) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3232">Name</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#ColumnType.Name" title="Go to ColumnType.Name" aria-label="Go to ColumnType.Name">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ci *<a href="#ColumnType">ColumnType</a>) Name() <a href="/builtin#string">string</a></pre> </div> <p>Name returns the name or alias of the column. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="ColumnType.Nullable" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*ColumnType) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3260">Nullable</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#ColumnType.Nullable" title="Go to ColumnType.Nullable" aria-label="Go to ColumnType.Nullable">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ci *<a href="#ColumnType">ColumnType</a>) Nullable() (nullable, ok <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Nullable reports whether the column may be null. If a driver does not support this property ok will be false. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="ColumnType.ScanType" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*ColumnType) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3254">ScanType</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#ColumnType.ScanType" title="Go to ColumnType.ScanType" aria-label="Go to ColumnType.ScanType">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ci *<a href="#ColumnType">ColumnType</a>) ScanType() <a href="/reflect">reflect</a>.<a href="/reflect#Type">Type</a></pre> </div> <p>ScanType returns a Go type suitable for scanning into using <a href="#Rows.Scan">Rows.Scan</a>. If a driver does not support this property ScanType will return the type of an empty interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1976">Conn</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn" title="Go to Conn" aria-label="Go to Conn">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Conn struct { <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>Conn represents a single database connection rather than a pool of database connections. Prefer running queries from <a href="#DB">DB</a> unless there is a specific need for a continuous single database connection. </p><p>A Conn must call <a href="#Conn.Close">Conn.Close</a> to return the connection to the database pool and may do so concurrently with a running query. </p><p>After a call to <a href="#Conn.Close">Conn.Close</a>, all operations on the connection fail with <a href="#ErrConnDone">ErrConnDone</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.BeginTx" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2110">BeginTx</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.BeginTx" title="Go to Conn.BeginTx" aria-label="Go to Conn.BeginTx">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) BeginTx(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, opts *<a href="#TxOptions">TxOptions</a>) (*<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>BeginTx starts a transaction. </p><p>The provided context is used until the transaction is committed or rolled back. If the context is canceled, the sql package will roll back the transaction. <a href="#Tx.Commit">Tx.Commit</a> will return an error if the context provided to BeginTx is canceled. </p><p>The provided <a href="#TxOptions">TxOptions</a> is optional and may be nil if defaults should be used. If a non-default isolation level is used that the driver doesn't support, an error will be returned. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.Close" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2152">Close</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.Close" title="Go to Conn.Close" aria-label="Go to Conn.Close">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) Close() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Close returns the connection to the connection pool. All operations after a Close will return with <a href="#ErrConnDone">ErrConnDone</a>. Close is safe to call concurrently with other operations and will block until all other operations finish. It may be useful to first cancel any used context and then call close directly after. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.ExecContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2022">ExecContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.ExecContext" title="Go to Conn.ExecContext" aria-label="Go to Conn.ExecContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) ExecContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (<a href="#Result">Result</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>ExecContext executes a query without returning any rows. The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-Conn.ExecContext" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-Conn.ExecContext" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { // A *DB is a pool of connections. Call Conn to reserve a connection for // exclusive use. conn, err := db.Conn(ctx) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer conn.Close() // Return the connection to the pool. id := 41 result, err := conn.ExecContext(ctx, `UPDATE balances SET balance = balance + 10 WHERE user_id = ?;`, id) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } rows, err := result.RowsAffected() if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } if rows != 1 { log.Fatalf("expected single row affected, got %d rows affected", rows) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.PingContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2012">PingContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.PingContext" title="Go to Conn.PingContext" aria-label="Go to Conn.PingContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) PingContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>PingContext verifies the connection to the database is still alive. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.PrepareContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2059">PrepareContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.PrepareContext" title="Go to Conn.PrepareContext" aria-label="Go to Conn.PrepareContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) PrepareContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>) (*<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>PrepareContext creates a prepared statement for later queries or executions. Multiple queries or executions may be run concurrently from the returned statement. The caller must call the statement's <a href="#Stmt.Close">*Stmt.Close</a> method when the statement is no longer needed. </p><p>The provided context is used for the preparation of the statement, not for the execution of the statement. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.QueryContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2032">QueryContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.QueryContext" title="Go to Conn.QueryContext" aria-label="Go to Conn.QueryContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) QueryContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (*<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>QueryContext executes a query that returns rows, typically a SELECT. The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.QueryRowContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2046">QueryRowContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.QueryRowContext" title="Go to Conn.QueryRowContext" aria-label="Go to Conn.QueryRowContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) QueryRowContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) *<a href="#Row">Row</a></pre> </div> <p>QueryRowContext executes a query that is expected to return at most one row. QueryRowContext always returns a non-nil value. Errors are deferred until the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> method is called. If the query selects no rows, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> will return <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. Otherwise, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> scans the first selected row and discards the rest. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Conn.Raw" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Conn) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2072">Raw</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Conn.Raw" title="Go to Conn.Raw" aria-label="Go to Conn.Raw">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.13</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (c *<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>) Raw(f func(driverConn <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>) (err <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Raw executes f exposing the underlying driver connection for the duration of f. The driverConn must not be used outside of f. </p><p>Once f returns and err is not <a href="/database/sql/driver#ErrBadConn">driver.ErrBadConn</a>, the <a href="#Conn">Conn</a> will continue to be usable until <a href="#Conn.Close">Conn.Close</a> is called. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=507">DB</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB" title="Go to DB" aria-label="Go to DB">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type DB struct { <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>DB is a database handle representing a pool of zero or more underlying connections. It's safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines. </p><p>The sql package creates and frees connections automatically; it also maintains a free pool of idle connections. If the database has a concept of per-connection state, such state can be reliably observed within a transaction (<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) or connection (<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>). Once <a href="#DB.Begin">DB.Begin</a> is called, the returned <a href="#Tx">Tx</a> is bound to a single connection. Once <a href="#Tx.Commit">Tx.Commit</a> or <a href="#Tx.Rollback">Tx.Rollback</a> is called on the transaction, that transaction's connection is returned to <a href="#DB">DB</a>'s idle connection pool. The pool size can be controlled with <a href="#DB.SetMaxIdleConns">DB.SetMaxIdleConns</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeFunc"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Open" data-kind="function" class="Documentation-typeFuncHeader"> <span>func <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=863">Open</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Open" title="Go to Open" aria-label="Go to Open">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func Open(driverName, dataSourceName <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>) (*<a href="#DB">DB</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Open opens a database specified by its database driver name and a driver-specific data source name, usually consisting of at least a database name and connection information. </p><p>Most users will open a database via a driver-specific connection helper function that returns a <a href="#DB">*DB</a>. No database drivers are included in the Go standard library. See <a href="https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers">https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers</a> for a list of third-party drivers. </p><p>Open may just validate its arguments without creating a connection to the database. To verify that the data source name is valid, call <a href="#DB.Ping">DB.Ping</a>. </p><p>The returned <a href="#DB">DB</a> is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines and maintains its own pool of idle connections. Thus, the Open function should be called just once. It is rarely necessary to close a <a href="#DB">DB</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeFunc"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="OpenDB" data-kind="function" class="Documentation-typeFuncHeader"> <span>func <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=832">OpenDB</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#OpenDB" title="Go to OpenDB" aria-label="Go to OpenDB">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.10</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func OpenDB(c <a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Connector">Connector</a>) *<a href="#DB">DB</a></pre> </div> <p>OpenDB opens a database using a <a href="/database/sql/driver#Connector">driver.Connector</a>, allowing drivers to bypass a string based data source name. </p><p>Most users will open a database via a driver-specific connection helper function that returns a <a href="#DB">*DB</a>. No database drivers are included in the Go standard library. See <a href="https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers">https://golang.org/s/sqldrivers</a> for a list of third-party drivers. </p><p>OpenDB may just validate its arguments without creating a connection to the database. To verify that the data source name is valid, call <a href="#DB.Ping">DB.Ping</a>. </p><p>The returned <a href="#DB">DB</a> is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines and maintains its own pool of idle connections. Thus, the OpenDB function should be called just once. It is rarely necessary to close a <a href="#DB">DB</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Begin" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1886">Begin</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Begin" title="Go to DB.Begin" aria-label="Go to DB.Begin">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Begin() (*<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Begin starts a transaction. The default isolation level is dependent on the driver. </p><p>Begin uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#DB.BeginTx">DB.BeginTx</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.BeginTx" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1869">BeginTx</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.BeginTx" title="Go to DB.BeginTx" aria-label="Go to DB.BeginTx">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) BeginTx(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, opts *<a href="#TxOptions">TxOptions</a>) (*<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>BeginTx starts a transaction. </p><p>The provided context is used until the transaction is committed or rolled back. If the context is canceled, the sql package will roll back the transaction. <a href="#Tx.Commit">Tx.Commit</a> will return an error if the context provided to BeginTx is canceled. </p><p>The provided <a href="#TxOptions">TxOptions</a> is optional and may be nil if defaults should be used. If a non-default isolation level is used that the driver doesn't support, an error will be returned. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-DB.BeginTx" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-DB.BeginTx" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { tx, err := db.BeginTx(ctx, &sql.TxOptions{Isolation: sql.LevelSerializable}) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } id := 37 _, execErr := tx.Exec(`UPDATE users SET status = ? WHERE id = ?`, "paid", id) if execErr != nil { _ = tx.Rollback() log.Fatal(execErr) } if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Close" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=926">Close</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Close" title="Go to DB.Close" aria-label="Go to DB.Close">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Close() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Close closes the database and prevents new queries from starting. Close then waits for all queries that have started processing on the server to finish. </p><p>It is rare to Close a <a href="#DB">DB</a>, as the <a href="#DB">DB</a> handle is meant to be long-lived and shared between many goroutines. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Conn" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1945">Conn</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Conn" title="Go to DB.Conn" aria-label="Go to DB.Conn">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Conn(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>) (*<a href="#Conn">Conn</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Conn returns a single connection by either opening a new connection or returning an existing connection from the connection pool. Conn will block until either a connection is returned or ctx is canceled. Queries run on the same Conn will be run in the same database session. </p><p>Every Conn must be returned to the database pool after use by calling <a href="#Conn.Close">Conn.Close</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Driver" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1930">Driver</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Driver" title="Go to DB.Driver" aria-label="Go to DB.Driver">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Driver() <a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Driver">Driver</a></pre> </div> <p>Driver returns the database's underlying driver. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Exec" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1684">Exec</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Exec" title="Go to DB.Exec" aria-label="Go to DB.Exec">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Exec(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (<a href="#Result">Result</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Exec executes a query without returning any rows. The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query. </p><p>Exec uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#DB.ExecContext">DB.ExecContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.ExecContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1667">ExecContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.ExecContext" title="Go to DB.ExecContext" aria-label="Go to DB.ExecContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) ExecContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (<a href="#Result">Result</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>ExecContext executes a query without returning any rows. The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-DB.ExecContext" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-DB.ExecContext" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { id := 47 result, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, "UPDATE balances SET balance = balance + 10 WHERE user_id = ?", id) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } rows, err := result.RowsAffected() if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } if rows != 1 { log.Fatalf("expected to affect 1 row, affected %d", rows) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Ping" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=916">Ping</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Ping" title="Go to DB.Ping" aria-label="Go to DB.Ping">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.1</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Ping() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Ping verifies a connection to the database is still alive, establishing a connection if necessary. </p><p>Ping uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#DB.PingContext">DB.PingContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.PingContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=895">PingContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.PingContext" title="Go to DB.PingContext" aria-label="Go to DB.PingContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) PingContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>PingContext verifies a connection to the database is still alive, establishing a connection if necessary. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-DB.PingContext" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-DB.PingContext" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" "time" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { // Ping and PingContext may be used to determine if communication with // the database server is still possible. // // When used in a command line application Ping may be used to establish // that further queries are possible; that the provided DSN is valid. // // When used in long running service Ping may be part of the health // checking system. ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 1*time.Second) defer cancel() status := "up" if err := db.PingContext(ctx); err != nil { status = "down" } log.Println(status) } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Prepare" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1614">Prepare</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Prepare" title="Go to DB.Prepare" aria-label="Go to DB.Prepare">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Prepare(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>) (*<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Prepare creates a prepared statement for later queries or executions. Multiple queries or executions may be run concurrently from the returned statement. The caller must call the statement's <a href="#Stmt.Close">*Stmt.Close</a> method when the statement is no longer needed. </p><p>Prepare uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#DB.PrepareContext">DB.PrepareContext</a>. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-DB.Prepare" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-DB.Prepare" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var db *sql.DB func main() { projects := []struct { mascot string release int }{ {"tux", 1991}, {"duke", 1996}, {"gopher", 2009}, {"moby dock", 2013}, } stmt, err := db.Prepare("INSERT INTO projects(id, mascot, release, category) VALUES( ?, ?, ?, ? )") if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer stmt.Close() // Prepared statements take up server resources and should be closed after use. for id, project := range projects { if _, err := stmt.Exec(id+1, project.mascot, project.release, "open source"); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.PrepareContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1594">PrepareContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.PrepareContext" title="Go to DB.PrepareContext" aria-label="Go to DB.PrepareContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) PrepareContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>) (*<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>PrepareContext creates a prepared statement for later queries or executions. Multiple queries or executions may be run concurrently from the returned statement. The caller must call the statement's <a href="#Stmt.Close">*Stmt.Close</a> method when the statement is no longer needed. </p><p>The provided context is used for the preparation of the statement, not for the execution of the statement. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Query" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1754">Query</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Query" title="Go to DB.Query" aria-label="Go to DB.Query">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Query(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (*<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Query executes a query that returns rows, typically a SELECT. The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query. </p><p>Query uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#DB.QueryContext">DB.QueryContext</a>. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-DB.Query-MultipleResultSets" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example (MultipleResultSets) <a href="#example-DB.Query-MultipleResultSets" title="Go to Example (MultipleResultSets)" aria-label="Go to Example (MultipleResultSets)">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var db *sql.DB func main() { age := 27 q := ` create temp table uid (id bigint); -- Create temp table for queries. insert into uid select id from users where age < ?; -- Populate temp table. -- First result set. select users.id, name from users join uid on users.id = uid.id ; -- Second result set. select ur.user, ur.role from user_roles as ur join uid on uid.id = ur.user ; ` rows, err := db.Query(q, age) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer rows.Close() for rows.Next() { var ( id int64 name string ) if err := rows.Scan(&id, &name); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } log.Printf("id %d name is %s\n", id, name) } if !rows.NextResultSet() { log.Fatalf("expected more result sets: %v", rows.Err()) } var roleMap = map[int64]string{ 1: "user", 2: "admin", 3: "gopher", } for rows.Next() { var ( id int64 role int64 ) if err := rows.Scan(&id, &role); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } log.Printf("id %d has role %s\n", id, roleMap[role]) } if err := rows.Err(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.QueryContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1737">QueryContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.QueryContext" title="Go to DB.QueryContext" aria-label="Go to DB.QueryContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) QueryContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (*<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>QueryContext executes a query that returns rows, typically a SELECT. The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-DB.QueryContext" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-DB.QueryContext" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "fmt" "log" "strings" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { age := 27 rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, "SELECT name FROM users WHERE age=?", age) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer rows.Close() names := make([]string, 0) for rows.Next() { var name string if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil { // Check for a scan error. // Query rows will be closed with defer. log.Fatal(err) } names = append(names, name) } // If the database is being written to ensure to check for Close // errors that may be returned from the driver. The query may // encounter an auto-commit error and be forced to rollback changes. rerr := rows.Close() if rerr != nil { log.Fatal(rerr) } // Rows.Err will report the last error encountered by Rows.Scan. if err := rows.Err(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s are %d years old", strings.Join(names, ", "), age) } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.QueryRow" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1855">QueryRow</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.QueryRow" title="Go to DB.QueryRow" aria-label="Go to DB.QueryRow">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) QueryRow(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) *<a href="#Row">Row</a></pre> </div> <p>QueryRow executes a query that is expected to return at most one row. QueryRow always returns a non-nil value. Errors are deferred until <a href="#Row">Row</a>'s Scan method is called. If the query selects no rows, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> will return <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. Otherwise, <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> scans the first selected row and discards the rest. </p><p>QueryRow uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#DB.QueryRowContext">DB.QueryRowContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.QueryRowContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1841">QueryRowContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.QueryRowContext" title="Go to DB.QueryRowContext" aria-label="Go to DB.QueryRowContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) QueryRowContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) *<a href="#Row">Row</a></pre> </div> <p>QueryRowContext executes a query that is expected to return at most one row. QueryRowContext always returns a non-nil value. Errors are deferred until <a href="#Row">Row</a>'s Scan method is called. If the query selects no rows, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> will return <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. Otherwise, <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> scans the first selected row and discards the rest. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-DB.QueryRowContext" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-DB.QueryRowContext" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" "time" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { id := 123 var username string var created time.Time err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT username, created_at FROM users WHERE id=?", id).Scan(&username, &created) switch { case err == sql.ErrNoRows: log.Printf("no user with id %d\n", id) case err != nil: log.Fatalf("query error: %v\n", err) default: log.Printf("username is %q, account created on %s\n", username, created) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.SetConnMaxIdleTime" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1069">SetConnMaxIdleTime</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.SetConnMaxIdleTime" title="Go to DB.SetConnMaxIdleTime" aria-label="Go to DB.SetConnMaxIdleTime">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.15</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) SetConnMaxIdleTime(d <a href="/time">time</a>.<a href="/time#Duration">Duration</a>)</pre> </div> <p>SetConnMaxIdleTime sets the maximum amount of time a connection may be idle. </p><p>Expired connections may be closed lazily before reuse. </p><p>If d <= 0, connections are not closed due to a connection's idle time. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.SetConnMaxLifetime" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1047">SetConnMaxLifetime</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.SetConnMaxLifetime" title="Go to DB.SetConnMaxLifetime" aria-label="Go to DB.SetConnMaxLifetime">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.6</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) SetConnMaxLifetime(d <a href="/time">time</a>.<a href="/time#Duration">Duration</a>)</pre> </div> <p>SetConnMaxLifetime sets the maximum amount of time a connection may be reused. </p><p>Expired connections may be closed lazily before reuse. </p><p>If d <= 0, connections are not closed due to a connection's age. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.SetMaxIdleConns" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=995">SetMaxIdleConns</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.SetMaxIdleConns" title="Go to DB.SetMaxIdleConns" aria-label="Go to DB.SetMaxIdleConns">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.1</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) SetMaxIdleConns(n <a href="/builtin#int">int</a>)</pre> </div> <p>SetMaxIdleConns sets the maximum number of connections in the idle connection pool. </p><p>If MaxOpenConns is greater than 0 but less than the new MaxIdleConns, then the new MaxIdleConns will be reduced to match the MaxOpenConns limit. </p><p>If n <= 0, no idle connections are retained. </p><p>The default max idle connections is currently 2. This may change in a future release. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.SetMaxOpenConns" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1029">SetMaxOpenConns</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.SetMaxOpenConns" title="Go to DB.SetMaxOpenConns" aria-label="Go to DB.SetMaxOpenConns">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.2</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) SetMaxOpenConns(n <a href="/builtin#int">int</a>)</pre> </div> <p>SetMaxOpenConns sets the maximum number of open connections to the database. </p><p>If MaxIdleConns is greater than 0 and the new MaxOpenConns is less than MaxIdleConns, then MaxIdleConns will be reduced to match the new MaxOpenConns limit. </p><p>If n <= 0, then there is no limit on the number of open connections. The default is 0 (unlimited). </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DB.Stats" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*DB) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1215">Stats</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DB.Stats" title="Go to DB.Stats" aria-label="Go to DB.Stats">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.5</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (db *<a href="#DB">DB</a>) Stats() <a href="#DBStats">DBStats</a></pre> </div> <p>Stats returns database statistics. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="DBStats" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=1198">DBStats</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#DBStats" title="Go to DBStats" aria-label="Go to DBStats">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.5</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type DBStats struct { <span id="DBStats.MaxOpenConnections" data-kind="field"> MaxOpenConnections <a href="/builtin#int">int</a> <span class="comment">// Maximum number of open connections to the database.</span> </span> <span class="comment">// Pool Status</span> <span id="DBStats.OpenConnections" data-kind="field"> OpenConnections <a href="/builtin#int">int</a> <span class="comment">// The number of established connections both in use and idle.</span> </span><span id="DBStats.InUse" data-kind="field"> InUse <a href="/builtin#int">int</a> <span class="comment">// The number of connections currently in use.</span> </span><span id="DBStats.Idle" data-kind="field"> Idle <a href="/builtin#int">int</a> <span class="comment">// The number of idle connections.</span> </span> <span class="comment">// Counters</span> <span id="DBStats.WaitCount" data-kind="field"> WaitCount <a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a> <span class="comment">// The total number of connections waited for.</span> </span><span id="DBStats.WaitDuration" data-kind="field"> WaitDuration <a href="/time">time</a>.<a href="/time#Duration">Duration</a> <span class="comment">// The total time blocked waiting for a new connection.</span> </span><span id="DBStats.MaxIdleClosed" data-kind="field"> MaxIdleClosed <a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a> <span class="comment">// The total number of connections closed due to SetMaxIdleConns.</span> </span><span id="DBStats.MaxIdleTimeClosed" data-kind="field"> MaxIdleTimeClosed <a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a> <span class="comment">// The total number of connections closed due to SetConnMaxIdleTime.</span> </span><span id="DBStats.MaxLifetimeClosed" data-kind="field"> MaxLifetimeClosed <a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a> <span class="comment">// The total number of connections closed due to SetConnMaxLifetime.</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>DBStats contains database statistics. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="IsolationLevel" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=126">IsolationLevel</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#IsolationLevel" title="Go to IsolationLevel" aria-label="Go to IsolationLevel">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type IsolationLevel <a href="/builtin#int">int</a></pre> </div> <p>IsolationLevel is the transaction isolation level used in <a href="#TxOptions">TxOptions</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeConstant"> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>const ( <span id="LevelDefault" data-kind="constant"> LevelDefault <a href="#IsolationLevel">IsolationLevel</a> = <a href="/builtin#iota">iota</a> </span><span id="LevelReadUncommitted" data-kind="constant"> LevelReadUncommitted </span><span id="LevelReadCommitted" data-kind="constant"> LevelReadCommitted </span><span id="LevelWriteCommitted" data-kind="constant"> LevelWriteCommitted </span><span id="LevelRepeatableRead" data-kind="constant"> LevelRepeatableRead </span><span id="LevelSnapshot" data-kind="constant"> LevelSnapshot </span><span id="LevelSerializable" data-kind="constant"> LevelSerializable </span><span id="LevelLinearizable" data-kind="constant"> LevelLinearizable </span>)</pre> </div> <p>Various isolation levels that drivers may support in <a href="#DB.BeginTx">DB.BeginTx</a>. If a driver does not support a given isolation level an error may be returned. </p><p>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_%28database_systems%29#Isolation_levels">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(database_systems)#Isolation_levels</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="IsolationLevel.String" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (IsolationLevel) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=144">String</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#IsolationLevel.String" title="Go to IsolationLevel.String" aria-label="Go to IsolationLevel.String">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.11</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (i <a href="#IsolationLevel">IsolationLevel</a>) String() <a href="/builtin#string">string</a></pre> </div> <p>String returns the name of the transaction isolation level. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NamedArg" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=88">NamedArg</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NamedArg" title="Go to NamedArg" aria-label="Go to NamedArg">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NamedArg struct { <span id="NamedArg.Name" data-kind="field"> <span class="comment">// Name is the name of the parameter placeholder.</span> </span> <span class="comment">//</span> <span class="comment">// If empty, the ordinal position in the argument list will be</span> <span class="comment">// used.</span> <span class="comment">//</span> <span class="comment">// Name must omit any symbol prefix.</span> Name <a href="/builtin#string">string</a> <span id="NamedArg.Value" data-kind="field"> <span class="comment">// Value is the value of the parameter.</span> </span> <span class="comment">// It may be assigned the same value types as the query</span> <span class="comment">// arguments.</span> Value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a> <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>A NamedArg is a named argument. NamedArg values may be used as arguments to <a href="#DB.Query">DB.Query</a> or <a href="#DB.Exec">DB.Exec</a> and bind to the corresponding named parameter in the SQL statement. </p><p>For a more concise way to create NamedArg values, see the <a href="#Named">Named</a> function. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeFunc"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Named" data-kind="function" class="Documentation-typeFuncHeader"> <span>func <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=117">Named</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Named" title="Go to Named" aria-label="Go to Named">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func Named(name <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="#NamedArg">NamedArg</a></pre> </div> <p>Named provides a more concise way to create <a href="#NamedArg">NamedArg</a> values. </p><p>Example usage: </p><pre>db.ExecContext(ctx, ` delete from Invoice where TimeCreated < @end and TimeCreated >= @start;`, sql.Named("start", startTime), sql.Named("end", endTime), ) </pre> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Null" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=415">Null</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Null" title="Go to Null" aria-label="Go to Null">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.22.0</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Null[T <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>] struct { <span id="Null.V" data-kind="field"> V T </span><span id="Null.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>Null represents a value that may be null. Null implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination: </p><pre>var s Null[string] err := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM foo WHERE id=?", id).Scan(&s) ... if s.Valid { // use s.V } else { // NULL value } </pre><p>T should be one of the types accepted by <a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">driver.Value</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Null.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Null[T]) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=420">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Null.Scan" title="Go to Null.Scan" aria-label="Go to Null.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.22.0</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#Null">Null</a>[T]) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Null.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (Null[T]) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=429">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Null.Value" title="Go to Null.Value" aria-label="Go to Null.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.22.0</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#Null">Null</a>[T]) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullBool" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=352">NullBool</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullBool" title="Go to NullBool" aria-label="Go to NullBool">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullBool struct { <span id="NullBool.Bool" data-kind="field"> Bool <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> </span><span id="NullBool.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if Bool is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullBool represents a bool that may be null. NullBool implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullBool.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullBool) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=358">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullBool.Scan" title="Go to NullBool.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullBool.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#NullBool">NullBool</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullBool.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullBool) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=368">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullBool.Value" title="Go to NullBool.Value" aria-label="Go to NullBool.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#NullBool">NullBool</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullByte" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=299">NullByte</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullByte" title="Go to NullByte" aria-label="Go to NullByte">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.17</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullByte struct { <span id="NullByte.Byte" data-kind="field"> Byte <a href="/builtin#byte">byte</a> </span><span id="NullByte.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if Byte is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullByte represents a byte that may be null. NullByte implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullByte.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullByte) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=305">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullByte.Scan" title="Go to NullByte.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullByte.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.17</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#NullByte">NullByte</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullByte.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullByte) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=316">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullByte.Value" title="Go to NullByte.Value" aria-label="Go to NullByte.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.17</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#NullByte">NullByte</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullFloat64" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=326">NullFloat64</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullFloat64" title="Go to NullFloat64" aria-label="Go to NullFloat64">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullFloat64 struct { <span id="NullFloat64.Float64" data-kind="field"> Float64 <a href="/builtin#float64">float64</a> </span><span id="NullFloat64.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if Float64 is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullFloat64 represents a float64 that may be null. NullFloat64 implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullFloat64.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullFloat64) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=332">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullFloat64.Scan" title="Go to NullFloat64.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullFloat64.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#NullFloat64">NullFloat64</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullFloat64.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullFloat64) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=342">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullFloat64.Value" title="Go to NullFloat64.Value" aria-label="Go to NullFloat64.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#NullFloat64">NullFloat64</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt16" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=272">NullInt16</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt16" title="Go to NullInt16" aria-label="Go to NullInt16">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.17</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullInt16 struct { <span id="NullInt16.Int16" data-kind="field"> Int16 <a href="/builtin#int16">int16</a> </span><span id="NullInt16.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if Int16 is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullInt16 represents an int16 that may be null. NullInt16 implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt16.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullInt16) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=278">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt16.Scan" title="Go to NullInt16.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullInt16.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.17</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#NullInt16">NullInt16</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt16.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullInt16) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=289">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt16.Value" title="Go to NullInt16.Value" aria-label="Go to NullInt16.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.17</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#NullInt16">NullInt16</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt32" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=246">NullInt32</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt32" title="Go to NullInt32" aria-label="Go to NullInt32">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.13</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullInt32 struct { <span id="NullInt32.Int32" data-kind="field"> Int32 <a href="/builtin#int32">int32</a> </span><span id="NullInt32.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if Int32 is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullInt32 represents an int32 that may be null. NullInt32 implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt32.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullInt32) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=252">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt32.Scan" title="Go to NullInt32.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullInt32.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.13</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#NullInt32">NullInt32</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt32.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullInt32) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=262">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt32.Value" title="Go to NullInt32.Value" aria-label="Go to NullInt32.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.13</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#NullInt32">NullInt32</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt64" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=220">NullInt64</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt64" title="Go to NullInt64" aria-label="Go to NullInt64">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullInt64 struct { <span id="NullInt64.Int64" data-kind="field"> Int64 <a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a> </span><span id="NullInt64.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if Int64 is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullInt64 represents an int64 that may be null. NullInt64 implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt64.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullInt64) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=226">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt64.Scan" title="Go to NullInt64.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullInt64.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#NullInt64">NullInt64</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullInt64.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullInt64) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=236">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullInt64.Value" title="Go to NullInt64.Value" aria-label="Go to NullInt64.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#NullInt64">NullInt64</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullString" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=194">NullString</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullString" title="Go to NullString" aria-label="Go to NullString">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullString struct { <span id="NullString.String" data-kind="field"> String <a href="/builtin#string">string</a> </span><span id="NullString.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if String is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullString represents a string that may be null. NullString implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination: </p><pre>var s NullString err := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM foo WHERE id=?", id).Scan(&s) ... if s.Valid { // use s.String } else { // NULL value } </pre> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullString.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullString) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=200">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullString.Scan" title="Go to NullString.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullString.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ns *<a href="#NullString">NullString</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullString.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullString) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=210">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullString.Value" title="Go to NullString.Value" aria-label="Go to NullString.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (ns <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullTime" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=378">NullTime</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullTime" title="Go to NullTime" aria-label="Go to NullTime">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.13</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type NullTime struct { <span id="NullTime.Time" data-kind="field"> Time <a href="/time">time</a>.<a href="/time#Time">Time</a> </span><span id="NullTime.Valid" data-kind="field"> Valid <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// Valid is true if Time is not NULL</span> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>NullTime represents a <a href="/time#Time">time.Time</a> that may be null. NullTime implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface so it can be used as a scan destination, similar to <a href="#NullString">NullString</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullTime.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*NullTime) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=384">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullTime.Scan" title="Go to NullTime.Scan" aria-label="Go to NullTime.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.13</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n *<a href="#NullTime">NullTime</a>) Scan(value <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan implements the <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> interface. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="NullTime.Value" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (NullTime) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=394">Value</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#NullTime.Value" title="Go to NullTime.Value" aria-label="Go to NullTime.Value">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.13</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (n <a href="#NullTime">NullTime</a>) Value() (<a href="/database/sql/driver">driver</a>.<a href="/database/sql/driver#Value">Value</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Value implements the <a href="/database/sql/driver#Valuer">driver.Valuer</a> interface. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Out" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=477">Out</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Out" title="Go to Out" aria-label="Go to Out">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.9</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Out struct { <span id="Out.Dest" data-kind="field"> <span class="comment">// Dest is a pointer to the value that will be set to the result of the</span> </span> <span class="comment">// stored procedure's OUTPUT parameter.</span> Dest <a href="/builtin#any">any</a> <span id="Out.In" data-kind="field"> <span class="comment">// In is whether the parameter is an INOUT parameter. If so, the input value to the stored</span> </span> <span class="comment">// procedure is the dereferenced value of Dest's pointer, which is then replaced with</span> <span class="comment">// the output value.</span> In <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>Out may be used to retrieve OUTPUT value parameters from stored procedures. </p><p>Not all drivers and databases support OUTPUT value parameters. </p><p>Example usage: </p><pre>var outArg string _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, "ProcName", sql.Named("Arg1", sql.Out{Dest: &outArg})) </pre> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="RawBytes" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=180">RawBytes</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#RawBytes" title="Go to RawBytes" aria-label="Go to RawBytes">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type RawBytes []<a href="/builtin#byte">byte</a></pre> </div> <p>RawBytes is a byte slice that holds a reference to memory owned by the database itself. After a <a href="#Rows.Scan">Rows.Scan</a> into a RawBytes, the slice is only valid until the next call to <a href="#Rows.Next">Rows.Next</a>, <a href="#Rows.Scan">Rows.Scan</a>, or <a href="#Rows.Close">Rows.Close</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Result" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3534">Result</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Result" title="Go to Result" aria-label="Go to Result">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Result interface { <span id="Result.LastInsertId" data-kind="method"> <span class="comment">// LastInsertId returns the integer generated by the database</span> </span> <span class="comment">// in response to a command. Typically this will be from an</span> <span class="comment">// "auto increment" column when inserting a new row. Not all</span> <span class="comment">// databases support this feature, and the syntax of such</span> <span class="comment">// statements varies.</span> LastInsertId() (<a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>) <span id="Result.RowsAffected" data-kind="method"> <span class="comment">// RowsAffected returns the number of rows affected by an</span> </span> <span class="comment">// update, insert, or delete. Not every database or database</span> <span class="comment">// driver may support this.</span> RowsAffected() (<a href="/builtin#int64">int64</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>) }</pre> </div> <p>A Result summarizes an executed SQL command. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Row" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3477">Row</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Row" title="Go to Row" aria-label="Go to Row">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Row struct { <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>Row is the result of calling <a href="#DB.QueryRow">DB.QueryRow</a> to select a single row. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Row.Err" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Row) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3529">Err</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Row.Err" title="Go to Row.Err" aria-label="Go to Row.Err">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.15</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (r *<a href="#Row">Row</a>) Err() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Err provides a way for wrapping packages to check for query errors without calling <a href="#Row.Scan">Row.Scan</a>. Err returns the error, if any, that was encountered while running the query. If this error is not nil, this error will also be returned from <a href="#Row.Scan">Row.Scan</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Row.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Row) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3488">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Row.Scan" title="Go to Row.Scan" aria-label="Go to Row.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (r *<a href="#Row">Row</a>) Scan(dest ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan copies the columns from the matched row into the values pointed at by dest. See the documentation on <a href="#Rows.Scan">Rows.Scan</a> for details. If more than one row matches the query, Scan uses the first row and discards the rest. If no row matches the query, Scan returns <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2929">Rows</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows" title="Go to Rows" aria-label="Go to Rows">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Rows struct { <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>Rows is the result of a query. Its cursor starts before the first row of the result set. Use <a href="#Rows.Next">Rows.Next</a> to advance from row to row. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-Rows" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-Rows" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" "strings" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { age := 27 rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, "SELECT name FROM users WHERE age=?", age) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer rows.Close() names := make([]string, 0) for rows.Next() { var name string if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } names = append(names, name) } // Check for errors from iterating over rows. if err := rows.Err(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } log.Printf("%s are %d years old", strings.Join(names, ", "), age) } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows.Close" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Rows) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3435">Close</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows.Close" title="Go to Rows.Close" aria-label="Go to Rows.Close">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (rs *<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>) Close() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Close closes the <a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, preventing further enumeration. If <a href="#Rows.Next">Rows.Next</a> is called and returns false and there are no further result sets, the <a href="#Rows">Rows</a> are closed automatically and it will suffice to check the result of <a href="#Rows.Err">Rows.Err</a>. Close is idempotent and does not affect the result of <a href="#Rows.Err">Rows.Err</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows.ColumnTypes" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Rows) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3200">ColumnTypes</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows.ColumnTypes" title="Go to Rows.ColumnTypes" aria-label="Go to Rows.ColumnTypes">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (rs *<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>) ColumnTypes() ([]*<a href="#ColumnType">ColumnType</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>ColumnTypes returns column information such as column type, length, and nullable. Some information may not be available from some drivers. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows.Columns" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Rows) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3183">Columns</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows.Columns" title="Go to Rows.Columns" aria-label="Go to Rows.Columns">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (rs *<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>) Columns() ([]<a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Columns returns the column names. Columns returns an error if the rows are closed. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows.Err" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Rows) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3136">Err</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows.Err" title="Go to Rows.Err" aria-label="Go to Rows.Err">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (rs *<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>) Err() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Err returns the error, if any, that was encountered during iteration. Err may be called after an explicit or implicit <a href="#Rows.Close">Rows.Close</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows.Next" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Rows) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3029">Next</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows.Next" title="Go to Rows.Next" aria-label="Go to Rows.Next">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (rs *<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>) Next() <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a></pre> </div> <p>Next prepares the next result row for reading with the <a href="#Rows.Scan">Rows.Scan</a> method. It returns true on success, or false if there is no next result row or an error happened while preparing it. <a href="#Rows.Err">Rows.Err</a> should be consulted to distinguish between the two cases. </p><p>Every call to <a href="#Rows.Scan">Rows.Scan</a>, even the first one, must be preceded by a call to <a href="#Rows.Next">Rows.Next</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows.NextResultSet" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Rows) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3095">NextResultSet</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows.NextResultSet" title="Go to Rows.NextResultSet" aria-label="Go to Rows.NextResultSet">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (rs *<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>) NextResultSet() <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a></pre> </div> <p>NextResultSet prepares the next result set for reading. It reports whether there is further result sets, or false if there is no further result set or if there is an error advancing to it. The <a href="#Rows.Err">Rows.Err</a> method should be consulted to distinguish between the two cases. </p><p>After calling NextResultSet, the <a href="#Rows.Next">Rows.Next</a> method should always be called before scanning. If there are further result sets they may not have rows in the result set. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Rows.Scan" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Rows) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=3365">Scan</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Rows.Scan" title="Go to Rows.Scan" aria-label="Go to Rows.Scan">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (rs *<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>) Scan(dest ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Scan copies the columns in the current row into the values pointed at by dest. The number of values in dest must be the same as the number of columns in <a href="#Rows">Rows</a>. </p><p>Scan converts columns read from the database into the following common Go types and special types provided by the sql package: </p><pre>*string *[]byte *int, *int8, *int16, *int32, *int64 *uint, *uint8, *uint16, *uint32, *uint64 *bool *float32, *float64 *interface{} *RawBytes *Rows (cursor value) any type implementing Scanner (see Scanner docs) </pre><p>In the most simple case, if the type of the value from the source column is an integer, bool or string type T and dest is of type *T, Scan simply assigns the value through the pointer. </p><p>Scan also converts between string and numeric types, as long as no information would be lost. While Scan stringifies all numbers scanned from numeric database columns into *string, scans into numeric types are checked for overflow. For example, a float64 with value 300 or a string with value "300" can scan into a uint16, but not into a uint8, though float64(255) or "255" can scan into a uint8. One exception is that scans of some float64 numbers to strings may lose information when stringifying. In general, scan floating point columns into *float64. </p><p>If a dest argument has type *[]byte, Scan saves in that argument a copy of the corresponding data. The copy is owned by the caller and can be modified and held indefinitely. The copy can be avoided by using an argument of type <a href="#RawBytes">*RawBytes</a> instead; see the documentation for <a href="#RawBytes">RawBytes</a> for restrictions on its use. </p><p>If an argument has type *interface{}, Scan copies the value provided by the underlying driver without conversion. When scanning from a source value of type []byte to *interface{}, a copy of the slice is made and the caller owns the result. </p><p>Source values of type <a href="/time#Time">time.Time</a> may be scanned into values of type *time.Time, *interface{}, *string, or *[]byte. When converting to the latter two, <a href="/time#RFC3339Nano">time.RFC3339Nano</a> is used. </p><p>Source values of type bool may be scanned into types *bool, *interface{}, *string, *[]byte, or <a href="#RawBytes">*RawBytes</a>. </p><p>For scanning into *bool, the source may be true, false, 1, 0, or string inputs parseable by <a href="/strconv#ParseBool">strconv.ParseBool</a>. </p><p>Scan can also convert a cursor returned from a query, such as "select cursor(select * from my_table) from dual", into a <a href="#Rows">*Rows</a> value that can itself be scanned from. The parent select query will close any cursor <a href="#Rows">*Rows</a> if the parent <a href="#Rows">*Rows</a> is closed. </p><p>If any of the first arguments implementing <a href="#Scanner">Scanner</a> returns an error, that error will be wrapped in the returned error. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Scanner" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=447">Scanner</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Scanner" title="Go to Scanner" aria-label="Go to Scanner">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Scanner interface { <span id="Scanner.Scan" data-kind="method"> <span class="comment">// Scan assigns a value from a database driver.</span> </span> <span class="comment">//</span> <span class="comment">// The src value will be of one of the following types:</span> <span class="comment">//</span> <span class="comment">// int64</span> <span class="comment">// float64</span> <span class="comment">// bool</span> <span class="comment">// []byte</span> <span class="comment">// string</span> <span class="comment">// time.Time</span> <span class="comment">// nil - for NULL values</span> <span class="comment">//</span> <span class="comment">// An error should be returned if the value cannot be stored</span> <span class="comment">// without loss of information.</span> <span class="comment">//</span> <span class="comment">// Reference types such as []byte are only valid until the next call to Scan</span> <span class="comment">// and should not be retained. Their underlying memory is owned by the driver.</span> <span class="comment">// If retention is necessary, copy their values before the next call to Scan.</span> Scan(src <a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) <a href="/builtin#error">error</a> }</pre> </div> <p>Scanner is an interface used by <a href="#Rows.Scan">Rows.Scan</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2603">Stmt</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt" title="Go to Stmt" aria-label="Go to Stmt">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Stmt struct { <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>Stmt is a prepared statement. A Stmt is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines. </p><p>If a Stmt is prepared on a <a href="#Tx">Tx</a> or <a href="#Conn">Conn</a>, it will be bound to a single underlying connection forever. If the <a href="#Tx">Tx</a> or <a href="#Conn">Conn</a> closes, the Stmt will become unusable and all operations will return an error. If a Stmt is prepared on a <a href="#DB">DB</a>, it will remain usable for the lifetime of the <a href="#DB">DB</a>. When the Stmt needs to execute on a new underlying connection, it will prepare itself on the new connection automatically. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-Stmt" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-Stmt" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { // In normal use, create one Stmt when your process starts. stmt, err := db.PrepareContext(ctx, "SELECT username FROM users WHERE id = ?") if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer stmt.Close() // Then reuse it each time you need to issue the query. id := 43 var username string err = stmt.QueryRowContext(ctx, id).Scan(&username) switch { case err == sql.ErrNoRows: log.Fatalf("no user with id %d", id) case err != nil: log.Fatal(err) default: log.Printf("username is %s\n", username) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt.Close" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Stmt) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2884">Close</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt.Close" title="Go to Stmt.Close" aria-label="Go to Stmt.Close">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (s *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) Close() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Close closes the statement. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt.Exec" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Stmt) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2667">Exec</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt.Exec" title="Go to Stmt.Exec" aria-label="Go to Stmt.Exec">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (s *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) Exec(args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (<a href="#Result">Result</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Exec executes a prepared statement with the given arguments and returns a <a href="#Result">Result</a> summarizing the effect of the statement. </p><p>Exec uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Stmt.ExecContext">Stmt.ExecContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt.ExecContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Stmt) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2643">ExecContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt.ExecContext" title="Go to Stmt.ExecContext" aria-label="Go to Stmt.ExecContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (s *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) ExecContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (<a href="#Result">Result</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>ExecContext executes a prepared statement with the given arguments and returns a <a href="#Result">Result</a> summarizing the effect of the statement. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt.Query" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Stmt) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2837">Query</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt.Query" title="Go to Stmt.Query" aria-label="Go to Stmt.Query">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (s *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) Query(args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (*<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Query executes a prepared query statement with the given arguments and returns the query results as a *Rows. </p><p>Query uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Stmt.QueryContext">Stmt.QueryContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt.QueryContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Stmt) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2785">QueryContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt.QueryContext" title="Go to Stmt.QueryContext" aria-label="Go to Stmt.QueryContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (s *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) QueryContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (*<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>QueryContext executes a prepared query statement with the given arguments and returns the query results as a <a href="#Rows">*Rows</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt.QueryRow" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Stmt) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2879">QueryRow</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt.QueryRow" title="Go to Stmt.QueryRow" aria-label="Go to Stmt.QueryRow">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (s *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) QueryRow(args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) *<a href="#Row">Row</a></pre> </div> <p>QueryRow executes a prepared query statement with the given arguments. If an error occurs during the execution of the statement, that error will be returned by a call to Scan on the returned <a href="#Row">*Row</a>, which is always non-nil. If the query selects no rows, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> will return <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. Otherwise, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> scans the first selected row and discards the rest. </p><p>Example usage: </p><pre>var name string err := nameByUseridStmt.QueryRow(id).Scan(&name) </pre><p>QueryRow uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Stmt.QueryRowContext">Stmt.QueryRowContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Stmt.QueryRowContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Stmt) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2857">QueryRowContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Stmt.QueryRowContext" title="Go to Stmt.QueryRowContext" aria-label="Go to Stmt.QueryRowContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (s *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) QueryRowContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) *<a href="#Row">Row</a></pre> </div> <p>QueryRowContext executes a prepared query statement with the given arguments. If an error occurs during the execution of the statement, that error will be returned by a call to Scan on the returned <a href="#Row">*Row</a>, which is always non-nil. If the query selects no rows, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> will return <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. Otherwise, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> scans the first selected row and discards the rest. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-Stmt.QueryRowContext" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-Stmt.QueryRowContext" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { // In normal use, create one Stmt when your process starts. stmt, err := db.PrepareContext(ctx, "SELECT username FROM users WHERE id = ?") if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer stmt.Close() // Then reuse it each time you need to issue the query. id := 43 var username string err = stmt.QueryRowContext(ctx, id).Scan(&username) switch { case err == sql.ErrNoRows: log.Fatalf("no user with id %d", id) case err != nil: log.Fatal(err) default: log.Printf("username is %s\n", username) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2166">Tx</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx" title="Go to Tx" aria-label="Go to Tx">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type Tx struct { <span class="comment">// contains filtered or unexported fields</span> }</pre> </div> <p>Tx is an in-progress database transaction. </p><p>A transaction must end with a call to <a href="#Tx.Commit">Tx.Commit</a> or <a href="#Tx.Rollback">Tx.Rollback</a>. </p><p>After a call to <a href="#Tx.Commit">Tx.Commit</a> or <a href="#Tx.Rollback">Tx.Rollback</a>, all operations on the transaction fail with <a href="#ErrTxDone">ErrTxDone</a>. </p><p>The statements prepared for a transaction by calling the transaction's <a href="#Tx.Prepare">Tx.Prepare</a> or <a href="#Tx.Stmt">Tx.Stmt</a> methods are closed by the call to <a href="#Tx.Commit">Tx.Commit</a> or <a href="#Tx.Rollback">Tx.Rollback</a>. </p> <div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.Commit" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2287">Commit</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.Commit" title="Go to Tx.Commit" aria-label="Go to Tx.Commit">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) Commit() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Commit commits the transaction. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.Exec" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2524">Exec</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.Exec" title="Go to Tx.Exec" aria-label="Go to Tx.Exec">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) Exec(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (<a href="#Result">Result</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Exec executes a query that doesn't return rows. For example: an INSERT and UPDATE. </p><p>Exec uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Tx.ExecContext">Tx.ExecContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.ExecContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2511">ExecContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.ExecContext" title="Go to Tx.ExecContext" aria-label="Go to Tx.ExecContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) ExecContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (<a href="#Result">Result</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>ExecContext executes a query that doesn't return rows. For example: an INSERT and UPDATE. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-Tx.ExecContext" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-Tx.ExecContext" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { tx, err := db.BeginTx(ctx, &sql.TxOptions{Isolation: sql.LevelSerializable}) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } id := 37 _, execErr := tx.ExecContext(ctx, "UPDATE users SET status = ? WHERE id = ?", "paid", id) if execErr != nil { if rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(); rollbackErr != nil { log.Fatalf("update failed: %v, unable to rollback: %v\n", execErr, rollbackErr) } log.Fatalf("update failed: %v", execErr) } if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.Prepare" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2397">Prepare</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.Prepare" title="Go to Tx.Prepare" aria-label="Go to Tx.Prepare">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) Prepare(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>) (*<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Prepare creates a prepared statement for use within a transaction. </p><p>The returned statement operates within the transaction and will be closed when the transaction has been committed or rolled back. </p><p>To use an existing prepared statement on this transaction, see <a href="#Tx.Stmt">Tx.Stmt</a>. </p><p>Prepare uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Tx.PrepareContext">Tx.PrepareContext</a>. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-Tx.Prepare" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-Tx.Prepare" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var db *sql.DB func main() { projects := []struct { mascot string release int }{ {"tux", 1991}, {"duke", 1996}, {"gopher", 2009}, {"moby dock", 2013}, } tx, err := db.Begin() if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer tx.Rollback() // The rollback will be ignored if the tx has been committed later in the function. stmt, err := tx.Prepare("INSERT INTO projects(id, mascot, release, category) VALUES( ?, ?, ?, ? )") if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer stmt.Close() // Prepared statements take up server resources and should be closed after use. for id, project := range projects { if _, err := stmt.Exec(id+1, project.mascot, project.release, "open source"); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.PrepareContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2372">PrepareContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.PrepareContext" title="Go to Tx.PrepareContext" aria-label="Go to Tx.PrepareContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) PrepareContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>) (*<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>PrepareContext creates a prepared statement for use within a transaction. </p><p>The returned statement operates within the transaction and will be closed when the transaction has been committed or rolled back. </p><p>To use an existing prepared statement on this transaction, see <a href="#Tx.Stmt">Tx.Stmt</a>. </p><p>The provided context will be used for the preparation of the context, not for the execution of the returned statement. The returned statement will run in the transaction context. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.Query" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2542">Query</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.Query" title="Go to Tx.Query" aria-label="Go to Tx.Query">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) Query(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (*<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>Query executes a query that returns rows, typically a SELECT. </p><p>Query uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Tx.QueryContext">Tx.QueryContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.QueryContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2529">QueryContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.QueryContext" title="Go to Tx.QueryContext" aria-label="Go to Tx.QueryContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) QueryContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) (*<a href="#Rows">Rows</a>, <a href="/builtin#error">error</a>)</pre> </div> <p>QueryContext executes a query that returns rows, typically a SELECT. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.QueryRow" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2566">QueryRow</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.QueryRow" title="Go to Tx.QueryRow" aria-label="Go to Tx.QueryRow">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) QueryRow(query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) *<a href="#Row">Row</a></pre> </div> <p>QueryRow executes a query that is expected to return at most one row. QueryRow always returns a non-nil value. Errors are deferred until <a href="#Row">Row</a>'s Scan method is called. If the query selects no rows, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> will return <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. Otherwise, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> scans the first selected row and discards the rest. </p><p>QueryRow uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Tx.QueryRowContext">Tx.QueryRowContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.QueryRowContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2552">QueryRowContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.QueryRowContext" title="Go to Tx.QueryRowContext" aria-label="Go to Tx.QueryRowContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) QueryRowContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, query <a href="/builtin#string">string</a>, args ...<a href="/builtin#any">any</a>) *<a href="#Row">Row</a></pre> </div> <p>QueryRowContext executes a query that is expected to return at most one row. QueryRowContext always returns a non-nil value. Errors are deferred until <a href="#Row">Row</a>'s Scan method is called. If the query selects no rows, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> will return <a href="#ErrNoRows">ErrNoRows</a>. Otherwise, the <a href="#Row.Scan">*Row.Scan</a> scans the first selected row and discards the rest. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.Rollback" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2358">Rollback</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.Rollback" title="Go to Tx.Rollback" aria-label="Go to Tx.Rollback">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) Rollback() <a href="/builtin#error">error</a></pre> </div> <p>Rollback aborts the transaction. </p> <details tabindex="-1" id="example-Tx.Rollback" class="Documentation-exampleDetails js-exampleContainer"> <summary class="Documentation-exampleDetailsHeader">Example <a href="#example-Tx.Rollback" title="Go to Example" aria-label="Go to Example">露</a></summary> <div class="Documentation-exampleDetailsBody"> <pre class="Documentation-exampleCode"> package main import ( "context" "database/sql" "log" ) var ( ctx context.Context db *sql.DB ) func main() { tx, err := db.BeginTx(ctx, &sql.TxOptions{Isolation: sql.LevelSerializable}) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } id := 53 _, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, "UPDATE drivers SET status = ? WHERE id = ?;", "assigned", id) if err != nil { if rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(); rollbackErr != nil { log.Fatalf("update drivers: unable to rollback: %v", rollbackErr) } log.Fatal(err) } _, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, "UPDATE pickups SET driver_id = $1;", id) if err != nil { if rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(); rollbackErr != nil { log.Fatalf("update failed: %v, unable to back: %v", err, rollbackErr) } log.Fatal(err) } if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } </pre> <pre><span class="Documentation-exampleOutputLabel">Output:</span> <span class="Documentation-exampleOutput"></span></pre> </div> <div class="Documentation-exampleButtonsContainer"> <p class="Documentation-exampleError" role="alert" aria-atomic="true"></p> <button class="Documentation-exampleShareButton" aria-label="Share Code">Share</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleFormatButton" aria-label="Format Code">Format</button> <button class="Documentation-exampleRunButton" aria-label="Run Code">Run</button> </div></details> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.Stmt" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2505">Stmt</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.Stmt" title="Go to Tx.Stmt" aria-label="Go to Tx.Stmt">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) Stmt(stmt *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a></pre> </div> <p>Stmt returns a transaction-specific prepared statement from an existing statement. </p><p>Example: </p><pre>updateMoney, err := db.Prepare("UPDATE balance SET money=money+? WHERE id=?") ... tx, err := db.Begin() ... res, err := tx.Stmt(updateMoney).Exec(123.45, 98293203) </pre><p>The returned statement operates within the transaction and will be closed when the transaction has been committed or rolled back. </p><p>Stmt uses <a href="/context#Background">context.Background</a> internally; to specify the context, use <a href="#Tx.StmtContext">Tx.StmtContext</a>. </p> </div><div class="Documentation-typeMethod"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="Tx.StmtContext" data-kind="method" class="Documentation-typeMethodHeader"> <span>func (*Tx) <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=2417">StmtContext</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#Tx.StmtContext" title="Go to Tx.StmtContext" aria-label="Go to Tx.StmtContext">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>func (tx *<a href="#Tx">Tx</a>) StmtContext(ctx <a href="/context">context</a>.<a href="/context#Context">Context</a>, stmt *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a>) *<a href="#Stmt">Stmt</a></pre> </div> <p>StmtContext returns a transaction-specific prepared statement from an existing statement. </p><p>Example: </p><pre>updateMoney, err := db.Prepare("UPDATE balance SET money=money+? WHERE id=?") ... tx, err := db.Begin() ... res, err := tx.StmtContext(ctx, updateMoney).Exec(123.45, 98293203) </pre><p>The provided context is used for the preparation of the statement, not for the execution of the statement. </p><p>The returned statement operates within the transaction and will be closed when the transaction has been committed or rolled back. </p> </div> </div><div class="Documentation-type"> <h4 tabindex="-1" id="TxOptions" data-kind="type" class="Documentation-typeHeader"> <span>type <a class="Documentation-source" href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go;l=170">TxOptions</a> <a class="Documentation-idLink" href="#TxOptions" title="Go to TxOptions" aria-label="Go to TxOptions">露</a></span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersion"> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionLabel">added in</span> <span class="Documentation-sinceVersionVersion">go1.8</span> </span> </h4> <div class="Documentation-declaration"> <pre>type TxOptions struct { <span class="comment">// Isolation is the transaction isolation level.</span> <span class="comment">// If zero, the driver or database's default level is used.</span> <span id="TxOptions.Isolation" data-kind="field"> Isolation <a href="#IsolationLevel">IsolationLevel</a> </span><span id="TxOptions.ReadOnly" data-kind="field"> ReadOnly <a href="/builtin#bool">bool</a> </span>}</pre> </div> <p>TxOptions holds the transaction options to be used in <a href="#DB.BeginTx">DB.BeginTx</a>. </p> </div></section></div> </div> </div> <div class="UnitFiles js-unitFiles"> <h2 class="UnitFiles-title" id="section-sourcefiles"> <img class="go-Icon" height="24" width="24" src="/static/shared/icon/insert_drive_file_gm_grey_24dp.svg" alt=""> Source Files <a class="UnitFiles-idLink" href="#section-sourcefiles" title="Go to Source Files" aria-label="Go to Source Files">露</a> </h2> <div class="UnitFiles-titleLink"> <a href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View all Source files</a> </div> <div> <ul class="UnitFiles-fileList"><li> <a href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/convert.go" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="convert.go">convert.go</a> </li><li> <a href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/ctxutil.go" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="ctxutil.go">ctxutil.go</a> </li><li> <a href="https://cs.opensource.google/go/go/+/go1.24.2:src/database/sql/sql.go" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="sql.go">sql.go</a> </li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="UnitDirectories js-unitDirectories"> <h2 class="UnitDirectories-title" id="section-directories"> <img class="go-Icon" height="24" width="24" src="/static/shared/icon/folder_gm_grey_24dp.svg" alt=""> Directories <a class="UnitDirectories-idLink" href="#section-directories" title="Go to Directories" aria-label="Go to Directories">露</a> </h2> <div class="UnitDirectories-toggles"> <div 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