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Toggle History of Hindu bhakti subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Hindu_bhakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The Upanishads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Vedic_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Vedic_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Post-Vedic movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Vedic_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Bhakti movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_and_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_and_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types and classifications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types and classifications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bhakti_Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bhakti Yoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nine_forms_of_Bhakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_forms_of_Bhakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nine forms of Bhakti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine_forms_of_Bhakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhavas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhavas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bhavas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhavas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Murti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In other religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In other religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Mahayana_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Mahayana_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 In Mahayana Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bhakti</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82)" title="بهاكتي (التعلق) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بهاكتي (التعلق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="নৱবিধা ভক্তি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নৱবিধা ভক্তি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ভক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Бхакти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бхакти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="باکتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%81%AC%ED%8B%B0" title="바크티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바크티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakti_(Hindu)" title="Bakti (Hindu) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakti (Hindu)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakt%C4%AB" title="Bhaktī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bhaktī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭಕ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಕ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბჰაკტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბჰაკტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Бхакти – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бхакти" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktis" title="Bhaktis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bhaktis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ഭക്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭക്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="भक्ती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भक्ती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भक्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भक्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भक्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भक्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="バクティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バクティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bxakti" title="Bxakti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bxakti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Бхакти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бхакти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="भक्तिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भक्तिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="பக்தி நெறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பக்தி நெறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="భక్తి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భక్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Бҳакти – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бҳакти" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96" title="Бгакті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бгакті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bhakti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/120px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/250px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uparati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uparati (page does not exist)">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samādhāna (page does not exist)">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyaksha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyaksha (page does not exist)">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samādhāna (page does not exist)">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: bhatti) is a term common in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> which means attachment, fondness for, devotion to, trust, homage, worship, piety, faith, or love.<a href="#cite_note-monier-1">[1]</a> In Indian religions, it may refer to loving devotion for a <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">personal God</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>), a formless <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_reality" title="Ultimate reality">ultimate reality</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Nirguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna">Nirguna</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Sikh God</a>) or for an <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightened being</a> (like a <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>).<a href="#cite_note-encyclopediabrit-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-karen-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-swearer9-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-werner45-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardip-7">[7]</a> Bhakti is often a deeply emotional devotion based on a relationship between a devotee and the object of devotion.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nirgun-10">[10]</a> One of the earliest appearances of the term is found in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragatha</a> (Verses of the Elders).<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> In ancient texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, the term simply means participation, devotion and love for any endeavor, while in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, it connotes one of the possible paths of spirituality and towards <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, as in bhakti marga.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Bhakti ideas have inspired many popular texts and saint-poets in India. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, for example, is a <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>-related text associated with the Bhakti movement in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Cutler-13">[13]</a> Bhakti is also found in other religions practiced in India,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neill_2002_412-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelting_2001_87-16">[16]</a> and it has influenced interactions between Christianity and Hinduism in the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Nirguni bhakti (devotion to the divine without attributes) is found in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, as well as Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardip-7">[7]</a> Outside India, emotional devotion is found in some <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> Buddhist traditions.<a href="#cite_note-swearer9-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-werner45-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-karunaratna435-20">[20]</a> The term also refers to <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">a movement</a>, pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a>, that developed around the gods <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>) in the second half of the 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopediabrit-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-karen-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rinehart-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Embree-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Devotional elements similar to bhakti have been part of various <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a> throughout human history.<a href="#cite_note-pasquier-25">[25]</a> Devotional practices are found in Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-pasquier-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Islam,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Buddhism<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-pasquier-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The Sanskrit word bhakti is derived from the verb root bhaj-, which means "to worship, have recourse to, betake onself to" or bhañj-, which means "to break."<a href="#cite_note-Cutler-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prentiss-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Werner-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The word also means "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation".<a href="#cite_note-monier-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The meaning of the term Bhakti is analogous to but different from <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a>. Kama connotes emotional connection, sometimes with sensual devotion and erotic love. Bhakti, in contrast, is spiritual, a love and devotion to religious concepts or principles, that engages both emotion and intellection.<a href="#cite_note-karen20-37">[37]</a> Karen Pechelis states that the word Bhakti should not be understood as uncritical emotion, but as committed engagement.<a href="#cite_note-karen20-37">[37]</a> She adds that, in the concept of bhakti in Hinduism, the engagement involves a simultaneous tension between emotion and intellection, "emotion to reaffirm the social context and temporal freedom, intellection to ground the experience in a thoughtful, conscious approach".<a href="#cite_note-karen20-37">[37]</a> One who practices bhakti is called a bhakta.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The term bhakti, in <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> Sanskrit literature, has a general meaning of "mutual attachment, devotion, fondness for, devotion to" such as in human relationships, most often between beloved-lover, friend-friend, king-subject, parent-child.<a href="#cite_note-Cutler-13">[13]</a> It may refer to devotion towards a spiritual teacher (<a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>) as guru-bhakti,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> or to a personal God,<a href="#cite_note-Cutler-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> or for spirituality without form (<a href="/wiki/Nirguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna">nirguna</a>).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to the Sri Lankan Buddhist scholar Sanath Nanayakkara, there is no single term in English that adequately translates or represents the concept of bhakti in Indian religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678–80-43">[43]</a> Terms such as "devotion, faith, devotional faith" represent certain aspects of bhakti, but it means much more. The concept includes a sense of deep affection, attachment, but not wish because "wish is selfish, affection is unselfish". Some scholars, states Nanayakkara, associate it with saddha (Sanskrit: Sraddha) which means "faith, trust or confidence". However, bhakti can connote an end in itself, or a path to spiritual wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678–80-43">[43]</a> The term Bhakti refers to one of several alternate spiritual paths to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (spiritual freedom, liberation, salvation) in Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-johnmartin-44">[44]</a> and it is referred to as bhakti marga or <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The other paths are <a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana marga</a> (path of knowledge), <a href="/wiki/Karma_marga" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma marga">Karma marga</a> (path of works), Rāja marga (path of contemplation and meditation).<a href="#cite_note-johnmartin-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The term bhakti has been usually translated as "devotion" in <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The colonial era authors variously described Bhakti as a form of mysticism or "primitive" religious devotion of lay people with monotheistic parallels.<a href="#cite_note-paulcarus-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> However, modern scholars state "devotion" is a misleading and incomplete translation of bhakti.<a href="#cite_note-karen2324-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gale-53">[53]</a> Many contemporary scholars have questioned this terminology, and most now trace the term bhakti as one of the several spiritual perspectives that emerged from reflections on the Vedic context and Hindu way of life. Bhakti in Indian religions is not a ritualistic devotion to a God or to religion, but participation in a path that includes behavior, ethics, mores and spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-karen2324-52">[52]</a> It involves, among other things, refining one's state of mind, knowing God, participating in God, and internalizing God.<a href="#cite_note-karen2324-52">[52]</a> Increasingly, instead of "devotion", the term "participation" is appearing in scholarly literature as a gloss for the term bhakti.<a href="#cite_note-karen2324-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gale-53">[53]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/60px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/120px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Pistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bhakti is an important term in Sikhism and Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2-19">[19]</a> They both share numerous concepts and core spiritual ideas, but bhakti of nirguni (devotion to divine without attributes) is particularly significant in Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-hardip-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In Hinduism, diverse ideas continue, where both saguni and nirguni bhakti (devotion to divine with or without attributes) or alternate paths to spirituality are among the options left to the choice of a Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnmartin-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Hindu_bhakti">History of Hindu bhakti</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of Hindu bhakti">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Upanishads">The Upanishads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Upanishads">edit</a>]</div> The last of three epilogue verses of the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> (6.23), dated to be from 1st millennium BCE, uses the word Bhakti as follows:<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> yasya deve parā bhaktiḥ yathā deve tathā gurau । tasyaite kathitā hyarthāḥ prakāśante mahātmanaḥ <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> He who has highest Bhakti of Deva (God), just like his Deva, so for his Guru (teacher), To him who is high-minded, these teachings will be illuminating. </div> </blockquote> This verse is one of the earliest use of the word Bhakti in ancient Indian literature, and has been translated as "the love of God".<a href="#cite_note-paulcarus-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Scholars<a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-60">[60]</a> have debated whether this phrase is authentic or later insertion into the Upanishad, and whether the terms "Bhakti" and "Deva" meant the same in this ancient text as they do in the modern era. <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> states that the word Bhakti appears only once in this Upanishad, that too in one last verse of the epilogue, could have been a later addition and may not be theistic as the word was later used in much later Sandilya Sutras.<a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbhakti-61">[61]</a> Grierson as well as Carus note that the first epilogue verse 6.21 of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad is also notable for its use of the word Deva Prasada (देवप्रसाद, grace or gift of God), but add that Deva in the epilogue of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad refers to "pantheistic <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>" and the closing credit to sage Shvetashvatara in verse 6.21 can mean "gift or grace of his Soul".<a href="#cite_note-paulcarus-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Vedic_movement">Post-Vedic movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Vedic movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a></div> Scholarly consensus sees bhakti as a post-Vedic movement that developed primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Epics">Hindu Epics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> era of Indian history (late first mill. BCE-early first mill. CE).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> is the first text to explicitly use the word "bhakti" to designate a religious path, using it as a term for one of three possible religious approaches or <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yogas</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti yoga</a>).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> (which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> bhakti) develops the idea more elaborately,<a href="#cite_note-Cutler-13">[13]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> presents evidence of guru-bhakti (devotion to one's spiritual teacher).<a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_movement">Bhakti movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bhakti movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manavala_mamunigal_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manavala_mamunigal_03.jpg/250px-Manavala_mamunigal_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manavala_mamunigal_03.jpg/330px-Manavala_mamunigal_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manavala_mamunigal_03.jpg/500px-Manavala_mamunigal_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a>, considered the most prominent of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> poet saints c. 5th to 9th century CE) whose hymns are compiled in the <a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Nālāyira Divya Prabandham</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaitanya_sankirtan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chaitanya_sankirtan.jpg/250px-Chaitanya_sankirtan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chaitanya_sankirtan.jpg/330px-Chaitanya_sankirtan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chaitanya_sankirtan.jpg/500px-Chaitanya_sankirtan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3477" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>Bengal illustration of the 15th century Krishna bhakta <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> performing <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a>, devotional chanting and dancing, in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a>, Bengal.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Movement">Bhakti Movement</a> was a rapid growth of bhakti, first starting in the later part of 1st millennium CE, from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> in southern India with the Shaiva <a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a><a href="#cite_note-Embree-23">[23]</a> and the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a>. Their ideas and practices inspired bhakti poetry and devotion throughout India over the 12th-18th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Flood-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Embree-23">[23]</a> The Alvars ("those immersed in God") were Vaishnava poet-saints who wandered from temple to temple, singing the praises of Vishnu. They hailed the <a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">divine abodes</a> of Vishnu and converted many people to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Embree-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meerabai_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/250px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera">Meera</a> (Mirabai) (circa 1498-1546) was one of the most significant poet-saints in the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> bhakti movement.<a href="#cite_note-smpandey-66">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> Like the Alvars, the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> Nayanar poets were influential. The <a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a>, a compilation of hymns by sixty-three Nayanar poets, is still of great importance in South India. Hymns by three of the most prominent poets, <a href="/wiki/Appar" title="Appar">Appar</a> (7th century CE), <a href="/wiki/Campantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Campantar">Campantar</a> (7th century) and <a href="/wiki/Sundarar" title="Sundarar">Sundarar</a> (9th century), were compiled into the <a href="/wiki/Tevaram" title="Tevaram">Tevaram</a>, the first volumes of the Tirumurai. The poets' itinerant lifestyle helped create temple and pilgrimage sites and spread devotion to Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Early Tamil-Shiva bhakti poets quoted the <a href="/wiki/Black_Yajurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Yajurveda">Krishna Yajurveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The Alvars and Nayanars were instrumental in propagating the Bhakti tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>'s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on bhakti, have led many scholars to give it South Indian origins, though some scholars question whether this evidence excludes the possibility that bhakti movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Scholars state that the bhakti movement focused on Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and other deities, that developed and spread in India, was in response to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in India about 8th century CE,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">religious violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopediabrit-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-karen-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnhawley-72">[72]</a> This view is contested by other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-johnhawley-72">[72]</a> The Bhakti movement swept over east and north India from the fifteenth-century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-schomer-73">[73]</a> According to Patton Burchett, the four key features of this early modern bhakti movement in north India were:<blockquote>First and foremost, these communities were united by a distinctive focus on personal devotion to the Divine, as opposed to other traditional pillars of Indic religiosity such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Jñāna">knowledge</a>, ritual, or the practice of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>. This devotion took place in the context of an intimate, loving relationship with the Divine in which caste, class, or gender typically were said to have no place. This was a bhakti that found its most characteristic expression in (a) the context of spiritual fellowship (<a href="/wiki/Satsa%E1%B9%85g" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsaṅg">satsaṅg</a>) with other devotees (bhaktas), (b) the medium of song, (c) the idiom of passionate love (śṛṅgāra/mādhurya) or painful separation (viraha), and (d) the remembrance—in meditation, recitation, chant, and song—of the name(s) of God. Second, these new devotional communities of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a> were alike in their production and performance of devotional works, composed in vernacular languages, remembering the deeds of God (especially <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Kṛṣṇa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rām</a>) and exemplary bhaktas. Third, important in all these communities was the performance and collection of songs attributed to renowned bhakti poet-saints like Kabīr, Raidās, and Sūrdās. Finally, despite their many differences, the vast majority of bhakti authors and sectarian communities in early modern North India came together in articulating a devotional sensibility distinct from—and often explicitly positioned in opposition to—certain <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> paradigms of religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote>Bhakti poetry and ideas influenced many aspects of Hindu culture, religious and secular, and became an integral part of Indian society.<a href="#cite_note-Embree-23">[23]</a> It extended its influence to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Neill_2002_412-15">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelting_2001_87-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> in the 15th century, during the bhakti movement period, and scholars have identified it as drawing from many Bhakti traditions and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Saints such as <a href="/wiki/Mirabai" title="Mirabai">Mirabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Soordas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narsinh_Mehta" title="Narsinh Mehta">Narsinh Mehta</a> composed several bhajans that were a path towards Bhakti for many, that are universally sung even today. A modern age saint, Shri Devendra Ghia (Kaka) has composed about 10,000 hymns. These hymns are related to bhakti, knowledge, devotion, faith, introspection and honesty.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The movement has traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth caste or gender.<a href="#cite_note-schomer-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodern</a> scholars question this traditional view and whether the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> were ever a social reform or rebellion of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> They suggest Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking and recontextualization of ancient Vedic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_classifications">Types and classifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types and classifications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_Yoga">Bhakti Yoga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bhakti Yoga">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></div> The Bhagavad Gita introduces bhakti yoga in combination with <a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">karma yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">jnana yoga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Minor-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> expands on bhakti yoga, offering nine specific activities for the bhakti yogi.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Bhakti in the Bhagavad Gita offered an alternative to two dominant practices of religion at the time: the isolation of the sannyasin and the practice of religious ritual.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Bhakti Yoga is described by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> as "the path of systematized devotion for the attainment of union with the Absolute".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In various chapters, including the twelfth chapter of the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna describes bhakti yoga as one of the paths to the highest spiritual attainments.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen-85">[85]</a> In the sixth chapter, for example, the Gita states the following about bhakti yogi: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> The yogi who, established in oneness, Honors Me as abiding in all beings, In whatever way he otherwise acts, Dwells in Me. He who sees equality in everything, In the image of his own Self, Arjuna, Whether in pleasure or in pain, Is thought to be a supreme yogi. Of all yogis, He who has merged his inner Self in Me, Honors me, full of faith, Is thought to be the most devoted to Me.<a href="#cite_note-chapple-86">[86]</a> </div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Bhakti_Sutra" title="Shandilya Bhakti Sutra">Shandilya Bhakti Sutra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narada_Bhakti_Sutra" title="Narada Bhakti Sutra">Narada Bhakti Sutra</a> define devotion, emphasize its importance and superiority, and classify its forms.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharishi</a>, bhakti is a "surrender to the divine with one's heart". It can be practiced as an adjunct to self-inquiry, and in one of four ways:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrawley2000133-90">[90]</a> <ol><li>Atma-Bhakti: devotion to the one's atma (Supreme Self)</li> <li>Ishvara-Bhakti: devotion to a formless being (God, Cosmic Lord)</li> <li>Ishta Devata-Bhakti: devotion to a personal God or goddess</li> <li>Guru-Bhakti: devotion to <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_forms_of_Bhakti">Nine forms of Bhakti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nine forms of Bhakti">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> (verse 7.5.23) teaches nine forms of bhakti: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li>śravaṇa (listening to ancient texts)</li> <li>kīrtana (praying)</li> <li>smaraṇa (remembering teachings in ancient texts)</li> <li>pāda-sevana (service to the feet)</li> <li>archana (worshiping)</li> <li>namaskar or vandana (bowing to the divine)</li> <li>dāsya (service to the divine)</li> <li>sākhyatva (friendship with the divine)</li> <li>ātma-nivedana (self-surrender to the divine)</li></ol></div> The Bhagavata Purana describes many examples of bhakti, such as those exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a>. The behavior of the gopis in the Bhagavata Purana exemplifies the essence of bhakti. When separated from Krishna, the gopis practiced devotion by listening to his stories (śravaṇa), praising his glorious deeds (kīrtana), and other acts to keep him in their thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-Halberman-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhavas">Bhavas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bhavas">edit</a>]</div> Traditional Hinduism speaks of five different <a href="/wiki/Bhava#In_bhakti_traditions" title="Bhava">bhāvas</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Affective" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective">affective</a> essences".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In this sense, bhāvas are different attitudes that a devotee takes according to his individual temperament to express his devotion towards God in some form.<a href="#cite_note-Akhilananda_180-94">[94]</a> The different bhāvas are: <ol><li>śānta, placid love for God;</li> <li>dāsya, the attitude of a servant;</li> <li>sakhya, the attitude of a friend;</li> <li>vātsalya, the attitude of a mother towards her child;</li> <li>madhurya, the attitude of a woman towards her lover.<a href="#cite_note-Akhilananda_180-94">[94]</a></li></ol> Several saints are known to have practiced these bhavas. The nineteenth century mystic, <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a> is said to have practiced these five bhavas.<a href="#cite_note-isherwood-111-95">[95]</a> The attitude of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> towards the god <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> is considered to be of dasya bhava.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The approach of <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> and the cowherd boys of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> with the god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is regarded as sakhya bhava.<a href="#cite_note-isherwood-111-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>'s love towards Krishna is madhurya bhava.<a href="#cite_note-isherwood-111-95">[95]</a> The attitude of Krishna's foster-mother <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a> towards him exemplifies vatsalya bhava.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a> mentions that <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a> came to distribute the four spiritual sentiments of Vraja loka: dasya, sakhya, vatsalya, and <a href="/wiki/Sringara" title="Sringara">sringara</a>. Sringara is the relationship of the intimate love. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murti">Murti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Murti">edit</a>]</div> In bhakti worship, rituals are primarily directed towards physical images. The terms "<a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>" and "vigraham" are commonly used in Hinduism to describe these images. A murti denotes an object with a distinct form that symbolizes the shape or manifestation of a particular deity, either a god or goddess. A ritual called <a href="/wiki/Prana_pratishtha" title="Prana pratishtha">pranapratishta</a> is performed before worshipping a murti, establishing prana (life force) into the image and inviting the god or goddess to reside in the murti.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In other religions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhi_Tree_Distant_View_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bodhi_Tree_Distant_View_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Bodhi_Tree_Distant_View_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bodhi_Tree_Distant_View_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Bodhi_Tree_Distant_View_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bodhi_Tree_Distant_View_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Bodhi_Tree_Distant_View_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> under which <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> attained <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a> has been a major site of Buddhist bhakti since the earliest period of Buddhism.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/220px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/330px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/440px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6765" data-file-height="3082" /></a><figcaption>A relief on the Northern Gateway of <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi Stupa</a> number 1 showing devotees and musicians venerating the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, which contained Buddha relics.<a href="#cite_note-RS441-100">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Buddhist devotion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith in Buddhism</a></div> Bhakti (bhatti in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>) has always been a common aspect of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, where offerings, prostrations, chants, and individual or group prayers are made to the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattvas">bodhisattvas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-swearer9-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> or to other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-child138-102">[102]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> Buddhist bhakti "had its beginnings in the earliest days".<a href="#cite_note-werner45-5">[5]</a> Perhaps the earliest mention of the term bhatti in all Indic literature appears in the early Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragatha</a> (Verses of the Elders).<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> As such, Har Dayal writes that, bhakti "was an integral part of the Buddhist ideal from the earliest times".<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> John S. Strong writes that the central meaning of Indian Buddhist bhakti was "recollection of the Buddha" (Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81nusm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Buddhānusmṛti">buddhanusmrti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:6-6">[6]</a> One of the earliest form of Buddhist devotional practice was the early Buddhist tradition of worshiping the Buddha through the means of <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> and bodily relics (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra" title="Śarīra">sarira</a>).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Later (after about the third century CE), devotion using Buddha images also became a very popular form of Buddha bhakti.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Sri Lankan scholar Indumathie Karunaratna notes that the meaning of bhatti changed throughout Buddhist history.<a href="#cite_note-ik435-105">[105]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist</a> sources like the <a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragāthā</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678-106">[106]</a> bhatti had the meaning of 'faithful adherence to the [Buddhist] religion', and was accompanied with knowledge. Later on, however, the term developed the meaning of an advanced form of emotional devotion. This sense of devotion was thus different than the early <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Buddhist view of faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966679-107">[107]</a> According to Sanath Nanayakkara, early Buddhist refuge and devotion, meant taking the Buddha as an ideal to live by, rather than the later sense of self-surrender. But already in the <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Commentary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma">Abhidhamma</a> text <a href="/wiki/Puggalapa%C3%B1%C3%B1atti" title="Puggalapaññatti">Puggalapaññatti</a>, it is mentioned that the Buddhist devotee should develop his saddhā until it becomes bhaddi, a sense not mentioned in earlier texts and probably influenced by the Hindu idea of bhakti. There are instances where commentator <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> mentions taking refuge in the Buddha in the sense of mere adoration, indicating a historical shift in meaning. Similar developments in Buddhist devotion took place with regards to worshipping the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra" title="Śarīra">relics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddha images</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> school of early Buddhism seems to have promoted devotional practice and bhakti to a high status and to have anchored this practice in the purity and radiance of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Pas1995-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" title="Mahāvastu">Mahāvastu</a>, one of the few surviving Mahāsāṃghika texts, states:<blockquote>The purity of the Buddha is so great that the worship of the Exalted One is sufficient for the attainment of Nirvāna, and that one already acquires endless merit by merely walking round a stupa and worshipping it by means of floral offerings...from the Buddha’s smile, there radiate beams which illuminate the entire buddhafields.<a href="#cite_note-Pas1995-109">[109]</a> </blockquote> In later faith-oriented literature, such as the <a href="/wiki/Avadana" title="Avadana">Avadānas</a>, faith is given an important role in Buddhist doctrine. Nevertheless, faith (śraddhā) is discussed in different contexts than devotion (bhakti). Bhakti is often used disparagingly to describe acts of worship to deities, often seen as ineffective and improper for a Buddhist. Also, bhakti is clearly connected with a person as an object, whereas śraddhā is less connected with a person, and is more connected with truthfulness and truth. Śraddhā focuses on ideas such as the working of <a href="/wiki/Karma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karma (Buddhism)">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merit_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Merit transfer">merit transfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rotman_2008-110">[110]</a> One source for Indian Buddhist devotion is the <a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyāvadāna</a>, which focuses on the vast amount of <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit</a> (puṇya) that is generated by making offerings to Buddhas, <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India">Buddhist holy sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-princeton-111">[111]</a> This text contrasts faith in the Buddha with bhakti for mundane deities (such as Hindu gods), and in this case, it sees bhakti as something for those who are less developed spiritually.<a href="#cite_note-:5-112">[112]</a> However, in other passages, the term is used positively, and in one story, the sage <a href="/wiki/Upagupta" title="Upagupta">Upagupta</a> says to the demon <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>:<blockquote>Even a very small bit of bhakti [toward the Buddha] offers nirvana to the wise as a result. In short, the wicked things that you [Māra] did here to the Sage, when your mind was blind with delusion, all of these have been washed away by the copious waters of <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">śraddhā</a> that have entered your heart. - Divyāvadāna 360.1–4 [Aśokāvadana 22.7-9] <a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-112">[112]</a> </blockquote>In the 11th century, the Bengali Buddhist scholar Rāmancandra Kavibhārati composed a work on Buddhist bhakti called the Bhakti Śataka.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Today, affective devotion remains an important part of Buddhist practice, even in Theravada Buddhism. According to Winston King, a scholar on <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, "warm, personalized, emotional" bhakti has been a part of the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Buddhism">Burmese Buddhist</a> tradition apart from the monastic and lay intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-King1964p173-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> is treasured by the everyday devout Buddhists, just like Catholics treasure <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. The orthodox teachers tend to restrain the devotion to the Buddha, but to the devout Buddhist populace, "a very deeply devotional quality" was and remains a part of the actual practice. This is observable, states King, in "multitudes of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Pagoda</a> worshippers of the Buddha images" and the offerings they make before the image and nowhere else.<a href="#cite_note-King1964p173-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Mahayana_Buddhism">In Mahayana Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Mahayana Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_elderly_Tibetan_women_holding_a_prayer_wheel_on_Lhasa,_Barkhor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/An_elderly_Tibetan_women_holding_a_prayer_wheel_on_Lhasa%2C_Barkhor.jpg/250px-An_elderly_Tibetan_women_holding_a_prayer_wheel_on_Lhasa%2C_Barkhor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/An_elderly_Tibetan_women_holding_a_prayer_wheel_on_Lhasa%2C_Barkhor.jpg/330px-An_elderly_Tibetan_women_holding_a_prayer_wheel_on_Lhasa%2C_Barkhor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/An_elderly_Tibetan_women_holding_a_prayer_wheel_on_Lhasa%2C_Barkhor.jpg/500px-An_elderly_Tibetan_women_holding_a_prayer_wheel_on_Lhasa%2C_Barkhor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Tibet: An elderly Tibetan woman holding a <a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">prayer wheel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa's</a> pilgrimage circuit of Barkhor. The Barkhor, a quadrangle of streets that surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang Temple</a>, is both the spiritual heart of the holy city and the main commercial district for Tibetans.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg/250px-Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg/330px-Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg/500px-Prayers_in_front_of_Jokhang_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Bhakti (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: bhatti<a href="#cite_note-karunaratna435-20">[20]</a>) at a Buddhist temple, Tibet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longshan_Temple_(40842755631).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Longshan_Temple_%2840842755631%29.jpg/250px-Longshan_Temple_%2840842755631%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Longshan_Temple_%2840842755631%29.jpg/330px-Longshan_Temple_%2840842755631%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Longshan_Temple_%2840842755631%29.jpg/500px-Longshan_Temple_%2840842755631%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Devotees chanting before an image of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> (a feminine form of <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>), at <a href="/wiki/Longshan_Temple_metro_station" title="Longshan Temple metro station">Longshan Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asan_bajan_wk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Asan_bajan_wk.jpg/250px-Asan_bajan_wk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Asan_bajan_wk.jpg/330px-Asan_bajan_wk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Asan_bajan_wk.jpg/500px-Asan_bajan_wk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Nepalese Buddhists participating in a <a href="/wiki/Gunla_Bajan" title="Gunla Bajan">Gunla Bajan</a> (a form of Nepalese Buddhist devotional song) procession in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</figcaption></figure> A rich devotionalism developed in Indian <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna Buddhism">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a> and it can be found in the veneration of the transcendent Buddha <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> and of bodhisattvas like <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjusri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> in East Asia and Chenrezig in Tibetan) and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ik435-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[119]</a> Mahayana sources like the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> describe the Buddha as the loving father of all beings, and exhorts all Buddhists to worship him.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Mahayana bhakti also led to the rise of temples which were focused on housing a central Buddha image, something which became the norm during the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-121">[121]</a> Gupta era Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism stressed bhakti towards the Buddha as a central virtue and liberally made use of Buddha images, which are often accompanied by attendant bodhisattvas.<a href="#cite_note-:3-121">[121]</a> These new developments in Buddhist bhakti may have been influenced by the pan-Indian <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movement</a>, and indeed, many Gupta monarchs, who were devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> religion also supported Buddhist temples and founded monasteries (including great ones like <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_mahavihara" title="Nalanda mahavihara">Nalanda</a>).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Buddhists were in competition with the Hindu religions of the time, like the Bhagavatas and Shaivas, and they developed Buddhist bhakti focused on the Buddhas and bodhisattvas in this religious environment.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Mahāyāna interprets <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> as a transcendent and eternal state (as found in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Suta</a>) and is also equated with the ultimate reality (<a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakaya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:2-108">[108]</a> Bodhisattvas were also considered to be extremely powerful divinities that could grant boons and rescue people from danger.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[119]</a> This shift towards devotion to a transcendent being in later Buddhism has been seen as being similar to <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a> forms of Hindu bhakti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966679–81-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a> Mahayana Buddhist bhakti was also sometimes aimed at a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutra</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita sutra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Some sources, like the <a href="/wiki/Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABhas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhāvatīvyūhasūtra">Sukhāvatīvyūhasūtra</a>, even state that through devotion to the Buddha Amitabha one can attain rebirth in his <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure land">Pure Land</a> and here one can be purified of all negative karma and eventually attain Buddhahood. As such, they make Buddha bhakti a central element of their <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>. Bhakti in these sutras supersedes the making of good karma and cultivation of the path in favor of devotion to the Buddha Amitabha who can lead one to liberation in the Pure Land.<a href="#cite_note-:2-108">[108]</a> This eventually came to be seen as its own path to liberation, its own mārga, often called the "easy path". A text attributed to <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, the *Dasabhumikavibhāsā (Chinese: Shí zhù pípóshā lùn 十住毘婆沙論, T.1521) teaches the "easy practice" which is simply being constantly mindful of the Buddhas.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> All of these ideas became the foundation for the later development of East Asian <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>. Mahayana Buddhist bhakti is grounded in the Mahayana ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a> (the mind aimed at awakening for the benefit of all beings) and skillful means (<a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">upaya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[119]</a> Mahayana bhakti practices include various forms of ritual <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">pujas</a> and prayers. The Mahayana form of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81nusm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Buddhānusmṛti">Buddhānusmṛti</a> (remembering the Buddha) could include visualization practices and recitation of the names of a Buddha or bodhisattva (as in <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>) was also a common method of devotional practice taught in numerous Indian sources.<a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a> One common puja and prayer format in Indian Mahayana was the "seven part worship" (saptāṇgapūjā or saptavidhā anuttarapūjā).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> This often included various offerings of flowers, food, scents, and music.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> This ritual form is visible in the works of <a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a> (8th century) and includes:<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <ul><li>Vandana (obeisance, bowing)</li> <li>Puja (ritual worship with offerings etc.)</li> <li>Sarana-gamana (going for <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">refuge</a>)</li> <li>Papadesana (confession of bad deeds)</li> <li>Punyanumodana (rejoicing in merit of the good deeds of oneself and others)</li> <li>Adhyesana (prayer, entreaty) and yacana (supplication) – request to Buddhas and Bodhisattvas to continue preaching Dharma</li> <li>Atmabhavadi-parityagah (surrender) and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">pariṇāmanā</a> (the transfer of one's Merit to the welfare of others)</li></ul> Devotion to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas continued to be a major part of the later <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhist traditions of tantra.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[119]</a> Vajrayana Buddhism also added another form of bhakti to their teachings: guru bhakti (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">guru yoga</a>), devotion towards the tantric <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>. In India, various forms of devotion were practiced, including tantric songs of realization called <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_realization" title="Songs of realization">Charyagitis</a>. These first arose in the so called called <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapadas</a> of medieval Bengali <a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahajiya</a> Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> As such, both in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, there remains a strong tradition of devotional veneration of various Buddhas and bodhisattvas (which includes making offerings and chanting their names or <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>), and this is one of the most popular forms of lay Buddhist practice.<a href="#cite_note-child138-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> Bhakti has been a prevalent ancient practice in various Jaina sects, wherein learned <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> (Jina) and human gurus have been venerated with offerings, songs and <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Āratī</a> prayers.<a href="#cite_note-johncort-133">[133]</a> Jainism participated in the Bhakti school of medieval India, and has a rich tradition of bhakti literature (stavan) though these have been less studied than those of the Hindu tradition.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The Avasyaka sutra of Jains includes, among ethical duties for the devotee, the recitation of "hymns of praise to the Tirthankaras" as the second Obligatory Action. It explains this bhakti as one of the means to destroy negative karma. According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a>, such textual references to devotional activity suggests that bhakti was a necessary part of Jainism from an early period.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a>, along with its strong focus on ethics and ascetic practices, the religiosity in Jainism has had a strong tradition of bhakti or devotion just like their Hindu counterparts. The Jain community built ornate temples and prided in public devotion for its fordmakers, saints and teachers. Abhisekha, festival prayers, community recitals and Murti puja (rituals before an image) are examples of integrated bhakti in Jain practice. Some Jain monks, however, reject Bhakti.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Buddhist devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awgatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Awgatha">Awgatha</a> - Burmese Buddhist Devotion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">Novena</a> – a form of devotion to <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Mary">Blessed Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> or a saint in <a href="/wiki/Piety#as_devotion" title="Piety">Christianity</a> over nine successive days or weeks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">Kavanah</a> – intention, devotion during prayer in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravidassia religion">Ravidassia religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-monier-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monier_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monier_1-1">b</a> See <a href="/wiki/Monier-Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a>, Sanskrit Dictionary, 1899. </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopediabrit-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediabrit_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediabrit_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediabrit_2-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti">Bhakti</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-karen-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karen_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karen_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karen_3-2">c</a> Karen Pechelis (2011), "Bhakti Traditions", in The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies (Editors: Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood), Bloomsbury, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826499660" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826499660">978-0826499660</a>, pp. 107–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-swearer9-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swearer9_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swearer9_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swearer9_4-2">c</a> Donald Swearer (2003), Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition (Editors: Heine and Prebish), Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195146981" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195146981">978-0195146981</a>, pages 9-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-werner45-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-werner45_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-werner45_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-werner45_5-2">c</a> Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700702350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700702350">978-0700702350</a>, pages 45-46 </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-1">b</a> Strong, John S. (2017). The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia, p. 117. Princeton University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-hardip-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardip_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardip_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardip_7-2">c</a> Hardip Syan (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199699308" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199699308">978-0199699308</a>, page 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans_G._KippenbergYme_B._KuiperAndy_F._Sanders1990" class="citation book cs1">Hans G. Kippenberg; Yme B. Kuiper; Andy F. Sanders (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdYfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA295">Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087437-2"><bdi>978-3-11-087437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Person+in+Religion+and+Thought&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-11-087437-2&rft.au=Hans+G.+Kippenberg&rft.au=Yme+B.+Kuiper&rft.au=Andy+F.+Sanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdYfAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The foundations of emotional devotionalism (bhakti) were laid in south India in the second half of the first millennium of our era (...)". </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndira_Viswanathan_Peterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQwABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 4, footnote 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6006-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-6006-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+to+Siva%3A+The+Hymns+of+the+Tamil+Saints&rft.pages=4%2C+footnote+4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6006-7&rft.au=Indira+Viswanathan+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQwABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nirgun-10"><a href="#cite_ref-nirgun_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeNapoli2018" class="citation journal cs1">DeNapoli, Antoinette (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9120408">"Earning God through the "One-Hundred Rupee Note": Nirguṇa Bhakti and Religious Experience among Hindu Renouncers in North India"</a>. Religions. 9 (12): 408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9120408">10.3390/rel9120408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Earning+God+through+the+%22One-Hundred+Rupee+Note%22%3A+Nirgu%E1%B9%87a+Bhakti+and+Religious+Experience+among+Hindu+Renouncers+in+North+India&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=408&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel9120408&rft.aulast=DeNapoli&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel9120408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2">c</a> Dayal, Dar (1970). The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 32. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> John Lochtefeld (2014), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing (New York), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823922871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823922871">978-0823922871</a>, pp. 98–100. Also see articles on bhaktimārga and jnanamārga. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutler-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_13-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCutler1987" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Norman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1">Songs of Experience</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Experience&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35334-4&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveSItWingx8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA185">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSfneQ0YYY8C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neill_2002_412-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neill_2002_412_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neill_2002_412_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeill2002" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA412">A History of Christianity in India, 1707–1858</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89332-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89332-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%2C+1707%E2%80%931858&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89332-9&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXi-tvrYbYxMC%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelting_2001_87-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelting_2001_87_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelting_2001_87_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelting2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitney_Kelting" title="Mary Whitney Kelting">Kelting, Mary Whitney</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC&pg=PA87">Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514011-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+to+the+Jinas%3A+Jain+Laywomen%2C+Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da%E1%B8%B7+Singing%2C+and+the+Negotiations+of+Jain+Devotion&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514011-8&rft.aulast=Kelting&rft.aufirst=Mary+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Delcn1IEJ3CEC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> A. Frank Thompson (1993), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters (Editor: Harold Coward), Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120811584" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120811584">978-8120811584</a>, pp. 176–186 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, see Introduction chapter </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen19951–2_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen1995">Lorenzen 1995</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-karunaratna435-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karunaratna435_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karunaratna435_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarunaratna2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Karunaratna, Indumathie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/283214333/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-IV">"Devotion"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/G._P._Malalasekera" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Malalasekera">Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Vol. IV. Government of Ceylon. p. 435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devotion&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Government+of+Ceylon&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Karunaratna&rft.aufirst=Indumathie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F283214333%2FEnceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rinehart-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Rinehart_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2004" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, Robin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA45">Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+Ritual%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-905-8&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMPYnfS_R90C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flood_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embree-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Embree_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embree_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embree_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embree_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Embree_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmbreeStephen_N._HayWilliam_Theodore_De_Bary1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie Thomas</a>; Stephen N. Hay; William Theodore De Bary (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=An5mD6KMiSIC&pg=PA342">Sources of Indian Tradition</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06651-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06651-8"><bdi>978-0-231-06651-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Tradition&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06651-8&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft.au=Stephen+N.+Hay&rft.au=William+Theodore+De+Bary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAn5mD6KMiSIC%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-pasquier-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pasquier_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasquier_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasquier_25-2">c</a> Michael Pasquier (2011), The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, Wiley-Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405157629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405157629">978-1405157629</a>, See article on Devotionalism and Devotional Literature, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470670606.wbecc0417">10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0417</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> L. D. Nelson and Russell R. Dynes (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384313">The Impact of Devotionalism and Attendance on Ordinary and Emergency Helping Behavior</a>, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 15, No. 1, pages 47-59 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> GJ Larson, India's Agony Over Religion: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education, SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2411-7">978-0-7914-2411-7</a>, page 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Roxanne Leslie Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman (2009), Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691135885" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691135885">978-0691135885</a>, pages 21-23 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Minoru Kiyota (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233958">Tathāgatagarbha Thought: A Basis of Buddhist Devotionalism in East Asia</a>, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2/3, pages 207-231 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Pori Park (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23943371">Devotionalism Reclaimed: Re-mapping Sacred Geography in Contemporary Korean Buddhism</a>, Journal of Korean Religions, Vol. 3, No. 2, pages 153-171 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Allan Andrews (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270396">Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History</a>, Numen, Vol. 40, No. 1, pages 16-37 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388029">The Evolution of Marian Devotionalism within Christianity and the Ibero-Mediterranean Polity</a>, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 1, pages 50-73 </li> <li id="cite_note-Prentiss-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Prentiss_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPechilis_Prentiss1999" class="citation book cs1">Pechilis Prentiss, Karen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC&pg=PA24">The Embodiment of Bhakti</a>. US: Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512813-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512813-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embodiment+of+Bhakti&rft.place=US&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512813-0&rft.aulast=Pechilis+Prentiss&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu95WgeUBfEC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Werner_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerner1993" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Karel (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYahlaJCLnYC&pg=PA168">Love Divine: studies in bhakti and devotional mysticism</a>. Routledge. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-0235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+Divine%3A+studies+in+bhakti+and+devotional+mysticism&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0235-0&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYahlaJCLnYC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> John Bowker "Bhakti ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 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Guru Bhakti Yoga. Divine Life Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7052-168-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7052-168-6"><bdi>978-81-7052-168-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Bhakti+Yoga&rft.pub=Divine+Life+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7052-168-6&rft.aulast=Sivananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVivekananda1970" class="citation book cs1">Vivekananda, Swami (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlshq.org/download/gurubhaktiyoga.htm">The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda</a>. 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Westminster John Knox Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22475-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22475-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22475-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+religions+in+America%3A+an+introduction&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22475-2&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, page 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678–80-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678–80_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678–80_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNanayakkara1966">Nanayakkara 1966</a>, pp. 678–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-johnmartin-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnmartin_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnmartin_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnmartin_44-2">c</a> John Martin Sahajananda (2014), Fully Human Fully Divine, Partridge India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482819557" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482819557">978-1482819557</a>, page 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus</a> (1989). A survey of Hinduism. 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(2005). Gale Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2. Thomson Gale. pp. 856–857. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865735-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E856-%3C%2Fspan%3E857&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865735-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> A Mandair (2011), Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism, in Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia (Editor: Anne Murphy), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415595971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415595971">978-0415595971</a>, page 188-190 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/266/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्">Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23</a> Wikisource </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> WN Brown (1970), Man in the Universe: Some Continuities in Indian Thought, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520017498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520017498">978-0520017498</a>, pages 38-39 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenintro-59"><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_59-0">^</a> Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 301-304 </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerinto-60"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_60-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xxxii – xlii </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerbhakti-61"><a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbhakti_61-0">^</a> Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xxxiv and xxxvii </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> "Scholarly consensus today tends to view bhakti as a post-Vedic development that took place primarily in the watershed years of the epics and Puranas." Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, page 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-WilliamsErnst_Leumann1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier-Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>; Ernst Leumann (1899). A Sanskrit-English dictionary, etymologically and philologically arranged : with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages (new ed.). Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/152275976">152275976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+dictionary%2C+etymologically+and+philologically+arranged+%3A+with+special+reference+to+cognate+Indo-European+languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F152275976&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft.au=Ernst+Leumann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, page 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="name="Singh"" class="citation book cs1">Singh, R. Raj (2006). Bhakti and philosophy. Lexington Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1424-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-1424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+and+philosophy&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1424-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smpandey-66"><a href="#cite_ref-smpandey_66-0">^</a> SM Pandey (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061803">Mīrābāī and Her Contributions to the Bhakti Movement</a>, History of Religions, Vol. 5, No. 1, pages 54-73 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Carl (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC&pg=PA231">The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-4068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+many+colors+of+Hinduism%3A+a+thematic-historical+introduction&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVWKClYq4TUC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, pages 17-18 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1986" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Daniel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C">The Advaitic Theism of the Bhagavata Purana</a>. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0179-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaitic+Theism+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Mo&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0179-0&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrtYYTjYFY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Buitenen1996" class="citation book cs1">van Buitenen, J. A. B (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-sC1GkwH7sC&pg=PA28">"The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa"</a>. In S.S Shashi (ed.). Encyclopedia Indica. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 28–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7"><bdi>978-81-7041-859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaism+of+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Indica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-859-7&rft.aulast=van+Buitenen&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-sC1GkwH7sC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Note: The earliest arrival dates are contested by scholars. They range from 7th to 9th century, with Muslim traders settling in coastal regions of Indian peninsula, to Muslims seeking asylum in Tamil Nadu, to raids in northwest India by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad bin Qasim</a>. See: Annemarie Schimmel (1997), Islam in the Indian subcontinent, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004061170" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004061170">978-9004061170</a>, pages 3-7; Andre Wink (2004), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Brill Academic Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09249-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09249-8">90-04-09249-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnhawley-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnhawley_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnhawley_72-1">b</a> John Stratton Hawley (2015), A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674187467" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674187467">978-0674187467</a>, pages 39-61 </li> <li id="cite_note-schomer-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schomer_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schomer_73-1">b</a> Karine Schomer and WH McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802773" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802773">978-8120802773</a>, pages 1-2 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Burchett, Patton (2019) Genealogy of Devotion - Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga, and Sufism in North India, pp. 2-3. Columbia University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA185">The Blackwell companion to Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSfneQ0YYY8C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997), A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700710485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700710485">978-0700710485</a>, page 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kakabhajans.org/">"BHAAV SAMADHI VICHAAR SAMADHI - KAKA BHAJANS"</a>. Kakabhajans.org. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kakabhajans.org&rft.atitle=BHAAV+SAMADHI+VICHAAR+SAMADHI+-+KAKA+BHAJANS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kakabhajans.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, pages 10-16 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195351903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195351903">978-0195351903</a>, pages 15-16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Minor-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Minor_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinor1986" class="citation book cs1">Minor, Robert Neil (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku2DGm20WWUC&pg=PA3">Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavadgita</a>. SUNY Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-297-1"><bdi>978-0-88706-297-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Indian+Interpreters+of+the+Bhagavadgita&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-297-1&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Robert+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu2DGm20WWUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA104">The Strides of Vishnu</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2"><bdi>978-0-19-531405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531405-2&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant2017" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F. (11 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2c-_DQAAQBAJ">Bhakti Yoga: Tales and Teachings from the Bhagavata Purana</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71439-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71439-0"><bdi>978-0-374-71439-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Yoga%3A+Tales+and+Teachings+from+the+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.isbn=978-0-374-71439-0&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2c-_DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrentiss2000" class="citation book cs1">Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (6 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC">The Embodiment of Bhakti</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535190-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535190-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535190-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embodiment+of+Bhakti&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535190-3&rft.aulast=Prentiss&rft.aufirst=Karen+Pechilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu95WgeUBfEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSundararajanBithika_Mukerji2003" class="citation book cs1">Sundararajan, K. R.; Bithika Mukerji (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LO0DpWElIRIC&pg=PA306">Hindu Spirituality</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1937-5&rft.aulast=Sundararajan&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rft.au=Bithika+Mukerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLO0DpWElIRIC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobsen-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2005). Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14757-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+And+Practice+of+Yoga%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Gerald+James+Larson&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14757-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chapple-86"><a href="#cite_ref-chapple_86-0">^</a> Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438428420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438428420">978-1438428420</a>, pages 302-303, 318 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_FeuersteinKen_Wilber2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTjewAEACAAJ">The Yoga Tradition</a>. 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Sources of Indian Tradition. 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Government of Ceylon. pp. 435–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devotion&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Government+of+Ceylon&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Karunaratna&rft.aufirst=Indumathie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F283214333%2FEnceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966678_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNanayakkara1966">Nanayakkara 1966</a>, p. 678. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966679-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966679_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNanayakkara1966">Nanayakkara 1966</a>, p. 679. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_108-2">c</a> Gokhale, Pradeep. "The Place of Bhakti in Buddhism", in Illuminating the Dharma: Buddhist Studies in Honour of Venerable Professor KL Dhammajoti, Edited by Toshiichi Endo, Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pas1995-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pas1995_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pas1995_109-1">b</a> Pas, Julian F. (1995). Visions of Sukhavati: Shan-Tao's Commentary on the Kuan Wu-liang- Shou-Fo Ching, pp. 26-30. Albany, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2520-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2520-7">0-7914-2520-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotman_2008-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Rotman_2008_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRotman2008" class="citation book cs1">Rotman, Andy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-0JCAAAQBAJ">"Getting and Giving"</a>. Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045117-2"><bdi>978-0-19-045117-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Getting+and+Giving&rft.btitle=Thus+Have+I+Seen%3A+Visualizing+Faith+in+Early+Indian+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045117-2&rft.aulast=Rotman&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-0JCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton-111"><a href="#cite_ref-princeton_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuswell,_Jr.Lopez,_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Jr., Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald S. Lopez, Jr.">Lopez, Jr., Donald S.</a> (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400848058" title="Special:BookSources/9781400848058"><bdi>9781400848058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781400848058&rft.aulast=Buswell%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Jr.%2C+Donald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_112-1">b</a> Rotman, Andy (2008). Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism, p. 245. Oxford University Press, USA. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Sanskrit: svalpāpi hy atra bhaktir bhavati matimatāṃ nirvāṇaphaladā  saṃkṣepād yat kṛtam. te vṛjinam iha muner mohāndhamanasā sarvaṃ prakṣālitaṃ tat tava hṛdaye gataiḥ śraddhāmbuvisaraiḥ </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Keune, Jon (2021). Shared Devotion, Shared Food: Equality and the Bhakti-caste Question in Western India, p. 49. Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-King1964p173-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King1964p173_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King1964p173_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinston_Lee_King1964" class="citation book cs1">Winston Lee King (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_dCAAAAIAAJ">A thousand lives away: Buddhism in contemporary Burma</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 173–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674887107" title="Special:BookSources/9780674887107"><bdi>9780674887107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+thousand+lives+away%3A+Buddhism+in+contemporary+Burma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780674887107&rft.au=Winston+Lee+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_dCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGokhale1981" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Balkrishna_Govind_Gokhale" title="Balkrishna Govind Gokhale">Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ">"Bhakti in Early Buddhism"</a>. In Lele, J (ed.). Tradition and modernity in Bhakti movements. Vol. 31. <a href="/wiki/Brill_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill (publisher)">Brill Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004063709" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004063709"><bdi>978-9004063709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bhakti+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+modernity+in+Bhakti+movements&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-9004063709&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=Balkrishna+Govind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkLs3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Dayal, Dar (1970). The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 36. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayatilleke1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K.N._Jayatilleke" class="mw-redirect" title="K.N. Jayatilleke">Jayatilleke, K.N.</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911084454/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf">Early Buddhist theory of knowledge</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54287-1"><bdi>978-1-134-54287-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/early%20buddhist%20theory%20of%20knowledge_jayatilleke.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+theory+of+knowledge&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54287-1&rft.aulast=Jayatilleke&rft.aufirst=K.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2Fearly%2520buddhist%2520theory%2520of%2520knowledge_jayatilleke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-3">d</a> Lewis, Todd T. (2000). Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism, p. 9. SUNY Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Dayal, Dar (1970). The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 34. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_121-1">b</a> Sukumar Dutt (1988). Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture, pp. 193-94. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Sukumar Dutt (1988). Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture, p. 180, 197. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Dayal, Dar (1970). The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 38. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966679–81-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanayakkara1966679–81_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNanayakkara1966">Nanayakkara 1966</a>, pp. 679–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_125-1">b</a> Norio Sekido, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/41/1/41_1_533/_pdf">Bhakti and Sraddha.</a> Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies Vol. 41, No. 1, December 1992 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Apple, James B. "Prajñaparamita", in Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, ed. by Arvind Sharma (2019). Springer. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Williams, Paul (2009). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, 2nd edition, p. 145. Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Williams, Paul (2008). Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd Edition, p. 244. Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Dayal, Dar (1970). The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p. 54. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Sukumar Dutt (1988). Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture, p. 196. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Dayal, Dar (1970). The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, pp. 54-57. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarua" class="citation web cs1">Barua, Dr. Rajen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boloji.com/articles/50353/buddhism-and-bhakti">"Buddhism and Bhakti"</a>. www.boloji.com. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boloji.com&rft.atitle=Buddhism+and+Bhakti&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Rajen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boloji.com%2Farticles%2F50353%2Fbuddhism-and-bhakti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johncort-133"><a href="#cite_ref-johncort_133-0">^</a> John Cort, Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 64-68, 86-90, 100-112 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Whitney_Kelting2001" class="citation book cs1">M. Whitney Kelting (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC">Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803211-3"><bdi>978-0-19-803211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+to+the+Jinas%3A+Jain+Laywomen%2C+Mandal+Singing%2C+and+the+Negotiations+of+Jain+Devotion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803211-3&rft.au=M.+Whitney+Kelting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Delcn1IEJ3CEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dundas2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dundas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">The Jains</a>. Routledge. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.au=Paul+Dundas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D_Long2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery D Long (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ">Jainism: An Introduction</a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 111–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-392-6"><bdi>978-0-85771-392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-392-6&rft.au=Jeffery+D+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3gAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSherry_Fohr2015" class="citation book cs1">Sherry Fohr (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMXuBQAAQBAJ">Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 91–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2755-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2755-1"><bdi>978-1-4742-2755-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-2755-1&rft.au=Sherry+Fohr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMXuBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Owen2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Owen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC">Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. xii, 2, 12–13, 117–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20629-8"><bdi>978-90-04-20629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carving+Devotion+in+the+Jain+Caves+at+Ellora&rft.pages=xii%2C+2%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20629-8&rft.au=Lisa+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHK2WE8xAzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2000" class="citation cs2">Frawley, David (2000), Vedantic Meditation: Lighting the Flame of Awareness, North Atlantic Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedantic+Meditation%3A+Lighting+the+Flame+of+Awareness&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_N._Lorenzen" class="mw-redirect" title="David N. Lorenzen">Lorenzen, David N.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&pg=PA57">Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-2025-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Religion+in+North+India%3A+Community+Identity+and+Political+Action&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpSxJg_ehnIC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNanayakkara1966" class="citation cs2">Nanayakkara, S. K. (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/231146388/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-II-srilanka-verson">"Bhakti"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/G._P._Malalasekera" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Malalasekera">Malalasekera, Gunapala Piyasena</a> (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, vol. II, Government of Ceylon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bhakti&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Government+of+Ceylon&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Nanayakkara&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F231146388%2FEnceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-II-srilanka-verson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Swami <a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a>, Love Divine – Narada Bhakti Sutra, Chinmaya Publications Trust, Madras, 1970</li> <li>Swami <a href="/wiki/Tapasyananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapasyananda">Tapasyananda</a>, Bhakti Schools of Vedanta, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras, 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>, Srimad Bhagavatam (12 Cantos), The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Rosen" title="Steven J. Rosen">Steven J. Rosen</a>, The Yoga of Kirtan: conversations on the Sacred Art of Chanting (New York: FOLK Books, 2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhakti&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bhakti" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bhakti">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bhakti" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bhakti">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bhakti" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Bhakti">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bhakti" class="extiw" title="q:Bhakti">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bhakti" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Bhakti">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bhakti" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bhakti">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bhakti" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bhakti">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/lessons/lesson1/lesson1.php?s=0">Bhakti Poets: A History of Bhakti by Doris Jakobsh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206062735/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/en1">The full text of the Bhagavata Purana (Srimad-Bhagavatam)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sankaracharya.org/narada_bhakti_sutras.php">English Translation of Narada Bhakti Sutra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/29-1_012.pdf">Hindu and Christian Bhakti: A Common Human Response to the Sacred</a>, DC Scott (1980), Indian Journal of Theology, 29(1), pages12-32</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056168">Author and authority in the Bhakti poetry of north India</a>, JS Hawley (1988), The Journal of Asian Studies, 47(02), pages 269–290.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/74/3/646.short">The politics of nonduality: Reassessing the work of transcendence in modern Sikh theology</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] (Nirguni Bhakti), A Mandair (2006), Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 74(3), pages 646–673.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soar.wichita.edu/bitstream/handle/10057/1733/LAJ+8.2_p102-115.pdf?sequence=1">Bhakti, Buddhism and the Bhagavad-Gita</a> Rob Reed (1977), Wichita, United States</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGokhale1980" class="citation journal cs1">Gokhale, B. G. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/ec8c024df147995260000fc13721f2d1/">"Bhakti in Early Buddhism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_and_African_Studies" title="Journal of Asian and African Studies">Journal of Asian and African Studies</a>. 15 (1–2): 16–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002190968001500102">10.1177/002190968001500102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144437763">144437763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Bhakti+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002190968001500102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144437763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fec8c024df147995260000fc13721f2d1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhakti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062410">The Transforming Gift: An Analysis of Devotional Acts of Offering in Buddhist "Avadāna" Literature</a>, John Strong (1979), History of Religions, 18(3) (Feb., 1979), pages 221–237.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li>and sometimes <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li>Asana Journal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_thought" title="Stopping thought">Stopping thought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template talk:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_spirituality183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick">Magick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy233" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Template:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Template talk:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnava philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vishnu-bhakti,_Vaishnava_theology,_and_Vaishnava_philosophy233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vishnu-bhakti, Vaishnava theology, and Vaishnava philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Bhagavate_Vasudevaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya">Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Om" title="Hari Om">Hari Om</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arati" class="mw-redirect" title="Arati">Arati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">Diksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya#Vaishnava_Sampradayas" title="Sampradaya">Sampradayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> - <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> - <a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaras">Four Kumāras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Prajnana_Kesava_Goswami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami">Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Bhakti Hridaya Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa_Goswami" title="Shrivatsa Goswami">Shrivatsa Goswami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Famous bhaktas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Goswamis_of_Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Goswamis of Vrindavana">Six Goswamis of Vrindavana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Devananda_Gaudiya_Math" title="Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Caitanya_Prema_Samsthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana">Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar#Sri_Chaitanya_Saraswat_Math" title="Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar">Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon#Sri_Sri_Radha_Govindaji_Trust" title="Bhakti Hridaya Bon">Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vaisnava_Association" title="World Vaisnava Association">World Vaisnava Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Abodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrindavana">Vrindavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">Divya Desams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panchajanya" title="Panchajanya">Panchajanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_(Vishnu)" title="Padma (Vishnu)">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandaka" title="Nandaka">Nandaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanastra" title="Narayanastra">Narayanastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">Kaustubha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaijayanti" title="Vaijayanti">Vaijayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Pundra" title="Urdhva Pundra">Urdhva Pundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Chaturdashi" title="Vaikuntha Chaturdashi">Vaikuntha Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatalas">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense of India">Incense of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Japamala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvait%C4%81dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitādvaita">Dvaitādvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Achintya Bhedābheda">Achintya Bhedābheda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">Devis list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niladevi" title="Niladevi">Niladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">Demigods list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Indian idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6996d6c59f-txc28","wgBackendResponseTime":270,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.254","walltime":"1.542","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14397,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":324713,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11244,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":392501,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1134.542 1 -total"," 45.03% 510.856 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.96% 237.802 51 Template:Cite_book"," 13.48% 152.936 35 Template:ISBN"," 9.69% 109.965 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.29% 94.012 36 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 7.85% 89.073 1 Template:Hinduism_small"," 7.64% 86.727 2 Template:Langx"," 7.24% 82.194 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 5.95% 67.451 10 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.644","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17835522,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllportSwami_Akhilananda1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarua\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaryStephen_N_Hay1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswell,_Jr.Lopez,_Jr.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeNapoli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevanand\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbreeStephen_N._HayWilliam_Theodore_De_Bary1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlueckiger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrawley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg_FeuersteinKen_Wilber2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlucklich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGokhale1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGokhale1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman2001\"] = 1,\n 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-28T05:27:16Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T22:45:29Z","headline":"devotional love, a concept in Indian religions"}</script> </body> </html>