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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style> In Poland, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance movement</a> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> was led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>. The Polish resistance is notable among others for disrupting German supply lines to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> (damaging or destroying 1/8 of all rail transports), and providing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military intelligence">intelligence reports</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British intelligence agencies">intelligence agencies</a> (providing 43% of all reports from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German-occupied_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German-occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a>). It was a part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>. <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Polish resistance during World War II</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/150px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/225px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/300px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/150px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/225px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/300px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="450"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Warsaw_1944.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/150px-Warsaw_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/225px-Warsaw_1944.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/300px-Warsaw_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="787"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/150px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%25C4%2599drusie_3.jpg/225px-J%25C4%2599drusie_3.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%25C4%2599drusie_3.jpg/300px-J%25C4%2599drusie_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="345"></a> Sequentially from top: soldiers from Kolegium "A" of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kedyw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a> on Stawki Street in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wola">Wola</a> district, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, 1944; Jewish prisoners of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C4%99si%C3%B3wka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gęsiówka">Gęsiówka</a> concentration camp liberated by Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> soldiers from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battalion_Zo%C5%9Bka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battalion Zośka">"Zośka" Battalion</a>, 5 August 1944; Polish partisans of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C4%99drusie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jędrusie">Jędrusie</a>" unit in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kielce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kielce">Kielce</a> area, 1945; Old Town of Warsaw in flames during Warsaw Uprising</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Service for Poland's Victory">27 September 1939</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustów roundup">25 July 1945</a> (anti-communist resistance continued until mid-1950s)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th> <td> <div class="location"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithuania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th> <td class="status">Polish Victory <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish contribution to World War II">Contribution</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a></li> <li>Restoration of Polish statehood after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939-1945)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland (1939-1945)">occupation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovietization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> of Poland, imposition of a communist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish People's Republic">puppet government</a> and reduction of Poland to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Soviet satellite state</a> until 1989</li> <li>Liquidation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Home_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Home Army">Polish Home Army</a> and other anti-Nazi resistance movements by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_secret_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet secret police">Soviet secret police</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%9346)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–46)">Continued anti-communist resistance</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borders_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borders of Poland">Borders of Poland</a> altered; prewar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kresy">eastern territories</a> of Poland <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_border_agreement_of_August_1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945">ceded to the Soviet Union</a> in exchange for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recovered_Territories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recovered Territories">former German territories</a> in the West</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUN-M-03.svg/23px-OUN-M-03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUN-M-03.svg/35px-OUN-M-03.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUN-M-03.svg/46px-OUN-M-03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="356"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Polish collaborators</a></li> </ul> <hr><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1939–1941; after 1944 against non-Communists only) <hr><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (1943–1945)</td> <td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Army">Home Army</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AK-1">[a]</a></li> </ul><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%2528Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%2529.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%2528Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%2528Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%2529.svg/46px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%2528Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="458"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Peasants' Battalions</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BCh-2">[b]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSZ-3">[c]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formations">and others...</a> Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%25281912-1959%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%25281912-1959%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%25281912-1959%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%25281912-1959%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> <hr><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RTRP-4">[d]</a> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">People's Guard</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Ludowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">People's Army</a> (1944)</li> </ul>Supported by: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (After 1941)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Frank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oskar_Dirlewanger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oskar Dirlewanger">Oskar Dirlewanger</a>  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Killed_in_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">E. von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Kutschera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a>  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assassination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assassination">X</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rainer_Stahel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainer Stahel">Rainer Stahel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a> <hr></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenty Beria">Lavrenty Beria</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%25281936_%25E2%2580%2593_1955%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Serov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> <hr></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Shukhevych">Roman Shukhevych</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Dmytro Klyachkivsky</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Killed_in_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> </ul> </div></td> <td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Killed_in_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"></a> <a 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Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a> <a 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decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadeusz Pełczyński">Tadeusz Pełczyński</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emil_August_Fieldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil August Fieldorf">Emil August Fieldorf</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoni_Chru%C5%9Bciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoni Chruściel">Antoni Chruściel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacy_Oziewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacy Oziewicz">Ignacy Oziewicz</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Osóbka-Morawski">Edward Osóbka-Morawski</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Mo%C5%82ojec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław Mołojec">Bolesław Mołojec</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marian_Spychalski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Rola-%C5%BBymierski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michał Rola-Żymierski">Michał Rola-Żymierski</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franciszek_J%C3%B3%C5%BAwiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franciszek Jóźwiak">Franciszek Jóźwiak</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">1,080,000 (1944)</td> <td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> 650,000 (1944)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Komorowski2009-5">[1]</a> <hr><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Ludowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Polish People's Army</a> ~200,000</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%25281935%25E2%2580%25931945%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <ul> <li>up to 150,000 killed, 6,000 officials assassinated</li> <li>4,326 damaged or destroyed vehicles</li> <li>1/8 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> rail transport damaged or destroyed</li> </ul><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> <ul> <li>6,000–12,000 killed</li> </ul></td> <td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> <ul> <li>~34,000–100,000 killed</li> <li>20,000–50,000 wounded or captured</li> </ul><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%25281928%25E2%2580%25931980%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Ludowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Polish People's Army</a> <ul> <li>~5,000–10,000</li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organizations">1 Organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Size">2 Size</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Actions,_operations,_and_intelligence,_1939%E2%80%931945">3 Actions, operations, and intelligence, 1939–1945</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1939">3.1 1939</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1940">3.2 1940</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1941">3.3 1941</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1942">3.4 1942</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1943">3.5 1943</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1944">3.6 1944</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1945">3.7 1945</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formations">4 Formations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The largest of all Polish resistance organizations was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Krajowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (Home Army, AK), loyal to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> in London. The AK was formed in 1942 from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Union of Armed Struggle</a> (Związek Walki Zbrojnej or ZWZ, itself created in 1939) and would eventually incorporate most other Polish armed resistance groups (except for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> and some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far-right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> groups).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MNK-6">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AK-WIEM-7">[3]</a> It was the military arm of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> and loyal to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_government_in_Exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in Exile">Polish government in Exile</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MNK-6">[2]</a> Most of the other Polish underground armed organizations were created by a political party or faction, and included: <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a> (Peasants' Battalions). Created by the leftist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a> around 1940–1941, it would partially merge with AK around 1942–1943.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WPH-8">[4]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a> (People's Guard of WRN) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a> (PPS) (joined ZWZ around 1940, subsequently merged into AK)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LERSKI1996-665-10">[6]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konfederacja_Narodu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfederacja Narodu">Konfederacja Narodu</a> (Confederation of the Nation). Created in 1940 by far-right <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_Falanga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp Falanga">Obóz Narodowo Radykalny-Falanga</a> (National Radical Camp Falanga).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[7]</a> It would partially merge with ZWZ around 1941 and finally join AK around fall 1943.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodowa_Organizacja_Wojskowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa">Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa</a> (National Military Organisation), established by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a> in 1939, mostly integrated with AK around 1942.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WIEM-NOW-12">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a> (National Armed Forces); created in 1943 from dissatisfied NOW units, which refused to be subordinated to the AK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WIEM-NOW-12">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KonopkaKonopka1999-13">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[10]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_Polski_Walcz%C4%85cej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Obóz Polski Walczącej">Obóz Polski Walczącej</a> (Camp of Fighting Poland), established by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_Zjednoczenia_Narodowego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego">Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego</a> (Camp of National Unity) around 1942, subordinated to AK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[11]</a> in 1943.</li> </ul> The largest groups that refused to join the AK were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a> and the pro-Soviet and communist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Ludowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">People's Army</a> (Polish Armia Ludowa or AL), backed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and established by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> (Polish Polska Partia Robotnicza or PPR).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AL-PWN-16">[12]</a> Regarding the scale and scope of the Polish resistance, Reichsfuhrer-SS <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> noted: <blockquote> "Within the framework of the entire enemy intelligence operations directed against Germany, the intelligence service of the Polish resistance movement assumed major significance. The scope and importance of the operations of the Polish resistance movement, which was ramified down to the smallest splinter group and brilliantly organized, have been in (various sources) disclosed in connection with carrying out of major police security operations." Heinrich Himmler, 31 December 1942<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-occupation-17">[13]</a> </blockquote> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Size">Size</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> In February 1942, when AK was formed, it numbered about 100,000 members.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AK-WIEM-7">[3]</a> In the beginning of 1943, it had reached a strength of about 200,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AK-WIEM-7">[3]</a> In the summer of 1944 when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Tempest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> began, AK reached its highest membership numbers, though the estimates vary from 300,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Leslie234-18">[14]</a> to 500,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Salm317-19">[15]</a> The strength of the second largest resistance organization, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a> (Peasants' Battalions), can be estimated for summer 1944 (at which time they were mostly merged with AK<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WPH-8">[4]</a>) at about 160,000 men.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Biegalski1999-20">[16]</a> The third largest group include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">NSZ</a> (National Armed Forces) with approximately 70,000 men around 1943–1944; only small parts of that force were merged with AK.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KonopkaKonopka1999-13">[9]</a> At its height in 1944, the communist Armia Ludowa, which never merged with AK, numbered about 30,000 people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AL-PWN-16">[12]</a> One estimate for the summer 1944 strength of AK and its allies, including NSZ, gives its strength at 650,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Komorowski2009-5">[1]</a> Overall, the Polish resistance have often been described as the largest or one of the largest resistance organizations in World War II Europe.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#endnote_anone">[a]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Actions,_operations,_and_intelligence,_1939–1945">Actions, operations, and intelligence, 1939–1945</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Actions, operations, and intelligence, 1939–1945" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1939">1939</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1939" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/170px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="426"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/170px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/255px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witold_Pilecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> – founder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_Polish_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret Polish Army">TAP</a> organisation and the secret agent of Polish resistance in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auschwitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> </figcaption> </figure> On 9 November 1939, two soldiers of the Polish army – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witold_Pilecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> and Major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_W%C5%82odarkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Włodarkiewicz">Jan Włodarkiewicz</a> – founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secret_Polish_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secret Polish Army">Secret Polish Army</a> (Tajna Armia Polska, TAP), one of the first underground organizations in Poland after defeat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ipn-21">[17]</a> Pilecki became its organizational commander as TAP expanded to cover not only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> but <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siedlce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radom">Radom</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> and other major cities of central Poland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-konfederacja-22">[18]</a> By 1940, TAP had approximately 8,000 men (more than half of them armed), some 20 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machine_gun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> and several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle,_model_35?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank rifle, model 35">anti-tank rifles</a>. Later, the organization was incorporated into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Union for Armed Struggle</a> (Związek Walki Zbrojnej), later renamed and better known as the Home Army (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Krajowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google-23">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1940">1940</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1940" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg/180px-Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="2889"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg/180px-Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg/270px-Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg/361px-Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański</a> aka "Hubal" </figcaption> </figure> In March 1940, a partisan unit of the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> commanders in the Second World War in Europe under Major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański "Hubal"</a> destroyed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battalion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of German infantry in a skirmish near the village of <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huciska" class="extiw" title="pl:Huciska">Huciska</a>. A few days later in an ambush near the village of Szałasy it inflicted heavy casualties upon another German unit. To counter this threat the German authorities formed a special 1,000 men strong <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bandenbekämpfung">counter-insurgency unit</a> of combined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>–<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wehrmacht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> forces, including a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panzer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">Panzer</a> group. Although the unit of Major Dobrzański never exceeded 300 men, the Germans fielded at least 8,000 men in the area to secure it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-szymanski-24">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-militaryhistorypress-25">[21]</a> In 1940, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witold_Pilecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a> for the Polish resistance, presented to his superiors a plan to enter Germany's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auschwitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, gather intelligence on the camp from the inside, and organize inmate resistance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-concentration-26">[22]</a> The Home Army approved this plan, provided him a false identity card, and on 19 September 1940, he deliberately went out during a street roundup (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81apanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łapanka">łapanka</a>) in Warsaw and was caught by the Germans along with other civilians and sent to Auschwitz. In the camp he organized the underground organization – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a> – ZOW.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hoh-27">[23]</a> From October 1940, ZOW sent its first report about the camp and the genocide in November 1940 to Home Army Headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network organized in Auschwitz.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auschwitz-28">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hubal3.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/220px-Hubal3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="609"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/220px-Hubal3.png" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/330px-Hubal3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/440px-Hubal3.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> "Hubal" and his partisan unit –winter 1940 </figcaption> </figure> During the night of 21–22 January 1940, in the Soviet-occupied <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Podolia">Podolian</a> town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Czortków">Czortków</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Czortków Uprising">Czortków Uprising</a> started; it was the first Polish uprising during World War II. Anti-Soviet Poles, most of them teenagers from local high schools, stormed the local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> barracks and a prison, in order to release Polish soldiers kept there. At the end of 1940 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksander_Kami%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksander Kamiński">Aleksander Kamiński</a> created a Polish youth resistance organization, known as "Wawer".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google1-29">[25]</a> It was part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szare_Szeregi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Szare Szeregi">Szare Szeregi</a> (the underground <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Scouting_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Scouting Association">Polish Scouting Association</a>). This organisation carried out many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minor_sabotage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minor sabotage">minor sabotage</a> operations in occupied Poland. Its first action was drawing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graffiti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> around Christmas Eve of 1940 commemorating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wawer_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wawer massacre">Wawer massacre</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-warszawa-30">[26]</a> Members of the AK Wawer "Small Sabotage" units painted "Pomścimy Wawer" ("We'll avenge Wawer") on Warsaw walls. At first they painted the whole text, then to save time they shortened it to two letters, P and W. Later they invented <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kotwica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kotwica">Kotwica</a> – "Anchor" – which became the symbol of all Polish resistance in occupied Poland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-symbolika-31">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1941">1941</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1941" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/220px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3515" data-file-height="2484"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/220px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/330px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/440px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> łapanka, possibly the one in which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witold_Pilecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> was captured in autumn 1941, Warsaw, Żoliborz. </figcaption> </figure> From April 1941 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_and_Propaganda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bureau of Information and Propaganda">Bureau of Information and Propaganda</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Union for Armed Struggle</a> started <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_N?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation N">Operation N</a> headed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBenczykowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadeusz Żenczykowski">Tadeusz Żenczykowski</a>. It involved <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabotage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subversion_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (politics)">subversion</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_propaganda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black propaganda">black-propaganda</a> activities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wspomnienia-32">[28]</a> From March 1941, Witold Pilecki's reports were forwarded to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> and through it, to the British and other Allied governments. These reports informed the Allies about the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holocaust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and were the principal source of intelligence on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> for the Western Allies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-university-33">[29]</a> On 7 March 1941, two Polish agents of the Home Army killed Nazi <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collaborationism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborator</a> actor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Igo_Sym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Igo Sym">Igo Sym</a> in his apartment in Warsaw. In reprisal, 21 Polish hostages were executed. Several Polish actors were also arrested by the Nazis and sent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auschwitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, among them such notable figures as directors <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stefan_Jaracz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stefan Jaracz">Stefan Jaracz</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leon_Schiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leon Schiller">Leon Schiller</a>. In July 1941 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Zygfryd_S%C5%82owikowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski">Mieczysław Słowikowski</a> (using the codename "Rygor" – Polish for "Rigor") set up "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agency_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency Africa">Agency Africa</a>", one of World War II's most successful intelligence organizations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-intelligence-34">[30]</a> His Polish allies in these endeavors included Lt. Col. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwido_Langer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwido Langer">Gwido Langer</a> and Major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maksymilian_Ci%C4%99%C5%BCki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maksymilian Ciężki">Maksymilian Ciężki</a>. The information gathered by the Agency was used by the Americans and British in planning the amphibious November 1942 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Torch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-slowikowski-35">[31]</a> landings in North Africa. These were the first large-scale Allied landings of the war, and their success in turn paved the way for the Allies' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italian</a> campaign. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1942">1942</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1942" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg/170px-Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3520"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg/170px-Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg/255px-Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg/340px-Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Polish partisan Zdzisław de Ville "Zdzich", member of AK "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C4%99drusie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jędrusie">Jędrusie</a>" with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Browning_wz.1928?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning wz.1928">Polish version</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M1918_BAR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="M1918 BAR">M1918 BAR</a> </figcaption> </figure> On 20 June 1942, the most spectacular escape from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> took place. Four Poles, Eugeniusz Bendera,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PSB-36">[32]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazimierz_Piechowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazimierz Piechowski">Kazimierz Piechowski</a>, Stanisław Gustaw Jaster and Józef Lempart made a daring escape.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-piechowski-37">[33]</a> The escapees were dressed as members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3rd_SS_Division_Totenkopf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd SS Division Totenkopf">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a>, fully armed and in an SS staff car. They drove out the main gate in a stolen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steyr_automobile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steyr automobile">Steyr</a> 220 automobile with a smuggled report from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witold_Pilecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> about the Holocaust. Three of the escapees remained free until the end of the war; Jaster, who joined the Polish Underground, was recaptured in 1943 and died shortly afterwards in German custody.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auschwitz2-38">[34]</a> In September 1942 "The Żegota Council for the Aid of the Jews" was founded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wanda_Krahelska-Filipowicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz">Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz</a> ("Alinka") and made up of Polish Democrats as well as other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> activists. Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where there existed such a dedicated secret organization. Half of the Jews in Poland who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Piotrowski118-39">[35]</a> The best-known activist of Żegota was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irena_Sendler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irena Sendler">Irena Sendler</a>, head of the children's division, who saved 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>, providing them with false documents, and sheltering them in individual and group children's homes outside the ghetto.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Baczynska-40">[36]</a> In 1942 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Karski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a> reported to the Polish, British and U.S. governments on the situation in Poland, especially the Holocaust of the Jews. He met with Polish politicians in exile including the prime minister, and members of political parties such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Faction (1937)">Labor Party</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Bund</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poalei_Zion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poalei Zion">Poalei Zion</a>. He also spoke to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthony_Eden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, the British foreign secretary, and included a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karski_2013-41">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jankowski-42">[38]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamość Uprising">Zamość Uprising</a> was an armed uprising of Armia Krajowa and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a> against the forced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany_(1939-1944)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939-1944)">expulsion of Poles</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> region under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Generalplan_Ost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google3-43">[39]</a> The Germans attempted to remove the local Poles from the Greater Zamość area (through forced removal, transfer to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forced_labor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> camps, or, in some cases, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mass_murder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>) to get it ready for German <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonization">colonization</a>. It lasted from 1942 until 1944 and despite heavy casualties suffered by the Underground, the Germans failed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-poprzeczny-44">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45">[41]</a> On the night from 7 to 8 October 1942 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Wieniec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Wieniec">Operation Wieniec</a> started. It targeted rail infrastructure near Warsaw. Similar operations aimed at disrupting and harrying German transport and communication in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupied_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> occurred in the coming months and years. It targeted railroads, bridges and supply depots, primarily near transport hubs such as Warsaw and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1943">1943</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1943" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Soldiers from <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolegium_A" class="extiw" title="pl:Kolegium A">Kolegium "A"</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kedyw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a> on Stawki Street in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wola">Wola</a> district – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> 1944 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/220px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="345"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/220px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/330px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/440px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Polish partisans from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kielce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kielce">Kielce</a> area – unit "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C4%99drusie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jędrusie">Jędrusie</a>" 1945 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg/220px-Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="913"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 301px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg/220px-Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="301" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg/330px-Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg/440px-Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Page 5 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stroop_Report?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a> describing German fight against "Juden mit polnischen Banditen" – "Jews with Polish bandits".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[42]</a> </figcaption> </figure> In early 1943 two Polish janitors<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-underground-47">[43]</a> of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide provided maps,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rcn-48">[44]</a> sketches and reports to Armia Krajowa Intelligence, and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the "rocket assembly hall', 'experimental pit', and 'launching tower'. When reconnaissance and intelligence information regarding the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> rocket became convincing, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Churchill_War_Ministry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill War Ministry">War Cabinet</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cabinet_Defence_Committee_(Operations)" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Defence Committee (Operations)</a> directed the campaign's first planned raid (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Operation Hydra bombing</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> in August 1943) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Crossbow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ballistic-49">[45]</a> On 26 March 1943 in Warsaw <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Arsenal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Arsenal">Operation Arsenal</a> was launched by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szare_Szeregi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Szare Szeregi">Szare Szeregi</a> (Gray Ranks) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Underground">Polish Underground</a> The successful operation led to the release of arrested troop leader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Bytnar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Bytnar">Jan Bytnar "Rudy"</a>. In an attack on the prison, Bytnar and 24 other prisoners were freed.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1943 in London <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Karski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a> met the then much known journalist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Koestler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>. He then traveled to the United States and reported to President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. His report was a major factor in informing the West. In July 1943, again personally reported to Roosevelt about the situation in Poland. He also met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cordell_Hull?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Donovan">William Joseph Donovan</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen Samuel Wise">Stephen Wise</a>. Karski also presented his report to media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Stritch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Stritch">Samuel Stritch</a>), members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> film industry and artists, but without success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him, or supposed that his testimony was much exaggerated or was propaganda from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karski_2013-41">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghetto_Action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghetto Action">Ghetto Action</a> </div> In April 1943 the Germans began deporting the remaining Jews from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_ghetto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw ghetto">Warsaw ghetto</a> provoking the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Rising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Ghetto Rising">Warsaw Ghetto Rising</a>, 19 April to 16 May. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> ordered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghetto_Action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghetto Action">Ghetto Action</a> – a series of combat actions carried out by the Home Army during the uprising between 19 April 1943 and May 16, 1943.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296-50">[46]</a> Some units of the AK tried to assist the ghetto rising, but for the most part, the resistance was unprepared and unable to defeat the Germans. One Polish AK unit, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Security_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Security Corps">National Security Corps</a> (Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa), under the command of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a> ("Bystry"), fought inside the ghetto along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BBZW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ŻZW">ŻZW</a>. Subsequently, both groups retreated together (including 34 Jewish fighters). Although Iwański's action is the most well-known rescue mission, it was only one of many actions undertaken by the Polish resistance to help the Jewish fighters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Korb-51">[47]</a> In one attack, three cell units of AK under the command of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(land)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Kapitan</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pszenny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Pszenny">Józef Pszenny</a> ("Chwacki") tried to breach the ghetto walls with explosives, but the Germans defeated this action.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-underground-47">[43]</a> AK and GL engaged the Germans between 19 and 23 April at six different locations outside the ghetto walls, shooting at German sentries and positions and in one case attempting to blow up a gate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-underground-47">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296-50">[46]</a> Participation of the Polish underground in the uprising was many times confirmed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stroop_Report?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stroop Report">a report of the German commander</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stroop_1979-52">[48]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> When we invaded the Ghetto for the first time, the Jews and the Polish bandits succeeded in repelling the participating units, including tanks and armored cars, by a well-prepared concentration of fire. (...) The main Jewish battle group, mixed with Polish bandits, had already retired during the first and second day to the so-called Muranowski Square. There, it was reinforced by a considerable number of Polish bandits. Its plan was to hold the Ghetto by every means in order to prevent us from invading it. (...) Time and again Polish bandits found refuge in the Ghetto and remained there undisturbed, since we had no forces at our disposal to comb out this maze. (...) One such battle group succeeded in mounting a truck by ascending from a sewer in the so-called Prosta [Street], and in escaping with it (about 30 to 35 bandits). (...) The bandits and Jews – there were Polish bandits among these gangs armed with carbines, small arms, and in one case a light machine gun – mounted the truck and drove away in an unknown direction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stroop_1979-52">[48]</a> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:V-2_Bug.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/220px-V-2_Bug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/220px-V-2_Bug.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/330px-V-2_Bug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/440px-V-2_Bug.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> AK members recovering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bug_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug River</a>. </figcaption> </figure> In August 1943 the headquarters of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Krajowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> ordered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Belt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Belt">Operation Belt</a> which was one of the large-scale anti-Nazi operations of the AK during the war. By February 1944, 13 German outposts were destroyed with few losses on the Polish side.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-aleksander-53">[49]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Heads?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Heads">Operation Heads</a> began: the serial executions of German personnel who had been sentenced to death by Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Underground court">underground Special Courts</a> for crimes against Polish citizens in German-occupied Poland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45">[41]</a> On 7 September 1943, the Home Army killed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_B%C3%BCrkl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Bürkl">Operation Bürkl</a>. Bürkl was a high-ranking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gestapo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> agent responsible for the murder and brutal interrogation of thousands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> and resistance fighters and supporters. In reprisal, 20 inmates of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pawiak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pawiak">Pawiak</a> were murdered in a public execution by the Nazis.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45">[41]</a> In November 1943, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Most_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Most III">Operation Most III</a> started. The Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V-2_rocket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>. In effect some 50 kg of the most important parts of the captured V-2, as well as the final report, analyses, sketches and photos, were transported to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brindisi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_Dakota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Dakota">Douglas Dakota</a> aircraft. In late July 1944, the V-2 parts were delivered to London.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-frederick-54">[50]</a> In early 1943 the strength of the forest-based groups can be estimated at 40 groups numbering in total 1,200 to 4,000 fighters, but the numbers grew significantly next year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Leslie234-235-55">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1944">1944</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1944" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/150px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/150px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/225px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/300px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Polish resistance soldiers from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batalion_Zo%C5%9Bka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Zośka">Batalion Zośka</a> during 1944 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> </figcaption> </figure> On 11 February 1944 the Resistance fighters of Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Krajowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a>'s unit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batalion_Parasol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Parasol">Agat</a> executed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Kutschera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schutzstaffel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reich">Reich</a>'s Police Chief in Warsaw in action known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Kutschera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Kutschera">Operation Kutschera</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stachniewicz-56">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stellvertretenden-57">[53]</a> In a reprisal of this action 27 February 140 inmates of Pawiak – Poles and Jews – were shot in a public execution by the Germans. 13–14 May 1944 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Murowana_Oszmianka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Murowana Oszmianka">Battle of Murowana Oszmianka</a> the largest clash between the Polish anti-Nazi Armia Krajowa and the Nazi <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a> a Lithuanian volunteer security force subordinated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chiari-58">[54]</a> The battle took place in and near the village of Murowana Oszmianka in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Generalbezirk_Litauen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Generalbezirk Litauen">Generalbezirk Litauen</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a>. The outcome of the battle was that the 301st LVR battalion was routed and the entire force was disbanded by the Germans soon afterwards.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Piotrowski-59">[55]</a> On 14 June 1944 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Porytowe_Wzg%C3%B3rze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze">Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze</a> took place between Polish and Russian partisans, numbering around 3,000, and the Nazi German units consisted of between 25,000 and 30,000 soldiers, with artillery, tanks and armored cars and air support.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 25–26 June 1944 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Osuchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Osuchy">Battle of Osuchy</a> – one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance and Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II – was fought, in what was essentially a continuation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamość Uprising">Zamość Uprising</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google5-60">[56]</a> In 1943 the Home Army built up its forces in preparation for a national uprising. The plan of national anti-Nazi uprising on areas of prewar Poland was code-named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Tempest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-university6-61">[57]</a> Preparation began in late 1943 but the military actions started in 1944. Its most widely known elements were Operation Ostra Brama, Lwów Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TB-K-62">[58]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[61]</a> On 7 July, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a> started. Approximately 12,500 Home Army soldiers attacked the German garrison and managed to seize most of the city center. Heavy street fighting in the outskirts of the city lasted until 14 July. In Vilnius' eastern suburbs, the Home Army units cooperated with reconnaissance groups of the Soviet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3rd_Belorussian_Front?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3rd Belorussian Front">3rd Belorussian Front</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ashworth-66">[62]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> entered the city on 15 July, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> started to intern all Polish soldiers. On 16 July, the HQ of the 3rd Belorussian Front invited Polish officers to a meeting and arrested them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Joes-67">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Peszke-68">[64]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ciechanowski-69">[65]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_(1944).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/200px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1293"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/200px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/300px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/400px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> "Gray Wolf" with Polish flag: German <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sd.Kfz._251?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sd.Kfz. 251">Sd.Kfz. 251</a> armored vehicle captured by the 8th Krybar Regiment of the Warsaw resistance on 14 August 1944 from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">5th Wiking SS Panzer Division</a> </figcaption> </figure> On 23 July the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a> – the armed struggle started by the Armia Krajowa against the Nazi occupiers in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> during World War II – started. It started in July 1944 as a part of a plan of all-national uprising codenamed Operation Tempest. The fighting lasted until 27 July and resulted in liberation of the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lwowskiej-70">[66]</a> However, shortly afterwards the Polish soldiers were arrested by the invading Soviets and either forced to join the Red Army or sent to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulag">Gulags</a>. The city itself was occupied by the Soviet Union.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tomaszewski-71">[67]</a> In August 1944, as the Soviet armed forces approached Warsaw, the government in exile called for an uprising in the city, so that they could return to a liberated Warsaw and try to prevent a communist take-over. The AK, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a>, launched the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-underground7-72">[68]</a> Soviet forces were less than 20 km away but on the orders of Soviet High Command they gave no assistance. Stalin described the uprising as a "criminal adventure". The Poles appealed to the Western Allies for help. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, and the Polish Air Force based in Italy, dropped some munitions, but it was almost impossible for the Allies to help the Poles without Soviet assistance. The fighting in Warsaw was desperate. The AK had between 12,000 and 20,000 armed soldiers, most with only small arms, against a well-armed German Army of 20,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schutzstaffel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and regular Army units. Bór-Komorowski's hope that the AK could take and hold Warsaw for the return of the London government was never likely to be achieved. After 63 days of savage fighting the city was reduced to rubble, and the reprisals were savage. The SS and auxiliary units were particularly brutal. After Bór-Komorowski's surrender, the AK fighters were treated as prisoners-of-war by the Germans, much to the outrage of Stalin, but the civilian population were ruthlessly punished. Overall Polish casualties are estimated to be between 150,000 and 300,000 killed, 90,000 civilians were sent to labor camps in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reich">Reich</a>, while 60,000 were shipped to death and concentration camps such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auschwitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and others. The city was almost totally destroyed after German sappers systematically demolished the city. The Warsaw Uprising allowed the Germans to destroy the AK as a fighting force, but the main beneficiary was Stalin, who was able to impose a communist government on postwar Poland with little fear of armed resistance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1945">1945</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1945" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursed_soldiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> </div> In March 1945, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staged_trial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Staged trial">staged trial</a> of 16 leaders of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> held by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> took place in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> – (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-prazmowska-73">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1-74">[70]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mikolajczyk-75">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-garlinski-76">[72]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_Delegate%27s_Office_at_Home?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Delegate's Office at Home">Government Delegate</a>, together with most members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_National_Unity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of National Unity">Council of National Unity</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C-i-C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="C-i-C">C-i-C</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Krajowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>, were invited by Soviet general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Serov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> with agreement of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They were presented with a warrant of safety, yet they were arrested in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> on 27 and 28 March.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-prazmowska8-77">[73]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-university9-78">[74]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Stanis%C5%82aw_Jankowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Stanisław Jankowski">Jan Stanisław Jankowski</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%BCak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazimierz Pużak">Kazimierz Pużak</a> were arrested on 27th with 12 more the next day. A. Zwierzynski had been arrested earlier. They were brought to Moscow for interrogation in the Lubyanka.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-garlinski10-79">[75]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-umiastowski-80">[76]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-piesakowski-81">[77]</a> After several months of brutal interrogation and torture,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-garlinski11-82">[78]</a> they were presented with the forged accusations of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collaboration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>" and "planning a military alliance with Nazi Germany".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-garlinski12-83">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-umiastowski13-84">[80]</a> In the latter years of the war, there were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">increasing conflicts between Polish and Soviet partisans</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursed_soldiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> continued to oppose the Soviets long after the war. The last cursed soldier – member of the militant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">anti-communist resistance in Poland</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a> who was killed with pistol in his hand by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ZOMO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> in 1963.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 5 May 1945 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a> brigade liberated prisoners from a Nazi <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concentration_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Holiszowo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Holiszowo (page does not exist)">Holiszowo</a>, including 280 Jewish women prisoners.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lukas-85">[81]</a> The brigade suffered heavy casualties.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 7 May 1945 in the village of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuryłówka">Kuryłówka</a>, southeastern Poland, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Kuryłówka">Battle of Kuryłówka</a> started. It was the biggest battle in the history of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursed_soldiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> organization – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Military_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Military Alliance">National Military Alliance</a> (NZW). In battle against Soviet Union's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> units anti-communist partisans shot 70 NKVD agents. The battle ended in a victory for the underground Polish forces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-victory-86">[82]</a> On 21 May 1945, a unit of the Armia Krajowa, led by Colonel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Wasilewski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Wasilewski">Edward Wasilewski</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attack_on_the_NKVD_Camp_in_Rembert%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów">attacked a NKVD camp in Rembertów</a> on the eastern outskirts of Warsaw. The Soviets kept there hundreds of Poles,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Davies0-87">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Davies1-88">[84]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Davies2-89">[85]</a> members of the Home Army,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Piotrowski1-90">[86]</a> whom they were systematically <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sybiraks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybiraks">deporting to Siberia</a>. However, this action of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursed_soldiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursed soldiers">pro-independence Polish resistance</a> freed all Polish political prisoners from the camp. Between 1944 and 1946, cursed soldiers attacked many communist prisons in Soviet-occupied Poland  – see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raids_on_communist_prisons_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931946)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Raids on communist prisons in Poland (1944–1946)">Raids on communist prisons in Poland (1944–1946)</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 10 to 25 June 1945, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August%C3%B3w_chase_1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustów chase 1945">Augustów chase 1945</a> (the Polish Obława augustowska) took place. It was a large-scale operation undertaken by Soviet forces of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMERSH?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a>, with the assistance of Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Urząd Bezpieczeństwa">UB</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludowe_Wojsko_Polskie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludowe Wojsko Polskie">LWP</a> units against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cursed_soldiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cursed soldiers">former Armia Krajowa soldiers</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustów">Augustów</a> region in Poland. The operation also covered territory in occupied <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithuania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. More than 2,000 alleged Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anticommunism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">anticommunist</a> fighters were captured and detained in Russian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internment">internment camps</a>. 600 of the "Augustów Missing" are presumed dead and buried in an unknown location in the present territory of Russia. The Augustów Roundup was part of an anti-guerilla operation in Lithuania. <table style="width:85%; margin:auto;" class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"> <caption> List of confirmed sabotage-diversionary actions of the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ) and Home Army (AK) from 1 January 1941 to 30 June 1944<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MNKcited-91">[87]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Sabotage / Diversionary Action Type</th> <th>Cumulative number</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Damaged locomotives</td> <td align="right">6,930   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Delayed repairs to locomotives</td> <td align="right">803   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Derailed transports</td> <td align="right">732   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Transports set on fire</td> <td align="right">443   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Damage to railway wagons</td> <td align="right">19,058   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Blown up railway bridges</td> <td align="right">38   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Disruptions to electricity supplies in the Warsaw grid</td> <td align="right">638   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Army vehicles damaged or destroyed</td> <td align="right">4,326   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Damaged aeroplanes</td> <td align="right">28   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel tanks destroyed</td> <td align="right">1,167   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel destroyed (in tonnes)</td> <td align="right">4,674   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Blocked oil wells</td> <td align="right">5   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wagons of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wood_wool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wood wool">wood wool</a> destroyed</td> <td align="right">150   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Military stores burned down</td> <td align="right">130   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Disruptions of production in factories</td> <td align="right">7   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults in parts for aircraft engines</td> <td align="right">4,710   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into cannon muzzles</td> <td align="right">203   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into artillery missiles</td> <td align="right">92,000   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into air traffic radio stations</td> <td align="right">107   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into condensers</td> <td align="right">70,000   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into (electro-industrial) lathes</td> <td align="right">1,700   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Damage to important factory machinery</td> <td align="right">2,872   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Various acts of sabotage performed</td> <td align="right">25,145   </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pre-planned assassinations of Germans</td> <td align="right">5,733   </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Formations">Formations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Formations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antyfaszystowska_Organizacja_Bojowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa">Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Krajowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armia_Ludowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Cross_Mountains_Brigade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Cross Mountains Brigade">Brygada Swiętokrzyska</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodowa_Organizacja_Wojskowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa">Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_Polski_Walcz%C4%85cej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Obóz Polski Walczącej">Obóz Polski Walczącej</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowy_Korpus_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa">Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army_PAL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People's Army PAL">Polish People's Army PAL</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szare_Szeregi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Szare Szeregi">Szare Szeregi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Odwetu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Odwetu">Związek Odwetu</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Walki_Zbrojnej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Walki Zbrojnej">Związek Walki Zbrojnej</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BBydowska_Organizacja_Bojowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa">Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BBydowski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Wojskowy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Żydowski Związek Wojskowy">Żydowski Związek Wojskowy</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-fascism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bratnia_Pomoc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bratnia Pomoc">Bratnia Pomoc</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland (1939–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Army_and_V-1_and_V-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Army and V-1 and V-2">Home Army and V-1 and V-2</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithuanian_resistance_during_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian resistance during World War II">Lithuanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish areas annexed by Soviet Union">Polish areas annexed by Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_in_France_during_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish resistance in France during World War II">Polish resistance in France during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resistance_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_betrayal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AK-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AK_1-0">^</a> Started as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's Victory</a> in September 1939 and reformed into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Union of Armed Struggle</a> in November the same year. This in turn became the Home Army in February 1942.</li> <li id="cite_note-BCh-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BCh_2-0">^</a> Integrated into the Home Army in 1944.</li> <li id="cite_note-NSZ-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NSZ_3-0">^</a> Formed from the merger of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Military_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Military Organization">National Military Organization</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Organization_Lizard_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military Organization Lizard Union">Military Organization Lizard Union</a> in 1942. Partially integrated into the Home Army in March 1944 (NSZ-AK), while remaining units continued independently (NSZ-ZJ).</li> <li id="cite_note-RTRP-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RTRP_4-0">^</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_National_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State National Council">State National Council</a> to rival the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Underground_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> in December 1943. The Council established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a> in July 1944 which evolved into the Provisional Government of Poland in December 1944.</li> </ol> </div> </div> a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref_anone">^</a> A number of sources note that the Home Army, representing the bulk of Polish resistance, was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> writes that the "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK,... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance [organizations]."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Davies2005-92">[88]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Dallas&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gregor Dallas (page does not exist)">Gregor Dallas</a> writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wyman&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mark Wyman (page does not exist)">Mark Wyman</a> writes that the "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wyman-94">[90]</a> The numbers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_partisans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> were very similar to those of the Polish resistance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[91]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Komorowski2009-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Komorowski2009_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Komorowski2009_5-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztof_Komorowski2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krzysztof Komorowski (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXX5KcTNWbooC%26pg%3DPA6">Boje polskie 1939–1945: przewodnik encyklopedyczny</a> (in Polish). Bellona. p. 6. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8373993532?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8373993532"><bdi>978-8373993532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boje+polskie+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+przewodnik+encyklopedyczny&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8373993532&rft.au=Krzysztof+Komorowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX5KcTNWbooC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-MNK-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MNK_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MNK_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNey-Krwawicz" class="citation web cs1">Ney-Krwawicz, Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824034513/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%2520Article.htm">"The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)"</a>. Polish Resistance in WW II. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%2520Article.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2008. <q>Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+Resistance+in+WW+II&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Underground+State+and+The+Home+Army+%281939%E2%80%9345%29&rft.aulast=Ney-Krwawicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishresistance-ak.org%2F2%2520Article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-AK-WIEM-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-2">c</a> (in Polish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">Armia Krajowa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826221020/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyklopedia_WIEM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyklopedia WIEM">Encyklopedia WIEM</a>. Retrieved 2 April 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-WPH-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WPH_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WPH_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxFJpAAAAMAAJ">Wojskowy przegla̜d historyczny</a> (in Polish). s.n. 1996. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wojskowy+przegla%CC%9Cd+historyczny&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxFJpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/31319,,,,gwardia_ludowa_wrn,haslo.html?drukuj%253D1">"Gwardia Ludowa WRN – Zapytaj.onet.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172945/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/31319,,,,gwardia_ludowa_wrn,haslo.html?drukuj%3D1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2014-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gwardia+Ludowa+WRN+%E2%80%93+Zapytaj.onet.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F31319%2C%2C%2C%2Cgwardia_ludowa_wrn%2Chaslo.html%3Fdrukuj%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-LERSKI1996-665-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LERSKI1996-665_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalina_Lerski_HA1996" class="citation book cs1">Halina Lerski HA (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA665">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 665. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313034565?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313034565"><bdi>978-0313034565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=665&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313034565&rft.au=Halina+Lerski+HA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DD6pPAAAAIAAJ">Wizje Polski: programy polityczne lat wojny i okupacji, 1939–1944</a> (in Polish). Elipsa. 1992. p. 416. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385466109?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385466109"><bdi>978-8385466109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wizje+Polski%3A+programy+polityczne+lat+wojny+i+okupacji%2C+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Elipsa&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8385466109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6pPAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-WIEM-NOW-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WIEM-NOW_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WIEM-NOW_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/69281,,,,narodowa_organizacja_wojskowa,haslo.html">"Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa –Zapytaj.onet.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423215503/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/69281,,,,narodowa_organizacja_wojskowa,haslo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 2014-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narodowa+Organizacja+Wojskowa+%E2%80%93Zapytaj.onet.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F69281%2C%2C%2C%2Cnarodowa_organizacja_wojskowa%2Chaslo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-KonopkaKonopka1999-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KonopkaKonopka1999_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KonopkaKonopka1999_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna_KonopkaAdrian_Konopka1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanna Konopka; Adrian Konopka (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVqe1AAAAIAAJ">Leksykon historii Polski po II wojnie światowej 1944–1997</a> (in Polish). Graf-Punkt. p. 130. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8387988081?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8387988081"><bdi>978-8387988081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leksykon+historii+Polski+po+II+wojnie+%C5%9Bwiatowej+1944%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Graf-Punkt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8387988081&rft.au=Hanna+Konopka&rft.au=Adrian+Konopka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqe1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/30636,,,,narodowe_sily_zbrojne,haslo.html">"Narodowe Siły Zbrojne –Zapytaj.onet.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211423/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/30636,,,,narodowe_sily_zbrojne,haslo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2014-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narodowe+Si%C5%82y+Zbrojne+%E2%80%93Zapytaj.onet.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F30636%2C%2C%2C%2Cnarodowe_sily_zbrojne%2Chaslo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid%253D91093">"Encyklopedie w interia.pl – największa w Polsce encyklopedia internetowa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174043/http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid%3D91093">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2014-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyklopedie+w+interia.pl+%E2%80%93+najwi%C4%99ksza+w+Polsce+encyklopedia+internetowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.interia.pl%2Fhaslo%3Fhid%253D91093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-AL-PWN-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AL-PWN_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AL-PWN_16-1">b</a> (in Polish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id%3D3871193">Armia Ludowa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231936/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id%3D3871193">Archived</a> 12 May 2014 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a>. Retrieved 21 December 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-occupation-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-occupation_17-0">^</a> Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation 1939–1944 Richard C. Lukas Hippocrene Books, New York 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0781809010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0781809010">0781809010</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie234-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Leslie234_18-0">^</a> Roy Francis Leslie, The History of Poland Since 1863, Cambridge University Press, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521275016?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0521275016">0521275016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0tYVKUsnw9IC%26dq%3D%2522Armia%2BKrajowa%2522%2Blargest%26pg%3DPA234">Google Print, p. 234</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501075219/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0tYVKUsnw9IC%26pg%3DPA234%26dq%3D%2522Armia%2BKrajowa%2522%2Blargest%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D3%26ei%3DNzzMR_mOIJGSzQSb7cSwCQ%26sig%3DrLD9gO8sIve_RDxnvTLWfMeFlGg">Archived</a> 1 May 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Salm317-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Salm317_19-0">^</a> Stanisław Salmonowicz, Polskie Państwo Podziemne, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/830205500X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/830205500X">830205500X</a>, p. 317</li> <li id="cite_note-Biegalski1999-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Biegalski1999_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan_Biegalski1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bogdan Biegalski (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPtS1AAAAIAAJ">Organizacje podziemne na Środkowym Nadodrzu w latach 1945–1956</a> (in Polish). Lubuskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 61. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8391010921?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8391010921"><bdi>978-8391010921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizacje+podziemne+na+%C5%9Arodkowym+Nadodrzu+w+latach+1945%E2%80%931956&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Lubuskie+Towarzystwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8391010921&rft.au=Bogdan+Biegalski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtS1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ipn-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ipn_21-0">^</a> Lidia Świerczek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://en.pilecki.ipn.gov.pl/portal/rpe/1025/8193/Rotamaster_Witold_Pilecki.html">Pilecki`s life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612021802/http://en.pilecki.ipn.gov.pl/portal/rpe/1025/8193/Rotamaster_Witold_Pilecki.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. Last accessed on 14 March 2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-konfederacja-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-konfederacja_22-0">^</a> Kazimierz Malinowski, Tajna Armia Polska. Znak. Konfederacja Zbrojna. Zarys genezy, organizacji i działalności, Warszawa 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8321107915?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8321107915">8321107915</a></li> <li id="cite_note-google-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-google_23-0">^</a> Richard C. Lukas, Out of the inferno: Poles remember the Holocaust, University Press of Kentucky, 1989, p. 5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%253Dlz9obsxmuW4C%2526pg%253DPA5%2526dq%253DUnion%2Bfor%2BArmed%2BStruggle%2BHome%2BArmy">"Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504030647/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dlz9obsxmuW4C%26pg%3DPA5%26dq%3DUnion%2Bfor%2BArmed%2BStruggle%2BHome%2BArmy">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 2015-07-30 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Inferno%3A+Poles+Remember+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%253Dlz9obsxmuW4C%2526pg%253DPA5%2526dq%253DUnion%2Bfor%2BArmed%2BStruggle%2BHome%2BArmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-szymanski-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-szymanski_24-0">^</a> Marek Szymanski: Oddzial majora Hubala, Warszawa, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8391223701?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8391223701">8391223701</a></li> <li id="cite_note-militaryhistorypress-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-militaryhistorypress_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723212730/http://www.militaryhistorypress.com/PolishPartisanStory.html">"Aleksandra Ziółkowska Boehm: 'A Polish Partisan's Story' (to be published by Military History Press)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.militaryhistorypress.com/PolishPartisanStory.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleksandra+Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowska+Boehm%3A+%27A+Polish+Partisan%27s+Story%27+%28to+be+published+by+Military+History+Press%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryhistorypress.com%2FPolishPartisanStory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-concentration-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-concentration_26-0">^</a> Jozef Garlinski, Fighting Auschwitz: the Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp, Fawcett, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0449225992?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0449225992">0449225992</a>, reprinted by Time Life Education, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809489252?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0809489252">0809489252</a></li> <li id="cite_note-hoh-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hoh_27-0">^</a> Hershel Edelheit, History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary, Westview Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813322405?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0813322405">0813322405</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528073901/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D0DkMHTRtQIYC%26pg%3DPA413%26dq%3DZwi%25C4%2585zek%2BOrganizacji%2BWojskowej%26as_brr%3D3">Google Print, p. 413</a></li> <li id="cite_note-auschwitz-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auschwitz_28-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Cyra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Cyra">Adam Cyra</a>, Ochotnik do Auschwitz – Witold Pilecki 1901–1948 [Volunteer for Auschwitz], Oświęcim 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8391200035?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8391200035">8391200035</a></li> <li id="cite_note-google1-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-google1_29-0">^</a> Jan Kamienski, Hidden in the Enemy's Sight: Resisting the Third Reich from Within, Dundurn Press Ltd., 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550028545?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1550028545">1550028545</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRNmvWjeB36wC%26dq%3DPoland%2B%2522small%2Bsabotage%2522%26pg%3DPT56">Chapter "Messenger work and small sabotage", p. 57</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512001635/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRNmvWjeB36wC%26lpg%3DPT60%26dq%3DPoland%2520%2522small%2520sabotage%2522%26as_brr%3D3%26pg%3DPT56%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DPoland%2520%2522small%2520sabotage%2522%26f%3Dfalse">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-warszawa-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-warszawa_30-0">^</a> Jan Bijata, Wawer, Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1973</li> <li id="cite_note-symbolika-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-symbolika_31-0">^</a> Lesław J. Welker "Symbolika znaków Polski Walczącej", publisher Adam Marszałek <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8371744986?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8371744986">8371744986</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8373220909?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8373220909">8373220909</a></li> <li id="cite_note-wspomnienia-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wspomnienia_32-0">^</a> Halina Auderska, Zygmunt Ziółek, Akcja N. Wspomnienia 1939–1945 (Action N. Memoirs 1939–1945), Wydawnictwo Czytelnik, Warszawa, 1972 (in Polish)</li> <li id="cite_note-university-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-university_33-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, 1996, [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-intelligence-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-intelligence_34-0">^</a> Tessa Stirling et al., Intelligence Co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II, vol. I: The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee, London, Vallentine Mitchell, 2005</li> <li id="cite_note-slowikowski-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-slowikowski_35-0">^</a> Major-General M.Z. Rygor Slowikowski, In the Secret Service: the Lighting of the Torch, translated by George Slowikowski and Krystyna Brooks, with foreword by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M.R.D._Foot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="M.R.D. Foot">M.R.D. Foot</a>, London, The Windrush Press, 1988</li> <li id="cite_note-PSB-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PSB_36-0">^</a> Wojciech Zawadzki (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103214327/http://www.psbprzedborz.pl/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D50%253Abendera-eugeniusz">Eugeniusz Bendera (1906–1970).</a> Przedborski Słownik Biograficzny, via Internet Archive.</li> <li id="cite_note-piechowski-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-piechowski_37-0">^</a> "Byłem Numerem: swiadectwa Z Auschwitz" by Kazimierz Piechowski, Eugenia Bozena Kodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziokowski, Hardcover, Wydawn. Siostr Loretanek, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8372571228?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8372571228">8372571228</a></li> <li id="cite_note-auschwitz2-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auschwitz2_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522044837/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D578%26Itemid%3D8">"Auschwitz-Birkenau – The Film about the Amazing Escape from Auschwitz"</a>. En.auschwitz.org.pl. 13 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D578%26Itemid%3D8">the original</a> on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auschwitz-Birkenau+%E2%80%93+The+Film+about+the+Amazing+Escape+from+Auschwitz&rft.pub=En.auschwitz.org.pl&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.auschwitz.org.pl%2Fm%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D578%26Itemid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski118-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Piotrowski118_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3DNumber%2Bof%2BJews%2Bhelped%2Bby%2BZegota%26pg%3DPA118">"Assistance to Jews"</a>. Poland's Holocaust. McFarland & Company. p. 118. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786403714?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786403714"><bdi>978-0786403714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assistance+to+Jews&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0786403714&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3DNumber%2Bof%2BJews%2Bhelped%2Bby%2BZegota%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Baczynska-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Baczynska_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaczynskaJonBoyle2008" class="citation news cs1">Baczynska, Gabriela; JonBoyle (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/12/AR2008051200522.html">"Sendler, savior of Warsaw Ghetto children, dies"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 12 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sendler%2C+savior+of+Warsaw+Ghetto+children%2C+dies&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.aulast=Baczynska&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft.au=JonBoyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F05%2F12%2FAR2008051200522.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-Karski_2013-41">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Karski_2013_41-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Karski_2013_41-1">b</a> Karski (2013)</li> <li id="cite_note-jankowski-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-jankowski_42-0">^</a> E. Thomas Wood & Stanisław M. Jankowski (1994). Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust. John Wiley & Sons Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471018562?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0471018562">0471018562</a></li> <li id="cite_note-google3-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-google3_43-0">^</a> Joseph Poprzeczny, Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East, McFarland, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786416254?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0786416254">0786416254</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527075436/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DgjOO6ui8SIkC%26pg%3DPA110%26vq%3DZamosc%26dq%3D%2522Zamo%25C5%259B%25C4%2587%2BUprising%2522%2B-wikipedia%26source%3Dgbs_search_s%26sig%3DYlJNpg9GF1yU8bl99WYizvmGUys">Google Print, pp. 110–111</a></li> <li id="cite_note-poprzeczny-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-poprzeczny_44-0">^</a> Joseph Poprzeczny, Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East, McFarland, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786416254?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0786416254">0786416254</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-4">e</a> Strzembosz (1983)</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> Jürgen Stroop, "Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!", Warsaw 1943</li> <li id="cite_note-underground-47">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-underground_47-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-underground_47-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-underground_47-2">c</a> Józef Garliński Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2, Times Books, New York 1978</li> <li id="cite_note-rcn-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rcn_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedd1994" class="citation news cs1">Jedd, Joseph (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://users.rcn.com/salski/No05-06Folder/Jedd-Poland-Contribution.htm">"Poland's Contribution in the Field of Intelligence to the Victory in the Second World War"</a>. The Summit Times. Vol. 2, no. 5–6. Retrieved 9 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Summit+Times&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+Contribution+in+the+Field+of+Intelligence+to+the+Victory+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Jedd&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.rcn.com%2Fsalski%2FNo05-06Folder%2FJedd-Poland-Contribution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ballistic-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ballistic_49-0">^</a> Michael J. Neufeld The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era New York 1995, The Free Press [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296-50">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296_50-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296_50-1">b</a> Strzembosz (1978), pp. 277–296.</li> <li id="cite_note-Korb-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Korb_51-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stefan_Korbonski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Korbonski">Stefan Korbonski</a>, "The Polish Underground State: A Guide to the Underground, 1939–1945", pp. 120–139, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R3.html">Excerpts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072018/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R3.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Stroop_1979-52">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stroop_1979_52-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stroop_1979_52-1">b</a> Stroop (1979)</li> <li id="cite_note-aleksander-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-aleksander_53-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksander_Kami%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksander Kamiński">Aleksander Kamiński</a> Kamienie na szaniec <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8310105053?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8310105053">8310105053</a></li> <li id="cite_note-frederick-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-frederick_54-0">^</a> Ordway, Frederick I., III. The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36 (pp. 158, 173)</li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie234-235-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Leslie234-235_55-0">^</a> Roy Francis Leslie, The History of Poland Since 1863, Cambridge University Press, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521275016?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0521275016">0521275016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0tYVKUsnw9IC%26dq%3D%2522Armia%2BKrajowa%2522%2Blargest%26pg%3DPA234">Google Print, pp. 234</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0tYVKUsnw9IC%26q%3Dpolitically%2Band%2Bsocially%26pg%3DPA235">235</a></li> <li id="cite_note-stachniewicz-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stachniewicz_56-0">^</a> Piotr Stachniewicz, "AKCJA "KUTSCHERA", Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1982,</li> <li id="cite_note-stellvertretenden-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stellvertretenden_57-0">^</a> Joachim Lilla (Bearb.): Die Stellvertretenden Gauleiter und die Vertretung der Gauleiter der NSDAP im „Dritten Reich", Koblenz 2003, S. 52–53 (Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv, Heft 13) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3865090206?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3865090206">3865090206</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Chiari-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chiari_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_ChiariJerzy_Kochanowski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernard Chiari; Jerzy Kochanowski (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8vC2HudUgX0C%26q%3DDie%2Bpolnische%2BHeimatarmee:%2BGeschichte%2Bund%2BMythos%2Bder%2BArmia%2BKrajowa%2Bseit%2Bdem%2BZweiten%2BWeltkrieg%26pg%3DPA807">Die polnische Heimatarmee: Geschichte und Mythos der Armia Krajowa seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg</a> (in German). Munich: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt; Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 630–631. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486567151?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3486567151"><bdi>978-3486567151</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+polnische+Heimatarmee%3A+Geschichte+und+Mythos+der+Armia+Krajowa+seit+dem+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=630-631&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliches+Forschungsamt%3B+Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3486567151&rft.au=Bernard+Chiari&rft.au=Jerzy+Kochanowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8vC2HudUgX0C%26q%3DDie%2Bpolnische%2BHeimatarmee%3A%2BGeschichte%2Bund%2BMythos%2Bder%2BArmia%2BKrajowa%2Bseit%2Bdem%2BZweiten%2BWeltkrieg%26pg%3DPA807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Piotrowski_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DA4FlatJCro4C%26q%3D1939%2BSoviet%2Bcitizenship%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA166">Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...</a> McFarland & Company. pp. 165–166. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786403714?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786403714"><bdi>978-0786403714</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide...&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0786403714&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4FlatJCro4C%26q%3D1939%2BSoviet%2Bcitizenship%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm">review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629164531/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm">Archived</a> 29 June 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-google5-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-google5_60-0">^</a> Martin Gilbert, Second World War A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805076239?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0805076239">0805076239</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxxdTZE2zREMC%26q%3Dosuchy%26pg%3DRA4-PA542">Google Print, p. 542</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519021101/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxxdTZE2zREMC%26pg%3DRA4-PA542%26vq%3Dosuchy%26dq%3DOsuchy%26as_brr%3D3%26sig%3DeCCdHLUNRN7xjHiSVUwqK72T-To">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-university6-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-university6_61-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Borodziej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Włodzimierz Borodziej">Włodzimierz Borodziej</a>, Barbara Harshav (transl.), The Warsaw uprising of 1944. University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-TB-K-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TB-K_62-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a>, The secret army, London : Victor Gollancz, 1951.</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a> (1984). Dni Walczącej Stolicy: kronika Powstania Warszawskiego. Warsaw: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego; Świat Książki. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8373916791?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8373916791">978-8373916791</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Borodziej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Włodzimierz Borodziej">Włodzimierz Borodziej</a>, (2006). The Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Translated by Barbara Harshav. University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299207304?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299207304">978-0299207304</a></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, (2004). Rising '44. The Battle for Warsaw, New York: Viking. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670032846?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670032846">978-0670032846</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ashworth-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ashworth_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG_J_Ashworth1991" class="citation book cs1">G J Ashworth (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8nA_txFp7GQC%26q%3DWilno%26pg%3DPA108">War and the City</a>. London: Routledge. p. 108. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415053471?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415053471"><bdi>978-0415053471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+the+City&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0415053471&rft.au=G+J+Ashworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nA_txFp7GQC%26q%3DWilno%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Joes-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Joes_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_James_Joes2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anthony_James_Joes&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anthony James Joes (page does not exist)">Anthony James Joes</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIoCsbXb03bUC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA47">Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 47. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813123394?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813123394"><bdi>978-0813123394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+Rebellion%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0813123394&rft.au=Anthony+James+Joes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoCsbXb03bUC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Peszke-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Peszke_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Alfred_Peszke2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Alfred Peszke (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dzhb2doihL1wC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA146">The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II</a>. McFarland & Company. p. 146. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786420094?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786420094"><bdi>978-0786420094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+Army%2C+the+Western+Allies%2C+and+the+Failure+of+Strategic+Unity+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0786420094&rft.au=Michael+Alfred+Peszke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzhb2doihL1wC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ciechanowski-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ciechanowski_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_M._Ciechanowski2002" class="citation book cs1">Jan M. Ciechanowski (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2kvvMiclgVMC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA207">The Warsaw Rising of 1944</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 206–208. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521894418?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521894418"><bdi>978-0521894418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warsaw+Rising+of+1944&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=206-208&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521894418&rft.au=Jan+M.+Ciechanowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kvvMiclgVMC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-lwowskiej-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lwowskiej_70-0">^</a> Jerzy Węgierski "W lwowskiej Armii Krajowej" PAX, Warszawa 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/8321110444?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/8321110444">8321110444</a></li> <li id="cite_note-tomaszewski-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-tomaszewski_71-0">^</a> Bolesław Tomaszewski, Jerzy Węgierski "Zarys historii lwowskiego obszaru ZWZ-AK" Warsaw 1987 Pokolenie</li> <li id="cite_note-underground7-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-underground7_72-0">^</a> Polish Underground State – a Guide to the Underground, 1939–1945 Columbia University Press, 1978 and Hippocrene Books, Inc. New York, 1981</li> <li id="cite_note-prazmowska-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-prazmowska_73-0">^</a> Prazmowska, A. (2004) Civil war in Poland, 1942–1948 Palgrave <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333982126?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0333982126">0333982126</a> p. 115</li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated1_74-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Malcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Malcher">Malcher, G.C.</a> (1993) Blank Pages Pyrford Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897984006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1897984006">1897984006</a>. p. 73.</li> <li id="cite_note-mikolajczyk-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mikolajczyk_75-0">^</a> Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) The pattern of Soviet domination Sampson Low, Marston & Co p. 125</li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-garlinski_76-0">^</a> Garlinski, J. (1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a>, p, 324</li> <li id="cite_note-prazmowska8-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-prazmowska8_77-0">^</a> Prazmowska, A. (2004) Civil war in Poland, 1942–1948 Palgrave <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333982126?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0333982126">0333982126</a> p. 116</li> <li id="cite_note-university9-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-university9_78-0">^</a> Michta, A. (1990) Red Eagle Stanford University <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817988629?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0817988629">0817988629</a> p. 39</li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski10-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-garlinski10_79-0">^</a> Garlinski, J. (1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a> pp. 325–326</li> <li id="cite_note-umiastowski-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-umiastowski_80-0">^</a> Umiastowski, R. (1946) Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941–1945 Hollis & Carter pp. 462–464</li> <li id="cite_note-piesakowski-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-piesakowski_81-0">^</a> Piesakowski, T. (1990) The fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989 Gryf pp. 198–199</li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski11-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-garlinski11_82-0">^</a> Garlinski, J. (1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a> p. 335</li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski12-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-garlinski12_83-0">^</a> Garlinski, J. (1985) Poland in the Second World War Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a> p. 336</li> <li id="cite_note-umiastowski13-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-umiastowski13_84-0">^</a> Umiastowski, R. (1946) Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941–1945 Hollis & Carter pp. 467–468</li> <li id="cite_note-lukas-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lukas_85-0">^</a> Antonin Bohun Dabrowski in "Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust" edited by Richard Lukas, p 22. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%253Dlz9obsxmuW4C%2526pg%253DPA22%2526dq%253DHoliszow%23PPA22,M1">"Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603152731/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dlz9obsxmuW4C%26pg%3DPA22%26dq%3DHoliszow">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2015-07-30 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Inferno%3A+Poles+Remember+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%253Dlz9obsxmuW4C%2526pg%253DPA22%2526dq%253DHoliszow%23PPA22%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-victory-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-victory_86-0">^</a> Norman Davies, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory">Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory</a>", Viking Penguin 2006</li> <li id="cite_note-Davies0-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Davies0_87-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rising_%2744?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a>, 2004, Viking Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670032840?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0670032840">0670032840</a>, p. 495</li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Davies1_88-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rising_%2744?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a>, 2003, Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333905687?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0333905687">0333905687</a>, p. 495</li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Davies2_89-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rising_%2744?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a>, 2004, Pan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0330488635?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0330488635">0330488635</a>, p. 497</li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski1-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Piotrowski1_90-0">^</a> Tadeusz Piotrowsk, Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947, McFarland & Company, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786403713?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0786403713">0786403713</a>, p. 131 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112095301/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26pg%3DPA131%26dq%3D1945%2BRembert%25C3%25B3w%2BNKVD%26ei%3Dy0zYRtyZOoWY7wKW9ZHnBg%26sig%3DceQemsSxfhJtGQrQvaMS1bE4Djo">Google Print</a> )</li> <li id="cite_note-MNKcited-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MNKcited_91-0">^</a> Bohdan Kwiatkowski, Sabotaż i dywersja, Bellona, London 1949, vol. 1, p. 21; as cited by Marek Ney-Krwawicz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%2520Article.htm">The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824034513/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%2520Article.htm">Archived</a> 24 August 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2005-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Davies2005_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (28 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0">God's Playground: 1795 to the present</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/344">344</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231128193?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231128193"><bdi>978-0231128193</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+1795+to+the+present&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0231128193&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> Gregor Dallas, 1945: The War That Never Ended, Yale University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300109806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0300109806">0300109806</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/1945warthatnever00dall_1/page/79">Google Print, p. 79</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219191526/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLXdVF6LmTa8C%26pg%3DPA79%26dq%3D%2522Armia%2BKrajowa%2522%2Blargest%26as_brr%3D3%26ei%3DRjvMR6KnPJPAzAT-ppWvCQ%26sig%3DKsba8pTs5pu55YiAqseCLy6Kl5k">Archived</a> 19 December 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Wyman-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wyman_94-0">^</a> Mark Wyman, DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–1951, Cornell University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801485428?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0801485428">0801485428</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143721/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DlHNw7MnsmlYC%26pg%3DPA34%26dq%3D%2522Armia%2BKrajowa%2522%2Blargest%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D3%26ei%3DNzzMR_mOIJGSzQSb7cSwCQ%26sig%3Dkv3oN5z3YgAgcT8Vgy4aIFRHknE">Google Print, p. 34</a></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> See, for example, Leonid D. Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, p. 229, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Laqueur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a>, The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 233.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzembosz1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strzembosz, Tomasz (1978). Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944 [Armed actions of underground Warsaw 1939–1944] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8306007176?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8306007176"><bdi>978-8306007176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akcje+zbrojne+podziemnej+Warszawy+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-8306007176&rft.aulast=Strzembosz&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroop1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juergen_Stroop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Juergen Stroop">Stroop, Juergen</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/stroopreportj00stro">The Stroop Report: "The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw is No More!"</a>. Translated by Milton, Sybil. New York: Pantheon. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394504438?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780394504438"><bdi>9780394504438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stroop+Report%3A+%22The+Jewish+Quarter+of+Warsaw+is+No+More%21%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780394504438&rft.aulast=Stroop&rft.aufirst=Juergen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstroopreportj00stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarski2013" class="citation book cs1">Karski, Jan (2013). Story of a secret state. My Report to the World. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589019836?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781589019836"><bdi>9781589019836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+a+secret+state.+My+Report+to+the+World&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781589019836&rft.aulast=Karski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DPre0NPW42tw">Polish contribution to World War II (Polish Underground State) Movie</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415001413/http://www.sp11.nowytarg.pl/sp11/module.php?show%3Dpatron">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313045006/http://www.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/5/0,1872,2149861,00.html">Die "Stunde W"</a></li> <li>Ann Su Caldwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170853/http://www.poloniatoday.com/record2.htm">"Poland: Here is the Record"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.poloniatoday.com/record2.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+Here+is+the+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poloniatoday.com%2Frecord2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">. Polonia Online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/">Polish Resistance in World War II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322194724/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/">Archived</a> 22 March 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/okulicki2.htm">Warsaw Uprising 1944</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212013417/http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/okulicki2.htm">Archived</a> 12 February 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.atsnotes.com/articles/article-contibution-en.html">History of Warsaw's contributions levied by the German Occupation Authority</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2581%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="حركة المقاومة البولندية في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة المقاومة البولندية في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2581%25D1%258A%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Полска съпротива – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полска съпротива" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsk%25C3%25BD_odboj_b%25C4%259Bhem_druh%25C3%25A9_sv%25C4%259Btov%25C3%25A9_v%25C3%25A1lky" title="Polský odboj během druhé světové války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polský odboj během druhé světové války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistencia_polaca" title="Resistencia polaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Resistencia polaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_Rezistomovado" title="Pola Rezistomovado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pola Rezistomovado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B4_%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="جنبش مقاومت لهستان در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش مقاومت لهستان در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9sistance_int%25C3%25A9rieure_polonaise_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Résistance intérieure polonaise pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résistance intérieure polonaise pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A0%259C2%25EC%25B0%25A8_%25EC%2584%25B8%25EA%25B3%2584_%25EB%258C%2580%25EC%25A0%2584_%25EB%258B%25B9%25EC%258B%259C_%25ED%258F%25B4%25EB%259E%2580%25EB%2593%259C%25EC%259D%2598_%25EC%25A0%2580%25ED%2595%25AD%25EC%259A%25B4%25EB%258F%2599" title="제2차 세계 대전 당시 폴란드의 저항운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전 당시 폴란드의 저항운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistenza_polacca" title="Resistenza polacca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resistenza polacca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%25A2%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%2594%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2591%25D7%259E%25D7%259C%25D7%2597%25D7%259E%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%259D_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="תנועת ההתנגדות הפולנית במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועת ההתנגדות הפולנית במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25A4_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25B3%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B3" title="पोलिश भूमिगत सशस्त्र चळवळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलिश भूमिगत सशस्त्र चळवळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%259D%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2581%25AE%25E5%258F%258D%25E7%258B%25AC%25E9%2597%2598%25E4%25BA%2589" title="ポーランドの反独闘争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランドの反独闘争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_ruch_oporu_w_czasie_II_wojny_%25C5%259Bwiatowej" title="Polski ruch oporu w czasie II wojny światowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polski ruch oporu w czasie II wojny światowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_de_resist%25C3%25AAncia_polon%25C3%25AAs_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Movimento de resistência polonês na Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento de resistência polonês na Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezisten%25C8%259Ba_polonez%25C4%2583_%25C3%25AEn_Al_Doilea_R%25C4%2583zboi_Mondial" title="Rezistența poloneză în Al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rezistența poloneză în Al Doilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2599%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2583_%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583" title="Пољски покрет отпора у Другом светском рату – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољски покрет отпора у Другом светском рату" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolalainen_vastarinta_toisessa_maailmansodassa" title="Puolalainen vastarinta toisessa maailmansodassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolalainen vastarinta toisessa maailmansodassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2582%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2582%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2583%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587" title="ขบวนการต่อต้านของชาวโปแลนด์ในสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขบวนการต่อต้านของชาวโปแลนด์ในสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" 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