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Archaeology 101: Reading Stratigraphy – MSU Campus Archaeology Program
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</li></ul></div> <!-- /Navigation --> </nav> </div> <!-- /Header Row 3 --> </header> <!-- /Header --> <a id="content"></a> <!-- Two Columns --> <div class="row two-columns"> <!-- Main Column --> <div class="main-column col-md-8 " role="main"> <!-- Post Content --> <div id="post-334" class="entry entry-post post-334 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-capblog tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-101 tag-education tag-stratigraphy"> <div class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <div class="entry-date date updated">February 16, 2010</div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <h1 class="entry-title">Archaeology 101: Reading Stratigraphy</h1> <div class="single-content"><p>This week on <a href="http://facebook.com/capmsu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Facebook</a> and <a href="http://twitter.com/capmsu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twitter</a> we are showcasing a number of photos of profile walls from our excavations, in a section called “Stratigraphy Week!” I thought this would be a good opportunity to discuss one of the more important elements of archaeological excavation: reading stratigraphy.</p> <figure id="attachment_5608" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-5608" style="width: 228px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/lasagna.jpg?ssl=1"><img decoding="async" data-attachment-id="5608" data-permalink="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?attachment_id=5608" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/lasagna.jpg?fit=400%2C300&ssl=1" data-orig-size="400,300" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Gustavo Dao","camera":"","caption":"Picture 049","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Picture 049","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Picture 049" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Layers of a lasagna are like stratigraphic layers. Image Source</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/lasagna.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/lasagna.jpg?fit=400%2C300&ssl=1" class=" wp-image-5608" src="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/lasagna.jpg?resize=228%2C174&ssl=1" alt="Layers of a lasagna are like stratigraphic layers." width="228" height="174" data-recalc-dims="1"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-5608" class="wp-caption-text">Layers of a lasagna are like stratigraphic layers. <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_z5H1lmEN7B8/TK98ruFGCkI/AAAAAAAAAXc/Qd3l8KXP7Ew/s1600/lasagna.jpg">Image Source</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Stratigraphy is the result of what geologists and archaeologists refer to as the “process of stratification”, or the process by which layers of soil and debris are laid down on top of one another over time. The easiest way to think about stratigraphy is as if you were making lasagna: first you put down the first layer of pasta, then cheese on top of that, then sauce, then another piece of pasta, and so on. There is no way for you to put the bottom layer of pasta on before you put the sauce on, and still maintain the same sequence or location of these different layers.</p> <p>This works the same way for archaeology, and can be used to determine a sequence of events. This is what archaeologists and geologists call the “law of superposition”. Simply put:</p> <blockquote><p>Where one layer overlies another, the lower layer was deposited first.</p></blockquote> <p>When an archaeological unit is done being excavated, the walls of the unit reveal the different layers of stratigraphy. Archaeologists are then able to tell which of these layers happened before or after layers.</p> <figure id="attachment_336" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-336" style="width: 224px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="336" data-permalink="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?attachment_id=336" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/IMG_32321.jpg?fit=852%2C1136&ssl=1" data-orig-size="852,1136" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="IMG_3232" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/IMG_32321.jpg?fit=224%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/IMG_32321.jpg?fit=768%2C1024&ssl=1" class="wp-image-336 size-medium" title="IMG_3232" src="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/IMG_32321.jpg?resize=224%2C300&ssl=1" alt="" width="224" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/IMG_32321.jpg?resize=224%2C300&ssl=1 224w, https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/IMG_32321.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/IMG_32321.jpg?w=852&ssl=1 852w" sizes="(max-width: 224px) 100vw, 224px" data-recalc-dims="1" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-336" class="wp-caption-text">Labeled archaeological stratigraphy</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes, these strata can be confusing: rodent burrows, post holes, or erosion can make the stratigraphy much more difficult to read, because they disturb the natural layers. For archaeologists, however, these intrusions are important, because they are often the product of human behavior. This means that these modifications to the earth can be dated and analyzed in relationship to each other. Artifacts can make dating these layers even more precise, but that is another discussion for another time.</p> <p>First, let’s take a look at some examples. This photo on the left is a close up of some stratigraphic layers which have been labeled. Each layer is sequential: the lower B came before the lower A which proceeded the higher B, which came before the top A. When we excavated, we started with the Top A and moved downwards, back in time.</p> <p>Now let’s try one a little more complex, using a drawing of a fictional wall profile. This profile has some intrusions in it, so that makes the sequencing a little bit more difficult. See if you can place the layers in order from oldest to most recent.</p> <figure id="attachment_337" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-337" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy1.jpg?ssl=1"><img decoding="async" data-attachment-id="337" data-permalink="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?attachment_id=337" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy1.jpg?fit=770%2C388&ssl=1" data-orig-size="770,388" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="stratigraphy1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy1.jpg?fit=300%2C151&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy1.jpg?fit=770%2C388&ssl=1" class="wp-image-337 size-medium" title="stratigraphy1" src="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy1.jpg?resize=300%2C151&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="151" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy1.jpg?resize=300%2C151&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy1.jpg?w=770&ssl=1 770w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-337" class="wp-caption-text">Drawing of a profile wall</figcaption></figure> <p>The answer: C is the oldest. Then F, A, D, G, E, and B. F comes after C because it is an intrusion into that level, meaning that C must exist in order for F to be dug into it. the relationship between A, E, B, and G is also complicated. G happened first, then E, then B. It is as if E is the toothpick that is plunged into a club sandwich, and G and A are the layers of bread: E must happen after G and A. B is entirely within E, so it must have happened after E. Most likely, B is a pipe that was placed in a ditch, which is intrusion E. Does that make sense?</p> <p>Okay, now for a really hard one. Put your answers in the comments, listing them from oldest to the most recent:</p> <figure id="attachment_338" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-338" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy2.jpg?ssl=1"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="338" data-permalink="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?attachment_id=338" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy2.jpg?fit=794%2C411&ssl=1" data-orig-size="794,411" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="stratigraphy2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy2.jpg?fit=300%2C155&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy2.jpg?fit=794%2C411&ssl=1" class="wp-image-338 size-medium" title="stratigraphy2" src="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy2.jpg?resize=300%2C155&ssl=1" alt="" width="300" height="155" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy2.jpg?resize=300%2C155&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/stratigraphy2.jpg?w=794&ssl=1 794w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-338" class="wp-caption-text">Drawing of a profile wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Don’t hesitate to ask any questions about stratigraphy either. For more pictures of stratigraphy, <a href="http://flickr.com/capmsu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">visit our Flickr Page!</a></p> <p> </p> <div></div> <p>Author: Terry Brock</p> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-334" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334&share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-334" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334&share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" 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href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?tag=education" rel="tag">education</a>, <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?tag=stratigraphy" rel="tag">stratigraphy</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /Post Content --> <hr /> <div class="pagination-post"> <div class="previous_post"><a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=209" rel="prev">2010 Summer Field School Announcement!</a></div> <div class="next_post"><a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=364" rel="next">Beneath the Ivory Tower: The Archaeology of Academia</a></div> </div> <!-- Post Comments --> <hr /> <div id="comments" class="comments"> <h3 class="comment-title"> 12 thoughts on “Archaeology 101: Reading Stratigraphy” </h3> <ul class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-68" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-68" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Janet Brock</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-68"><time datetime="2010-02-16T23:42:16-05:00">February 16, 2010 at 11:42 pm</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>From oldest: d, b, j,c,a,i,g,e,h,f</p> <p>Is there a prize?</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-738" class="pingback odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <div class="comment-body"> Pingback: <a href="http://terrypbrock.com/2010/09/research-trip-st-marys-city-bound/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">terry p brock » Research Trip: St. Mary’s City Bound</a> </div> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-768" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-768" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn"><a href="http://www.twitter.com/archaeologist" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Nick Laracuente</a></b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-768"><time datetime="2012-05-22T09:46:48-04:00">May 22, 2012 at 9:46 am</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>d,b,j,c,a,i,g,e,f(or h) did an animal burrow through f to make h?</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-804" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-804" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Gabriela Carneiro</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-804"><time datetime="2012-07-26T17:18:33-04:00">July 26, 2012 at 5:18 pm</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>I got the same as Janet. Could you confirm to us the answer?</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-2823" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-2823" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Rhea</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-2823"><time datetime="2013-09-12T07:01:15-04:00">September 12, 2013 at 7:01 am</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>from oldest: D, B, J, C, A, I, G, E, H, F</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-113113" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-113113" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Bill</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-113113"><time datetime="2015-06-16T17:26:39-04:00">June 16, 2015 at 5:26 pm</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>I had a question about the last Stratigraphic profile pictured, if what Janet said was correct, what would the harris matrix solution look like?</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-119748" class="pingback even thread-even depth-1"> <div class="comment-body"> Pingback: <a href="https://libraryofantiquity.wordpress.com/2017/01/20/help-with-archaeology-what-is-stratigraphy/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Help with archaeology: What is stratigraphy? – The Library of Antiquity</a> </div> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-151154" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-151154" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Sassa</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-151154"><time datetime="2018-07-23T10:16:46-04:00">July 23, 2018 at 10:16 am</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>I agree on d, b, j, c, a, i but i think it is e, h, g and f and not g, e, h, f.</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-182006" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-182006" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">PRASHANT PANDEY</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-182006"><time datetime="2019-05-12T23:37:40-04:00">May 12, 2019 at 11:37 pm</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>my answer is — D, B, J, C, A, I , G, E, H, F……….is there any way to know the right answer?</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-185298" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-185298" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">SEKAI TAODZERA</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-185298"><time datetime="2019-09-28T05:09:29-04:00">September 28, 2019 at 5:09 am</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>interesting guys bt help me with this qtn on the importance of stratigraphy in archaeological research and interpretation</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-189708" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-189708" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">john j kildea</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=334#comment-189708"><time datetime="2020-03-28T18:07:49-04:00">March 28, 2020 at 6:07 pm</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Some archeological digs, like Horn Shelter 2, are numbered from bottom to top (1-21) Why as opposed from top to bottom.</p> </div><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- 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