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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 The Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17.1 State laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17.2 White feminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17.2.1 Imperialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17.2.2 Inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17.2.3 Institutional racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sojourner_Truth's_"Ain't_I_a_Woman?"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sojourner_Truth's_"Ain't_I_a_Woman?""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.17.2.4 Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sojourner_Truth's_"Ain't_I_a_Woman?"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">First-wave feminism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="الموجة النسوية الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموجة النسوية الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A2%E0%A7%8C%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="প্ৰথম ঢৌৰ নাৰীবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰথম ঢৌৰ নাৰীবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizmin_birinci_dal%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Feminizmin birinci dalğası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feminizmin birinci dalğası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="নারীবাদের প্রথম তরঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারীবাদের প্রথম তরঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Першая хваля фемінізму – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая хваля фемінізму" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_onada_de_teoria_feminista" title="Primera onada de teoria feminista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera onada de teoria feminista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_b%C3%B8lge_af_feminisme" title="Første bølge af feminisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Første bølge af feminisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismus#Erste_Welle" title="Feminismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feminismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimese_laine_feminism" title="Esimese laine feminism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esimese laine feminism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φεμινισμός πρώτου κύματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεμινισμός πρώτου κύματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_ola_del_feminismo" title="Primera ola del feminismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera ola del feminismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="موج اول فمینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج اول فمینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_vague_f%C3%A9ministe" title="Première vague féministe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première vague féministe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_onda_do_feminismo" title="Primeira onda do feminismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira onda do feminismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="제1세대 여성주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1세대 여성주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Ֆեմինիզմի առաջին ալիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեմինիզմի առաջին ալիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="नारीवादी आंदोलन की पहली लहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नारीवादी आंदोलन की पहली लहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugboro_mb%E1%BB%A5_nke_%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5_nwany%E1%BB%8B" title="Ugboro mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ugboro mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_ondata_femminista" title="Prima ondata femminista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima ondata femminista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הגל הראשון של הפמיניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגל הראשון של הפמיניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premye_vag_feminis_la" title="Premye vag feminis la – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Premye vag feminis la" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="स्त्रीवादाची पहिली-लाट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्त्रीवादाची पहिली-लाट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminisme_gelombang_pertama" title="Feminisme gelombang pertama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Feminisme gelombang pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_feministische_golf" title="Eerste feministische golf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste feministische golf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizmning_birinchi_to%E2%80%98lqini" title="Feminizmning birinchi to‘lqini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Feminizmning birinchi to‘lqini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نسائیت دی پہلی لہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نسائیت دی پہلی لہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="د فيمينيزم لومړۍ څپه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فيمينيزم لومړۍ څپه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizm_pierwszej_fali" title="Feminizm pierwszej fali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Feminizm pierwszej fali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_onda_do_feminismo" title="Primeira onda do feminismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira onda do feminismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Первая волна феминизма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая волна феминизма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First-wave feminism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85_%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="یەکەم شەپۆلی فێمێنیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکەم شەپۆلی فێمێنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Први талас феминизма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први талас феминизма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizam_prvog_vala" title="Feminizam prvog vala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feminizam prvog vala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_v%C3%A5gens_feminism" title="Första vågens feminism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Första vågens feminism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முதல் அலை பெண்ணியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதல் அலை பெண்ணியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_dalga_feminizm" title="Birinci dalga feminizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birinci dalga feminizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Фемінізм першої хвилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid 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.navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> First-wave feminism was a period of <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> activity and thought that occurred during the 19th and early 20th century throughout the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. It focused on <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">legal</a> issues, primarily on securing <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's right to vote">women's right to vote</a>. The term is often used synonymously with the kind of feminism espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">liberal</a> women's rights movement with roots in the first wave, with organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Alliance of Women</a> and its affiliates. This feminist movement still focuses on equality from a mainly legal perspective.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The term first-wave feminism itself was coined by journalist Martha Lear in a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a> article in March 1968, "The <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second Feminist Wave</a>: What do these women want?"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> First- wave feminism is characterized as focusing on the fight for women's political power, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> unofficial inequalities. The first wave of feminism generally advocated for <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity#Formal_equality_of_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">formal equality</a>, while later waves typically advocated for <a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">substantive equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-v819-5">[5]</a> The wave metaphor is well established, including in academic literature, but has been criticized for creating a narrow view of women's liberation that erases the lineage of activism and focuses on specific visible actors.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The term "first-wave" and, more broadly, the wave model have been questioned when referencing women's movements in non Western contexts because the periodization and the development of the terminology were entirely based on the happenings of western feminism and thus cannot be applied to non western events in an exact manner. However, women participating in political activism for gender equity modeled their plans on western feminists demands for legal rights. This is connected to the western first-wave and occurred in the late 19th century and continued into the 1930s in connection to the anti-colonial nationalist movement. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_terminologies">Global terminologies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Global terminologies">edit</a>]</div> The issues of inclusion that began during the first-wave of the feminist movement in the United States and persisted throughout subsequent waves of feminism are the topic of much discussion on an academic level. Some scholars find the wave model of western feminism to be troubling because it condenses a long history of activism into distinct categories that characterize generations of activists instead of acknowledging a complex, interconnected, and intersectional history of women's rights. This is thought to diminish the struggles and achievements of many people as well as worsen the separations between marginalized feminists.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The points of contention that persist in modern discussions of Western and <a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">global feminism</a> began with the inequity that hallmarked first-wave feminism. The way in which the west has been oriented as an authority in global feminist discussions has been criticized by feminists in the United States such as <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> for replicating colonial hierarchies of discussion, possession of knowledge and centering gender as the foundation of equality.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The idea of decolonizing feminism is a response to the political and intellectual position of power western feminism holds. By acknowledging that there are multiple feminisms around the world the narrow scope and lack of consideration for intersectional identities that has persisted since first-wave feminism in the west is responded to. The existence of multiple feminisms and forms of activism is a result of the first-wave of feminism being shaped by a history of colonialism and imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/First-wave_feminism" title="Special:EditPage/First-wave feminism">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:First-wave_feminism" title="Talk:First-wave feminism">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22First-wave+feminism%22">"First-wave feminism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22First-wave+feminism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22First-wave+feminism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22First-wave+feminism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22First-wave+feminism%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22First-wave+feminism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></div> Movements to broaden women's rights began much earlier than the 20th century. In her book <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> wrote that the first woman to "take up her pen in defense of her sex" was <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Schneir-1994-10">[10]</a> Other "<a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">proto-feminists</a>" working in the 15th-17th centuries include <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modesta_di_Pozzo_di_Forzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Modesta di Pozzo di Forzi">Modesta di Pozzo di Forzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bradstreet" title="Anne Bradstreet">Anne Bradstreet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Poullain_de_la_Barre" title="François Poullain de la Barre">François Poullain de la Barre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schneir-1994-10">[10]</a> Ancient literature and mythology such as <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> have become closely associated with the feminist movement and have been interpreted as icons of feminism. Ancient literature plays an important role in feminist theory and scholarly study.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a> is regarded as one of the first feminists. She published a pamphlet named <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_de_la_Femme_et_de_la_Citoyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne">Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne</a> ("Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] Citizen") as a response to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen">Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen</a> ("Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the [Male] Citizen") in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wollstonecraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></div> The period in which <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> wrote was affected by <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> and the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. The father of the Enlightenment defined an ideal democratic society that was based on the equality of men, where women were often discriminated against. The inherent exclusion of women from discussion was addressed by both Wollstonecraft, and her contemporaries. Wollstonecraft based her work on the ideas of Rousseau.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Although at first it seems to be contradictory, Wollstonecraft's idea was to expand Rousseau's democratic society but based on <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>. Mary Wollstonecraft spoke boldly on the inclusion of women in the public lifestyle; more specifically, narrowing down on the importance of female education.<a href="#cite_note-:02-14">[14]</a> She took the term 'liberal feminism' and devoted her time to breaking through the traditional gender roles.<a href="#cite_note-:02-14">[14]</a> Wollstonecraft published one of the first feminist treatises, <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a> (1792), in which she advocated the social and moral equality of the sexes, extending the work of her 1790 pamphlet, <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a>. Her later unfinished novel, <a href="/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman</a>, earned her considerable criticism as she discussed women's sexual desires. She died young, and her widower, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, quickly wrote <a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">a memoir of her</a> that, contrary to his intentions, destroyed her reputation for generations. Wollstonecraft is regarded as the "fore-mother" of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist history in the United Kingdom">the British feminist movement</a> and her ideas shaped the thinking of the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragettes</a>, who campaigned for the women's vote.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8marta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/8marta.jpg/170px-8marta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/8marta.jpg/255px-8marta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/8marta.jpg/340px-8marta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>A 1932 Soviet poster for <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>: "Day of the uprising of female workers against kitchen slavery".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Weiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louise_Weiss.jpg/220px-Louise_Weiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louise_Weiss.jpg/330px-Louise_Weiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louise_Weiss.jpg/440px-Louise_Weiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louise_Weiss" title="Louise Weiss">Louise Weiss</a> along with other Parisian suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads, in translation, "THE FRENCH WOMAN MUST VOTE".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Education amongst young Swiss women was very important during the suffrage movements. Educating young women in society on the importance of self-identity, and going to school was very important to the public and for women to realize what their full potential was. The Swiss suffrage movements believed it was important for young women to know that there was more to their life than just bearing children, which was a very universal thought and action during the suffrage movements in the 1960s and 70s. In a 2015 evaluation from Lord David Willetts, he had discovered and stated that in 2013 the percentage of undergraduate students in the UK were 54 percent females and 46 percent were male undergrads. Whereas in the 1960s only 25 percent of full-time students in the United Kingdom were females. The increase of females going to school and contributing in the educational system can be linked to the women's suffrage movements that aimed to encourage women to enroll in school for higher education.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This right and political affair eventually came after the right for women to vote in political elections which was granted in 1971. In the 1960s in the United Kingdom, women were usually the minority and a rarity when it came to the higher education system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country">Country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Country">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> During the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth century, women in Argentina organized and consolidated one of the most complex feminist movements of the western world. Closely associated with the labor movement, they were socialists, anarchists, libertarians, emancipatorians, educationists and Catholics. In May 1910 they organized together the First International Feminist Congress. Well known European, Latin, and North American workers, intellectuals, thinkers and professionals like Marie Curie, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Ellen Key, Maria Montessori and many others presented and discussed their ideas research work and studies on themes of gender, political and civil right, divorce, economy, education, health and culture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Scott" title="Rose Scott">Rose Scott</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> activist, began to hold weekly salon meetings in her Sydney home left to her by her late mother. Through these meetings, she became well known amongst politicians, judges, philanthropists, writers and poets. In 1889, she helped to found the Women's Literary Society, which later grew into the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_League" title="Women's Suffrage League">Womanhood Suffrage League</a> in 1891. Leading politicians hosted by Scott included <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Wise" title="Bernhard Wise">Bernhard Wise</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Holman" title="William Holman">William Holman</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="William Morris Hughes">William Morris Hughes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bavin" title="Thomas Bavin">Thomas Bavin</a>, who met and discussed the drafting of the bill that eventually became the Early Closing Act of 1899.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Canada's first-wave of feminism became apparent in the late 19th century into the early 20th. The build up of women's movements started as consciously raising awareness, then turned into study groups, and resulted into taking action by forming committees. The premise of the movement began around education issues. The particular reason education is targeted as a high priority is because it can target younger generations and modify their gender-based opinions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-18">[18]</a> In 1865 the superintendent of an Ontario public school, Egerton Ryerson, was one of the first to point out the exclusion of females from the education system. As more females attended school throughout the years, they surpassed the male graduation rate. In 1880 British Columbia, 51% high school graduates were female. These percentages continued to increase right through to 1950.<a href="#cite_note-:12-18">[18]</a> Other reasons for the first feminist movement involved women's suffrage, and labour and health rights; thus, feminists narrowed their campaigns to focus on gaining legal and political equity.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Canada took action in the International Council of Women and has a specific section called the National Council of Women in Canada, with its president, Lady Aberdeen. Women started to look outside of groups such as garden and music clubs, and dive into reforms furthering better education and suffrage. It was behind the idea that the women would be more powerful if they joined to create a united voice.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> In the 1880s and 1890s, both male and female Chinese reformist intellectuals, concerned with the development of China to a modern country, raised feminist issues and gender equality in public debate; schools for girls were founded, a feminist press emerged, and the <a href="/wiki/Foot_Emancipation_Society" title="Foot Emancipation Society">Foot Emancipation Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Zu_Hui" title="Tian Zu Hui">Tian Zu Hui</a>, promoting the abolition of foot binding.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Many changes in women's lives took place during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a>. In 1912 the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Women's Suffrage Alliance">Women's Suffrage Alliance</a>, an umbrella organization of many local women's organizations, was founded to work for the inclusion of women's equal rights and suffrage in the constitution of the new republic after the abolition of the monarchy, and while the effort was not successful, it signified an important period of feminism activism.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> A generation of educated and professional <a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">new women</a> emerged after the inclusion of girls in the state school system and after women students were accted at the <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">University of Beijing</a> in 1920, and in the 1931 Civil Code, women were given equal inheritance rights, banned forced marriage and gave women the right to control their own money and initiate divorce.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> No nationally unified women's movement could organize until China was unified under the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> Government in Nanjing in 1928; women's suffrage was finally included in the new Constitution of 1936, although the constitution was not implemented until 1947.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> The first women's movement was led by the <a href="/wiki/Dansk_Kvindesamfund" class="mw-redirect" title="Dansk Kvindesamfund">Dansk Kvindesamfund</a> ("Danish Women's Society"), founded in 1871. <a href="/wiki/Line_Luplau" title="Line Luplau">Line Luplau</a> was one of the most notable woman in this era. <a href="/wiki/Tagea_Brandt" title="Tagea Brandt">Tagea Brandt</a> was also part of this movement, and in her honor was established the <a href="/wiki/Tagea_Brandt_Rejselegat" title="Tagea Brandt Rejselegat">Tagea Brandt Rejselegat</a> or Travel Scholarship for women. The Dansk Kvindesamfund's efforts as a leading group of women for women led to the existence of the revised Danish constitution of 1915, giving women the right to vote and the provision of equal opportunity laws during the 1920s, which influenced the present-day legislative measures to grant women access to education, work, marital rights and other obligations.<a href="#cite_note-KV1-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Feminism in Finland</a></div> In the mid 19th-century, <a href="/wiki/Minna_Canth" title="Minna Canth">Minna Canth</a> first started to address feminist issues in public debate, such as women's education and sexual double standards.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Finnish women's movement organized with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Suomen_Naisyhdistys" class="mw-redirect" title="Suomen Naisyhdistys">Suomen Naisyhdistys</a> in 1884, which was the first feminist women's organisation in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This represented the first wave feminism. The Suomen Naisyhdistys was split into the <a href="/wiki/Naisasialiitto_Unioni" title="Naisasialiitto Unioni">Naisasialiitto Unioni</a> (1892) and the <a href="/wiki/Suomalainen_naisliitto" title="Suomalainen naisliitto">Suomalainen naisliitto</a> (1907), and all women's organisations were united under the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella organisation">umbrella organisation</a> <a href="/wiki/Naisj%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6jen_Keskusliitto" title="Naisjärjestöjen Keskusliitto">Naisjärjestöjen Keskusliitto</a> in 1911. Women where granted their basic equal rights early on with the suffrage in 1906. After the introduction of women's suffrage, the women's movement was mainly channelled through the women's branches of the political parties.<a href="#cite_note-Margaretha_Mickwitz_2007-28">[28]</a> The new marriage law of 1929, Avioliittolaki, finally established complete equality for married women, and after this, women were legally equal to men by law in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-Margaretha_Mickwitz_2007-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">Feminism in France</a></div> The issue of women's rights were discussed during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Some success was achieved by the new inheritance rights (<a href="/wiki/Loi_sur_l%27h%C3%A9ritage_des_enfants" title="Loi sur l'héritage des enfants">Loi sur l'héritage des enfants</a>) and the divorce law (<a href="/wiki/Loi_autorisant_le_divorce_en_France" title="Loi autorisant le divorce en France">Loi autorisant le divorce en France</a>).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A movement that brought feminism into play happened during the same time a republican form of government came to replace the classic Catholic monarchy. A few females took on leadership roles to form groups divided by financial stability, religion, and social status. One of these groups, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women" title="Society of Revolutionary Republican Women">Society of Revolutionary Republican Women</a>, managed to draw significant interest within the national political scene, and advocated for gender equality in revolutionary politics. Another such group were <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_fraternelle_des_patriotes_de_l%27un_et_l%27autre_sexe" class="mw-redirect" title="Société fraternelle des patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe">Société fraternelle des patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe</a>. These groups were driven to increase economic opportunities by hosting meetings, writing journals, and forming organizations with the same means.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Code_Napol%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Napoléon">Code Napoléon</a> of 1804 eradicated the progress made during the revolution. Women's rights were supported by the rule of the Communist <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1870, but the rule of the Commune came to be temporary. An 1897 newspaper, La Fronde, was the most prestigious women-run newspaper. It maintained as a daily paper for 6 years and covered controversial topics such as the working women and advocating for women's political rights.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The First wave women's movement in France organized when the <a href="/wiki/Association_pour_le_Droit_des_Femmes" title="Association pour le Droit des Femmes">Association pour le Droit des Femmes</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Deraismes" title="Maria Deraismes">Maria Deraismes</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Richer" title="Léon Richer">Léon Richer</a> in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ligue_Fran%C3%A7aise_pour_le_Droit_des_Femmes" title="Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes">Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes</a> (1882) which took up the issue of women suffrage and became the leading suffrage society in parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Union_fran%C3%A7aise_pour_le_suffrage_des_femmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Union française pour le suffrage des femmes">Union française pour le suffrage des femmes</a> (1909-1945). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> The First wave women's movement in Germany organized under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. It organized for the first time in the first women's organization in Germany, the Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein (ADF), which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Otto-Peters" title="Louise Otto-Peters">Louise Otto-Peters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Schmidt" title="Auguste Schmidt">Auguste Schmidt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> 1865. Women in the middle class sought improvements in their social status and prospects in society. A humanist aspiration connected the women together as they wanted to identify and be respected as full individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:22-33">[33]</a> They were drawn into the socialist political struggles of the revolution because they were promised full equity afterwards. The agenda of women's improvements consisted of gaining rights to work, education, abortion, contraception, and the right to seek a profession.<a href="#cite_note-:23-34">[34]</a> The premise of German feminism was revolved around the political common good, including social justice and family values.<a href="#cite_note-:32-35">[35]</a> The pressure women put on society led to women's suffrage in 1918. This created further feminist movements to expand women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-:32-35">[35]</a> In comparison to the United States, German feminism targets a collective representation and women's autonomy whereas the American feminism is focused on general equality.<a href="#cite_note-:32-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelmina_Drucker_IMG0020.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wilhelmina_Drucker_IMG0020.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Wilhelmina_Drucker_IMG0020.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wilhelmina_Drucker_IMG0020.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Wilhelmina_Drucker_IMG0020.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wilhelmina_Drucker_IMG0020.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Wilhelmina_Drucker_IMG0020.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>In the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Drucker" title="Wilhelmina Drucker">Wilhelmina Drucker</a> (1847–1925) fought successfully for the vote and equal rights for women through political and feminist organisations she founded.</figcaption></figure> Although in the Netherlands during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> the idea of the equality of women and men made progress, no practical institutional measures or legislation resulted. In the second half of the nineteenth century, many initiatives by feminists sprung up in The Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a> (1854–1929) requested and obtained as the first woman in the Netherlands the right to study at university in 1871, becoming the first female medical doctor and academic. She became a lifelong campaigner for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, equal rights, birth control, and international peace, travelling worldwide for, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Alliance of Women</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Drucker" title="Wilhelmina Drucker">Wilhelmina Drucker</a> (1847–1925) was a politician, a prolific writer and a peace activist, who fought for the vote and equal rights through political and feminist organisations she founded. In 1917–1919 her goal of women's suffrage was reached. <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Ramondt-Hirschmann" title="Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann">Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann</a> (1871–1951), President of the Dutch Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF]. <a href="/wiki/Selma_Meyer" title="Selma Meyer">Selma Meyer</a> (1890–1941), Secretary of the Dutch Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribute_to_the_Suffragettes,_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tribute_to_the_Suffragettes%2C_close_up.jpg/220px-Tribute_to_the_Suffragettes%2C_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tribute_to_the_Suffragettes%2C_close_up.jpg/330px-Tribute_to_the_Suffragettes%2C_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tribute_to_the_Suffragettes%2C_close_up.jpg/440px-Tribute_to_the_Suffragettes%2C_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Tribute to the Suffragettes memorial in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand. The figures shown from left to right are <a href="/wiki/Amey_Daldy" title="Amey Daldy">Amey Daldy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard" title="Kate Sheppard">Kate Sheppard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Wells" title="Ada Wells">Ada Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Morison" title="Harriet Morison">Harriet Morison</a>.</figcaption></figure> Early New Zealand feminists and suffragettes included <a href="/wiki/Maud_Pember_Reeves" title="Maud Pember Reeves">Maud Pember Reeves</a> (Australian-born; later lived in London), <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard" title="Kate Sheppard">Kate Sheppard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Ann Müller">Mary Ann Müller</a>. In 1893, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Yates_(mayor)" title="Elizabeth Yates (mayor)">Elizabeth Yates</a> became Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Onehunga" title="Onehunga">Onehunga</a>, the first time such a post had been held by a female anywhere in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Early university graduates were <a href="/wiki/Emily_Siedeberg" title="Emily Siedeberg">Emily Siedeberg</a> (doctor, graduated 1895) and <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Benjamin" title="Ethel Benjamin">Ethel Benjamin</a> (lawyer, graduated 1897). The Female Law Practitioners Act was passed in 1896 and Benjamin was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand in 1897 (see <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage in New Zealand</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Feminism in Norway</a></div> The First wave women's movement in Norway organized when the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Association_for_Women%27s_Rights" title="Norwegian Association for Women's Rights">Norwegian Association for Women's Rights</a> was founded in 1884. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> In Imperial Russia, it was not legal to form political organisations prior to the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>. Because of this, there was no open organised women's rights movement similar to the one in the West before this. There was, however, in practice a women's movement during the 19th century. In the mid-19th century, several literary discussion clubs were founded, one of whom, which was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Filosofova" title="Anna Filosofova">Anna Filosofova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Trubnikova" title="Maria Trubnikova">Maria Trubnikova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadezjda_Stasova" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadezjda Stasova">Nadezjda Stasova</a>, which discussed Western feminist literature and came to be the first <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> women's rights organisation in Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> had exposed Russia as less developed than Western Europe, resulting in a number of reforms, among them educational reforms and the foundation of schools for girls. Russian elite women de facto spoke for reforms in women rights through their literary clubs and charity societies. Their main interest were women's education- and work opportunities. The women's club of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Filosofova" title="Anna Filosofova">Anna Filosofova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Trubnikova" title="Maria Trubnikova">Maria Trubnikova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadezjda_Stasova" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadezjda Stasova">Nadezjda Stasova</a> managed to achieve women's access to attend courses at the universities, and the separate courses held for women became so popular that they were made permanent in 1876. However, in 1876 women students were banned from being given degrees and all women's universities were banned except two (<a href="/wiki/Bestuzhev_Courses" title="Bestuzhev Courses">Bestuzhev Courses</a> in Saint Petserburg and <a href="/wiki/Guerrier_Courses" title="Guerrier Courses">Guerrier Courses</a> in Moscow).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1895, Anna Filosofova founded the "Russian Women's Charity League", which was officially a charitable society to avoid the ban of political organisations but which was in effect a women's rights organisation: Anna Filosofova was elected to the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a> in 1899. Because of the ban of political activity in Russia the only thing they could do was to raise awareness of feminist issues. After the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a> political organisations was made legal in Russia and the women's movement was able to organise in the form of <a href="/wiki/Liga_ravnopraviia_zhenshchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga ravnopraviia zhenshchin">Liga ravnopraviia zhenshchin</a>, which started a campaign of women's suffrage the same year. The Russian Revolution of 1917 formally made men and women equal in the eyes of the law in the Soviet Union. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> The Korean women's movement started in the 1890s with the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Chanyang-hoe" title="Chanyang-hoe">Chanyang-hoe</a>, followed by a number of other groups, primarily focused on women's education and the abolition of gender segregation and other didscriminatory practices.<a href="#cite_note-Tétreault,_Mary_Ann-37">[37]</a> When Korea became a Japanese colony in 1910 women's associations were banned by the Japanese and many women instead engaged in the underground resistance groups such as the Yosong Aeguk Tongji-hoe (Patriotic Women's Society) and the Taehan Aeguk Buin-hoe (Korean Patriotic Women's Society).<a href="#cite_note-Tétreault,_Mary_Ann-37">[37]</a> As a result, the role of women in society began to change.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the end of the War and the partition of Korea in 1945, the Korean women's movement was split. In <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, all women's movement was channelled in to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Democratic_Women%27s_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Democratic Women's Union">Korean Democratic Women's Union</a>; in South Korea, the women's movement where united under the <a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Council_of_Women" title="Korean National Council of Women">Korean National Council of Women</a> in 1959, which in 1973 organized the women's group in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Women%27s_Society_for_the_Revision_of_the_Family_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Women's Society for the Revision of the Family Law (page does not exist)">Pan-Women's Society for the Revision of the Family Law</a> to revise the discriminating Family Law of 1957, a cause that remained a main focus for the rest of the 20th-century and did not result in any major reform until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Tétreault,_Mary_Ann-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Feminism in Sweden</a></div> Feminist issues and gender roles were discussed in media and literature during the 18th century by people such as <a href="/wiki/Margareta_Momma" title="Margareta Momma">Margareta Momma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catharina_Ahlgren" title="Catharina Ahlgren">Catharina Ahlgren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_R%C3%BCckersch%C3%B6ld" title="Anna Maria Rückerschöld">Anna Maria Rückerschöld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Charlotta_Nordenflycht" title="Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht">Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht</a>, but it created no movement of any kind. The first person to hold public speeches and agitate in favor of feminism was <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Sager" title="Sophie Sager">Sophie Sager</a> in 1848,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and the first organization created to deal with a women's issue was Svenska lärarinnors pensionsförening (Society for Retired Female Teachers) by <a href="/wiki/Josefina_Deland" title="Josefina Deland">Josefina Deland</a> in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1856, <a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer" title="Fredrika Bremer">Fredrika Bremer</a> published her famous <a href="/wiki/Hertha_(novel)" title="Hertha (novel)">Hertha</a>, which aroused great controversy and created a debate referred to as the Hertha Debate. The two foremost questions was to abolish <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture</a> for unmarried women, and for the state to provide women an equivalent to a university. Both questions were met: in 1858, a reform granted unmarried women the right to apply for legal majority by a simple procedure, and in 1861, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gre_l%C3%A4rarinneseminariet" class="mw-redirect" title="Högre lärarinneseminariet">Högre lärarinneseminariet</a> was founded as a "Women's University". In 1859, the first <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's magazine">women's magazine</a> in Sweden and the Nordic countries, the <a href="/wiki/Tidskrift_f%C3%B6r_hemmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidskrift för hemmet">Tidskrift för hemmet</a>, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Adlersparre" title="Sophie Adlersparre">Sophie Adlersparre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Olivecrona" title="Rosalie Olivecrona">Rosalie Olivecrona</a>. This has been referred to as the starting point of a women's movement in Sweden. The organized women's movement begun in 1873, when <a href="/wiki/Married_Woman%27s_Property_Rights_Association" title="Married Woman's Property Rights Association">Married Woman's Property Rights Association</a> was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Hierta-Retzius" title="Anna Hierta-Retzius">Anna Hierta-Retzius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Anckarsv%C3%A4rd" title="Ellen Anckarsvärd">Ellen Anckarsvärd</a>. The prime task of the organization was to abolish <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture</a>. In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer_Association" title="Fredrika Bremer Association">Fredrika Bremer Association</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Adlersparre" title="Sophie Adlersparre">Sophie Adlersparre</a> to work for the improvement in women's rights. The second half of the 19th century saw the creation of several women's rights organisations and a considerable activity within both active organization as well as intellectual debate. The 1880s saw the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sedlighetsdebatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedlighetsdebatten">Sedlighetsdebatten</a>, where gender roles were discussed in literary debate in regards to sexual double standards in opposed to sexual equality. In 1902, finally, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Women%27s_Suffrage_(Sweden)" title="National Association for Women's Suffrage (Sweden)">National Association for Women's Suffrage</a> was founded. In 1919–1921, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> was finally introduced. The women suffrage reform was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Beh%C3%B6righetslagen" title="Behörighetslagen">Behörighetslagen</a> of 1923, in which males and females were formally given equal access to all professions and positions in society, the only exceptions being military and priesthood positions.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The last two restrictions were removed in 1958, when women were allowed to become priests, and in a series of reforms between 1980 and 1989, when all military professions were opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> The Swiss women's movement started to form after the introduction of the Constitution of 1848, which explicitly excluded women's rights and equality. However, the Swiss women's movement was long prevented from being efficient by the split between French- and German speaking areas, which restricted it to local activity. This split created a long lasting obstacle for the national Swiss women's movement. However, it did play an important role in the international women's movement, when <a href="/wiki/Marie_Goegg-Pouchoulin" title="Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin">Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin</a> founded the first international women's movement in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Association_Internationale_des_Femmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Internationale des Femmes">Association Internationale des Femmes</a>, in 1868.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1885, the first national women's organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Schweizer_Frauen-Verband" title="Schweizer Frauen-Verband">Schweizer Frauen-Verband</a>, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Elise_Honegger" title="Elise Honegger">Elise Honegger</a>. It soon split, but in 1888, the first permanent, national women's organisation was finally founded in the <a href="/wiki/Schweizerischen_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzigen_Frauenverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizerischen Gemeinnützigen Frauenverein">Schweizerischen Gemeinnützigen Frauenverein</a> (SGF), which became an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella organisation">umbrella organisation</a> for the Swiss women's movement. From 1893 onward, a local women's organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Frauenkomitee_Bern" title="Frauenkomitee Bern">Frauenkomitee Bern</a>, also functioned as a channel between the Federal government and the Swiss women's movements. The question of women's suffrage in Switzerland was brought forward by the <a href="/wiki/Schweizerischer_Frauenvereine" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizerischer Frauenvereine">Schweizerischer Frauenvereine</a> from 1899, and by the <a href="/wiki/Schweizerischer_Verband_f%C3%BCr_Frauenstimmrecht" title="Schweizerischer Verband für Frauenstimmrecht">Schweizerischer Verband für Frauenstimmrecht</a> from 1909, which were to become the two main suffrage organisations of many in Switzerland. The Swiss suffrage movement had struggled for equality in their society for decades until the early 1970s; this wave of feminism also included enfranchisement. October 31, 1971, Swiss women were granted the right to vote in political elections. According to Lee Ann Banaszak the main reasons for lack of success in women's suffrage for Swiss women was due to the differences in mobilization of members into suffrage organizations, financial resources of the suffrage movements, alliances formed with other political actors, and the characteristics of the political systems. Therefore, the success of the Swiss women's suffrage movement was heavily affected by the resources and political structures. "The Swiss movement had to operate in a system where decisions were made carefully by a constructed consensus and where opposition parties never launched an electoral challenge that might of prodded governing parties into action." This explains how the closed legislative process made it way more difficult for suffrage activists to participate in, or even track women's voting rights. Swiss suffrage also lacked strong allies when it came from their struggle to vote in political elections.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The 1970s saw a turning point for Swiss feminist movements, and they began to steadily make more progress in their struggle for equality to present day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> The early feminist reformers were unorganized, and including prominent individuals who had suffered as victims of injustice. This included individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Norton" title="Caroline Norton">Caroline Norton</a> whose personal tragedy where she was unable to obtain a divorce and was denied access to her three sons by her husband, led her to a life of intense campaigning which successfully led to the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Custody_of_Infants_Act_1839" title="Custody of Infants Act 1839">Custody of Infants Act 1839</a> and the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Tender_years_doctrine" title="Tender years doctrine">Tender years doctrine</a> for child custody arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Act gave married women, for the first time, a right to their children. However, because women needed to petition in the Court of Chancery, in practice few women had the financial means to petition for their rights.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The first organized movement for English feminism was the <a href="/wiki/Langham_Place_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Langham Place Circle">Langham Place Circle</a> of the 1850s, which included among others <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bodichon" title="Barbara Bodichon">Barbara Bodichon</a> (née Leigh-Smith) and <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Rayner_Parkes" title="Bessie Rayner Parkes">Bessie Rayner Parkes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LPC-48">[48]</a> The group campaigned for many women's causes, including improved female rights in employment, and education. It also pursued women's property rights through its Married Women's Property Committee. In 1854, Bodichon published her Brief Summary of the Laws of England concerning Women,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> which was used by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Promotion_of_Social_Science" title="National Association for the Promotion of Social Science">Social Science Association</a> after it was formed in 1857 to push for the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Act_1882" title="Married Women's Property Act 1882">Married Women's Property Act 1882</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1858, Barbara Bodichon, <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Hays" title="Matilda Hays">Matilda Mary Hays</a> and Bessie Rayner Parkes established the first feminist British periodical, the <a href="/wiki/English_Woman%27s_Journal" title="English Woman's Journal">English Woman's Journal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> with Bessie Parkes the chief editor. The journal continued publication until 1864 and was succeeded in 1866 by the <a href="/wiki/Englishwoman%27s_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishwoman's Review">Englishwoman's Review</a> edited until 1880 by <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Boucherett" title="Jessie Boucherett">Jessie Boucherett</a> which continued publication until 1910. Jessie Boucherett and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Anne_Proctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Anne Proctor">Adelaide Anne Proctor</a> joined the Langham Place Circle in 1859. The group was active until 1866. Also in 1859, Jessie Boucherett, Barbara Bodichon and Adelaide Proctor formed the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_the_Employment_of_Women" title="Society for Promoting the Employment of Women">Society for Promoting the Employment of Women</a> to promote the training and employment of women.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The society is one of the earliest British women's organisations, and continues to operate as the registered charity Futures for Women.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Blackburn" title="Helen Blackburn">Helen Blackburn</a> and Boucherett established the Women's Employment Defence League in 1891, to defend women's working rights against restrictive employment legislation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> They also together edited the Condition of Working Women and the Factory Acts in 1896. In the beginning of the 20th century, women's employment was still predominantly limited to factory labor and domestic work. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, more women found work outside the home. As a result of the wartime experience of women in the workforce, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Disqualification_(Removal)_Act_1919" title="Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919">Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919</a> opened professions and the civil service to women, and marriage was no longer a legal barrier to women working outside the home. In 1918 <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a> published the very influential <a href="/wiki/Married_Love" title="Married Love">Married Love</a>,<a href="#cite_note-google2004-55">[55]</a> in which she advocated <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> in marriage and the importance of women's sexual desire. (Importation of the book into the United States was banned as obscene until 1931.) The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> extended the franchise to women who were at least 30 years old and they or their husbands were property holders, while the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_(Qualification_of_Women)_Act_1918" title="Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918">Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918</a> gave women the right to sit in Parliament, although it was only slowly that women were actually elected. In 1928, the franchise was extended to all women over 21 by the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928</a>, on an equal basis to men.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Many feminist writers and women's rights activists argued that it was not equality to men which they needed but a recognition of what women need to fulfill their potential of their own natures, not only within the aspect of work but society and home life too. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> produced her essay <a href="/wiki/A_Room_of_One%27s_Own" title="A Room of One's Own">A Room of One's Own</a> based on the ideas of women as writers and characters in fiction. Woolf said that a woman must have money and a room of her own to be able to write. It ought to be recognized that the early British feminist movement was deeply intertwined with the British imperial project and an essential arm of it. Contemporary writers like <a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a> asserted that women deserved representation in the "councils of the nation" as defenders of the white race and its supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In order to achieve status and value as women, these feminists framed themselves as the benevolent feminine liberators of the "foreign woman". <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Burton" title="Antoinette Burton">Antoinette Burton</a> writes that rather than upending Victorian gendered assumptions, "early feminist theorist used [them] to justify female involvement in the public sphere by claiming that the woman's moral attributes was crucial to social improvement."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Burton calls to our attention that women exerted real power over their male counterparts by making claims to the very moral assumptions that bound them to the home. It would be naïve to suggest that these women were not complicit in or did not contribute to imperial oppression abroad, but what is missed by previous treatments of feminisms and feminist movements is the diversity and flexibility of power relationships that navigated the superstructure of the moral order. The place of sex and gender in Victorian society was more diverse and plural than <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian morality</a> imagined for itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg/220px-Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg/330px-Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg/440px-Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a> (pictured) wrote these articles about <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> for the Atlanta Constitution, published on December 10, 1916.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_banner_carried_in_picket_of_the_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Suffragette_banner_carried_in_picket_of_the_White_House.jpg/220px-Suffragette_banner_carried_in_picket_of_the_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Suffragette_banner_carried_in_picket_of_the_White_House.jpg/330px-Suffragette_banner_carried_in_picket_of_the_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Suffragette_banner_carried_in_picket_of_the_White_House.jpg/440px-Suffragette_banner_carried_in_picket_of_the_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>Suffragist with banner, Washington DC, 1918</figcaption></figure> The beginning of first-wave Feminism in the United States is traditionally marked by the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> of 1848; however this event was empowered by women becoming increasingly politically active in the years leading up to 1848 through the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist movement">Abolitionist Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">Temperance Movement</a> and activists began to have their voices heard. Some of these early activists include, <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The first wave of feminism was primarily led by white women in the middle class, and it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second wave of feminism</a> that women of color began developing a voice.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The term Feminism was created like a political illustrated ideology at that period. Feminism emerged by the speech about the reform and correction of democracy based on equalitarian conditions.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Leading up to the early 19th century white women in Colonial America were socially expected to remain domestically confined and their property and political rights were severely limited and controlled by marriage. Social expectations preceding and following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> did not encourage women to be politically active or seek formal education.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Women were also expected to pass on and teach Christian values to their children. Thus the impact of alcohol on many men post <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil War</a> became not only a moral motivation for women to become active in the Temperance Movement but also a way to exert control over finances and property. Communities of women in churches congregated and rallied outside of the home for the cause.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The most direct and impactful movent on first-wave feminism was the Abolitionist Movement. Black men and women had been fighting for rights during and before the Temperance Movement. White women began to identify themselves with the struggle for rights and became involved in the abolition of slavery. <a href="/wiki/Judith_Sargent_Murray" title="Judith Sargent Murray">Judith Sargent Murray</a> published the early and influential essay <a href="/wiki/On_the_Equality_of_the_Sexes" title="On the Equality of the Sexes">On the Equality of the Sexes</a> in 1790, blaming poor standards in female education as the root of women's problems.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> However, scandals surrounding the personal lives of English contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Macaulay" title="Catharine Macaulay">Catharine Macaulay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> pushed feminist authorship into private correspondence from the 1790s through the early decades of the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Feminist essays from <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine" title="Blackwood's Magazine">Blackwood's Magazine</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Yankee" title="The Yankee">The Yankee</a> in the 1820s filled an intellectual gap between Murray and the leaders of the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> which is generally considered the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism#First_wave" title="History of feminism">first wave of feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> As a male writer insulated from many common forms of attack against female feminist thinkers, Neal's advocacy was crucial to bringing feminism back into the American mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Lawsuit">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a> has been considered the first major feminist work in the United States and is often compared to Wollstonecraft's <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Prominent leaders of the feminist movement in the United States include <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Coffin_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucretia Coffin Mott">Lucretia Coffin Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>; Anthony and other activists such as <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> made attempts to cast votes prior to their legal entitlement to do so, for which many of them faced charges. Other important leaders included several women who dissented against the law in order to have their voices heard, (<a href="/wiki/Grimk%C3%A9_sisters" title="Grimké sisters">Sarah and Angelina Grimké</a>), in addition to other activists such as <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> First-wave feminism involved a wide range of women, some belonging to <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">conservative Christian</a> groups (such as <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_(suffragist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Willard (suffragist)">Frances Willard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a>), others such as <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a> (NWSA) resembling the radicalism of much of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>. The creation of these organizations was a direct result of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, a religious movement in the early 19th century, that inspired female reformers in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The majority of first-wave feminists were more moderate and conservative than radical or revolutionary—like the members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (AWSA) they were willing to work within the political system and they understood the clout of joining with sympathetic men in power to promote the cause of suffrage. The limited membership of the NWSA was narrowly focused on gaining a federal amendment for women's suffrage, whereas the AWSA, with ten times as many members, worked to gain suffrage on a state-by-state level as a necessary precursor to federal suffrage. The NWSA had broad goals, hoping to achieve a more equal social role for women, but the AWSA was aware of the divisive nature of many of those goals and instead chose to focus solely on suffrage. The NWSA was known for having more publicly aggressive tactics (such as picketing and hunger strikes) whereas the AWSA used more traditional strategies like lobbying, delivering speeches, applying political pressure, and gathering signatures for petitions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> During the first wave, there was a notable connection between the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">slavery abolition movement</a> and the women's rights movement. Frederick Douglass was heavily involved in both movements and believed that it was essential for both to work together in order to attain true equality in regards to race and sex.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Different accounts of the involvement of African-American women in the Women's Suffrage Movement are given. In a 1974 interview, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> notes that a compromise was made between southern groups to have white women march first, then men, then African-American women.<a href="#cite_note-test-74">[74]</a> In another account by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP), difficulties in segregating women resulted in African-American women marching with their respective States without hindrance.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Among them was Ida B. Wells-Barnett, who marched with the Illinois delegation. The end of the first wave is often linked with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> (1920), granting women the right to vote. This was the major victory of the movement, which also included reforms in <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, in the workplace and professions, and in health care. Women started serving on school boards and local bodies, and numbers kept increasing. This period also saw more women gaining access to higher education. In 1910, "women were attending many leading medical schools, and in 1915 the American Medical Association began to admit women members."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1995-76">[76]</a> A Matrimonial Causes Act 1923 gave women the right to the same grounds for divorce as men. The first wave of feminists, in contrast to the second wave, focused very little on the subjects of abortion, birth control, and overall reproductive rights of women. Though she never married, Anthony published her views about marriage, holding that a woman should be allowed to refuse sex with her husband; the American woman had no legal recourse at that time against <a href="/wiki/Spousal_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal rape">rape by her husband</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The rise in unemployment during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> which started in the 1920s hit women first, and when the men also lost their jobs there was further strain on families. Many women served in the armed forces during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when around 300,000 American women served in the navy and army, performing jobs such as secretaries, typists and nurses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_laws">State laws</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: State laws">edit</a>]</div> The American states are separate <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereigns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> with their own <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state governments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state courts</a>. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. States retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">state supreme courts</a> are the final interpreters of state institutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> by way of a petition for writ of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of <a href="/wiki/Tort_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Tort law">tort law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-Olson_1999_6-80">[80]</a> Marylynn Salmon argues that each state developed different ways of dealing with a variety of legal issues pertaining to women, especially in the case of property laws.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> was the first state to pass a law allowing women to write wills. In 1860, New York passed a revised <a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Acts_in_the_United_States" title="Married Women's Property Acts in the United States">Married Women's Property Act</a> which gave women shared ownership of their children, allowing them to have a say in their children's wills, wages, and granting them the right to inherit property.<a href="#cite_note-Dicker,_2008,_pp._30,_38-82">[82]</a> Further advances and setbacks were experienced in New York and other states, but with each new win the feminists were able to use it as an example to apply more leverage on unyielding legislative bodies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_feminism">White feminism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: White feminism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">white feminism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Imperialism">Imperialism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Imperialism">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety in the United States over the moral degeneracy and temptation of <a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">American men in the Philippines</a> inspired women's involvement in the politics of the colonial government. An article published in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> in 1900 describes the Philippines as an environment where relatively permissive conceptions of morality caused white men to "lose all notions of right and wrong". It was said that white men "disgraced the offices to which they had been appointed", and that, despite having left their homes "with records that were above reproach", they were "degenerated by the conditions of their new existence". Away from the social pressures imposed by their community, they did not possess the strength of moral character or principle needed to maintain the "social discipline".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> White women feminists, in this historical context, asserted their superiority over white men and brown women. They have in been criticized by modern women writers of color like <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerie Amos">Valerie Amos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Parmar" title="Pratibha Parmar">Pratibha Parmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inequality">Inequality</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Inequality">edit</a>]</div> In the First Wave context there are two different fights for the equal rights of white women and black women. White women were fighting for rights equal to white men in society. They wanted to correct the discrepancy in education, professional, property, economic, and voting rights. They also fought for birth control and abortion freedom. Black women, on the other hand, were facing both racism and sexism, contributing to an uphill struggle for black feminists. While White women could not vote, black women and men could not vote. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Garrett" title="Mary Garrett">Mary J. Garrett</a> who founded a group consisting of hundreds of Black women in New Orleans, said that black women strove for education and protection. It is true that "black women in higher education are isolated, underutilized, and often demoralized,"<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and they fought together against this. They were fighting against "exploitation by White men" and they wanted to "lead a virtuous and industrious life."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Black women were also fighting for their husbands, families, and overall equality and freedom of their civil rights. Racism restricted white and black women from coming together to fight for common societal transformation.<a href="#cite_note-Kopacsi_33–50-87">[87]</a> First Wave Feminism in the United States did not chronicle the contributions of black women to the same degree as white women. Activists, including Susan B. Anthony and other feminist leaders preached for equality between genders; however, they disregarded equality between a number of other issues, including race. This allowed for white women to gain power and equality relative to white men, while the social disparity between white and black women increased. The exclusion aided the growing prevalence of White supremacy, specifically white feminism while actively overlooking the severity of impact black feminists had on the movement.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dill_1983_131-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> were abolitionists but they did not advocate for <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. They did not want black men to be granted the right to vote before white women. The <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> was created to distinguish themselves from advocating for black men to vote.<a href="#cite_note-Kopacsi_33–50-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> states no person should be denied the right to vote based on race. Anthony and Stanton opposed passage of the amendment unless it was accompanied by a Sixteenth Amendment that would guarantee suffrage for women. Otherwise, they said, it would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority to the belief that men were superior to women. The new proposal of this amendment was named the "<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Amendment">Anthony Amendment</a>".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Stanton once said that allowing black men to vote before women "creates an antagonism between black men and all women that will culminate in fearful outrages on womanhood".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Anthony stated, she would "cut off this right arm of mine before I will ever work for or demand the ballot for the negro and not the woman".<a href="#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a> exclaimed in 1904 that, "My sisters of the dominant race, stand up not only for the oppressed sex, but also for the oppressed race!"<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> sustained the inequalities between black and white women and also limited their ability to contribute.<a href="#cite_note-Midge-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> together formed the <a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a>, advocating for equality between both gender and sex. In 1848, Frederick Douglass was asked to speak by Susan B. Anthony at a convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Frederick Douglass was an active supporter.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Later, Douglass was not permitted to attend an Atlanta, Georgia <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">NAWSA</a> convention. Susan B. Anthony exclaimed, "I did not want to subject him to humiliation, and I did not want anything to get in the way of bringing the Southern white women into our suffrage association, now that their interest had been awakened".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Douglass opposed the fact that Cady and Anthony were extremely unsupportive of black voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> White women condoned racism at the cost of black women if it meant benefitting and more support of the white suffrage movement.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dill_1983_131-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Institutional_racism">Institutional racism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Institutional racism">edit</a>]</div> It was not just through personal racism that black women were excluded from feminists movements; <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a> prevented many women from having an avid say and stance. It is important to consider the history of black women's labor in the economic, social and political history of America and when orienting the role of black women in first-wave feminism because that history indicates an entirely different experience between black and white women. Black Americans regardless of gender face a violent history of oppression that exploited, abused and commoditized the body for labor as an essential aspect of the early development and success of the United States' economy. Black women were essential to maintaining the mass labor of enslaved people because they could have children that would later become subject to forced labor as well. This uniquely ties black women to the foundation of the United States' economic success. Black women thusly face oppression based on class, race as well as gender that means their interactions with the legal, social, political, educational and economic institutions that feminism aims to change is different from how white women interact with those same systems. The goal of first-wave feminism being mainly to resolve legal issues, chiefly to secure voting rights, only considered the needs of white high class women. First-wave feminism entirely mimicked the racial hierarchy that maintained the power dynamics that exploit black women and completely alienated black women from the feminist movement.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> did not invite black women to attend specific meetings, excluding them entirely. Feminist and women's suffrage conventions held in Southern states, where black women were a dominant percentage of the population, were segregated.<a href="#cite_note-Kopacsi_33–50-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a> excluded black women in the March on Washington in 1913. Black women were asked to march separately, together, at the back of the parade.<a href="#cite_note-Midge-94">[94]</a> They were forced to be made absent which can be seen in the lack of photographs and media of black women marching in the parade. White women did not want black women associated with their movement because they believed white women would disaffiliate themselves from an integrated group and create a segregated, more powerful one.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sojourner_Truth's_"Ain't_I_a_Woman?"">Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?"</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?"">edit</a>]</div> Despite participating and contributing a great deal to all feminists movements, black women were rarely recognized. <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a> said that the world was unable to accept all of the contributions black women have made. <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> together wrote the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage" title="History of Woman Suffrage">History of Woman Suffrage</a> published in 1881. The book failed to give adequate recognition to the black women who were equally responsible for the change in United States history.<a href="#cite_note-Breines_18–24-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a> became an influential advocate for the women's rights movement. In 1851 she delivered her "Ain't I a Woman" speech at the women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio. Black women at this point were beginning to become empowered and assertive, speaking out on the disproportionate inequalities. Truth speaks of how she, and other women, are capable of working as much as men, after having thirteen children. This speech was one of the ways white and black women became closer to working towards fighting for the same thing. Sojourner Truth's speech was originally documented by Marius Robinson, a good friend of hers, who was present at the women's rights convention. Sojourner voiced her thoughts on the civil rights of women. In 1863, twelve years after she delivered the speech Frances Gage published her recollection of Sojourners speech on that day. Gage changed a majority of Sojourner's words and made her appear as if she had a southern slave dialect which she in fact did not as shown in Robinson's accurate version. Gage wrote phrases such as "chillen, whar dar's so much racket dar must be som'ting out o'kilter."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> when Sojourner actually said "May I say a few words? I want to say a few words about this matter."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Thought this speech was a huge stepping stone for the women's movement, it is was still evident who the movement was focused on. Another one of Truth's speeches at the <a href="/wiki/American_Equal_Rights_Association" title="American Equal Rights Association">American Equal Rights Association</a> in New York in 1867 she said, "If colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Her speeches brought attention to the movement, for black women, but also for white. Although private lives continued to be segregated, feminist coalitions became integrated. Two separate reasons aided integration in the feminist movement. <a href="/wiki/Paula_Giddings" title="Paula Giddings">Paula Giddings</a> wrote that the two fights against racism and sexism could not be separated. <a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Gerda Lerner</a> wrote that black women demonstrated they too were fully capable of fighting and creating change for equality.<a href="#cite_note-Breines_18–24-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) in the 19th century">Timeline of women's legal rights in the 19th century</a></div> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this list be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> into a new article titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_first-wave_feminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of first-wave feminism (page does not exist)">Timeline of first-wave feminism</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:First-wave_feminism#Split_proposal:_Timeline" title="Talk:First-wave feminism">discuss</a>) (September 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> 1809</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Connecticut: Married women were allowed to execute wills.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1810</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sweden: The informal right of an unmarried woman to be declared of <a href="/wiki/Legal_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal majority">legal majority</a> by royal dispensation was officially confirmed by parliament.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1811</dt></dl> <ul><li>Austria: Married women were granted separate economy and the right to choose their professions.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Evans_1979-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Sweden: Married businesswomen were granted the right to make decisions about their own affairs without their husband's consent.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1821</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Maine: Married women were allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1827</dt></dl> <ul><li>Brazil: The first elementary schools for girls and the profession of school teacher were opened.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1829</dt></dl> <ul><li>India: <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a> was banned.<a href="#cite_note-dodwell-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-marshman-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Sati scholars, however, disagree about the extent to which the prohibition of sati reflected concerns about women's rights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Sweden: Midwives were allowed to use surgical instruments, which were unique in Europe at the time and gave them surgical status.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1832</dt></dl> <ul><li>Brazil: Dionísia Gonçalves Pinto, under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADsia_Floresta" title="Nísia Floresta">Nísia Floresta Brasileira Augusta</a>, published her first book, and the first in Brazil to deal with women's intellectual equality and their capacity and right to be educated and participate in society on an equal basis with men, which was Women's rights and men's injustice.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> It was a translation of Woman not Inferior to Man, often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wortley_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Wortley Montagu">Mary Wortley Montagu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1833</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Co-educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-educational">co-educational</a> American university, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, was founded.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Guatemala: Divorce was legalized; this was rescinded in 1840 and reintroduced in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-119">[119]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1835</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Arkansas: Married women were allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1838</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Kentucky: Kentucky gave school suffrage (the right to vote at school meetings) to widows with children of school age.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li> <li>US, Iowa: Iowa was the first U.S. state to allow sole custody of a child to its mother in the event of a divorce.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Pitcairn Islands: The <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1839</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Mississippi: Mississippi was the first U.S. state that gave married women limited property rights.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Custody_of_Infants_Act_1839" title="Custody of Infants Act 1839">Custody of Infants Act 1839</a> made it possible for divorced mothers to be granted custody of their children under seven, but only if the Lord Chancellor agreed to it, and only if the mother was of good character.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>US, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Act_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="Married Women's Property Act 1839">Married Women's Property Act 1839</a> granted married women the right to own (but not control) property in their own name.<a href="#cite_note-Coryell-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1840</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>: Married women were allowed to own property in their own name.<a href="#cite_note-Coryell-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1841</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bulgaria: The first secular <a href="/wiki/Girls_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Girls school">girls school</a> in Bulgaria was opened, making education and the profession of teacher available for women.<a href="#cite_note-google1-125">[125]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1842</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sweden: Compulsory <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> for both sexes was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1844</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Maine: Maine was the first U.S. state that passed a law to allow married women to own separate property in their own name (separate economy) in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-google8-127">[127]</a></li> <li>US, Maine: Maine passed Sole Trader Law which granted married women the ability to engage in business without the need for their husbands' consent.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li> <li>US, Massachusetts: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-spanalumni.academia.edu-128">[128]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1845</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sweden: Equal <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> for sons and daughters (in the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>) became law.<a href="#cite_note-Lilla_Focus_Uppslagsbok_1979-129">[129]</a></li> <li>US, New York: Married women were granted patent rights.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1846</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sweden: Trade- and crafts works professions were opened to all unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-ub.gu.se-131">[131]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1847</dt></dl> <ul><li>Costa Rica: The first high school for girls opened, and the profession of teacher was opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1848</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, State of New York: Married Women's Property Act grant married women separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>US, on June 14–15, third-party presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a> made women's suffrage a plank in the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">platform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>US, State of New York: A women's rights convention called the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> was held in July. It was the first American women's rights convention.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1849</dt></dl> <ul><li>US: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a>, born in England, became the first female medical doctor in American history.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1850</dt></dl> <ul><li>United Kingdom: The first organized movement for English feminism was the <a href="/wiki/Langham_Place_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Langham Place Circle">Langham Place Circle</a> of the 1850s, including among others <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bodichon" title="Barbara Bodichon">Barbara Bodichon</a> (née Leigh-Smith) and <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Rayner_Parkes" title="Bessie Rayner Parkes">Bessie Rayner Parkes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LPC-48">[48]</a> They also campaigned for improved female rights in employment, and education.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Haiti: The first permanent school for girls was opened.<a href="#cite_note-haiticulture.ch-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Iceland: Equal inheritance for men and women was required.<a href="#cite_note-helsinki.fi-139">[139]</a></li> <li>US, California: Married Women's Property Act granted married women separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-google3-140">[140]</a></li> <li>US, Wisconsin: The Married Women's Property Act granted married women separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-google3-140">[140]</a></li> <li>US, Oregon: Unmarried women were allowed to own land.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Evans_1979-107">[107]</a></li> <li>The feminist movement began in Denmark with the publication of the feminist book Clara Raphael, Tolv Breve, meaning "Clara Raphael, Twelve Letters," by <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Fibiger" title="Mathilde Fibiger">Mathilde Fibiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-google9-142">[142]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1851</dt></dl> <ul><li>Guatemala: Full <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> was granted to economically independent women, but this was rescinded in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>Canada, New Brunswick : Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-google4-144">[144]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1852</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, New Jersey: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-spanalumni.academia.edu-128">[128]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1853</dt></dl> <ul><li>Colombia: Divorce was legalized; this was rescinded in 1856 and reintroduced in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Sweden: The profession of teacher at public primary and elementary school was opened to both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1854</dt></dl> <ul><li>Norway: Equal inheritance for men and women was required.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Evans_1979-107">[107]</a></li> <li>US, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>: Massachusetts granted married women separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-google3-140">[140]</a></li> <li>Chile: The first public elementary school for girls was opened.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1855</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Iowa: The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> became the first coeducational <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> or state university in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Roch-147">[147]</a></li> <li>US, Michigan: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-google1-125">[125]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1857</dt></dl> <ul><li>Denmark: Legal majority was granted to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Evans_1979-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Denmark: A new law established the right of unmarried women to earn their living in any craft or trade.<a href="#cite_note-google9-142">[142]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act_1857" title="Matrimonial Causes Act 1857">Matrimonial Causes Act 1857</a> enabled couples to obtain a divorce through civil proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>Netherlands: Elementary education was made compulsory for both girls and boys.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li>Spain: Elementary education was made compulsory for both girls and boys.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li>US, Maine: Married women were granted the right to control their own earnings.<a href="#cite_note-spanalumni.academia.edu-128">[128]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1858</dt></dl> <ul><li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasiums</a> for girls were opened.<a href="#cite_note-google2000-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Sweden: Legal majority was granted to unmarried women if applied for; automatic legal majority was granted in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-Lilla_Focus_Uppslagsbok_1979-129">[129]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1859</dt></dl> <ul><li>Canada West: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-google4-144">[144]</a></li> <li>Denmark: The post of teacher at public school was opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Russia: Women were allowed to audit university lectures, but this was retracted in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-google2000-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Sweden: The posts of college teacher and lower official at public institutions were opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li>US, Kansas: The Married Women's Property Act granted married women separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-google3-140">[140]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1860</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, New York: New York passed a revised Married Women's Property Act which gave women shared legal custody of their children, allowing them to have a say in their children's wills, wages, and granting them the right to inherit property.<a href="#cite_note-Dicker,_2008,_pp._30,_38-82">[82]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1861</dt></dl> <ul><li>South Australia: South Australia granted property-owning women the right to vote in local elections.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>US, Kansas: Kansas gave school suffrage to all women. Many U.S. states followed before the start of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1862</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sweden: Restricted local suffrage was granted to women in Sweden. In 1919 suffrage was granted with restrictions, and in 1921 all restrictions were lifted.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1863</dt></dl> <ul><li>Finland: In 1863, taxpaying women were granted municipal suffrage in the country side, and in 1872, the same reform was given to the cities.<a href="#cite_note-google10-157">[157]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1869</dt></dl> <ul><li>United Kingdom: The UK granted women the right to vote in local elections.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>US, Wyoming: the Wyoming territories grant women the right to vote, the first part of the US to do so.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1870</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Utah: The Utah territory granted women the right to vote, but it was revoked by Congress in 1887 as part of a national effort to rid the territory of polygamy. It was restored in 1895, when the right to vote and hold office was written into the constitution of the new state.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Act_1870" title="Married Women's Property Act 1870">Married Women's Property Act</a> was passed in 1870 and expanded in 1874 and <a href="/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Act_1882" title="Married Women's Property Act 1882">1882</a>, giving women control over their own earnings and property.<a href="#cite_note-google8-127">[127]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1871</dt></dl> <ul><li>Denmark: In 1871 the worlds very first Women's Rights organization was founded by Mathilde Bajer and her husband Frederik Bajer, called <a href="/wiki/Danish_Women%27s_Society" title="Danish Women's Society">Danish Women's Society</a> (or Dansk Kvindesamfund. It still exists to this day).</li> <li>Netherlands: First female academic student <a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a> enrolls at a Dutch university (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>).</li></ul> <dl><dt>1872</dt></dl> <ul><li>Finland: In 1872, taxpaying women were granted municipal suffrage in the cities.<a href="#cite_note-google10-157">[157]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1881</dt></dl> <ul><li>Isle of Man: The right to vote was extended to unmarried women and widows who owned property, and as a result 700 women received the vote, comprising about 10% of the Manx electorate.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1884</dt></dl> <ul><li>Canada: Widows and spinsters were the first women granted the right to vote within municipalities in Ontario, with the other provinces following throughout the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1886</dt></dl> <ul><li>US: All but six U.S. states allowed divorce on grounds of cruelty.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Korea: <a href="/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University" title="Ewha Womans University">Ewha Womans University</a>, Korea's first educational institute for women, was founded in 1886 by <a href="/wiki/Mary_F._Scranton" title="Mary F. Scranton">Mary F. Scranton</a>, an American missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1891</dt></dl> <ul><li>Australia: The New South Wales Womanhood Suffrage League was founded.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1893</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Colorado: Colorado granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>New Zealand: New Zealand became the first self-governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>Cook Islands: The Cook Islands granted women the right to vote in island councils and a federal parliament.<a href="#cite_note-nzhistory1-167">[167]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1894</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>: South Australia <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Amendment_(Adult_Suffrage)_Act_1894" title="Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894">granted women</a> the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-nzhistory1-167">[167]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The United Kingdom extended the right to vote in local elections to married women.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1895</dt></dl> <ul><li>US: Almost all U.S. states had passed some form of Sole Trader Laws, Property Laws, and Earnings Laws, granting married women the right to trade without their husbands' consent, own and/or control their own property, and control their own earnings.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1896</dt></dl> <ul><li>Argentina: A group of <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcha-feminist">anarcha-feminist</a> women, headed by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bolten" title="Virginia Bolten">Virginia Bolten</a>, publish <a href="/wiki/La_Voz_de_la_Mujer" title="La Voz de la Mujer">La Voz de la Mujer</a>, one of the first feminist newspapers of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li>US, Idaho: Idaho granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1900</dt></dl> <ul><li>Western Australia: Western Australia granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li>Belgium: Legal majority was granted to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-rosadoc.be-172">[172]</a></li> <li>Egypt: A school for female teachers was founded in Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-North_Africa_1999-173">[173]</a></li> <li>France: Women were allowed to practice law.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-174">[174]</a></li> <li>Korea: The post office profession was opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>Tunisia: The first public elementary school for girls was opened.<a href="#cite_note-North_Africa_1999-173">[173]</a></li> <li>Japan: The first women's university was opened.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Baden, Germany: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-google5-177">[177]</a></li> <li>Sweden: Maternity leave was granted for female industrial workers.</li></ul> <dl><dt>1901</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bulgaria: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li>Cuba: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li>Denmark: Maternity leave was granted for all women.<a href="#cite_note-kvinfo1-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Sweden: The first Swedish law regarding parental leave was instituted in 1900. This law only affected women who worked as wage-earning factory workers and simply required that employers not allow women to work in the first four weeks after giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li>Commonwealth of Australia: The First Parliament was not elected with a uniform franchise. The voting rights were based on existing franchise laws in each of the States. Thus, in South Australia and Western Australia women had the vote, in South Australia Aborigines (men and women) were entitled to vote and in Queensland and Western Australia Aborigines were explicitly denied voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1902</dt></dl> <ul><li>China: <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">Foot binding</a> was outlawed in 1902 by the imperial edicts of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>, the last dynasty in China, which ended in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>El Salvador: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>El Salvador: Legal majority was granted to married women.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>New South Wales: New South Wales granted women the right to vote in state elections.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: A delegation of women textile workers from Northern England presented a petition to Parliament with 37,000 signatures demanding votes for women.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1900-187">[187]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1903</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bavaria, Germany: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-google5-177">[177]</a></li> <li>Sweden: Public medical offices opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-188">[188]</a></li> <li>Australia: Tasmania granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1900-187">[187]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1904</dt></dl> <ul><li>Nicaragua: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Nicaragua: Legal majority was granted to married women.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Württemberg, Germany: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-google5-177">[177]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The suffragette <a href="/wiki/Dora_Montefiore" title="Dora Montefiore">Dora Montefiore</a> refused to pay her taxes because women could not vote.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1905</dt></dl> <ul><li>Australia: Queensland granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>Iceland: Educational institutions opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Evans_1979-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Russia: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Evans_1979-107">[107]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: On October 10, <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Kenney" title="Annie Kenney">Annie Kenney</a> became the first women to be arrested in the fight for women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1906</dt></dl> <ul><li>Finland granted women the right vote.<a href="#cite_note-finlande1-192">[192]</a> It was the first country in Europe to do so.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li> <li>Honduras: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Honduras: Legal majority was granted to married women.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Honduras: Divorce was legalized<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Korea: The profession of nurse was allowed for women.<a href="#cite_note-google6-194">[194]</a></li> <li>Nicaragua: Divorce was legalized.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Sweden : Municipal suffrage, since 1862 granted to unmarried women, was granted to married women.<a href="#cite_note-runeberg.org-195">[195]</a></li> <li>Saxony, Germany: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-google5-177">[177]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: A delegation of women from both the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> met with the Prime Minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1900-187">[187]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The word suffragette, intended as an insult to women in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a>, was used for the first time, by the Daily Mail.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Women_Workers" title="National Federation of Women Workers">National Federation of Women Workers</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Reid_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Reid MacArthur">Mary Reid MacArthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1907</dt></dl> <ul><li>France: Married women were given control of their income.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li>France: Women were allowed guardianship of children.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-174">[174]</a></li> <li>Norway: Women were granted the right to stand for election, although this was subject to restrictions until 1913.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-197">[197]</a></li> <li>Finland: The first female members of parliament in world history were elected in Finland in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-finlande1-192">[192]</a></li> <li>Uruguay: Divorce was legalized.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom The <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> organized its first national demonstration, which became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(Suffragists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud March (Suffragists)">Mud March</a>" because of the terrible weather at the time.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence">Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence</a> and her husband Frederick launched the suffragette newspaper <a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a>.</li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Freedom_League" title="Women's Freedom League">Women's Freedom League</a> was formed when <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Despard" title="Charlotte Despard">Charlotte Despard</a> and others broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Qualification_of_Women_Act_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualification of Women Act 1907">Qualification of Women Act 1907</a> allowed women to be elected as mayors and to borough and city councils.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1908</dt></dl> <ul><li>Belgium: Women were allowed to act as legal witnesses in court.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Evans_1979-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Denmark: Unmarried women were made legal guardians of their children.<a href="#cite_note-kvinfo1-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Peru: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine and Hesse, Germany: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-google5-177">[177]</a></li> <li>Denmark: Denmark granted women over 25 the right to vote in local elections.<a href="#cite_note-kvinfo2-200">[200]</a></li> <li>Australia: Victoria granted women the right to vote in state elections.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: On January 17, suffragettes chained themselves to the railings of <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> was imprisoned for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> also introduced their stone-throwing campaign.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1909</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sweden: Women were granted eligibility to municipal councils.<a href="#cite_note-runeberg.org-195">[195]</a></li> <li>Sweden: The phrase "Swedish man" was removed from the application forms to public offices and women were thereby approved as applicants to most public professions.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-188">[188]</a></li> <li>Mecklenburg, Germany: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-google5-177">[177]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: In July, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Wallace_Dunlop" title="Marion Wallace Dunlop">Marion Wallace Dunlop</a> became the first imprisoned suffragette to go on a hunger strike. As a result, force-feeding was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1910</dt></dl> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Elvira_Rawson_de_Dellepiane" title="Elvira Rawson de Dellepiane">Elvira Rawson de Dellepiane</a> founded the Feminist Center (Spanish: Centro Feminista) in Buenos Aires, joined by a group of prestigious women.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>Denmark: The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honor the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li>US, Washington: Washington granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>Ecuador: Divorce was legalized.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-119">[119]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: November 18 was "<a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday</a>", when the suffragettes and police clashed violently outside Parliament after the failure of the first <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Conciliation Bill">Conciliation Bill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pitfield" title="Ellen Pitfield">Ellen Pitfield</a>, one of the suffragettes, later died from her injuries.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1911</dt></dl> <ul><li>United Kingdom: Dame <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Smyth" title="Ethel Smyth">Ethel Smyth</a> composed "<a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">The March of the Women</a>", the suffragette song.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Portugal: Legal majority was granted to married women (rescinded in 1933.)<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-205">[205]</a></li> <li>Portugal: Divorce was legalized.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-205">[205]</a></li> <li>US, California: California granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> was marked for the first time in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland on 19 March. More than one million women and men attended IWD rallies campaigning for women's rights to work, vote, be trained, hold public office and be free from discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-internationalwomensday1918-207">[207]</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a> published <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women and Labor (page does not exist)">Women and Labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1912</dt></dl> <ul><li>US, Oregon, Kansas, Arizona: Oregon, Kansas, and Arizona granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-constitutioncenter1-208">[208]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> established her <a href="/wiki/East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Federation of Suffragettes">East London Federation of Suffragettes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1913</dt></dl> <ul><li>Russia: In 1913 Russian women observed their first <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> on the last Sunday in February. Following discussions, International Women's Day was transferred to 8 March and this day has remained the global date for International Women's Day ever since.<a href="#cite_note-internationalwomensday1918-207">[207]</a></li> <li>US, Alaska: Alaska granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-constitutioncenter1-208">[208]</a></li> <li>Norway: Norway granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>Japan: Public universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The suffragette <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davison" title="Emily Davison">Emily Davison</a> was killed by the King's horse at <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: 50,000 women taking part in a pilgrimage organized by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies arrived in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> on July 26.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1914</dt></dl> <ul><li>Russia: Married women were allowed their own internal passport.<a href="#cite_note-google2000-152">[152]</a></li> <li>US, Montana, Nevada: Montana and Nevada granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-constitutioncenter1-208">[208]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The suffragette <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson" title="Mary Richardson">Mary Richardson</a> entered the National Gallery and slashed the <a href="/wiki/Rokeby_Venus" title="Rokeby Venus">Rokeby Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1915</dt></dl> <ul><li>Denmark: Denmark granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-kvinfo2-200">[200]</a></li> <li>Iceland: Iceland granted women the right to vote, subject to conditions and restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-197">[197]</a></li> <li>US: In 1915 the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> began to admit women as members.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1995-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Wales: The first Women's Institute in Britain was founded in North Wales at Llanfairpwll.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1916</dt></dl> <ul><li>Canada: Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-scholastic1-211">[211]</a></li> <li>US: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> opened America's first birth control clinic in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat and Mouse Act">Cat and Mouse Act</a> was introduced for suffragettes who refused to eat.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1917</dt></dl> <ul><li>Cuba: Married women were granted separate economy.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Cuba: Legal majority was granted to married women.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Netherlands: Women were granted the right to stand for election.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li>Mexico: Legal majority for married women.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Mexico: Divorce was legalized.<a href="#cite_note-googlecivil-185">[185]</a></li> <li>US, New York: New York granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-constitutioncenter1-208">[208]</a></li> <li>Belarus: Belarus granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li>Russia: The <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1918</dt></dl> <ul><li>Cuba: Divorce was legalized.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Russia: The first Constitution of the new Soviet State (the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic) declared that "women have equal rights to men."<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li>Thailand: Universities opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: In 1918 <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a>, who believed in equality in marriage and the importance of women's sexual desire, published <a href="/wiki/Married_Love" title="Married Love">Married Love</a>,<a href="#cite_note-google2004-55">[55]</a> a sex manual that, according to a survey of American academics in 1935, was one of the 25 most influential books of the previous 50 years, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_the_General_Theory" title="Relativity: The Special and the General Theory">Relativity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Dreams" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation of Dreams">Interpretation of Dreams</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace" title="The Economic Consequences of the Peace">The Economic Consequences of the Peace</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated811-218">[218]</a></li> <li>US, Michigan, South Dakota, Oklahoma: Michigan, South Dakota, and Oklahoma granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-constitutioncenter1-208">[208]</a></li> <li>Austria: Austria granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-scholastic1-211">[211]</a></li> <li>Canada: Canada granted women the right to vote on the federal level (the last province to enact women's suffrage was Quebec in 1940.)<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act" title="Representation of the People Act">Representation of the People Act</a> was passed which allowed women over the age of 30 who met a property qualification to vote. Although 8.5 million women met this criterion, it only represented 40 per cent of the total population of women in the UK. The same act extended the vote to all men over the age of 21.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_(Qualification_of_Women)_Act_1918" title="Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918">Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918</a> was passed allowing women to stand as members of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-scholastic1-211">[211]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1919</dt></dl> <ul><li>Germany: Germany granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-scholastic1-211">[211]</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li>Italy: Women gained more property rights, including control over their own earnings, and access to some legal positions.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Sex_Disqualification_(Removal)_Act_1919" title="Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919">Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919</a> became law. In a broad opening statement it specified that, "[a] person shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage from the exercise of any public function, or from being appointed to or holding any civil or judicial office or post, or from entering or assuming or carrying on any civil profession or vocation". The Act did provide employment opportunities for individual women and many were appointed as magistrates, but in practice it fell far short of the expectations of the women's movement. Senior positions in the civil service were still closed to women and they could be excluded from juries if evidence was likely to be too "sensitive".<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: Luxembourg granted women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li>Canada: Women were granted the right to be candidates in federal elections.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li>Netherlands: The Netherlands granted women the right to vote. The right to stand in election was granted in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li>New Zealand: New Zealand allowed women to stand for election into parliament.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Astor">Nancy Astor</a> became the first woman to take her seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1910-190">[190]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1920</dt></dl> <ul><li>China: The first female students were accepted in <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, soon followed by universities all over China.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li>Haiti: The apothecary profession was opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-haiticulture.ch-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Korea: The profession of telephone operator, as well as several other professions, such as store clerks, were opened to women.<a href="#cite_note-google6-194">[194]</a></li> <li>Sweden: Legal majority was granted to married women and equal marriage rights were granted to women.<a href="#cite_note-Lilla_Focus_Uppslagsbok_1979-129">[129]</a></li> <li>US: The <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a> was signed into law, granting all American women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-google7-121">[121]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> opened its degrees to women.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1921</dt></dl> <ul><li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Group" title="Six Point Group">Six Point Group</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mackworth,_2nd_Viscountess_Rhondda" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Mackworth, 2nd Viscountess Rhondda">Lady Rhondda</a> to push for women's social, political, occupational, moral, economic, and legal equality.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1922</dt></dl> <ul><li>China: <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> was celebrated in China from 1922 on.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Property_Act_1922&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Property Act 1922 (page does not exist)">Law of Property Act 1922</a> was passed, giving wives the right to inherit property equally with their husbands.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li> <li>England: The Infanticide Act was passed, ending the death penalty for women who killed their children if the women's minds were found to be unbalanced.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1923</dt></dl> <ul><li>Nicaragua: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elba_Ochomogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elba Ochomogo (page does not exist)">Elba Ochomogo</a> became the first woman to obtain a university degree in Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: The Matrimonial Causes Act gave women the right to petition for divorce on the grounds of adultery.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1925</dt></dl> <ul><li>United Kingdom: The Guardianship of Infants Act gave parents equal claims over their children.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1928</dt></dl> <ul><li>United Kingdom: The right to vote was granted to all UK women equally with men in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1934</dt></dl> <ul><li>Turkey: Women gained the right to vote and to become a nominee to be elected equally in 1934 after reformations for a new civil law.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Problems of conflicting interests, of the always-permeable dichotomies of hegemony and resistance, of internal contradictions and inadequacies within the notions of the "<a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>," and "<a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>," shaped 19th- and early 20th-century feminist ideology and praxis and continue to resonate in debates over <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>," <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality">sexuality</a> today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For Kyla Schuller in The Biopolitics of Feeling: Race, Sex, and Science in the Nineteenth Century, "biopower is feminism's enabling condition ... movements for gender equality have materialized amid a field of power in which, at least since Malthus, the interdependence of reproduction and economics forms the primary field of the political."<a href="#cite_note-:2-233">[233]</a> Schuller argues that "[the] evolutionary notion of the distinct sexes of male and female, understood as specialized divergences in physiology, anatomy, and mental function that only the most civilized had achieved, was itself a racial hierarchy ... the very idea of sex as a biological and political subjectivity is a product of the biopolitical logics unfolding hand in hand with the sciences of species change."<a href="#cite_note-:2-233">[233]</a> Schuller quotes <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Murphy" title="Michelle Murphy">Michelle Murphy</a> in Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience: "Historicizing feminisms as a biopolitics that has taken 'sex,' and its subsidiary, 'reproduction,' as central concerns requires that we understand feminisms in all their variety and contradiction as animated within - and not escaping from - dominant configurations of governance and technoscience."<a href="#cite_note-:2-233">[233]</a> From this perspective, 19th- and early 20th-century feminisms reproduced the very social hierarchies they had the potential to struggle against, exemplifying the claim of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> in his The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction that "resistance is never in a position of exteriority in relation to power."<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> First-wave feminism offered no intersectional perspective. Gender was not thought of as a social construction, nor was the roles that each gender plays thought of as sexist.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> This time period also focused on biological differences, and that only the way to be considered a woman was through biology or sex.<a href="#cite_note-:0-236">[236]</a> It did not consider and fight for women of color, or women of lower socioeconomic status.<a href="#cite_note-:1-237">[237]</a> It also reinforced and made colonization stronger, as well increasing the eroticization of women from different nations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-237">[237]</a> First-wave theorists also leave out all of the activism women of color contributed. Activists like Maria Stewart, and Frances E. W. Harper are hardly mentioned with any credit for the abolitionist or suffrage movements during this time period.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> First wave feminism is male centric meaning it was made in the form of the way men see women.<a href="#cite_note-:1-237">[237]</a> Another issue with First-Wave feminism is that the white, middle-class women were able to decide what is a woman problem and what is not.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> First-wave lacked the sexual freedom women aspired to have but could not have while men could.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> It is also said that many of the white fundamental First Wave feminists were in alliance with women of color but stayed silent when they figured they could reach progression for middle class, white women.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) in the 19th century">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a> (1869) by John Stuart Mill</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Tong, Rosemarie (2018). Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9780429974878. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLear1968" class="citation news cs1">Lear, Martha Weinman (March 10, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E3DD1539E63ABC4852DFB5668383679EDE&legacy=true">"The Second Feminist Wave: What do these women want?"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Second+Feminist+Wave%3A+What+do+these+women+want%3F&rft.date=1968-03-10&rft.aulast=Lear&rft.aufirst=Martha+Weinman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9B05E3DD1539E63ABC4852DFB5668383679EDE%26legacy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2004" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Astrid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4U4Ss1OZGoC&pg=PA58">Not My Mother's Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253111227" title="Special:BookSources/9780253111227"><bdi>9780253111227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+My+Mother%27s+Sister%3A+Generational+Conflict+and+Third-Wave+Feminism&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780253111227&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4U4Ss1OZGoC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bccfeministphilosophy.wordpress.com/tag/first-wave-feminism/">"First Wave Feminism"</a>. BCC Feminist Philosophy. Retrieved 2021-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BCC+Feminist+Philosophy&rft.atitle=First+Wave+Feminism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbccfeministphilosophy.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Ffirst-wave-feminism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v819-5"><a href="#cite_ref-v819_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelehan1995" class="citation book cs1">Whelehan, Imelda (1 June 1995). Modern Feminist Thought: From the Second Wave to 'Post-Feminism'. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780748632084">10.1515/9780748632084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3208-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3208-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-3208-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Feminist+Thought%3A+From+the+Second+Wave+to+%27Post-Feminism%27&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1995-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780748632084&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3208-4&rft.aulast=Whelehan&rft.aufirst=Imelda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2010" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Nancy A. 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Rutgers University Press. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4724-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-4724-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bmzp2r">j.ctt1bmzp2r</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Permanent+Waves%3A+Recasting+Histories+of+U.S.+Feminism&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1bmzp2r%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4724-4&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Nancy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1bmzp2r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReger2017" class="citation journal cs1">Reger, Jo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/434/article/829366">"Finding a Place in History: The Discursive Legacy of the Wave Metaphor and Contemporary Feminism"</a>. 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Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6331-5"><bdi>978-0-8204-6331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Feminism%2C+%26+Fiction+in+Germany%2C+1840-1914&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-6331-5&rft.aulast=Weedon&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuazGkM-m0bMC%26q%3DGerman%2Bfirst-wave%2Bfeminism%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerree2012" class="citation book cs1">Ferree, Myra (2012-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNZiDYlOUeYC&q=first-wave+feminism+Germany&pg=PR7">Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective</a>. 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Blackwood. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108021043" title="Special:BookSources/9781108021043"><bdi>9781108021043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India+from+the+earliest+period+to+the+close+of+the+East+India+Company%27s+government&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Edinburgh%3A+W.+Blackwood&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=9781108021043&rft.aulast=Marshman&rft.aufirst=John+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbmT_Tv-VGUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaRayHejib1988" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Arvind; Ray, Ajit; Hejib, Alaka (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC&q=yasomati+sati&pg=PA41">Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays</a>. 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Idahostatesman.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=01%2F24%2F2006%3A+Idaho+women+win+right+to+vote+%26%23124%3B+Idaho+History&rft.pub=Idahostatesman.com&rft.date=2006-01-24&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idahostatesman.com%2F2006%2F01%2F24%2F12752%2Fidaho-women-win-right-to-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025074056/http://www.womenshistory.com.au/timeline.asp">"Australian Women's History: Timeline"</a>. Womenshistory.com.au. 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Retrieved 2012-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+democracy&rft.pub=Bl.uk&rft.date=1928-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Fhistcitizen%2F21cc%2Fstruggle%2Fstruggle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_233-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_233-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuller2018" class="citation book cs1">Schuller, Kyla (2018). The Biopolitics of Feeling: Race, Sex, and Science in the Nineteenth Century. 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Stewart, an early abolitionist"</a>. AARegistry.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AARegistry.org&rft.atitle=Maria+W.+Stewart%2C+an+early+abolitionist&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaregistry.org%2Fstory%2Fmaria-w-stewart-an-early-abolitionist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/people/frances-ew-harper-40710">"Frances E.W. Harper"</a>. Biography.com. 1 April 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com&rft.atitle=Frances+E.W.+Harper&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Ffrances-ew-harper-40710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1997" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel, Deborah L. (1997). "The Legacy of the Personal: Generating Theory in Feminism's Third Wave". Hypatia. 12 (3): 46–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1997.tb00005.x">10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00005.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3810222">3810222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691989">145691989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+the+Personal%3A+Generating+Theory+in+Feminism%27s+Third+Wave&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=46-75&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3810222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1527-2001.1997.tb00005.x&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal2014" class="citation book cs1">Segal, Lynne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse">Encyclopedia of Feminists Theories</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13274-9"><bdi>978-0-415-13274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Feminists+Theories&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13274-9&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaoffe0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnarsson2008" class="citation book cs1">Gunnarsson, Lena (2008). GEXcel Work in Progress Report Volume III. Sweden: GEXcel and the authors. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7393-843-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7393-843-3"><bdi>978-91-7393-843-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GEXcel+Work+in+Progress+Report+Volume+III&rft.place=Sweden&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=GEXcel+and+the+authors&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-91-7393-843-3&rft.aulast=Gunnarsson&rft.aufirst=Lena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Dicker, Rory Cooke. (2008) A History of U.S. Feminisms. Berkeley: Seal Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58005-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58005-234-7">1-58005-234-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1981" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Margaret S. (1981). Anarchist Women, 1870-1920. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877222026" title="Special:BookSources/9780877222026"><bdi>9780877222026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Women%2C+1870-1920&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780877222026&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Margaret+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rupp, Leila J. (2011): Transnational Women's Movements, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: June 22, 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojasgpsc.com/2019/04/gk-book-pdf.html">Biography of Mary Wollstonecraft with links to works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418054927/https://www.ojasgpsc.com/2019/04/gk-book-pdf.html">Archived</a> 2019-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050921130244/http://www.class.csupomona.edu/his/skpuz/hst202/Woodhull/WQart.html">Woodhull's attempt to run for President</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Woman_of_the_late_19th_century_(born_before_1880)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Woman_(late_19th_century)" title="Template:New Woman (late 19th century)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Woman_(late_19th_century)" title="Template talk:New Woman (late 19th century)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Woman_(late_19th_century)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Woman (late 19th century)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Woman_of_the_late_19th_century_(born_before_1880)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">New Woman of the late 19th century</a> (born before 1880)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism#19th_century" title="History of feminism">19th-century feminism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Abb%C3%A9ma" title="Louise Abbéma">Louise Abbéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elenore_Abbott" title="Elenore Abbott">Elenore Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_E._Allender" title="Nina E. Allender">Nina E. Allender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gengembre_Anderson" title="Sophie Gengembre Anderson">Sophie Gengembre Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Barns" title="Cornelia Barns">Cornelia Barns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Beaux" title="Cecilia Beaux">Cecilia Beaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enella_Benedict" title="Enella Benedict">Enella Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur" title="Rosa Bonheur">Rosa Bonheur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Augusta_Brownscombe" title="Jennie Augusta Brownscombe">Jennie Augusta Brownscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_J._Chapman" title="Minerva J. Chapman">Minerva J. Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_Charmy" title="Émilie Charmy">Émilie Charmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Brown_Chittenden" title="Alice Brown Chittenden">Alice Brown Chittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Coffin" title="Elizabeth Coffin">Elizabeth Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lampert_Cooper" title="Emma Lampert Cooper">Emma Lampert Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stuart_Frackelton" title="Susan Stuart Frackelton">Susan Stuart Frackelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Weber_Furlong" title="Wilhelmina Weber Furlong">Wilhelmina Weber Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Shippen_Green" title="Elizabeth Shippen Green">Elizabeth Shippen Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Day_Hale" title="Ellen Day Hale">Ellen Day Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Knight" title="Laura Knight">Laura Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lea_Merritt" title="Anna Lea Merritt">Anna Lea Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Nourse" title="Elizabeth Nourse">Elizabeth Nourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Oakley" title="Violet Oakley">Violet Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Okie_Paxton" title="Elizabeth Okie Paxton">Elizabeth Okie Paxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Sartain" title="Emily Sartain">Emily Sartain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Colman_Smith" title="Pamela Colman Smith">Pamela Colman Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Swynnerton" title="Annie Swynnerton">Annie Swynnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Wheeler" title="Candace Wheeler">Candace Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Whitney" title="Anne Whitney">Anne Whitney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sophie_Cory" title="Annie Sophie Cory">Annie Sophie Cory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_D%27Arcy" title="Ella D'Arcy">Ella D'Arcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Hepworth_Dixon" title="Ella Hepworth Dixon">Ella Hepworth Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Egerton" title="George Egerton">George Egerton</a> (Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grand" title="Sarah Grand">Sarah Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Levy" title="Amy Levy">Amy Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Schreiner" title="Olive Schreiner">Olive Schreiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_the_United_States" title="Women's education in the United States">Educators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature about the New Woman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Isabel Archer in <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Portrait_of_a_Lady" title="The Portrait of a Lady">The Portrait of a Lady</a> (serialized 1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Leigh" title="Aurora Leigh">Aurora Leigh</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Awakening_(Chopin_novel)" title="The Awakening (Chopin novel)">The Awakening</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Sophie_Cory" title="Annie Sophie Cory">Victoria Cross</a>' <a href="/wiki/Anna_Lombard" title="Anna Lombard">Anna Lombard</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Hepworth_Dixon" title="Ella Hepworth Dixon">Ella Hepworth Dixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Modern_Woman" title="The Story of a Modern Woman">The Story of a Modern Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Jones" title="Henry Arthur Jones">Henry Arthur Jones</a>'s The Case of Rebellious Susan (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>' <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Miller" title="Daisy Miller">Daisy Miller</a> (serialized 1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Levy" title="Amy Levy">Amy Levy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_a_Shop" title="The Romance of a Shop">The Romance of a Shop</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Warren%27s_Profession" title="Mrs. Warren's Profession">Mrs. Warren's Profession</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Candida_(play)" title="Candida (play)">Candida</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ann_Veronica" title="Ann Veronica">Ann Veronica</a> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&oldid=1260725463">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First-wave_feminism&oldid=1260725463</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First-wave_feminism" title="Category:First-wave feminism">First-wave feminism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Category:Feminist movements and 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