CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gender inequality in Liberia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d26c075a-8def-4438-930c-3fcbefafba3c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gender_inequality_in_Liberia","wgTitle":"Gender inequality in Liberia","wgCurRevisionId":1228014494,"wgRevisionId":1228014494,"wgArticleId":38227525,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","Webarchive template wayback links","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023","Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022","All articles with minor POV problems", "Articles with minor POV problems from May 2020","Women in Liberia","Gender inequality by country","Gender in Liberia","Women's rights in Liberia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gender_inequality_in_Liberia","wgRelevantArticleId":38227525,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Women_in_Liberia","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl": "/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q17005208","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gender inequality in Liberia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gender_inequality_in_Liberia rootpage-Gender_inequality_in_Liberia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gender+inequality+in+Liberia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gender+inequality+in+Liberia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gender+inequality+in+Liberia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gender+inequality+in+Liberia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Gender roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shifts_toward_gender_equality_in_Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shifts_toward_gender_equality_in_Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Shifts toward gender equality in Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shifts_toward_gender_equality_in_Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Violence against women</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violence_against_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Violence against women subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_violence_during_the_Liberian_Civil_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_violence_during_the_Liberian_Civil_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sexual violence during the Liberian Civil Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_violence_during_the_Liberian_Civil_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Women soldiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ethnic violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_genital_mutilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Female genital mutilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inequalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inequalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inequalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Education laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_low_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_low_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reasons for low education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_low_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertility_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fertility rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Maternal health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>HIV/AIDS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legal framework</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_framework-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal framework subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_and_customary_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_and_customary_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Civil and customary laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_and_customary_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodily_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodily_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bodily integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodily_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Women in politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Feminist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_indigenous_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_indigenous_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Women in indigenous society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women_in_indigenous_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women in indigenous society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women_in_indigenous_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grebo_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grebo_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Grebo people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grebo_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gender inequality in Liberia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_de_las_mujeres_en_Liberia" title="Derechos de las mujeres en Liberia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos de las mujeres en Liberia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesetaraan_gender_di_Liberia" title="Kesetaraan gender di Liberia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesetaraan gender di Liberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17005208#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gender_inequality_in_Liberia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&oldid=1228014494" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&id=1228014494&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGender_inequality_in_Liberia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGender_inequality_in_Liberia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17005208" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Liberia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Liberia">Women in Liberia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg/300px-Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg/450px-Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg/600px-Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Liberian women, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>The extent of gender inequalities varies throughout <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> in regard to status, region, rural/urban areas, and traditional cultures. In general, women in Liberia have less access to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, property, and justice when compared to men. Liberia suffered two devastating <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> from <a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a>. The wars left Liberia nearly destroyed with minimal infrastructure and thousands dead. Liberia has a <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Report</a> ranking of 174 out of 187 and a <a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index</a> rank of 154 out of 159.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the progress of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia's economy</a> since the end of its second civil war in 2003, it remains one of the poorest countries in the world today with high levels of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">deprivation</a>, exacerbated by economic crises and increasing <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gender roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Liberia, men and women have clear gender divisions of labor. Women typically clean, cook, and take care of children, but their contributions to the family are rarely recognized as work. Men are seen as the head of the households and the breadwinners. Women are held back in society by biases in education, health care, land ownership, and credit, along with cultural practices like <a href="/wiki/Pre-arranged_marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-arranged marriages">pre-arranged marriages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These factors constrain women from entering the workforce. The traditional role of women as <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregivers</a> in Liberian society is an example of <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a>'s idea of a resource-based approach, favoring protection of the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifts_toward_gender_equality_in_Liberia">Shifts toward gender equality in Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shifts toward gender equality in Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> with Liberia in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a> that restricted women from achieving equality began to change. After the wars in Liberia ended, initially, there was little to no participation from women in <a href="/wiki/Positions_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Positions of power">positions of power</a>, organizations or in government. Now, there are over 100 women's organizations according to the Women's NGO Secretariat of Liberia (WONGOSOL).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organizations serve to feed funds to local powerful women leaders. In comparison to other countries affected by wars, women in Liberia have been successful in making their voices heard in politics despite male resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of women in politics, Liberia had elected their first female president <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> in 2006, a step toward progress in a developing country.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the National Institute for Public Opinion (NIPO) has raised awareness of <a href="/wiki/Women_empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Women empowerment">women empowerment</a> and equality through organizing the <a href="/wiki/16_Days_of_Activism_against_Gender-based_Violence" title="16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence">16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence</a>. Through this month long campaign, it brought awareness to the legalities women were entitled to both nationally and internationally as well as female participation in politics and policy making.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a more international scale, with assistance from Sweden, UN women have reached out to men to join the fight against gender-based violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the campaign, twelve men were nominated to become ambassadors to bring awareness and encourage other men to take a stand against <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there has been some progress, in order to fulfill the MDG development goal of promoting gender equality and empowering women there are still some areas to improve on such as addressing the gender discrimination in law, unequal job opportunities and wage gaps as well as a lack of equal women's participation in decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_violence_during_the_Liberian_Civil_Wars">Sexual violence during the Liberian Civil Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sexual violence during the Liberian Civil Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">First Liberian Civil War</a>, there were widespread reports of sexual violence towards women. After the war, a survey taken of 205 women in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a> showed that 49% experienced at least one type of physical or sexual violence by a soldier; 17% reported being beaten, tied up, or detained by an armed guard; 32% were strip-searched; and 15% experienced rape, attempted rape, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_coercion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual coercion">sexual coercion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9486762_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9486762-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual coercion refers to a forced sexual relationship between a soldier and a woman who is forced into the relationship because of wartime conditions in order to feed herself or her family, to have shelter and clothing, or for protection and safety. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Liberian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a> reported that it had assisted almost 1,000 women and girls who had suffered gender-based violence in <a href="/wiki/Montserrado_County" title="Montserrado County">Montserrado County</a>. 63% of the assaults were rapes.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IRC also surveyed Liberian women and girls between the ages of 15 and 49 in refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. 74% of those surveyed reported having been subject to sexual violence. The majority of incidents were improper sexual comments, with sexual touching, stripping, and cavity searches also common.<sup id="cite_ref-watchlist.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watchlist.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><big>Post-War Gender Violence Outcome</big></b> </p><p>After the wars ended, the opening ceremony of the peace negotiations was held on June 4, 2003 in Ghana, Liberia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant issue during these negotiations for peace is that there were none addressing the sexual violence crimes suffered by both women and children, land rights or even a discussion to include women's rights to education, despite five women being present during these negotiations. Despite Liberia passing the Rape Amendment Act in 2006 to impose stricter punishments and offering no bail to accused rapists, it was found that many women's groups had never even seen the new law.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One solution that was offered in December 2008 was the creation of a rape court in order to fast track rape cases to give the victims closure. However due to the weaknesses and corruptions of the court system, many victims and their families were reluctant to press charges due to the system ruling in favor of men. While this is a step to improve the quality of life for women it does not solve the problem of sexual violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_soldiers">Women soldiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women and girls were abducted in the thousands and forced to fight and move supplies. Many of the older girls and women were sent directly to the front line without receiving any military training. A woman resisting or refusing a commander's orders risked being beaten, raped or killed.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_violence">Ethnic violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women belonging (or accused of belonging) to certain ethnic groups or factions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> had an increased risk for sexual violence, being forced to cook for soldiers or becoming sex slaves. In a 1998 survey of 106 women in Monrovia accused of being an ethnic group or faction member- 61% reported being beaten, locked up, strip searched, or raped. Women forced to cook for soldiers had even higher chances of sexual coercion or rape.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9486762_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9486762-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_genital_mutilation">Female genital mutilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Female genital mutilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> is prevalent in some ethnic groups throughout Liberia <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>. The civil wars led to a decrease in female genital mutilation due to upheaval of life in rural areas, but the practice is still common.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlasof_a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlasof_a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 study indicates that 52.8% of women ages 15–29 in the <a href="/wiki/Sande_society" title="Sande society">Sande Society</a> have been subjected to female genital mutilation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of victims do not speak out against the practice for fear of being ostracized or killed by community members.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inequalities">Inequalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inequalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it comes to education in Liberia, boys are favored over girls to go to school. In most cases the extended family will fund the education for boys but rarely girls. This is an example of <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen's</a> theory of Special Opportunity Inequality: education opportunities are less for girls than for boy in both primary and secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for education inequality of boys over girls is typically families believe an educated woman will take her education to her husband's family, resulting in a loss to their family. Regardless of sex, if the family is able to pay for a child's education they are usually steered toward gender specific occupation. Boys are taught the sciences and mathematics while girls are taught nursing and teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the literacy rate for adult men was 55% and women was 41%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Literacy (and education in general) is very much connected to women's ability to form social relationships on a basis of equality with other and to achieve the important social good of self-respect."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Illiteracy, moreover, is strongly linked, as I have already argued, to other forms of injustice: domestic violence without exit options and unequal political and employment opportunities."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Martha Nussbaum </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_laws">Education laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001 an education law was enacted making primary education free and compulsory, though resources have not been adequate to implement the policy nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-WodonQuentin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WodonQuentin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since her election in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> has worked to promote school enrollment. In 2012 primary school enrollment in urban areas was 63.7% for girls and 86.8% for boys, in rural areas it was 33.1% for girls and 44.9% for boys.<sup id="cite_ref-WodonQuentin_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WodonQuentin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason for the gender inequality is that boys are seen to be more likely to use their education to contribute to household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the education law, youths who had previously little or no access to education have been returning to school. A 2006 school census showed that 15% of the students in primary school were ages 6 to 7 years old, and half of the students were ages 11 to 20.<sup id="cite_ref-WodonQuentin_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WodonQuentin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_low_education">Reasons for low education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reasons for low education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main contributors to the overall low levels of education for Liberians is the lack of infrastructure in schools, security problems across the country and the high cost of education. A 2006 census from the Liberian Ministry of Education found that one in five schools in Liberia had been destroyed during the wars. Many schools were without water and restrooms, along with more than 60% of teachers lacking formal qualifications and being paid very low salaries ($200–$300USD per year).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For people living in indigenous/rural areas there are many reasons for low levels of education including, limited access to schools, curriculum not being seen as relevant for rural life, the expense of sending children to urban areas for school, the belief that education will alienate their children from cultural values and in the case of girls, the belief that modern careers favor men.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility_rate">Fertility rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fertility rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> has been slowly declining from 6.9 births per woman in 1984 to 5.4 in 2007 and 5.2 in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although fertility rates are decreasing in Liberia, its population growth rate is 2.6%, meaning that Liberia is one of the fastest growing nations in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This growth is caused by a large percent of the female population being of reproductive age, along with early marriage practices (approximately 48% married by age 18 in 2007) and widespread polygamy, especially in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contraceptive use is low among women from poor households and unmarried women, with an estimated prevalence rate of 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_health">Maternal health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maternal health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">Maternal mortality</a> is a major problem in Liberia, in 2010 there were 770 deaths per 100,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devastating Liberian Civil Wars destroyed the country's health infrastructure. Even finding accurate numbers on maternal mortality is difficult because most cases go unreported, along with problems recording traditional births.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV/AIDS"><span id="HIV.2FAIDS"></span>HIV/AIDS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transmission of HIV in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> is primarily through heterosexual intercourse, mother-to-child transmission, and contaminated blood and unsterilized medical equipment. With greater use of health services during pregnancy, there is a higher chance of HIV infection due to contaminated equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of HIV increases with malnutrition and parasite-burdened people,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a very real problem for the citizens of Liberia. There is a widely held belief across Sub-Saharan Africa that sex with a virgin cures HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillwaggon,_Eileen_2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillwaggon,_Eileen_2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HIV/AIDS prevalence in Liberia is low, at 1.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas where women are not allowed to own land, they have less of an ability to practice safe sex without risking fear of abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillwaggon,_Eileen_2008_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillwaggon,_Eileen_2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a> gave Liberia $24 million in funding to aid in the treatment of individuals with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, many of which were victims of sexual violence.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_and_customary_laws">Civil and customary laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Civil and customary laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liberia operates on a dual system of law. Civil law is based on Anglo-American ideals, and customary law is based on customs and unwritten tribal practices. Because of this system women are subject to more inequalities when living in rural/tribal areas. Customary law is the default except when it conflicts with the constitution. However, in practice, customary laws conflicting with the constitution generally go unchecked by the statutory system.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customary law regards women as property of their husbands, because of this, women rarely have a role in family decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the civil law, men and women share the same legal rights. Women are able to inherit land or property, take out bank loans, and have custody over children. Under customary law women cannot inherit land or property and have no rights to custody or parental authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlasof_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlasof-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberian women have had the right to vote since 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Liberia" title="Polygamy in Liberia">Polygamy in Liberia</a></div> <p>There are gender inequalities in marriage law because the minimum legal age of marriage is 18 for women and 21 for men. One third of married women in the age group 15-49, are in polygamous marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlasof_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlasof-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimated that 36% of girls from 15-19 were married, divorced or widowed. While polygamy in Liberia is illegal under civil law, customary law allows men to have up to 4 wives.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customary law restricts a married woman's rights to inherit property from her spouse. When widowed, women are at the mercy of the customary laws that are not subject to the civil courts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodily_integrity">Bodily integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bodily integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law does not protect a woman's bodily integrity in Liberia. Though violence against women is illegal, the levels of domestic violence and sexual assault are high. The definition of rape was broadened in 2006 to make <a href="/wiki/Spousal_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal rape">spousal rape</a> a criminal offense.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlasof_a_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlasof_a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martha Nussbaum describes bodily integrity in her capabilities approach as "being able to move freely from place to place; to be secure against violent assault, including sexual assault and domestic violence; having opportunities for sexual satisfaction and choice in matters of reproduction."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education plays a significant part in a woman's bodily integrity. As women become more educated, they take charge of decisions affecting their lives that once may have been made by their husbands, family members, or by social norms. Nussbaum says that "the role of education in developing central human capabilities in no sense implies that, without education, women do not have selves worthy of respect or basic human dignity."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_politics">Women in politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Women in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role women have played in Liberian politics has been substantial. Women helped to end the <a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Liberian Civil War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Women_of_Liberia_Mass_Action_for_Peace" title="Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace">Mass Action for Peace Movement</a> in 2003 led by <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a>. Women's participation in politics has risen to 13.5% in 2011. Liberia ranks 90 out of 193 for female representation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_movement">Feminist movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Feminist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920 the women's movement organized in the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberian_Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Movement" title="National Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement">National Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement</a>, who campaigned without success for women's suffrage, followed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberia_Women%27s_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberia Women's League (page does not exist)">Liberia Women's League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberian_Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Movement" title="Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement">Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1946, limited suffrage was finally introduced for women of the privileged Libero-American elite, and expanded to universal women's suffrage in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-pam_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pam-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_indigenous_society">Women in indigenous society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Women in indigenous society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grebo_people">Grebo people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Grebo people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grebo_people" title="Grebo people">Grebo</a> are a group of indigenous peoples living in southeastern Liberia. The Grebo culture is divided into uncivilized and civilized groups. Uncivilized families typically have less money and opportunity, and women are expected to work. Civilized families have higher status and greater land, money, and political involvement. </p><p>In uncivilized <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (May 2020)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup> Grebo families, women do the majority of the work in the fields, hoeing, planting seed, weeding, harvesting and processing crops. They are responsible for planting rice fields along with cultivating and sell the cash crops. Although women in Grebo culture are the breadwinners, they are still acknowledged as subordinate to their husbands, and expected to contribute to household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In civilized <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (May 2020)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup> families, the man is the breadwinner and the woman is the homemaker. These civilized husbands take great pride that their wives do not work to earn a living, but rather devote themselves to childcare.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civilized <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (May 2020)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup>Grebo culture revolves around a dual-sex system, there are prestigious positions with political functions for women and men. Neither men or women represent each other and both groups are recognized and hold legitimate status. This system allows for women to rise in the hierarchy without being dominated by men, giving women more economic independence and rights. The dual-sex system allows for two town chiefs, one man and one woman, both are more independently elected, sharing no family ties. Gender biases exist in this system, such as women with no property have less of a chance to become a member of the civilized group, whereas men with no property will not experience this obstacle.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_women">Notable women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a>, the 24th <a href="/wiki/Liberian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberian President">President of Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angie_Brooks" title="Angie Brooks">Angie Elizabeth Brooks</a>, the only African woman to become president of the UN General Assembly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Taylor" title="Jewel Taylor">Jewel Cianeh Howard Taylor</a>, Liberian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfort Freeman">Comfort M. Freeman</a>, Liberian peace activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a>, Liberian peace activist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Liberia" title="Polygamy in Liberia">Polygamy in Liberia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Documentaries:</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pray_the_Devil_Back_to_Hell" title="Pray the Devil Back to Hell">Pray the Devil Back to Hell</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Liberia" title="Human rights in Liberia">Human rights in Liberia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"HDI, GII." UNDP Human Development Report. : (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII">http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII</a>, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wodon, Quentin. "Brief Overview ." In Poverty and the Policy Response to the Economic Crisis in Liberia. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2012. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Growth and Distribution" In Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women combined initial, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of states parties : Liberia.. New York: United Nations, 2008. p 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum , Martha . " In Promoting Women's Capabilities". p 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFuest2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fuest, V. (2008-02-16). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This is the Time to Get in Front': Changing Roles and Opportunities for Women in Liberia". <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>107</b> (427): 201–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadn003">10.1093/afraf/adn003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9909">0001-9909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=%27This+is+the+Time+to+Get+in+Front%27%3A+Changing+Roles+and+Opportunities+for+Women+in+Liberia&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=427&rft.pages=201-224&rft.date=2008-02-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadn003&rft.issn=0001-9909&rft.aulast=Fuest&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlphonso2018" class="citation news cs1">Alphonso, Toweh (10 January 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/201801100577.html">"Liberia: Nipo Advances Gender Equality and Women Empowerment"</a></span>. <i>AllAfrica.com</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1986195500">1986195500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica.com&rft.atitle=Liberia%3A+Nipo+Advances+Gender+Equality+and+Women+Empowerment&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Alphonso&rft.aufirst=Toweh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201801100577.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesee2014" class="citation news cs1">Wesee, Ben P. (29 July 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/201407300856.html">"Liberia: Top Fight Against Women Abuse"</a></span>. <i>AllAfrica.com</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1549553843">1549553843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica.com&rft.atitle=Liberia%3A+Top+Fight+Against+Women+Abuse&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.aulast=Wesee&rft.aufirst=Ben+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201407300856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"MDGs 2015: the Mirage! Citizens' Voices on the Millenium Development Goals". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0029-2015002">10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0029-2015002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MDGs+2015%3A+the+Mirage%21+Citizens%27+Voices+on+the+Millenium+Development+Goals&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0029-2015002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9486762-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9486762_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid9486762_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwissJenningsAryeeBrown1998" class="citation journal cs1">Swiss, Shana; Jennings, Peggy J.; Aryee, Gladys V.; Brown, Grace H.; Jappah-Samukai, Ruth M.; Kamara, Mary S.; Schaack, Rosana D. H.; Turay-Kanneh, Rojatu S. (25 February 1998). "Violence Against Women During the Liberian Civil Conflict". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>279</b> (8): 625–629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.279.8.625">10.1001/jama.279.8.625</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9486762">9486762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Violence+Against+Women+During+the+Liberian+Civil+Conflict&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=625-629&rft.date=1998-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.279.8.625&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9486762&rft.aulast=Swiss&rft.aufirst=Shana&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Peggy+J.&rft.au=Aryee%2C+Gladys+V.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Grace+H.&rft.au=Jappah-Samukai%2C+Ruth+M.&rft.au=Kamara%2C+Mary+S.&rft.au=Schaack%2C+Rosana+D.+H.&rft.au=Turay-Kanneh%2C+Rojatu+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnesty.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amnesty.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amnesty.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">No Impunity for Rape- A crime against humanity and a war crime. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR34/017/2004">https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR34/017/2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907162621/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR34/017/2004">Archived</a> 2009-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Amnesty International , 2004. p 3-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watchlist.org-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watchlist.org_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nothing Left to Lose: The Legacy of Armed Conflict and Liberia's Children. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.watchlist.org/reports/files/liberia.report.php#gbv">http://www.watchlist.org/reports/files/liberia.report.php#gbv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160525032643/http://www.watchlist.org/reports/files/liberia.report.php#gbv">Archived</a> 2016-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ackerman, Ruthie (2009). "Rebuilding Liberia, One Brick at a Time". <i>World Policy Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 83–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fwopj.2009.26.2.83">10.1162/wopj.2009.26.2.83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=Rebuilding+Liberia%2C+One+Brick+at+a+Time&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-92&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fwopj.2009.26.2.83&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Ruthie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlasof_a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlasof_a_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlasof_a_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">OECD Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, 2010. p 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Growth and Distribution" In Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women combined initial, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of states parties : Liberia.. New York: United Nations, 2008. p 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Growth and Distribution" In Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women combined initial, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of states parties : Liberia.. New York: United Nations, 2008. p 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen , Amartya . "Many Faces of Gender Inequality ." Frontline, November 9, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family." Culture and Customs of Liberia . Westport : Greenwood Press, 2006. p 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OECD/African Development Bank/United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. African Economic Outlook 2009, OECD Publishing, 2009. p 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Martha . "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." Signs Winter (2004): 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Martha . "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." Signs Winter (2004): 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WodonQuentin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WodonQuentin_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WodonQuentin_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WodonQuentin_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wodon, Quentin. "Brief Overview ." In Poverty and the Policy Response to the Economic Crisis in Liberia . Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2012. p 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wodon, Quentin. "Brief Overview ." InPoverty and the Policy Response to the Economic Crisis in Liberia . Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2012. p 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wodon, Quentin. "Brief Overview ." In Poverty and the Policy Response to the Economic Crisis in Liberia . Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2012. p 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn-Marcos,, Robin, Konia Kollehlon, Bernard Ngovo, and Emily Russ. "Reasons for Educational Inequalities." In Liberians: An Introduction to Their History and Culture. Washington, DC 2: Center for Applied Linguistics, 2005. 38, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank. 2012. Liberia - Tracking the Dimensions of Poverty : Poverty Note. Washington, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12320">https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12320</a> License: CC BY 3.0 Unported. p viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) [Liberia], Ministry of Health and Social Welfare [Liberia], National AIDS Control Program [Liberia], and Macro International, Inc., 2008. Liberia Demographic and Health Survey 2007. Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) and Macro International, Monrovia, Liberia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Growth and Distribution" In Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women combined initial, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of states parties : Liberia.. New York: United Nations, 2008. p 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNICEF - At a glance: Liberia - Statistics." UNICEF - UNICEF Home. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_statistics.html#59">http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_statistics.html#59</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104100905/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_statistics.html#59">Archived</a> 2019-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed March 28, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maternal Mortality Rate." CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209080903/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html">Archived</a> 2020-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed April 29, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jody R. Lori, Amy E. Starke, A critical analysis of maternal morbidity and mortality in Liberia, West Africa, Midwifery, Volume 28, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 67-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillwaggon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stillwaggon, Eileen (2008). "Race, sex, and the neglected risks for women and girls in Sub-Saharan Africa". <i>Feminist Economics</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 67–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545700802262923">10.1080/13545700802262923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154082747">154082747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Economics&rft.atitle=Race%2C+sex%2C+and+the+neglected+risks+for+women+and+girls+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=67-86&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545700802262923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154082747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stillwaggon&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillwaggon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stillwaggon, Eileen (2008). "Race, sex, and the neglected risks for women and girls in Sub-Saharan Africa". <i>Feminist Economics</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545700802262923">10.1080/13545700802262923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154082747">154082747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Economics&rft.atitle=Race%2C+sex%2C+and+the+neglected+risks+for+women+and+girls+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=80&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545700802262923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154082747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stillwaggon&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stillwaggon,_Eileen_2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stillwaggon,_Eileen_2008_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillwaggon,_Eileen_2008_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillwaggon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stillwaggon, Eileen (2008). "Race, sex, and the neglected risks for women and girls in Sub-Saharan Africa". <i>Feminist Economics</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545700802262923">10.1080/13545700802262923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154082747">154082747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Economics&rft.atitle=Race%2C+sex%2C+and+the+neglected+risks+for+women+and+girls+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545700802262923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154082747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stillwaggon&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNICEF - At a glance: Liberia - Statistics." UNICEF - UNICEF Home. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_statistics.html#59">http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_statistics.html#59</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104100905/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_statistics.html#59">Archived</a> 2019-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed March 28, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant-DavisCooperMarksSmith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant-Davis, Thema; Cooper, Katurah; Marks, Alison; Smith, Kimberly; Tillmana, Shaquita (2011). "Sexual assault recovery in the aftermath of the Liberian civil war: forging a sisterhood between feminist psychology and feminist theology". <i>Women & Therapy</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02703149.2011.580689">10.1080/02703149.2011.580689</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143847447">143847447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+%26+Therapy&rft.atitle=Sexual+assault+recovery+in+the+aftermath+of+the+Liberian+civil+war%3A+forging+a+sisterhood+between+feminist+psychology+and+feminist+theology&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=318&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02703149.2011.580689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143847447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bryant-Davis&rft.aufirst=Thema&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Katurah&rft.au=Marks%2C+Alison&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kimberly&rft.au=Tillmana%2C+Shaquita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Growth and Distribution" In Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women combined initial, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of states parties : Liberia.. New York: United Nations, 2008. p 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Growth and Distribution" In Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women combined initial, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of states parties : Liberia.. New York: United Nations, 2008. p 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlasof-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlasof_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlasof_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> OECD Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, 2010. p 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn-Marcos, Robin, Emily Russ, Konia Kollehlon, and Bernard Ngovo. "A Stratified Society." In Liberians an Introduction to their History and Culture. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 2005. pg 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family."Culture and Customs of Liberia . Westport : Greenwood Press, 2006. p 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family."Culture and Customs of Liberia . Westport : Greenwood Press, 2006. p 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum , Martha . " In Promoting Women's Capabilities". p 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nussbaum, Martha . "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." Signs Winter (2004) p 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Samuel . "Executive Summary." In Increasing Women's Political Participation in Liberia . Washington DC : International Foundation for Electoral Systems, 2011. p 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Sheldon <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&dq=liberia+women+League&pg=PA160">Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pam-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pam_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedie2020" class="citation book cs1">Medie, Peace A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9bODwAAQBAJ&dq=liberia+women+suffrage&pg=PA57"><i>Global Norms and Local Action: The Campaigns to End Violence Against Women in Africa</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092296-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092296-2"><bdi>978-0-19-092296-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Norms+and+Local+Action%3A+The+Campaigns+to+End+Violence+Against+Women+in+Africa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092296-2&rft.aulast=Medie&rft.aufirst=Peace+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9bODwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dliberia%2Bwomen%2Bsuffrage%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+inequality+in+Liberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family."Culture and Customs of Liberia . Westport : Greenwood Press, 2006.p 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family."Culture and Customs of Liberia . Westport : Greenwood Press, 2006.p 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moran, Mary. Gender and Prestige in Southeastern Liberia . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. 166, 167, 169, 173.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberia_topics" title="Template:Liberia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberia_topics" title="Template talk:Liberia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Liberia-related_articles" title="Index of Liberia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia#Colonization_(1821–1847)" title="History of Liberia">Colonization (1821–1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia#Americo-Liberian_rule_(1847–1980)" title="History of Liberia">Americo-Liberian rule (1847–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Liberian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1871 Liberian coup d'état">1871 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Liberian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Liberian coup d'état">1980 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia#Samuel_Doe_and_the_People's_Redemption_Council_(1980–1989)" title="History of Liberia">Samuel Doe era (1980–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1985 Liberian coup attempt">1985 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">First Civil War (1989–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">1994 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Monrovia_clashes" title="1998 Monrovia clashes">1998 Monrovia clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">Second Civil War (1999–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Liberia" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia">2014 Ebola virus epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia">2020 coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Liberia" title="List of cities in Liberia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Liberia" title="Template:Borders of Liberia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Liberia" title="Environmental issues in Liberia">Environmental issues</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Liberia" title="Climate change in Liberia">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberian_national_forests" title="List of Liberian national forests">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Liberia" title="Category:Islands of Liberia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Liberia" title="Category:Mountains of Liberia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Liberia" title="List of rivers of Liberia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Liberia" title="Wildlife of Liberia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liberia" title="Politics of Liberia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Liberia" title="Administrative divisions of Liberia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liberia" title="Constitution of Liberia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Liberia" title="Elections in Liberia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Liberia" title="Cabinet of Liberia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Liberia" title="Foreign relations of Liberia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Liberia" title="List of government ministries of Liberia">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Liberia" title="Human rights in Liberia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Liberia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judiciary_of_Liberia" title="Category:Judiciary of Liberia">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Liberia" title="Supreme Court of Liberia">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Liberia" title="Chief Justice of Liberia">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Liberia" title="Armed Forces of Liberia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Liberia)" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (Liberia)">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Liberia" title="Legislature of Liberia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_National_Police" title="Liberian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Liberia" title="List of political parties in Liberia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Liberia" title="President of Liberia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Liberia" title="Vice President of Liberia">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Liberia" title="Agriculture in Liberia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Liberia" title="Central Bank of Liberia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Liberia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_dollar" title="Liberian dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liberia" title="Energy in Liberia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry in Liberia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Liberia" title="Tourism in Liberia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Liberia" title="Transport in Liberia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Liberia" title="Category:Society of Liberia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liberia" title="Corruption in Liberia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Liberia" title="Crime in Liberia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Liberia" title="Demographics of Liberia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Liberia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Liberia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Liberia" title="Health in Liberia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liberia" title="Languages of Liberia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Liberia" title="Public holidays in Liberia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Liberia" title="Squatting in Liberia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liberia" title="Culture of Liberia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia" title="Coat of arms of Liberia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liberia" title="Flag of Liberia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Liberia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Liberia" title="Polygamy in Liberia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Liberia" title="Category:Sport in Liberia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Liberia" title="Outline of Liberia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Liberia-related_articles" title="Index of Liberia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberia" title="Category:Liberia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberia" title="Portal:Liberia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_inequality_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_inequality_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Africa">Gender inequality in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Gender inequality in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender inequality in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender inequality in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&oldid=1228014494">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&oldid=1228014494</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_in_Liberia" title="Category:Women in Liberia">Women in Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_inequality_by_country" title="Category:Gender inequality by country">Gender inequality by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_in_Liberia" title="Category:Gender in Liberia">Gender in Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_in_Liberia" title="Category:Women's rights in Liberia">Women's rights in Liberia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_minor_POV_problems" title="Category:All articles with minor POV problems">All articles with minor POV problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from May 2020">Articles with minor POV problems from May 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 June 2024, at 01:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_inequality_in_Liberia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-zc826","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.550","walltime":"0.739","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3568,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":83623,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12047,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85539,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 647.470 1 -total"," 36.80% 238.268 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.53% 191.175 1 Template:Liberia_topics"," 22.81% 147.712 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 22.62% 146.429 1 Template:Country_topics"," 13.04% 84.462 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.52% 61.608 6 Template:Fix"," 8.70% 56.313 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.39% 41.341 2 Template:Which"," 4.42% 28.626 7 Template:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.312","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6384070,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5wzkx","timestamp":"20241123005534","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gender inequality in Liberia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender_inequality_in_Liberia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17005208","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17005208","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-01-14T20:41:22Z","dateModified":"2024-06-09T01:02:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Flickr_-_usaid.africa_-_Liberia_women.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>