CINXE.COM

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https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53081-hero-tablet-2x.jpg [(min-width: 900px)] | https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53081-hero-desktop-2x.jpg [(min-width: 1400px)]" data-sizes="auto"> </div> <noscript> <div class="bg hero" style="background: url(https://www.nobelprize.org/images//53081-content-landscape-desktop.jpg)" > </div> </noscript> <div class="figcaption"> <p class="figcaption__caption"> The will of Alfred Nobel from 27 November, 1895 </p> <p class="figcaption__attribution"> © Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud </p> </div> <h1 class="title "> Nobel Prize facts </h1> </section> <section class="page-section"> <section class="page-content border-top"> <article class=" entry entry-gutenberg"> <p>On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace – the Nobel Prizes. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Learn more about the Nobel Prize laureates* here. </p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">627 Nobel Prizes</h3> <figure class="wp-block-table grey-borders"> <table class="has-fixed-layout"> <thead> <tr> <th>Nobel Prize</th> <th>Number of prizes</th> <th>Number of laureates</th> <th>Awarded to one laureate</th> <th>Shared by two laureates</th> <th>Shared by three laureates</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Physics</td> <td>118</td> <td>227</td> <td>47</td> <td>33</td> <td>38</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry</td> <td>116</td> <td>197</td> <td>63</td> <td>25</td> <td>28</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Medicine</td> <td>115</td> <td>229</td> <td>40</td> <td>36</td> <td>39</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Literature</td> <td>117</td> <td>121</td> <td>113</td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Peace </td> <td>105</td> <td>111+31</td> <td>71</td> <td>31</td> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Economic sciences</td> <td>56</td> <td>96</td> <td>26</td> <td>20</td> <td>10</td> </tr> </tbody> <tfoot> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>627</td> <td>1,012</td> <td>360</td> <td>149</td> <td>118</td> </tr> </tfoot> </table> </figure> <p>In the <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/about/statutes-of-the-nobel-foundation/">statutes of the Nobel Foundation</a> it says: “A prize amount may be equally divided between two works, each of which is considered to merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons.”</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">All Nobel Prize laureates</h3> <p>Between 1901 and 2024, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 627 times to 1,012 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 976 individuals and 28 organisations. See <a href="#multiple">Multiple Nobel Prize laureates</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes">List of all Nobel Prize laureates</a><br /><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-organizations/">List of Nobel Prize awarded organisations</a></p> <p>Lists of all Nobel Prize laureates in<br />| <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics">Physics</a> | <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-chemistry">Chemistry</a> | <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-laureates-in-physiology-or-medicine">Physiology or medicine</a> | <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature">Literature</a> | <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-peace-prizes">Peace</a> | <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-prizes-in-economic-sciences">Economic sciences</a> |</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Years without Nobel Prizes</h3> <p>Since the start, in 1901, there are some years when the Nobel Prizes have not been awarded. The total number of times are 49. Most of them during World War I (1914-1918) and II (1939-1945). In the <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/organization/statutes-of-the-nobel-foundation/">statutes of the Nobel Foundation</a> it says: “If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation’s restricted funds.”.</p> <p>Physics: 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942</p> <p>Chemistry: 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942</p> <p>Physiology or medicine: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942</p> <p>Literature:  1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943</p> <p>Peace: 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972</p> <p>Economic sciences: –</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nobel Prize laureates and affiliation</h3> <p>Here you can find out which universities, research institutions or companies Nobel Prize laureates were affiliated with at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-laureates-and-research-affiliations" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nobel Prize laureates listed</a><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-laureates-and-research-affiliations"> </a><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-laureates-and-research-affiliations" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">by affiliation</a></p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The youngest Nobel Prize laureates</h3> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/yousafzai/facts/"> Malala Yousafzai</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 17 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1915/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1915/wl-bragg/facts/"> Lawrence Bragg</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 25 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/summary/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 2018 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2018/murad/facts/"> Nadia Murad</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 25 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1957/lee/facts/"> Tsung-Dao Lee</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 30 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1936/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1936/anderson/facts/"> Carl D. Anderson</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 31 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for his discovery of the positron” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/dirac/facts/"> Paul A.M. Dirac</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 31 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1932/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1932/heisenberg/facts/"> Werner Heisenberg</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 31 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1923/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1923/banting/facts/"> Frederick G. Banting</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 31 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the discovery of insulin” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"all","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"ASC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Physics</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1915/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1915/wl-bragg/facts/"> Lawrence Bragg</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 25 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"phy","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"ASC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Chemistry</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/facts/"> Frédéric Joliot</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 35 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"che","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"ASC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Physiology or medicine</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1923/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1923/banting/facts/"> Frederick G. Banting</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 31 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the discovery of insulin” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"med","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"ASC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Literature</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1907/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1907/kipling/facts/"> Rudyard Kipling</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 41 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"lit","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"ASC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Peace </h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/summary/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2014/yousafzai/facts/"> Malala Yousafzai</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 17 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"pea","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"ASC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Economic sciences</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/summary/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/duflo/facts/"> Esther Duflo</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 46 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"eco","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"ASC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The oldest Nobel Prize laureates</h3> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/goodenough/facts/"> John B. Goodenough</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 97 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the development of lithium-ion batteries” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <blockquote class="card-prize--top-motivation"> “for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics” </blockquote> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/ashkin/facts/"> Arthur Ashkin</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 96 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/hopfield/facts/"> John J. Hopfield</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 91 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2007/summary/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2007/hurwicz/facts/"> Leonid Hurwicz</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 90 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <blockquote class="card-prize--top-motivation"> “for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems” </blockquote> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/manabe/facts/"> Syukuro Manabe</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 90 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <blockquote class="card-prize--top-motivation"> “for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems” </blockquote> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/hasselmann/facts/"> Klaus Hasselmann</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 89 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2012/summary/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2012 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2012/shapley/facts/"> Lloyd S. Shapley</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 89 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/penrose/facts/"> Roger Penrose</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 89 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"all","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"DESC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Physics</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <blockquote class="card-prize--top-motivation"> “for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics” </blockquote> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/ashkin/facts/"> Arthur Ashkin</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 96 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"phy","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"DESC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Chemistry</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/goodenough/facts/"> John B. Goodenough</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 97 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for the development of lithium-ion batteries” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"che","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"DESC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Physiology or medicine</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1966/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1966/rous/facts/"> Peyton Rous</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 87 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"med","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"DESC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Literature</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2007/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2007/lessing/facts/"> Doris Lessing</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 87 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"lit","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"DESC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Peace </h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/summary/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1995 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/rotblat/facts/"> Joseph Rotblat</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 86 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"pea","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"DESC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Economic sciences</h4> <div class="dynamic-list"> <div class="card-prize"> <h3> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2007/summary/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007 </a> </h3> <div class="card-prize--laureates"> <div class="card-prize--laureates --one"> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links --has-age"> <a class="card-prize--laureates--links--link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2007/hurwicz/facts/"> Leonid Hurwicz</a> <div class="card-prize--laureates--links--age"> Awarded at age 90 </div> </div> <blockquote class="card-prize--laureates--motivation --last "> “for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory” </blockquote> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-current-page" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-attributes" value="{"category":"eco","gender":"all","hasAffiliation":false,"decadePagination":false,"startYear":"","endYear":"","orderBy":"age","order":"DESC","show_age":true,"is_list_ordered_by_age":true,"is_gender_filtered_list":false}"/> <input type="hidden" class="dynamic-list-rest-url" value="/wp-json/nobelprize/v1/dynamic-list-load-more"/> </div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">66 Nobel Prizes to women</h3> <p>Between 1901 and 2024 the Nobel Prize and prize in economic sciences have been awarded 66 times to women.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women">List of all female Nobel Prize laureates</a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2560" height="1440" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/alexievich-13645-landscape-full-width-2x.jpg" alt="Svetlana Alexievich" class="wp-image-41680"/><figcaption><span class="image-credits">© Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud</span></figcaption></figure> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Two Nobel Prize laureates declined the prize</h3> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1964/sartre/facts/">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the prize because he had consistently declined all official honours.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/">Le Duc</a><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/facts/"> </a><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/speedread/">Tho</a>, awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. They were awarded the prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Le Duc Tho said that he was not in a position to accept the Nobel Peace Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason. </p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Forced to decline the Nobel Prize</h3> <p>Four Nobel Prize laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Prize laureates, <a href="/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html">Richard Kuhn</a>, <a href="/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html">Adolf Butenandt</a> and <a href="/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html">Gerhard Domagk</a>, from accepting the Nobel Prize. All of them could later receive the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the prize amount.</p> <p><a href="/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1958/index.html">Boris Pasternak</a>, the 1958 Nobel Laureate in Literature, initially accepted the Nobel Prize but was later coerced by the authorities of the Soviet Union, his native country, to decline the Nobel Prize. </p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nobel Prize laureates under arrest at the time of the award</h3> <p>Five Nobel Prize laureates were under arrest at the time of the award of the Nobel Prize, all of them Nobel Peace Prize laureates:</p> <p>German pacifist and journalist <a href="/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1935/index.html">Carl von Ossietzky</a><br />Burmese politician <a href="/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/index.html">Aung San Suu Kyi</a><br />Chinese human rights activist <a href="/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/index.html">Liu Xiaobo</a><br />Belarus human rights advocate <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2022/bialiatski/facts/">Ales Bialiatski</a><br />Iranian human rights advocate and freedom fighter <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2023/mohammadi/facts/">Narges Mohammadi</a></p> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1935/ossietzky/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/ossietzky-12998-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/ossietzky-12998-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/ossietzky-12998-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Carl von Ossietzky" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/ossietzky-12998-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Carl von Ossietzky" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1935/ossietzky/" title="Carl von Ossietzky" itemprop="url"> Carl von Ossietzky </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1935/ossietzky/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1935 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1991/kyi/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kyi-13435-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kyi-13435-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kyi-13435-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Aung San Suu Kyi " /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kyi-13435-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Aung San Suu Kyi " /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1991/kyi/" title="Aung San Suu Kyi" itemprop="url"> Aung San Suu Kyi </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1991/kyi/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/2010/xiaobo/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/xiaobo-15154-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/xiaobo-15154-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/xiaobo-15154-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Liu Xiaobo" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/xiaobo-15154-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Liu Xiaobo" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/2010/xiaobo/" title="Liu Xiaobo" itemprop="url"> Liu Xiaobo </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/2010/xiaobo/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/2022/bialiatski/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/141694-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/141694-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/141694-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Ales Bialiatski" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/141694-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Ales Bialiatski" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/2022/bialiatski/" title="Ales Bialiatski " itemprop="url"> Ales Bialiatski </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/2022/bialiatski/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 2022 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/2023/mohammadi/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/148988-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/148988-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/148988-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Portrait of Narges Mohammadi" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/148988-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Portrait of Narges Mohammadi" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/2023/mohammadi/" title="Narges Mohammadi" itemprop="url"> Narges Mohammadi </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/2023/mohammadi/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 2023 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all.</q> </div> </article> </section> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="700" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/xiaobo-chair-photo-1075-large.jpg" alt="Liu Xiaobo's empty chair at the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo" class="wp-image-188893"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">As a tribute to the absent Nobel Laureate, Liu Xiaobo’s Nobel Medal and Diploma were placed on an empty chair during the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, 10 December 2010.  <span class="image-credits">Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2010, Photo: Ken Opprann</span></figcaption></figure> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="multiple">Multiple Nobel Prize laureates</h3> <p>The work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been honoured by a Nobel Peace Prize three times. Besides, the founder of the ICRC, <a href="/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1901/index.html">Henry Dunant</a>, was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901.</p> <p>Linus Pauling is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes – the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.</p> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1956/bardeen/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bardeen-13240-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bardeen-13240-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bardeen-13240-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="John Bardeen" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bardeen-13240-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="John Bardeen" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1956/bardeen/" title="John Bardeen" itemprop="url"> John Bardeen </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1972/bardeen/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1956/bardeen/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/" title="Marie Curie, née Skłodowska" itemprop="url"> Marie Curie, née Skłodowska </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1911/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pauling-13157-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pauling-13157-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pauling-13157-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Linus Carl Pauling" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pauling-13157-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Linus Carl Pauling" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/" title="Linus Carl Pauling" itemprop="url"> Linus Carl Pauling </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1962/pauling/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1962 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1958/sanger/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sanger-13323-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sanger-13323-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sanger-13323-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Frederick Sanger" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sanger-13323-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Frederick Sanger" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1958/sanger/" title="Frederick Sanger" itemprop="url"> Frederick Sanger </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1980/sanger/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1958/sanger/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/2001/sharpless/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sharpless-13726-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sharpless-13726-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sharpless-13726-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="K. Barry Sharpless" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/sharpless-13726-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="K. Barry Sharpless" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/2001/sharpless/" title="K. Barry Sharpless" itemprop="url"> K. Barry Sharpless </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/2022/sharpless/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/2001/sharpless/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1917/red-cross/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/red-cross-13865-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/red-cross-13865-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/red-cross-13865-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="ICRC logotype" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/red-cross-13865-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="ICRC logotype" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1917/red-cross/" title="Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)" itemprop="url"> Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1963/red-cross/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1944/red-cross/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1944 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1917/red-cross/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1917 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1954/refugees/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/refugees-132763-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/refugees-132763-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/refugees-132763-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="UNHCR logo" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/refugees-132763-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="UNHCR logo" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1954/refugees/" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)" itemprop="url"> Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1981/refugees/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1981 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1954/refugees/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1954 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world.</q> </div> </article> </section> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Posthumous Nobel Prizes</h3> <p>From 1974, the <a href="/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/statutes.html#par4">Statutes</a> of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that a prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement of the Nobel Prize. Before 1974, the Nobel Prize has only been awarded posthumously twice: to <a href="/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1961/index.html">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> (Nobel Peace Prize 1961) and <a href="/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1931/index.html">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (Nobel Prize in Literature 1931).</p> <p>Following the 2011 announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, it was discovered that one of the medicine laureates, <a href="/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/steinman-facts.html">Ralph Steinman</a>, had passed away three days earlier. The Board of the Nobel Foundation examined the statutes, and an interpretation of the purpose of the rule above led to the conclusion that Ralph Steinman should continue to remain a Nobel Prize laureate, as the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet had announced the 2011 Nobel Prize laureates in physiology or medicine without knowing of his death.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">“Family Nobel Prize laureates”</h3> <p>The Curies were a very successful ‘Nobel Prize family’. Marie Curie herself was awarded two Nobel Prizes.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/marie-and-pierre-curie-and-the-discovery-of-polonium-and-radium/">Read more about Marie and Pierre Curie and the discovery of polonium and radium</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/nobel-prize-awarded-couples/">More about Nobel Prize awarded couples</a></p> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Married couples (at the time of the award) </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/" title="Marie Curie, née Skłodowska" itemprop="url"> Marie Curie, née Skłodowska </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1911/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Pierre Curie" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Pierre Curie" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/" title="Pierre Curie" itemprop="url"> Pierre Curie </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/" title="Irène Joliot-Curie" itemprop="url"> Irène Joliot-Curie </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-fred-12996-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-fred-12996-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-fred-12996-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Frédéric Joliot" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-fred-12996-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Frédéric Joliot" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/" title="Frédéric Joliot" itemprop="url"> Frédéric Joliot </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-fred/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-gt/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-gt-13052-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-gt-13052-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-gt-13052-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-gt-13052-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-gt/" title="Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz" itemprop="url"> Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-gt/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-cf/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-cf-13051-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-cf-13051-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-cf-13051-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Carl Ferdinand Cori" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cori-cf-13051-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Carl Ferdinand Cori" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-cf/" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori" itemprop="url"> Carl Ferdinand Cori </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-cf/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/myrdal/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13257-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13257-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13257-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Gunnar Myrdal" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13257-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Gunnar Myrdal" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/myrdal/" title="Gunnar Myrdal" itemprop="url"> Gunnar Myrdal </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/myrdal/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1982/myrdal/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13349-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13349-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13349-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Alva Myrdal" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/myrdal-13349-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Alva Myrdal" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/peace/1982/myrdal/" title="Alva Myrdal" itemprop="url"> Alva Myrdal </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/peace/1982/myrdal/"> The Nobel Peace Prize 1982 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2014/may-britt-moser/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-15191-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-15191-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-15191-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="May-Britt Moser" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/may-britt-moser-15191-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="May-Britt Moser" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2014/may-britt-moser/" title="May-Britt Moser" itemprop="url"> May-Britt Moser </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2014/may-britt-moser/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2014/edvard-moser/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/edvard-moser-15192-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/edvard-moser-15192-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/edvard-moser-15192-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Edvard I. Moser" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/edvard-moser-15192-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Edvard I. Moser" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2014/edvard-moser/" title="Edvard I. Moser" itemprop="url"> Edvard I. Moser </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2014/edvard-moser/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/duflo/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/duflo-99998-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/duflo-99998-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/duflo-99998-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Esther Duflo" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/duflo-99998-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Esther Duflo" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/duflo/" title="Esther Duflo" itemprop="url"> Esther Duflo </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/duflo/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/banerjee/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/banerjee-99994-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/banerjee-99994-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/banerjee-99994-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Abhijit Banerjee" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/banerjee-99994-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Abhijit Banerjee" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/banerjee/" title="Abhijit Banerjee" itemprop="url"> Abhijit Banerjee </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/banerjee/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.</q> </div> </article> </section> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Mother & daughter </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/marie-curie-12879-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Marie Curie, née Sklodowska" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/" title="Marie Curie, née Skłodowska" itemprop="url"> Marie Curie, née Skłodowska </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1911/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.</q> <br /> <br /> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/" title="Irène Joliot-Curie" itemprop="url"> Irène Joliot-Curie </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.</q> </div> </article> </section> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Father & daughter </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Pierre Curie" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/pierre-curie-12836-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Pierre Curie" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/" title="Pierre Curie" itemprop="url"> Pierre Curie </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/joliot-curie-12995-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/" title="Irène Joliot-Curie" itemprop="url"> Irène Joliot-Curie </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1935/joliot-curie/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.</q> </div> </article> </section> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Father & son </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1915/wh-bragg/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wh-bragg-12901-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wh-bragg-12901-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wh-bragg-12901-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Sir William Henry Bragg" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wh-bragg-12901-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Sir William Henry Bragg" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1915/wh-bragg/" title="Sir William Henry Bragg" itemprop="url"> Sir William Henry Bragg </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1915/wh-bragg/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1915/wl-bragg/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wl-bragg-13858-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wl-bragg-13858-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wl-bragg-13858-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="William Lawrence Bragg" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/wl-bragg-13858-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="William Lawrence Bragg" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1915/wl-bragg/" title="William Lawrence Bragg" itemprop="url"> William Lawrence Bragg </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1915/wl-bragg/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Niels Henrik David Bohr" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-12929-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Niels Henrik David Bohr" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/" title="Niels Henrik David Bohr" itemprop="url"> Niels Henrik David Bohr </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1975/bohr/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-13276-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-13276-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-13276-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Aage Niels Bohr" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bohr-13276-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Aage Niels Bohr" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1975/bohr/" title="Aage Niels Bohr" itemprop="url"> Aage Niels Bohr </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1975/bohr/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1929/euler-chelpin/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-chelpin-12961-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-chelpin-12961-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-chelpin-12961-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-chelpin-12961-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1929/euler-chelpin/" title="Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin" itemprop="url"> Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/1929/euler-chelpin/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1970/euler/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-13221-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-13221-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-13221-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Ulf von Euler" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/euler-13221-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Ulf von Euler" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1970/euler/" title="Ulf von Euler" itemprop="url"> Ulf von Euler </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1970/euler/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1959/kornberg/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13134-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13134-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13134-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Arthur Kornberg" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13134-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Arthur Kornberg" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1959/kornberg/" title="Arthur Kornberg" itemprop="url"> Arthur Kornberg </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1959/kornberg/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/2006/kornberg/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13716-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13716-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13716-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Roger D. Kornberg" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/kornberg-13716-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Roger D. Kornberg" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/2006/kornberg/" title="Roger D. Kornberg" itemprop="url"> Roger D. Kornberg </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/chemistry/2006/kornberg/"> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1924/siegbahn/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-12937-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-12937-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-12937-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-12937-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1924/siegbahn/" title="Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn" itemprop="url"> Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1924/siegbahn/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1981/siegbahn/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-13342-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-13342-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-13342-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Kai M. Siegbahn" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/siegbahn-13342-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Kai M. Siegbahn" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1981/siegbahn/" title="Kai M. Siegbahn" itemprop="url"> Kai M. Siegbahn </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1981/siegbahn/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1906/thomson/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Joseph John Thomson" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-12853-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Joseph John Thomson" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1906/thomson/" title="Joseph John Thomson" itemprop="url"> Joseph John Thomson </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1906/thomson/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1937/thomson/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-13013-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-13013-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-13013-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="George Paget Thomson" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/thomson-13013-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="George Paget Thomson" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/physics/1937/thomson/" title="George Paget Thomson" itemprop="url"> George Paget Thomson </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/physics/1937/thomson/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1982/bergstrom/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bergstrom-13346-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bergstrom-13346-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bergstrom-13346-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Sune K. Bergström" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bergstrom-13346-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Sune K. Bergström" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1982/bergstrom/" title="Sune K. Bergström" itemprop="url"> Sune K. Bergström </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1982/bergstrom/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2022/paabo/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/143954-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/143954-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/143954-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Svante Pääbo" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/143954-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Svante Pääbo" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2022/paabo/" title="Svante Pääbo" itemprop="url"> Svante Pääbo </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/2022/paabo/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.</q> </div> </article> </section> <section class="most-popular-laureates"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Brothers </h3> </header> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/1969/tinbergen/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13210-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13210-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13210-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Jan Tinbergen" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13210-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Jan Tinbergen" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/1969/tinbergen/" title="Jan Tinbergen" itemprop="url"> Jan Tinbergen </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/1969/tinbergen/"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.</q> </div> </article> <article class="laureate border-top" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <figure class="content-img"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1973/tinbergen/"> <picture ><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13249-portrait-mini-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13249-portrait-small-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13249-portrait-medium-2x.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Nikolaas Tinbergen" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/tinbergen-13249-portrait-medium.jpg" alt="Nikolaas Tinbergen" /></noscript></picture> </a> </figure> <div class="content"> <h4 itemprop="name"> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1973/tinbergen/" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen" itemprop="url"> Nikolaas Tinbergen </a> </h4> <span> <a href="/prizes/medicine/1973/tinbergen/"> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 </a> </span> <q itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Quotation">for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.</q> </div> </article> </section> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Nobel Prize award ceremonies</h3> <p>On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prizes were awarded for the first time in Stockholm and in Christiania (now Oslo) respectively.</p> <p>The Nobel Prize award ceremony in Stockholm took place at the Old Royal Academy of Music during the years 1901-1925. Since 1926, the ceremony has taken place at the Stockholm Concert Hall with few exceptions: 1971 in the Philadelphia Church; 1972 in the St. Erik International Fair (known today as Stockholm International Fairs) in Älvsjö, 1975 in the St. Erik International Fair and in 1991 at the Stockholm Globe Arena. The King of Sweden hands over the prize to the laureate/s.</p> <p>In Norway, during the years 1901-1904 the decision on the peace prize was announced at a meeting of the Storting on 10 December, after which the recipients were informed in writing. During 1905-1946 the Nobel Peace Prize award ceremonies were held at the Nobel Institute building, during 1947-1989 in the auditorium of the University of Oslo and since 1990 at the Oslo City Hall. The King of Norway is present, but it is the Chairman of the Nobel Committee who hands over the prize to the laureate/s.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/ceremonies-archive/">Ceremonies archive</a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="628" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/53496-large.jpg" alt="Nobel Prize award ceremony" class="wp-image-55237"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Nobel Prize award ceremony in Konserthuset Stockholm. <span class="image-credits">© Nobel Media. Photo: Alexander Mahmoud.</span></figcaption></figure> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Nobel Prize insignias</h3> <p>At the Nobel Prize award ceremonies on 10 December the Nobel Prize laureates receive three things: a Nobel Prize diploma, a Nobel Prize medal and a document confirming the Nobel Prize amount. Each Nobel Prize diploma is a unique work of art, created by foremost Swedish and Norwegian artists and calligraphers. The Nobel Prize medals are handmade with careful precision and in 18 carat recycled gold.</p> <p>The Nobel Prize medals in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and literature are identical on the face: it shows the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833-1896). Nobel’s portrait also appears on the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the medal for the prize in economic sciences, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse varies according to the institution awarding the prize.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-medals-and-the-medal-for-the-prize-in-economic-sciences/">More about the Nobel Prize medals</a></p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Nobel Prize diplomas</h3> <p>Each Nobel Prize diploma is a unique work of art, created by foremost Swedish and Norwegian artists and calligraphers.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-diplomas">More about the Nobel Prize diplomas</a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="766" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/gbowee-diploma-15464-large.jpg" alt="Leymah Gbowee - Nobel Diploma" class="wp-image-39513"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Leymah Gbowee – Nobel Diploma <span class="image-credits">Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2011, Artist: Jan Trygve Fløysvik, Calligrapher: Inger Magnus, Book binder: Julius Johansen, Photo reproduction: Thomas Widerberg</span></figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Nobel Prize amount</h2> <p>Alfred Nobel left most of his estate, more than SEK 31 million (today approximately SEK 2,2 billion) to be converted into a fund and invested in “safe securities.” The income from the investments was to be “distributed annually in the form of prizes to those who during the preceding year have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.”</p> <p>The Nobel Prize amount for 2024 is set at Swedish kronor (SEK) 11.0 million per full Nobel Prize.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-prize-amounts/">More about the Nobel Prize amount</a></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <h3 class="wp-block-heading has-24-font-size">* Why are the individuals and organisations awarded a Nobel Prize called Nobel Prize laureates?</h3> <p>The word “laureate” refers to being signified by the laurel wreath. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is represented wearing a laurel wreath on his head. A laurel wreath is a circular crown made of branches and leaves of the bay laurel (in Latin: Laurus nobilis). In Ancient Greece, laurel wreaths were awarded to victors as a sign of honour – both in athletic competitions and in poetic meets.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">More facts on the Nobel Prizes</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physics/">Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/">Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine/">Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-literature/">Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/">Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-prize-in-economic-sciences">Facts on the prize in economic sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/">Facts on all Nobel Prizes</a></li> </ul> <p class="has-15-font-size">First published 5 October 2009.</p> </article> <footer class="border-top pagecite" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/citation"> <p> To cite this section <br> MLA style: Nobel Prize facts. 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