CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>List of pioneers in computer science - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9de02624-0d72-44f3-b21e-22b1cceeac8b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science","wgTitle":"List of pioneers in computer science","wgCurRevisionId":1253938676,"wgRevisionId":1253938676,"wgArticleId":3310078,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2021","All articles with dead YouTube links","Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Articles with minor POV problems from April 2022","Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017", "Lists of computer scientists","Science pioneers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science","wgRelevantArticleId":3310078,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q82529","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="List of pioneers in computer science - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science rootpage-List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of pioneers in computer science</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="قائمة الرواد في علم الحاسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الرواد في علم الحاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_istaknutih_pionira_ra%C4%8Dunarstva" title="Spisak istaknutih pionira računarstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spisak istaknutih pionira računarstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_bedeutender_Personen_f%C3%BCr_die_Informatik" title="Liste bedeutender Personen für die Informatik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste bedeutender Personen für die Informatik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodatak:Popis_istaknutih_pionira_ra%C4%8Dunarstva" title="Dodatak:Popis istaknutih pionira računarstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dodatak:Popis istaknutih pionira računarstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_computerpioniers" title="Lijst van computerpioniers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van computerpioniers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Список піонерів в галузі інформатики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Список піонерів в галузі інформатики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&oldid=1253938676" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&id=1253938676&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_pioneers_in_computer_science"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82529" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> This is a list of people who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of what <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> could do. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pioneers">Pioneers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Achievement<br />date </th> <th>Person</th> <th class="unsortable">Achievement </th></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Adleman, Leonard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA algorithm</a> and making <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a> useful in practice. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howard_Aiken" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Aiken">Aiken, Howard</a> </td> <td>Conceived and co-designed the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:90px">830~ </td> <td style="width:120px"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a> </td> <td>The term <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Algorism" title="Algorism">algorism</a>, the technique of performing <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a> popularised by al-Khwarizmi in his book <i>On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970, 1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frances_E._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances E. Allen">Allen, Frances E.</a> </td> <td>Developed <a href="/wiki/Bit_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit vector">bit vector</a> notation and program <a href="/wiki/Control-flow_graph" title="Control-flow graph">control-flow graphs</a>; first female <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> Fellow (1989); first female recipient of the ACM's <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> (2006). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954, 1964, 1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gene_Amdahl" title="Gene Amdahl">Amdahl, Gene</a> </td> <td>Pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computing</a>; designed <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a>; chief architect of <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formulated <a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a>; also worked on <a href="/wiki/IBM_709" title="IBM 709">IBM 709</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">Atanasoff, John</a> </td> <td>Built the first electronic digital computer, the <a href="/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer">Atanasoff–Berry Computer</a>, though it was neither programmable nor <a href="/wiki/Turing-completeness" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing-completeness">Turing-complete</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1822, 1837 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Babbage, Charles</a> </td> <td>Originated the concept of a programmable general-purpose computer; designed the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a> and built a prototype for a less powerful <a href="/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">mechanical calculator</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bachman" title="Charles Bachman">Bachman, Charles</a> </td> <td>Outstanding contributions to <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954, 1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">Backus, John</a> </td> <td>Led the team that created <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> (<i>For</i>mula <i>Tran</i>slation), the first practical high-level programming language, and formulated the <a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a> that described the formal language <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>850~ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Banū Mūsā">Banū Mūsā</a> </td> <td>Three brothers who wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ingenious_Devices" title="Book of Ingenious Devices">Book of Ingenious Devices</a></i>, describing what appears to be the first <a href="/wiki/Program_(machine)" title="Program (machine)">programmable</a> machine, an <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">automatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> player.<sup id="cite_ref-Koetsier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koetsier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960–1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Baran, Paul</a> </td> <td>One of two independent inventors of the concept of digital <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> used in modern <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into "message blocks" and sending them over distributed networks (1960–1964).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot" title="Émile Baudot">Baudot, Émile</a> </td> <td>French <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphic</a> engineer; patented the <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a>, the first means of digital communication.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> speed unit <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> is named after him. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Bauer, Friedrich L.</a> </td> <td>Proposed the <a href="/wiki/Stack_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack (data structure)">stack</a> for expression evaluation, with <a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a>. Influential in establishing <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> as an independent discipline of science; coined the term <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>. Contributed to <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>, fundamentals of interpretation and translation of programming languages, systematics of program development, <a href="/wiki/Program_transformation" title="Program transformation">program transformation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cryptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptology">cryptology</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Bellman, Richard E.</a> </td> <td>American <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematician</a> who introduced <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming" title="Dynamic programming">dynamic programming</a> (1953) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Bengio, Yoshua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton, Geoffrey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Lecun, Yann</a> </td> <td>Conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made <a href="/wiki/Deep_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural networks">deep neural networks</a> a critical component of computing<sup id="cite_ref-acm.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989, 1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a> </td> <td>Invented the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and sent the first HTTP communication between client and server.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Blum" title="Manuel Blum">Blum, Manuel</a> </td> <td>Contributions to the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">computational complexity theory</a> and its application to <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Program_verification" class="mw-redirect" title="Program verification">program checking</a><sup id="cite_ref-Blum_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corrado_B%C3%B6hm" title="Corrado Böhm">Böhm, Corrado</a> </td> <td>Theorized of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1847, 1854 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">Boole, George</a> </td> <td>Formalized <a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean algebra (logic)">Boolean algebra</a>, the basis for <a href="/wiki/Digital_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital logic">digital logic</a> and computer science. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Booth" title="Kathleen Booth">Booth, Kathleen</a> </td> <td>Invented the first <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969, 1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Brinch Hansen, Per</a> </td> <td>Developed the <a href="/wiki/RC_4000_Multiprogramming_System" class="mw-redirect" title="RC 4000 Multiprogramming System">RC 4000 multiprogramming system</a>, which introduced the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">operating system kernel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_mechanism_and_policy" title="Separation of mechanism and policy">separation of policy and mechanism</a>; effectively the first <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-developed the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(synchronization)" title="Monitor (synchronization)">monitor</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a>, and created the first monitor implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implemented the first form of <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> in the RC 4000,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was first to propose remote procedure calls as a structuring concept for <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959, 1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Brooks, Fred</a> </td> <td>Manager of IBM <a href="/wiki/System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/360">OS/360</a> projects; author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month" title="The Mythical Man-Month">The Mythical Man-Month</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L._E._J._Brouwer" title="L. E. J. Brouwer">Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan</a> </td> <td>Founded <a href="/wiki/Intuitionistic_logic" title="Intuitionistic logic">intuitionistic logic</a>, which later came to prevalent use in <a href="/wiki/Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">proof assistants</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burks" title="Arthur Burks">Burks, Arthur</a> </td> <td>Proposed <a href="/wiki/Reverse_Polish_Notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Polish Notation">Reverse Polish Notation</a> with Don Warren and Jesse Wright in 1954, unaware of <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>'s earlier use of postfix notation in his Z3 in 1941, and later independently reinvented by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Friedrich L. Bauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a> for use with <a href="/wiki/Stack_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack (data structure)">stacks</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Bush, Vannevar</a> </td> <td>Analogue computing pioneer; originator of the <a href="/wiki/Memex" title="Memex">Memex</a> concept, which led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Caminer" title="David Caminer">Caminer, David</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/John_Pinkerton_(computer_designer)" title="John Pinkerton (computer designer)">John Pinkerton</a>, developed the <a href="/wiki/LEO_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="LEO computer">LEO computer</a>, the first business computer, for <a href="/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Lyons and Co">J. Lyons and Co</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Catmull, Edwin</a> </td> <td>Computer generated imagery (CGI) and 3D graphics pioneer who developed <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catmull-Clark_subdivision_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Catmull-Clark subdivision surface">Catmull-Clark subdivision surface</a> algorithm (with <a href="/wiki/James_H._Clark" title="James H. Clark">Jim Clark</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Catmull-Rom_spline" class="mw-redirect" title="Catmull-Rom spline">Catmull-Rom spline</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rom" title="Raphael Rom">Raphael Rom</a>. Former vice president of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> and co-founder of and former president of <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Cerf, Vint</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a>, designed the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (<a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>), the primary data <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication protocols">communication protocols</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> </td> <td>Made contributions to computer science with his work in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. Developed <a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a>, directly impacting <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">programming language theory</a> and other branches of computer science. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Church, Alonzo</a> </td> <td>Made fundamental contributions to theoretical computer science, specifically in the development of <a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">computability theory</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a>. Independently of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, formulated what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Church-Turing_Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Church-Turing Thesis">Church-Turing Thesis</a> and proved that <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a> is <a href="/wiki/Entscheidungsproblem" title="Entscheidungsproblem">undecidable</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Clark" title="Wesley A. Clark">Clark, Wesley A.</a> </td> <td>Designed <a href="/wiki/LINC" title="LINC">LINC</a>, the first functional computer scaled down and priced for individual users (1963). Many of its features are considered prototypes of essential elements of personal computers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmund_M._Clarke" title="Edmund M. Clarke">Clarke, Edmund M.</a> </td> <td>Developed <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a> and formal verification of software and hardware, with <a href="/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson" title="E. Allen Emerson">E. Allen Emerson</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">Cocke, John</a> </td> <td>Significant contributions to compiler design and theory, the architecture of large systems, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">reduced instruction set computers</a> (RISC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Codd, Edgar F.</a> </td> <td>Proposed and formalized the <a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational model</a> of data management, the theoretical basis of <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Conway" title="Lynn Conway">Conway, Lynn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscalar architecture">Superscalar architecture</a> with multiple-issue out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Cook, Stephen</a> </td> <td>Formalized the notion of NP-completeness, inspiring a great deal of research in <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">computational complexity theory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Cooley" title="James Cooley">Cooley, James</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/John_W._Tukey" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Tukey">John W. Tukey</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/Cooley-Tukey_FFT_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm">fast Fourier transform</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allen_Coombs" title="Allen Coombs">Coombs, Allen</a> </td> <td>Designed and built the Mark II <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computers</a>; superseded the Mark I version (which was the world's first digital, electronic computing device) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Corbató, Fernando J.</a> </td> <td>Pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> and resource-sharing computer systems <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 – 1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Cray, Seymour</a> </td> <td>Designed a series of computers that were the fastest in the world for decades; and founded Cray Research, which built many of them; credited with creating the supercomputer industry </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978, 1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dave_Cutler" title="Dave Cutler">Cutler, David N.</a> </td> <td>Major pioneer of operating-system design through his work at <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, where he was lead engineer of the <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> kernels (respectively) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Dahl, Ole-Johan</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a>, invented the proto-object oriented language <a href="/wiki/SIMULA" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMULA">SIMULA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Davies, Donald</a> </td> <td>One of two independent inventors of the concept of digital <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> used in modern <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIHF2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHF2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceived of and named the concept for data communication networks (1965–66).<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1978_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1978-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks of the 1970s, including <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, were similar "in nearly all respects" to his original 1965 design.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Diffie, Whitfield</a> </td> <td>Fundamental contributions to modern cryptography. Diffie and Hellman's groundbreaking 1976 paper "New Directions in Cryptography"<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieHellman1976_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieHellman1976-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, the foundation of security protocols used on the Internet today.<sup id="cite_ref-diffie_8371646_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diffie_8371646-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra" class="mw-redirect" title="Edsger Dijkstra">Dijkstra, Edsger W.</a> </td> <td>Pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm" title="Dijkstra's algorithm">shortest path algorithm</a>; coined the term <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>; invented the <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">semaphore</a>; famously suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Goto_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goto (command)">GOTO statement</a> should be <a href="/wiki/Considered_harmful" title="Considered harmful">considered harmful</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Eccles_(physicist)" title="William Eccles (physicist)">Eccles, William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilfred_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Wilfred Jordan">Jordan, Frank Wilfred</a> </td> <td>Patented the Eccles–Jordan trigger circuit,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the so-called "bistable <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">flip-flop</a>", a building block of all digital <a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">memory cells</a>. Built from <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, their concept was essential for the success of the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus codebreaking computer</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943, 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">Eckert, J. Presper</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a>, designed and built <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer; and <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a>, the first commercially available computer </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson" title="E. Allen Emerson">Emerson, E. Allen</a> </td> <td>Developed <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a> and formal verification of software and hardware, with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_M._Clarke" title="Edmund M. Clarke">Edmund M. Clarke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Engelbart, Douglas</a> </td> <td>Best known for inventing the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bill_English_(computer_engineer)" title="Bill English (computer engineer)">Bill English</a>; pioneer of human–computer interaction whose Augment team developed <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networked computers</a>, and precursors to <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUIs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Faggin, Federico</a> </td> <td>Designed the first commercial microprocessor, <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Feigenbaum, Edward</a> </td> <td>Pioneering the design and construction of large-scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology<sup id="cite_ref-To_dream_the_possible_dream_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_dream_the_possible_dream-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Feinler" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Feinler">Feinler, Elizabeth</a> </td> <td>Led team that defined a simple text file format for Internet host names, which became the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a>; her group became the naming authority for the top-level domains of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, and .com </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Flowers" title="Tommy Flowers">Flowers, Tommy</a> </td> <td>Designed and built the Mark I <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a>, the world's first programmable, digital, electronic, computing devices </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Floyd, Robert W.</a> </td> <td>Had a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software; helped to found these important sub-fields of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>: theory of <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of programming languages, automatic <a href="/wiki/Program_verification" class="mw-redirect" title="Program verification">program verification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">automatic program synthesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">analysis of algorithms</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sally_Floyd" title="Sally Floyd">Floyd, Sally</a> </td> <td>Founded the field of Active Queue Management; co-invented <a href="/wiki/Random_early_detection" title="Random early detection">Random Early Detection</a>, used in almost all Internet routers </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege, Gottlob</a> </td> <td>Extended Aristotelian logic with <a href="/wiki/First-order_predicate_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order predicate calculus">first-order predicate calculus</a> independently of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, a crucial precursor in <a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">computability theory</a>; also relevant to early work on <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Furber" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Furber">Furber, Stephen</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilson" title="Sophie Wilson">Wilson, Sophie</a> </td> <td>Led the creation of the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958, 1961, 1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Ginsburg" title="Seymour Ginsburg">Ginsburg, Seymour</a> </td> <td>Proved "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t-care_term" title="Don't-care term">don't-care</a>" circuit minimization does not necessarily yield optimal results; proved that the <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> programming language was context-free (linking <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formal language</a> theory to the problem of <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> writing); invented <a href="/wiki/Abstract_family_of_languages" title="Abstract family of languages">AFL Theory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel, Kurt</a> </td> <td>Proved that <a href="/wiki/Peano_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Peano arithmetic">Peano arithmetic</a> could not be both <a href="/wiki/Logically_consistent" class="mw-redirect" title="Logically consistent">logically consistent</a> and complete in <a href="/wiki/First-order_predicate_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order predicate calculus">first-order predicate calculus</a>. Church, Kleene, and Turing developed the foundations of computation theory based on <a href="/wiki/Corollaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Corollaries">corollaries</a> to Gödel's work. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Goldwasser, Shafi</a> </td> <td>Invented <a href="/wiki/Zero-knowledge_proof" title="Zero-knowledge proof">zero-knowledge proofs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Micali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rackoff" title="Charles Rackoff">Rackoff</a>; she and Micali received the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> (2012) for this and other work. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Graham" title="Susan L. Graham">Graham, Susan L.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (April 2022)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science#undue" title="Talk:List of pioneers in computer science">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Awarded the 2009 <a href="/wiki/IEEE_John_von_Neumann_Medal" title="IEEE John von Neumann Medal">IEEE John von Neumann Medal</a> for "contributions to programming language design and implementation and for exemplary service to the discipline of computer science" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gray_(researcher)" title="Frank Gray (researcher)">Gray, Frank</a> </td> <td>Physicist and researcher at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, developed the reflected binary code (RBC) or <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1953_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1953-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray's methodologies are used for error detection and correction in digital communication systems, such as <a href="/wiki/QAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QAM">QAM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> networks. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974, 2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Gray (computer scientist)">Gray, Jim</a> </td> <td>Innovator in <a href="/wiki/Database_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Database systems">database systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a> implementation </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986, 1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Grosz, Barbara</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2017)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science#undue" title="Talk:List of pioneers in computer science">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Created the first computational model of <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>, establishing the field of research and influencing language-processing technologies; developed <a href="/w/index.php?title=SharedPlans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SharedPlans (page does not exist)">SharedPlans</a> model for collaboration in <a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-agent systems">multi-agent systems</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988, 2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Gustafson_(scientist)" title="John Gustafson (scientist)">Gustafson, John</a> </td> <td>Proved the viability of parallel computing experimentally and theoretically; formulated <a href="/wiki/Gustafson%27s_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's Law</a>; developed high-efficiency formats for representing real numbers <a href="/wiki/Unum_(number_format)" title="Unum (number format)">Unum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unum_(number_format)#Unum_III" title="Unum (number format)">Posit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">Hamilton, Margaret</a> </td> <td>Developed the concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling, end-to-end testing, and human-in-the-loop decision capability, such as priority displays which then became the foundation for ultra-reliable software design </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Hamming, Richard</a> </td> <td>Created the fields of <a href="/wiki/Error-correcting_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correcting code">error-correcting code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamming_code" title="Hamming code">Hamming code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamming_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamming matrix">Hamming matrix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hamming_window#Hamming_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamming window">Hamming window</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamming_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamming numbers">Hamming numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphere-packing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphere-packing">sphere-packing</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Hamming_bound" title="Hamming bound">Hamming bound</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hamming_distance" title="Hamming distance">Hamming distance</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1998973–975_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1998973–975-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamming1950147–160_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamming1950147–160-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hamming_bound" title="Hamming bound">perfect code</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingXing200482–88_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingXing200482–88-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPless198221–24_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPless198221–24-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956, 1958, 1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_H%C3%A4ndler" title="Wolfgang Händler">Händler, Wolfgang</a> </td> <td>Pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man-machine_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-machine interface">man-machine interfaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>; one of the lead architects of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=TR_4_(computer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TR 4 (computer) (page does not exist)">TR 4</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_4_(Rechner)" class="extiw" title="de:TR 4 (Rechner)">de</a>]</span> supercomputer; invented <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ndler_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Händler diagram">Händler diagrams</a> for <a href="/wiki/Logic_function_minimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic function minimization">logic function minimization</a>; devised the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erlangen_Classification_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erlangen Classification System (page does not exist)">Erlangen Classification System</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlangen_Classification_System" class="extiw" title="de:Erlangen Classification System">de</a>]</span> (ECS) for parallel computers </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Hanrahan, Pat</a> </td> <td>Fundamental contributions to 3D computer graphics, with revolutionary impact on computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juris_Hartmanis" title="Juris Hartmanis">Hartmanis, Juris</a> </td> <td>Foundations for the field of <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">computational complexity theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stearns_1994_95–99_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns_1994_95–99-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981, 1995, 1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Hejlsberg, Anders</a> </td> <td>Author of <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a>; chief architect of <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(IDE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (IDE)">Delphi</a>; designer and lead architect of <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> at Microsoft </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Hellman, Martin</a> </td> <td>Fundamental contributions to modern cryptography. Diffie and Hellman's groundbreaking 1976 paper, "New Directions in Cryptography",<sup id="cite_ref-DiffieHellman1976_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiffieHellman1976-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, the foundation for security protocols on the Internet today<sup id="cite_ref-diffie_8371646_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diffie_8371646-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">Hennessy, John L.</a> </td> <td>Pioneered a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008, 2012, 2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton, Geoffrey</a> </td> <td>Popularized and enabled the use of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a>, among the most successful tools in modern <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> efforts; received the Turing Award (2018) for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made <a href="/wiki/Deep_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep neural networks">deep neural networks</a> a critical component of computing<sup id="cite_ref-acm.org_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961, 1969, 1978, 1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Hoare, C. A. R.</a> </td> <td>Developed the formal language <a href="/wiki/Communicating_Sequential_Processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicating Sequential Processes">Communicating Sequential Processes</a> (CSP), <a href="/wiki/Hoare_logic" title="Hoare logic">Hoare logic</a> for verifying program correctness, and <a href="/wiki/Quicksort" title="Quicksort">Quicksort</a>; fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Holberton, Betty</a> </td> <td>Wrote the first <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_sort_merge" title="Mainframe sort merge">mainframe sort merge</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Univac" class="mw-redirect" title="Univac">Univac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Hollerith, Herman</a> </td> <td>Widely regarded as the father of modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">machine data processing</a>, his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card tabulating machine</a> marked the beginning of the era of semiautomatic <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> systems </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Hopcroft" title="John Hopcroft">Hopcroft, John</a> </td> <td>Fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Hopper, Grace</a> </td> <td>Pioneered work on the necessity for high-level programming languages, which she termed <i>automatic programming</i>; wrote the A-O <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>, which heavily influenced the <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> language </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feng-hsiung_Hsu" title="Feng-hsiung Hsu">Hsu Feng-hsiung</a> </td> <td>Work leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a> chess computer; architect and principal designer <a href="/wiki/IBM_Deep_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Deep Blue">IBM Deep Blue</a> chess computer that defeated the reigning <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Champion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>, in 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Albert_Huffman" class="mw-redirect" title="David Albert Huffman">Huffman, David</a> </td> <td>Created <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Hurd" title="Cuthbert Hurd">Hurd, Cuthbert</a> </td> <td>Helped IBM develop its first general-purpose computer, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945, 1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Huskey" title="Harry Huskey">Huskey, Harry</a> </td> <td>Contributions to the design of early computers including <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE">Pilot ACE</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEAC_(computer)" title="SEAC (computer)">SEAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/SWAC_(computer)" title="SWAC (computer)">SWAC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bendix_G-15" title="Bendix G-15">Bendix G-15</a> (the latter described as the first <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, being operable by one person) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954, 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Iverson, Kenneth</a> </td> <td>Helped establish and taught the first graduate course in computer science (at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>); invented the <a href="/wiki/APL_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="APL programming language">APL programming language</a>; contributions to interactive computing </td></tr> <tr> <td>1801 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Jacquard, Joseph Marie</a> </td> <td>Built and demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a>, a programmable mechanized loom controlled by a tape constructed from punched cards </td></tr> <tr> <td>1206 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazari">Al-Jazari</a> </td> <td>Invented <a href="/wiki/Program_(machine)" title="Program (machine)">programmable</a> machines, including programmable <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid robots</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Castle_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle clock">castle clock</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical clock</a> considered the first <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programmable</a> <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Discoveries_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Discoveries-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">Kahan, William</a> </td> <td>Fundamental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>; foremost expert on <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating-point</a> computations; dedicated to "making the world safe for numerical computations" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Kahn, Bob</a> </td> <td>Designed the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (<a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>), the primary data <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication protocols">communication protocols</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952, 1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Karnaugh" title="Maurice Karnaugh">Karnaugh, Maurice</a> </td> <td>Creator of the <a href="/wiki/Karnaugh_map" title="Karnaugh map">Karnaugh map</a>, a variation on <a href="/wiki/Edward_Veitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Veitch">Edward Veitch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Veitch_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Veitch chart">Veitch chart</a>; rediscovery of <a href="/wiki/Allan_Marquand" title="Allan Marquand">Allan Marquand</a>'s much earlier <a href="/wiki/Marquand_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquand diagram">logical diagram</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Logic_function_minimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic function minimization">logic function minimization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Karp, Richard M.</a> </td> <td>Contributions to algorithm theory, including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems; identified polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency; contributed to the theory of <a href="/wiki/NP-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="NP-complete">NP-completeness</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Karpinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacek Karpinski">Karpinski, Jacek</a> </td> <td>Developed the first differential analyzer using transistors; developed one of the first machine-learning algorithms for character and image recognition; invented of one of the first minicomputers, the <a href="/wiki/K-202" title="K-202">K-202</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970~ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Kay, Alan</a> </td> <td>Pioneered many ideas at the root of object-oriented programming languages; led the team that developed <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>; made fundamental contributions to personal computing </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948-1990s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kilburn" title="Tom Kilburn">Kilburn, Tom</a> </td> <td>With Freddie Williams he worked on the Williams–Kilburn tube and developed the world's first electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby, while working at the University of Manchester. His work propelled Manchester and Britain into the forefront of the emerging field of computer science. He also worked on the development of Atlas, one of the most powerful supercomputer in 1960s. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972–1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Kildall, Gary</a> </td> <td>Introduced the theory of <a href="/wiki/Data-flow_analysis" title="Data-flow analysis">data-flow analysis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">optimizing compilers</a> (global expression optimization, <a href="/wiki/Kildall%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildall's method">Kildall's method</a>). Worked on instruction set emulators (<a href="/wiki/INTERP" class="mw-redirect" title="INTERP">INTERP</a>), found an innovative software relocation method (<a href="/wiki/Page_boundary_relocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Page boundary relocation">page boundary relocation</a>), and laid the foundation to the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Binary_recompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary recompilation">binary recompilation</a> (<a href="/wiki/XLT86" class="mw-redirect" title="XLT86">XLT86</a>). Developed the first high-level <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and compiler for <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> (<a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a>) and the first mainstream <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for microcomputers (<a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>). Invented the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware abstraction layer">hardware abstraction layer</a> called the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, with both conceptually laying the foundation to all <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-based operating systems on <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>. Worked on <a href="/wiki/Diskette" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskette">diskette</a> track <a href="/wiki/Disk_buffer" title="Disk buffer">buffering</a> schemes, <a href="/wiki/Read-ahead" class="mw-redirect" title="Read-ahead">read-ahead</a> algorithms, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual disk">virtual disk</a> drives, and <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caching</a>. Developed the first computer interface for <a href="/wiki/Video_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Video disk">video disks</a> and pioneered <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> file systems, introducing the first <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> for computers (<a href="/wiki/The_Electronic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Electronic Encyclopedia">The Electronic Encyclopedia</a>). Pioneered a modular <a href="/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Private branch exchange">PBX</a> communication system integrating <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">land-lines</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intelliphone_(PLS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelliphone (PLS)">Intelliphone</a>) and to remotely connect with <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirsch" title="Russell Kirsch">Kirsch, Russell Gray</a> </td> <td>Whilst working for the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> (NBS), Kirsch used a recently developed <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">image scanner</a> to scan and store the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital photograph">digital photograph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Earliest_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earliest-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His scanned photo of his three-month-old son was deemed by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i> magazine</a> as one of the "100 Photographs That Changed The World". </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961–1970s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard</a> </td> <td>Pioneered the application of <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a> to model delays in <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a> networks in his Ph.D. thesis in 1961–1962, published as a book in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later published several of the standard works on the subject. In the early 1970s, he applied queueing theory to model the performance of <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> networks. This work played an influential role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. He supervised the graduate students who worked on the early <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a> for the ARPANET. His theoretical work on <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_routing" title="Hierarchical routing">hierarchical routing</a> in the late 1970s with student <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Kamoun" title="Farouk Kamoun">Farouk Kamoun</a> remains critical to the operation of the Internet today. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Kleene, Stephen Cole</a> </td> <td>Pioneered work with <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Calculus">Lambda Calculus</a> that first laid down the foundations of computation theory. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968, 1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Knuth, Donald</a> </td> <td>Wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming" title="The Art of Computer Programming">The Art of Computer Programming</a></i> and created <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>. Coined the term "analysis of algorithms" and made major contributions to that field, including popularizing <a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation" title="Big O notation">Big O notation</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990-1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_S._Lam" title="Simon S. Lam">Lam, Simon S.</a> </td> <td>Lam was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future. Lam’s idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). SNP was created for Internet applications in general. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL and <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>, developed years later for commercial browsers, followed the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today, TLS 1.3 is used not only for all <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> applications (banking, shopping, etc.) on WWW, but also for email, and many other Internet applications. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950-1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Lamarr, Hedy</a> </td> <td>At the beginning of World War II, she and composer <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a> developed a radio guidance system for <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> that used <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_hopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency hopping">frequency hopping</a> technology to defeat the threat of <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> did not adopt the technology until the 1960s, the principles of their work are incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> and <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>. This work led to their induction into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> in 2014. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974, 1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Lamport, Leslie</a> </td> <td>Formulated algorithms to solve many fundamental problems in distributed systems (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Lamport%27s_bakery_algorithm" title="Lamport's bakery algorithm">bakery algorithm</a>).<br />Developed the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Lamport_timestamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamport timestamps">logical clock</a>, enabling synchronization between distributed entities based on the events through which they communicate. Created <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butler_W._Lampson" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler W. Lampson">Lampson, Butler W.</a> </td> <td>Development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, programming systems, <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">displays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">document publishing</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964-1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Landin, Peter</a> </td> <td>Used the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a> to formally specify the semantics of programming languages, and developed an early <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional programming language">functional programming language</a> named <a href="/wiki/ISWIM" title="ISWIM">ISWIM</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Alekseyevich_Lebedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev">Lebedev, Sergei Alekseyevich</a> </td> <td>Independently designed the first electronic computer in the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/MESM" title="MESM">MESM</a>, in Kiev, Ukraine. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1670~ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Leibniz, Gottfried</a> </td> <td>Made advances in symbolic logic, such as the <a href="/wiki/Calculus_ratiocinator" title="Calculus ratiocinator">Calculus ratiocinator</a>, that were heavily influential on <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>. He anticipated later developments in <a href="/wiki/First-order_predicate_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order predicate calculus">first-order predicate calculus</a>, which were crucial for the theoretical foundations of computer science. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">Licklider, J. C. R.</a> </td> <td>Began the investigation of human–computer interaction, leading to many advances in computer interfaces as well as in <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Liskov, Barbara</a> </td> <td>Developed the <a href="/wiki/Liskov_substitution_principle" title="Liskov substitution principle">Liskov substitution principle</a>, which guarantees <a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics of programming languages">semantic</a> interoperability of <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> in a hierarchy. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1300~ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull, Ramon</a> </td> <td>Designed multiple symbolic representations machines, and pioneered notions of symbolic representation and manipulation to produce knowledge—both of which were major influences on <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Lovelace, Ada</a> </td> <td>An English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a>. She was the first to recognize that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognize the full potential of a "computing machine" and the first computer programmer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Percy_Ludgate" title="Percy Ludgate">Ludgate, Percy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> in 1843 and Percy Ludgate in 1909 designed the first two <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engines</a> in history. Ludgate's engine used multiplication as its basis (using his own discrete <a href="/wiki/Irish_logarithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish logarithms">Irish logarithms</a>), had the first multiplier-accumulator (MAC), was first to exploit a MAC to perform division, stored numbers as displacements of rods in shuttles, and had several other novel features, including for program control. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Per_Martin-L%C3%B6f" title="Per Martin-Löf">Martin-Löf, Per</a> </td> <td>Published an early draft on the type theory that many <a href="/wiki/Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">proof assistants</a> build on. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943, 1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">Mauchly, John</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a>, designed and built the <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer, and the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a>, the first commercially available computer. Also worked on <a href="/wiki/BINAC" title="BINAC">BINAC</a> (1949), <a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a> (1949), <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> (1951) with <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Jean Bartik</a>, to develop early <a href="/wiki/Stored_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Stored program">stored program</a> computers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">McCarthy, John</a> </td> <td>Invented <a href="/wiki/LISP" class="mw-redirect" title="LISP">LISP</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional programming language">functional programming language</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956, 2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._McCluskey" title="Edward J. McCluskey">McCluskey, Edward J.</a> </td> <td>Fundamental contributions that shaped the design and testing of digital systems, including the first algorithm for digital logic synthesis, the Quine-McCluskey logic minimization method. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Meyer" title="Bertrand Meyer">Meyer, Bertrand</a> </td> <td>Developed <a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design by contract</a> in the guise of the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiffel programming language">Eiffel programming language</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Micali, Silvio</a> </td> <td>For transformative work that laid the complexity-theoretic foundations for the science of cryptography and in the process pioneered new methods for efficient verification of mathematical proofs in complexity theory. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Milner, Robin</a> </td> <td>1) <a href="/wiki/LCF_theorem_prover" class="mw-redirect" title="LCF theorem prover">LCF</a>, the mechanization of Scott's Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">machine assisted proof construction</a>; 2) <a href="/wiki/ML_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="ML programming language">ML</a>, the first language to include polymorphic <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a> together with a <a href="/wiki/Type_safety" title="Type safety">type-safe</a> <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception-handling</a> mechanism; 3) <a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_communicating_systems" title="Calculus of communicating systems">CCS</a>, a general theory of <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a>. In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced <a href="/wiki/Full_abstraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Full abstraction">full abstraction</a>, the study of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Operational_semantics" title="Operational semantics">operational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">denotational</a> <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Minsky, Marvin</a> </td> <td>Co-founder of <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Artificial Intelligence Lab</a> at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, author of several texts on AI and philosophy. Critic of the <a href="/wiki/Perceptron" title="Perceptron">perceptron</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Moore" title="Charles H. Moore">Moore, Charles H.</a> </td> <td>Inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> programming language. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto" title="Satoshi Nakamoto">Nakamoto, Satoshi</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymous</a> creator or creators of <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, the first peer-to-peer <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a>. Nakamoto's 2008 white-paper introduced the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>, a database structure that allows full trust in the <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> and distributed public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934, 1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akira_Nakashima" title="Akira Nakashima">Nakashima Akira</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> engineer introduced <a href="/wiki/Switching_circuit_theory" title="Switching circuit theory">switching circuit theory</a> in papers from 1934 to 1936, laying the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Digital_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital circuit">digital circuit</a> design, in <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computers</a> and other areas of modern technology. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Naur, Peter</a> </td> <td>Edited the <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> Revised Report, introducing <a href="/wiki/Backus-Naur_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Backus-Naur form">Backus-Naur form</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">Neumann, John von</a> </td> <td>Formulated the <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann architecture</a> upon which most modern computers are based. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Newell, Allen</a> </td> <td>Together with <a href="/wiki/J._C._Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Shaw">J. C. Shaw</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Herbert Simon, the three co-wrote the Logic Theorist, the first true AI program, in the first list-processing language, which influenced LISP. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Newman, Max</a> </td> <td>Instigated the production of the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>. After the second world war he established the <a href="/wiki/Computing_Machine_Laboratory" title="Computing Machine Laboratory">Computing Machine Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> where he created the project that built the world's first <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Nygaard, Kristen</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>, invented the proto-object oriented language <a href="/wiki/SIMULA" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMULA">SIMULA</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1642 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal, Blaise</a> </td> <td>Invented the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_calculator" title="Mechanical calculator">mechanical calculator</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th century BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> </td> <td>Invented first formal <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a>. Also gave early forms of <a href="/wiki/Backus-Naur_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Backus-Naur form">Backus-Naur form</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">Patterson, David</a> </td> <td>For pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judea_Pearl" title="Judea Pearl">Pearl, Judea</a> </td> <td>Fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Perlis, Alan</a> </td> <td>On <a href="/wiki/Project_Whirlwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Whirlwind">Project Whirlwind</a>, member of the team that developed the <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="ALGOL programming language">ALGOL programming language</a>, and the first recipient of the Turing Award </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Perlman, Radia</a> </td> <td>Invented the <a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">Spanning Tree Protocol</a> (STP), which is fundamental to the operation of <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">network bridges</a>, while working for <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>. Has done extensive and innovative research, particularly on encryption and networking. She received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007, among numerous others. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pier_Giorgio_Perotto" title="Pier Giorgio Perotto">Perotto, Pier Giorgio</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2017)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science#undue" title="Talk:List of pioneers in computer science">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Computer designer for <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a>, designed one of the first electronic <a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">programmable calculators</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Programma_101" title="Programma 101">Programma 101</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3zsa_P%C3%A9ter" title="Rózsa Péter">Péter, Rózsa</a> </td> <td>Published a series of papers grounding <a href="/wiki/Recursion_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Recursion theory">recursion theory</a> as a separate area of mathematical research, setting the foundation for theoretical computer science. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Picard" title="Rosalind Picard">Picard, Rosalind</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2017)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science#undue" title="Talk:List of pioneers in computer science">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Founded <a href="/wiki/Affective_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective Computing">Affective Computing</a>, and laid the foundations for giving computers skills of emotional intelligence. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amir_Pnueli" title="Amir Pnueli">Pnueli, Amir</a> </td> <td>Introducing <a href="/wiki/Temporal_logic" title="Temporal logic">temporal logic</a> into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems <a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">verification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pnueli_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pnueli-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emil_Leon_Post" title="Emil Leon Post">Post, Emil L.</a> </td> <td>Developed the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post machine</a> as a model of computation, independently of Turing. Known also for developing <a href="/wiki/Truth_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth tables">truth tables</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Post_correspondence_problem" title="Post correspondence problem">Post correspondence problem</a> used in recursion theory as well as proving what is known as <a href="/wiki/Post%27s_theorem" title="Post's theorem">Post's theorem</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Rabin, Michael O.</a> </td> <td>The joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems",<sup id="cite_ref-semanticscholar.org_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semanticscholar.org-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which introduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondeterministic machine">nondeterministic machines</a>, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabin_1977_625–633_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabin_1977_625–633-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott_1977_634–641_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_1977_634–641-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Reddy, Raj</a> </td> <td>Pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.<sup id="cite_ref-To_dream_the_possible_dream_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_dream_the_possible_dream-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967–2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, pioneered the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> computer operating system at Bell Labs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Rivest, Ron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">Ingenious contribution</a> and making <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a> useful in practice. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958–1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saul_Rosen" title="Saul Rosen">Rosen, Saul</a> </td> <td>Designed the software of the first transistor-based computer. Also influenced the ALGOL programming language. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975, 1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rubin" title="Philip Rubin">Rubin, Philip</a> </td> <td>Developed pioneering computational <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">speech synthesis</a> systems for use in the experimental study of speech perception and production, including <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_synthesis" title="Articulatory synthesis">articulatory synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinewave_synthesis" title="Sinewave synthesis">sinewave synthesis</a>. Also designed the <a href="/wiki/HADES_(software)" title="HADES (software)">HADES</a> signal processing system, a predecessor of <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> </td> <td>Made contributions to computer science with his work on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a> (example: <a href="/wiki/Truth_function" title="Truth function">truth function</a>). Introduced the notion of <a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">type theory</a>. He also introduced <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>) in his work, <a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Salton" title="Gerard Salton">Salton, Gerard</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2017)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science#undue" title="Talk:List of pioneers in computer science">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>A pioneer of automatic <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, who proposed the <a href="/wiki/Vector_space_model" title="Vector space model">vector space model</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inverted_index" title="Inverted index">inverted index</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Sammet, Jean E.</a> </td> <td>Developed the <a href="/wiki/FORMAC_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="FORMAC programming language">FORMAC programming language</a>. She was also the first to write extensively about the history and categorization of programming languages in 1969, and became the first female president of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> in 1974. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880, 1898 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Sanders Peirce, Charles</a> </td> <td>Proved the <a href="/wiki/Functional_completeness" title="Functional completeness">functional completeness</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NOR_gate" title="NOR gate">NOR gate</a>. Proposed the implementation of logic via electrical circuits, decades before <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>. Extended Aristotelian logic with <a href="/wiki/First-order_predicate_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order predicate calculus">first-order predicate calculus</a>, independently of <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>, a crucial precursor in <a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">computability theory</a>. Also relevant to early work on <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Scott, Dana</a> </td> <td>The joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems",<sup id="cite_ref-semanticscholar.org_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semanticscholar.org-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which introduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondeterministic machine">nondeterministic machines</a>, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabin_1977_625–633_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabin_1977_625–633-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott_1977_634–641_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_1977_634–641-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Shamir, Adi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">Ingenious contribution</a> and making <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a> useful in practice. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937, 1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Shannon, Claude</a> </td> <td>Founded <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, and laid foundations for practical digital circuit design. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Shima" title="Masatoshi Shima">Shima Masatoshi</a> </td> <td>Designed the <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>, the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tout1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tout1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Zilog Z8000</a> microprocessors, and the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8259" title="Intel 8259">Intel 8259</a>, <a href="/wiki/8255" class="mw-redirect" title="8255">8255</a>, <a href="/wiki/8253" class="mw-redirect" title="8253">8253</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8257" title="Intel 8257">8257</a> and <a href="/wiki/8251" class="mw-redirect" title="8251">8251</a> chips.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Sifakis, Joseph</a> </td> <td>Developing <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a> into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956, 1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon, Herbert A.</a> </td> <td>A political scientist and economist who pioneered <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Co-creator of the <a href="/wiki/Logic_Theory_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic Theory Machine">Logic Theory Machine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Problem_Solver" title="General Problem Solver">General Problem Solver</a> programs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karen_Sp%C3%A4rck_Jones" title="Karen Spärck Jones">Spärck Jones, Karen</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2017)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science#undue" title="Talk:List of pioneers in computer science">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>One of the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Stallman, Richard</a> </td> <td>Stallman launched the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> in September 1983 to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software. With this, he also launched the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Stearns" title="Richard E. Stearns">Stearns, Richard E.</a> </td> <td>Foundations for the field of <a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">computational complexity theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns_1994_95–99_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns_1994_95–99-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanov" title="Alexander Stepanov">Stepanov, Alexander</a> </td> <td>Stepanov is one of the pioneers when it comes to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Generic_Programming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generic Programming (page does not exist)">Generic Programming</a> and he is also the primary designer and implementer of the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Template_Library" title="Standard Template Library">Standard Template Library</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937, 1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Stibitz" class="mw-redirect" title="George Robert Stibitz">Stibitz, George R.</a> </td> <td>Father of modern digital computing and <a href="/wiki/Remote_job_entry" title="Remote job entry">remote job entry</a>. Coined the term "digital". Discovered the reflected binary code known as <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a>. Excess-3 code is named after him as well (<a href="/wiki/Stibitz_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Stibitz code">Stibitz code</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker">Stonebraker, Michael</a> </td> <td>Revolutionized the field of database management systems (DBMSs) and founded multiple successful database companies </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Stroustrup, Bjarne</a> </td> <td>Invented <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> at Bell Labs </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Sutherland, Ivan</a> </td> <td>Author of <a href="/wiki/Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a>, the ancestor of modern computer-aided drafting (CAD) programs and one of the early examples of <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" title="Robert Tarjan">Tarjan, Robert</a> </td> <td>Fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Thacker, Charles P.</a> </td> <td>Pioneering design and realization of the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a>, the first modern personal computer, and in addition for his contributions to the Ethernet and the Tablet PC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972, 1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Truong_Trong_Thi" title="André Truong Trong Thi">Thi, André Truong Trong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gernelle" title="François Gernelle">François Gernelle</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (October 2017)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science#undue" title="Talk:List of pioneers in computer science">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Invention of the <a href="/wiki/Micral" title="Micral">Micral N</a>, the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Thompson, Ken</a> </td> <td>Created the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system, the <a href="/wiki/B_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="B programming language">B programming language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> operating system, the first machine to achieve a Master rating in chess, and the <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding at Bell Labs and the <a href="/wiki/Go_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Go programming language">Go programming language</a> at Google. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chai_Keong_Toh" title="Chai Keong Toh">Toh, Chai Keong</a> </td> <td>Created mobile ad hoc networking; Implemented the first working wireless ad hoc network of laptop computers in 1998 using Linux OS, Lucent WaveLan 802.11 radios, and a new distributed routing protocol transparent to TCP/UDP/IP. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912, 1914 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo" title="Leonardo Torres Quevedo">Torres Quevedo, Leonardo</a> </td> <td>In 1912, Leonardo Torres Quevedo built <a href="/wiki/El_Ajedrecista" title="El Ajedrecista">El Ajedrecista</a> (<i>the chess player</i>), one of the first autonomous machines capable of playing chess. As opposed to the human-operated <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_Turk" title="Mechanical Turk">The Turk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajeeb" title="Ajeeb">Ajeeb</a>, El Ajedrecista was a true automaton built to play chess without human guidance. It played an endgame with three chess pieces, automatically moving a white king and a rook to checkmate the black king moved by a human opponent. In his work <i>Essays on Automatics</i>, published in 1914, Torres Quevedo formulates what will be a new branch of engineering: <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> and designed an electromechanical version of Babbage's Analytical engine which introduced <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point arithmetic</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> </td> <td>Created the first version of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_W._Tukey" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Tukey">Tukey, John W.</a> </td> <td>With <a href="/wiki/James_Cooley" title="James Cooley">James Cooley</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/Cooley-Tukey_FFT_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm">fast Fourier transform</a>. He invented the term "bit".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Turing, Alan</a> </td> <td>Made several fundamental contributions to theoretical computer science, including the <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> computational model, the conceiving of the stored program concept and the designing of the high-speed <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">ACE</a> design. Independently of <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a>, he formulated the <a href="/wiki/Church-Turing_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Church-Turing thesis">Church-Turing thesis</a> and proved that <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a> is <a href="/wiki/Entscheidungsproblem" title="Entscheidungsproblem">undecidable</a>. He also explored the philosophical issues concerning <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, proposing what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Valiant" title="Leslie Valiant">Valiant, Leslie</a> </td> <td>Transformative contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">theory of computation</a>, including the theory of probably approximately correct (<a href="/wiki/Probably_approximately_correct_learning" title="Probably approximately correct learning">PAC</a>) learning, the complexity of enumeration and of algebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875, 1875 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Verea" title="Ramón Verea">Verea, Ramón</a> </td> <td>Designed and patented the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verea_Direct_Multiplier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verea Direct Multiplier (page does not exist)">Verea Direct Multiplier</a>, the first mechanical direct multiplier. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950~ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/An_Wang" title="An Wang">Wang An</a> </td> <td>Made key contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_core" title="Magnetic core">magnetic core</a> memory. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955, 1960s, 1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willis_Ware" title="Willis Ware">Ware, Willis</a> </td> <td>Co-designer of <a href="/wiki/JOHNNIAC" title="JOHNNIAC">JOHNNIAC</a>. Chaired committee that developed the <a href="/wiki/FTC_Fair_Information_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="FTC Fair Information Practice">Code of Fair Information Practice</a> and led to the <a href="/wiki/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a>. Vice-chair of the Privacy Protection Study Commission. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964, 1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Weizenbaum, Joseph</a> </td> <td>One of the fathers of modern <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Creator of the <a href="/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA">ELIZA</a> program using <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> to emulate conversations with a <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Wijngaarden, Adriaan van</a> </td> <td>Developer of the <a href="/wiki/W-grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="W-grammar">W-grammar</a> first used in the definition of <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Wilkes, Maurice</a> </td> <td>Built the first practical <a href="/wiki/Stored_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Stored program">stored program</a> computer (<a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a>) to be completed and for being credited with the ideas of several high-level programming language constructs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">Wilkinson, James H.</a> </td> <td>Research in <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a> to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in <a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a> and "backward" error analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970, 1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Wirth, Niklaus</a> </td> <td>Designed the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal programming language">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> programming languages. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yao" title="Andrew Yao">Yao, Andrew</a> </td> <td>Fundamental contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">theory of computation</a>, including the complexity-based theory of <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">pseudorandom number generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communication_complexity" title="Communication complexity">communication complexity</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Zemanek" title="Heinz Zemanek">Zemanek, Heinz</a> </td> <td>Developed an early fully transistorized computer, the <a href="/wiki/Mail%C3%BCfterl" title="Mailüfterl">Mailüfterl</a>. Crucial in the creation of the formal definition of the programming language <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938, 1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Zuse, Konrad</a> </td> <td>Built the first digital freely programmable computer, the <a href="/wiki/Z1_(computer)" title="Z1 (computer)">Z1</a>. Built the first functional program-controlled computer, the <a href="/wiki/Z3_(computer)" title="Z3 (computer)">Z3</a> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Z3 already used what later became known as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_Polish_Notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Polish Notation">Reverse Polish Notation</a>, and it was proven to be Turing-complete in 1998. Produced the world's first commercial computer, the <a href="/wiki/Z4_(computer)" title="Z4 (computer)">Z4</a>. Designed the first high-level programming language, <a href="/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>~ Items marked with a tilde are circa dates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic.svg/28px-Text-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic.svg/42px-Text-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic.svg/56px-Text-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Lists">Lists portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Pioneer_Award" title="Computer Pioneer Award">Computer Pioneer Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_John_von_Neumann_Medal" title="IEEE John von Neumann Medal">IEEE John von Neumann Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">Grace Murray Hopper Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">History of computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_software" title="History of software">History of software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_science_awards" title="List of computer science awards">List of computer science awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" title="List of computer scientists">List of computer scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">List of Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field#Computing" title="List of people considered father or mother of a field">List of people considered father or mother of a field § Computing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_the_Computer" title="The Man Who Invented the Computer">The Man Who Invented the Computer</a></i> (2010 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_IT_developers" title="List of Russian IT developers">List of Russian IT developers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Women_in_Technology_International_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="List of Women in Technology International Hall of Fame inductees">List of Women in Technology International Hall of Fame inductees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing" title="Timeline of computing">Timeline of computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Women in computing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMario_Tokoro2010" class="citation book cs1">Mario Tokoro, ed. (2010). "9". <i>e: From Understanding Principles to Solving Problems</i>. IOS Press. pp. 223–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60750-468-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60750-468-9"><bdi>978-1-60750-468-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9&rft.btitle=e%3A+From+Understanding+Principles+to+Solving+Problems&rft.pages=223-224&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60750-468-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristopher_MooreStephan_Mertens2011" class="citation book cs1">Cristopher Moore; Stephan Mertens (2011). <i>The Nature of Computation</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162080-5"><bdi>978-0-19-162080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Computation&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162080-5&rft.au=Cristopher+Moore&rft.au=Stephan+Mertens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._P._Ershov,_Donald_Ervin_Knuth1981" class="citation book cs1">A. P. Ershov, Donald Ervin Knuth, ed. (1981). <i>Algorithms in modern mathematics and computer science: proceedings, Urgench, Uzbek SSR, 16–22 September 1979</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-11157-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-11157-3"><bdi>978-3-540-11157-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algorithms+in+modern+mathematics+and+computer+science%3A+proceedings%2C+Urgench%2C+Uzbek+SSR%2C+16%E2%80%9322+September+1979&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-540-11157-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2015/11/12/uw-alum-dr-gene-amdahl-pioneer-of-mainframe-computing-dies-at-92/">"UW Alum Dr. Gene Amdahl, Pioneer of Mainframe Computing, Dies at 92"</a>. <i>Department of Physics</i>. 2015-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Physics&rft.atitle=UW+Alum+Dr.+Gene+Amdahl%2C+Pioneer+of+Mainframe+Computing%2C+Dies+at+92&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.wisc.edu%2F2015%2F11%2F12%2Fuw-alum-dr-gene-amdahl-pioneer-of-mainframe-computing-dies-at-92%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/history/system-360">"The IBM System/360 | IBM"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=The+IBM+System%2F360+%7C+IBM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fhistory%2Fsystem-360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nae.edu/219733/GENE-M-AMDAHL-19222015">"GENE M. AMDAHL 1922–2015"</a>. <i>NAE Website</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAE+Website&rft.atitle=GENE+M.+AMDAHL+1922%E2%80%932015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nae.edu%2F219733%2FGENE-M-AMDAHL-19222015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachman1973" class="citation journal cs1">Bachman, C. W. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F355611.362534">"The programmer as navigator"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>16</b> (11): 653–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F355611.362534">10.1145/355611.362534</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+programmer+as+navigator&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=653-658&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F355611.362534&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F355611.362534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koetsier-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koetsier_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoetsier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators". <i>Mechanism and Machine Theory</i>. <b>36</b> (5): 589–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2">10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanism+and+Machine+Theory&rft.atitle=On+the+prehistory+of+programmable+machines%3A+musical+automata%2C+looms%2C+calculators&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=589-603&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2&rft.aulast=Koetsier&rft.aufirst=Teun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231409/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 2015-05-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">the original</a> on 2015-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-18</span></span>. <q>Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+real+story+of+how+the+Internet+became+so+vulnerable&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316">"Inductee Details - Paul Baran"</a>. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316">the original</a> on 2017-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inductee+Details+-+Paul+Baran&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2002" class="citation journal cs1">Baran, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf">"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Communications Magazine</i>. <b>40</b> (7): 42–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006">10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6804">0163-6804</a>. <q>Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+beginnings+of+packet+switching%3A+some+underlying+concepts&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006&rft.issn=0163-6804&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cs.ucla.edu%2F~lixia%2Fpapers%2FBaran2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonicaCalifornia_90401-3208" class="citation web cs1">Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html">"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"</a>. <i>www.rand.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rand.org&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran+and+the+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Monica&rft.aufirst=1776+Main+Street+Santa&rft.au=California+90401-3208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144029/http://leoferres.info/images/baudot_cp1874.jpg">"Jean-Maurice- Emile Baudot. Système de télégraphie rapide, June 1874. Brevet 103,898; Source: Archives Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle (INPI)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leoferres.info/images/baudot_cp1874.jpg">the original</a> on 2017-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Maurice-+Emile+Baudot.+Syst%C3%A8me+de+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphie+rapide%2C+June+1874.+Brevet+103%2C898%3B+Source%3A+Archives+Institut+National+de+la+Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Industrielle+%28INPI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleoferres.info%2Fimages%2Fbaudot_cp1874.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acm.org-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acm.org_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acm.org_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acm.org/media-center/2019/march/turing-award-2018">Fathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2009" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Stephanie Sammartino (2009-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK0xBWfL9GkC"><i>Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web</i></a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-7273-2"><bdi>978-0-8225-7273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tim+Berners-Lee%3A+Inventor+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-7273-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Sammartino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK0xBWfL9GkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blum_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/blum_4659082.cfm">"A.M. Turing Award Laureate – Manuel Blum"</a>. <i>amturing.acm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amturing.acm.org&rft.atitle=A.M.+Turing+Award+Laureate+%E2%80%93+Manuel+Blum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fblum_4659082.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/web/awards/pioneer-per-hansen">"Per Brinch Hansen • IEEE Computer Society"</a>. <i>Computer.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer.org&rft.atitle=Per+Brinch+Hansen+%E2%80%A2+IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fawards%2Fpioneer-per-hansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinch_Hansen1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brinch Hansen, Per (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brinch-hansen.net/papers/1993a.pdf">"Monitors and Concurrent Pascal: a personal history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2nd ACM Conference on the History of Programming Languages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2nd+ACM+Conference+on+the+History+of+Programming+Languages&rft.atitle=Monitors+and+Concurrent+Pascal%3A+a+personal+history&rft.date=1993-04&rft.aulast=Brinch+Hansen&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrinch-hansen.net%2Fpapers%2F1993a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinch_Hansen1978" class="citation journal cs1">Brinch Hansen, Per (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brinch-hansen.net/papers/1978a.pdf">"Distributed processes: a concurrent programming concept"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>21</b> (11): 934–941. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.3108">10.1.1.107.3108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359642.359651">10.1145/359642.359651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11610744">11610744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Distributed+processes%3A+a+concurrent+programming+concept&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=934-941&rft.date=1978-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.107.3108%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11610744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F359642.359651&rft.aulast=Brinch+Hansen&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrinch-hansen.net%2Fpapers%2F1978a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIHF2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIHF2007_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">"Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies"</a>. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">the original</a> on 2017-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inductee+Details+-+Donald+Watts+Davies&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1978-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1978_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-05</span></span>. <q>Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=1978-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Fev-packet-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-13</span></span>. <q>Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ARPANET+%26+Computer+Networks&rft.date=1995-05&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Farpanet-computernet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Davies2001" class="citation cs2">Donald Davies (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract">"A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching"</a>, <i>Computer Journal, British Computer Society</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Journal%2C+British+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Study+of+the+Beginnings+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Donald+Davies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomjnl.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F44%2F3%2F152.extract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Invited Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-17</span></span>. <q>In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Invited+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=1978-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismlab.usf.edu%2Fdcom%2FCh10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieHellman1976-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiffieHellman1976_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiffieHellman1976_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffieHellman1976" class="citation journal cs1">Diffie, W.; Hellman, M. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/publications/24.pdf">"New directions in cryptography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Information Theory</i>. <b>22</b> (6): 644–654. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.37.9720">10.1.1.37.9720</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTIT.1976.1055638">10.1109/TIT.1976.1055638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Information+Theory&rft.atitle=New+directions+in+cryptography&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=644-654&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.37.9720%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTIT.1976.1055638&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Hellman%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-ee.stanford.edu%2F~hellman%2Fpublications%2F24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diffie_8371646-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diffie_8371646_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diffie_8371646_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/diffie_8371646.cfm">"Cryptography Pioneers Receive 2015 ACM A.M. Turing Award"</a>. ACM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cryptography+Pioneers+Receive+2015+ACM+A.M.+Turing+Award&rft.pub=ACM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fdiffie_8371646.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 1918-06-21; published: 1920-08-05). Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB148582&F=0&QPN=GB148582">http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB148582&F=0&QPN=GB148582</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-To_dream_the_possible_dream-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-To_dream_the_possible_dream_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_dream_the_possible_dream_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy1996" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy, R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F229459.233436">"To dream the possible dream"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>39</b> (5): 105–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F229459.233436">10.1145/229459.233436</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=To+dream+the+possible+dream&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=105-112&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F229459.233436&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F229459.233436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1979" class="citation journal cs1">Floyd, R. W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359138.359140">"The paradigms of programming"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>22</b> (8): 455–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359138.359140">10.1145/359138.359140</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+paradigms+of+programming&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=455-460&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F359138.359140&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F359138.359140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402210307/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Steve,Furber/">"Computer History Museum | Fellow Awards – Steve Furber"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Steve,Furber/">the original</a> on 2013-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+History+Museum+%26%23124%3B+Fellow+Awards+%E2%80%93+Steve+Furber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Ffellowawards%2Fhall%2Fbios%2FSteve%2CFurber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_1953-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_1953_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1953" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gray_(researcher)" title="Frank Gray (researcher)">Gray, Frank</a> (1953-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2632058.pdf">"Pulse code communication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulse+code+communication&rft.date=1953-03-17&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2F2632058.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span> U.S. patent no. 2,632,058</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1998973–975-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1998973–975_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1998">Morgan 1998</a>, pp. 973–975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamming1950147–160-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamming1950147–160_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamming1950">Hamming 1950</a>, pp. 147–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELingXing200482–88-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingXing200482–88_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLingXing2004">Ling & Xing 2004</a>, pp. 82–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPless198221–24-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPless198221–24_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPless1982">Pless 1982</a>, pp. 21–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearns_1994_95–99-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stearns_1994_95–99_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stearns_1994_95–99_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1994" class="citation journal cs1">Stearns, R. E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F188280.188379">"Turing Award lecture: It's time to reconsider time"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>37</b> (11): 95–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F188280.188379">10.1145/188280.188379</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Turing+Award+lecture%3A+It%27s+time+to+reconsider+time&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=95-99&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F188280.188379&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F188280.188379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html">"articles58"</a>. <i>Shef.ac.uk</i>. 2007-06-29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shef.ac.uk&rft.atitle=articles58&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shef.ac.uk%2Fmarcoms%2Feview%2Farticles58%2Frobot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Discoveries-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Discoveries_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8">"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Discoveries%2C+Episode+11%3A+Ancient+Robots&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrxjbaQl0ad8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch" class="citation cs2">Kirsch, Russell A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719103629/http://museum.nist.gov/panels/seac/EARLIEST.HTM">"Earliest Image Processing"</a>, <i>NISTS Museum; SEAC and the Start of Image Processing at the National Bureau of Standards</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.nist.gov/panels/seac/EARLIEST.HTM">the original</a> on 2014-07-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NISTS+Museum%3B+SEAC+and+the+Start+of+Image+Processing+at+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.atitle=Earliest+Image+Processing&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Russell+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.nist.gov%2Fpanels%2Fseac%2FEARLIEST.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard</a> (1961), "Information flow in large communication nets", <i>RLE Quarterly Progress Report</i> (1)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RLE+Quarterly+Progress+Report&rft.atitle=Information+flow+in+large+communication+nets&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/simon-s-lam"><i>Simon S. Lam, 2023 Internet Hall of Fame inductee</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1993" class="citation journal cs1">Milner, R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F151233.151240">"Elements of interaction: Turing award lecture"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>36</b>: 78–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F151233.151240">10.1145/151233.151240</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Elements+of+interaction%3A+Turing+award+lecture&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=78-89&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F151233.151240&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F151233.151240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamoto2009" class="citation web cs1">Nakamoto, Satoshi (2009-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (PDF)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bitcoin.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bitcoin.org&rft.atitle=%22Bitcoin%3A+A+Peer-to-Peer+Electronic+Cash+System%22+%28PDF%29&rft.date=2009-05-24&rft.aulast=Nakamoto&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitcoin.org%2Fbitcoin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM5654.html">Fred Joseph Gruenberger, <i>The History of the JOHNNIAC</i>, RAND Memorandum 5654</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKak1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kak, Subhash C. (January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-613X%2887%2990007-7">"The Paninian approach to natural language processing"</a>. <i>International Journal of Approximate Reasoning</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 117–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-613X%2887%2990007-7">10.1016/0888-613X(87)90007-7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Approximate+Reasoning&rft.atitle=The+Paninian+approach+to+natural+language+processing&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-130&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0888-613X%2887%2990007-7&rft.aulast=Kak&rft.aufirst=Subhash+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0888-613X%252887%252990007-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/pearl_2658896.cfm">"Judea Pearl"</a>. ACM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judea+Pearl&rft.pub=ACM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fpearl_2658896.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html">"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator"</a>. <i>The Old Calculator Web Museum</i>. <q>technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+Calculator+Web+Museum&rft.atitle=Olivetti+Programma+101+Electronic+Calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldcalculatormuseum.com%2Fc-programma101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=378406">"2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971"</a>. <i>www.powerhousemuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.powerhousemuseum.com&rft.atitle=2008%2F107%2F1+Computer%2C+Programma+101%2C+and+documents+%283%29%2C+plastic+%2F+metal+%2F+paper+%2F+electronic+components%2C+hardware+architect+Pier+Giorgio+Perotto%2C+designed+by+Mario+Bellini%2C+made+by+Olivetti%2C+Italy%2C+1965%E2%80%931971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerhousemuseum.com%2Fcollection%2Fdatabase%2F%3Firn%3D378406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html">"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator"</a>. <i>The Old Calculator Web Museum</i>. <q>It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator preceeded [<i>sic</i>] the Programma 101 to market.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+Calculator+Web+Museum&rft.atitle=Olivetti+Programma+101+Electronic+Calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldcalculatormuseum.com%2Fc-programma101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pnueli-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pnueli_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/pnueli_4725172.cfm">"A.M. Turing Award Laureate – Amir Pnueli"</a>. <i>amturing.acm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amturing.acm.org&rft.atitle=A.M.+Turing+Award+Laureate+%E2%80%93+Amir+Pnueli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famturing.acm.org%2Faward_winners%2Fpnueli_4725172.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semanticscholar.org-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semanticscholar.org_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semanticscholar.org_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinScott1959" class="citation journal cs1">Rabin, M. O.; Scott, D. (1959). "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems". <i>IBM Journal of Research and Development</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.32.0114">10.1147/rd.32.0114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3160330">3160330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Finite+Automata+and+Their+Decision+Problems&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.32.0114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3160330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=M.+O.&rft.au=Scott%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabin_1977_625–633-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabin_1977_625–633_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabin_1977_625–633_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabin1977" class="citation journal cs1">Rabin, M. O. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359810.359816">"Complexity of computations"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>20</b> (9): 625–633. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359810.359816">10.1145/359810.359816</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Complexity+of+computations&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=625-633&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F359810.359816&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=M.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F359810.359816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_1977_634–641-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_1977_634–641_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_1977_634–641_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1977" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, D. S. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359810.359826">"Logic and programming languages"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>20</b> (9): 634–641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F359810.359826">10.1145/359810.359826</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Logic+and+programming+languages&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=634-641&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F359810.359826&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F359810.359826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tout1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tout1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Tout" class="citation web cs1">Nigel Tout. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/busicom_141-pf_and_intel_4004.html">"The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Busicom+141-PF+calculator+and+the+Intel+4004+microprocessor&rft.au=Nigel+Tout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagecalculators.com%2Fhtml%2Fbusicom_141-pf_and_intel_4004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieee_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776530">The Making of the First Microprocessor</a>, <i>IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine</i>, Winter 2009, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Xplore" title="IEEE Xplore">IEEE Xplore</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapan" class="citation web cs1">Japan, Information Processing Society of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/pioneer/shima.html">"Shima Masatoshi-Computer Museum"</a>. <i>museum.ipsj.or.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museum.ipsj.or.jp&rft.atitle=Shima+Masatoshi-Computer+Museum&rft.aulast=Japan&rft.aufirst=Information+Processing+Society+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.ipsj.or.jp%2Fen%2Fpioneer%2Fshima.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddj.com/206103622">2007 Turing Award Winners Announced</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Shannon1948" class="citation journal cs1">Claude Shannon (1948). "Bell System Technical Journal". <i>Bell System Technical Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Claude+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1971" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, J. H. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F321637.321638">"Some Comments from a Numerical Analyst"</a>. <i>Journal of the ACM</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 137–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F321637.321638">10.1145/321637.321638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37748083">37748083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Some+Comments+from+a+Numerical+Analyst&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-147&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F321637.321638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37748083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F321637.321638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2017" class="citation book cs1">Copeland, B. Jack (2017-10-25). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/computing-history/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span> – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=B.+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2008%2Fentries%2Fcomputing-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamming1950" class="citation journal cs1">Hamming, Richard W. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525060427/http://www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bushnell/dsdwebsite/hamming.pdf">"Error detecting and error correcting codes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Technical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell System Technical Journal">Bell System Technical Journal</a></i>. <b>29</b> (2): 147–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0035935">0035935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61141773">61141773</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bushnell/dsdwebsite/hamming.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Error+detecting+and+error+correcting+codes&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-160&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0035935%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A61141773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x&rft.aulast=Hamming&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caip.rutgers.edu%2F~bushnell%2Fdsdwebsite%2Fhamming.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingXing2004" class="citation book cs1">Ling, San; Xing, Chaoping (2004). <i>Coding Theory: a First Course</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82191-9"><bdi>978-0-521-82191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coding+Theory%3A+a+First+Course&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82191-9&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=San&rft.au=Xing%2C+Chaoping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPless1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vera_Pless" title="Vera Pless">Pless, Vera</a> (1982). <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_the_Theory_of_Error-Correcting_Codes" title="Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes"><i>Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes</i></a>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08684-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08684-0"><bdi>978-0-471-08684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Error-Correcting+Codes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-471-08684-0&rft.aulast=Pless&rft.aufirst=Vera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Samuel P. (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/199808/mem-morgan.pdf">"Richard Wesley Hamming (1915–1998)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notices of the AMS</i>. <b>45</b> (8): 972–977. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9920">0002-9920</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+AMS&rft.atitle=Richard+Wesley+Hamming+%281915%E2%80%931998%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=972-977&rft.date=1998-09&rft.issn=0002-9920&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F199808%2Fmem-morgan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+pioneers+in+computer+science" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/">Internet pioneers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mainframes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mainframes" title="Template:Mainframes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mainframes" title="Template talk:Mainframes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mainframes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mainframes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mainframes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SILLIAC" title="SILLIAC">SILLIAC</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WEIZAC" title="WEIZAC">WEIZAC</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FACOM" title="FACOM">FACOM</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUJIC" title="FUJIC">FUJIC</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARA_(computer)" title="SARA (computer)">SARA</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACIT_EDB" title="FACIT EDB">EDB-1</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRASK_(computer)" title="TRASK (computer)">TRASK</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BESM-6" title="BESM-6">BESM-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ES-2701&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ES-2701 (page does not exist)">ES-2701</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%A1-2701" class="extiw" title="ru:ЕС-2701">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(computer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (computer) (page does not exist)">Mars</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A1_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="ru:МАРС (компьютер)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS-2000" title="PS-2000">PS-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PS-3000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PS-3000 (page does not exist)">PS-3000</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%A1-3000" class="extiw" title="ru:ПС-3000">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SVS_(computer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SVS (computer) (page does not exist)">SVS</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="ru:СВС (компьютер)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbrus_(computer)" title="Elbrus (computer)">Elbrus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronika_SS_VLSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronika SS VLSI (page does not exist)">Electronika SS VLSI</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1_%D0%91%D0%98%D0%A1" class="extiw" title="ru:Электроника СС БИС">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Soviet_computer_systems" title="Template:List of Soviet computer systems">Soviet computer systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IAS_machine" title="IAS machine">IAS family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1950s" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC" title="ILLIAC">ILLIAC</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIDAC" title="AVIDAC">AVIDAC</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BESK" title="BESK">BESK</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOHNNIAC" title="JOHNNIAC">JOHNNIAC</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORACLE_(computer)" title="ORACLE (computer)">ORACLE</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORDVAC" title="ORDVAC">ORDVAC</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEIZAC" title="WEIZAC">WEIZAC</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASK" title="DASK">DASK</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARA_(computer)" title="SARA (computer)">SARA</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILLIAC" title="SILLIAC">SILLIAC</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANIAC_I" title="MANIAC I">MANIAC I</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANIAC_II" title="MANIAC II">MANIAC II</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISTIC" title="MISTIC">MISTIC</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSASINO-1" title="MUSASINO-1">MUSASINO-1</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACIT_EDB" title="FACIT EDB">EDB-1</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACIT_EDB" title="FACIT EDB">EDB-2/3</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_(computer)" title="Cyclone (computer)">Cyclone</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FACOM_201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FACOM 201 (page does not exist)">FACOM 201</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRASK_(computer)" title="TRASK (computer)">TRASK</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ORDVAC" title="ORDVAC">ORDVAC</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_I" title="ILLIAC I">ILLIAC I</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_II" title="ILLIAC II">ILLIAC II</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_III" title="ILLIAC III">ILLIAC III</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_IV" title="ILLIAC IV">ILLIAC IV</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC#CEDAR" title="ILLIAC">CEDAR</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC#ILLIAC_6" title="ILLIAC">ILLIAC 6</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC#Trusted_ILLIAC" title="ILLIAC">Trusted ILLIAC</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_II" title="Harvard Mark II">Harvard Mark II</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_III" title="Harvard Mark III">Harvard Mark III</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_IV" title="Harvard Mark IV">Harvard Mark IV</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IBM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template:IBM vacuum tube computers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template talk:IBM vacuum tube computers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM vacuum tube computers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IBM vacuum tube computers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC" title="IBM 305 RAMAC">305 RAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_610" title="IBM 610">610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_650" title="IBM 650">650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_702" title="IBM 702">702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_705" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 705">705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_709" title="IBM 709">709</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">SAGE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central" title="AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central">AN/FSQ-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-8_Combat_Control_Central" title="AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central">AN/FSQ-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_mainframes" title="Template:IBM mainframes">IBM mainframes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly_Computer_Corporation" title="Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation">EMCC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_II" title="UNIVAC II">UNIVAC II</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products" title="List of UNIVAC products">Computers built 1955 through 1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Raytheon Technologies">Raytheon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAYDAC" title="RAYDAC">RAYDAC</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_computer" title="Transistor computer">Transistor computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transistorized_computers" title="List of transistorized computers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum-tube_computer" title="Vacuum-tube computer">Vacuum-tube computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum-tube_computers" title="List of vacuum-tube computers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&oldid=1253938676">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&oldid=1253938676</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_computer_scientists" title="Category:Lists of computer scientists">Lists of computer scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_pioneers" title="Category:Science pioneers">Science pioneers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2021">Articles with dead external links from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_YouTube_links" title="Category:All articles with dead YouTube links">All articles with dead YouTube links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_YouTube_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022">Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from April 2022">Articles with minor POV problems from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017">Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 October 2024, at 17:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bnzx6","wgBackendResponseTime":119,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.056","walltime":"1.199","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6352,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":194230,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6712,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":208217,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 923.016 1 -total"," 46.38% 428.079 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.99% 184.515 9 Template:Navbox"," 13.59% 125.413 7 Template:Cite_book"," 12.82% 118.341 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.40% 114.421 1 Template:Basic_computer_components"," 11.90% 109.808 24 Template:Cite_web"," 9.80% 90.478 9 Template:Fix"," 9.21% 84.983 7 Template:Undue_weight_inline"," 8.74% 80.628 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.592","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7488079,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._P._Ershov,_Donald_Ervin_Knuth1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaran2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinch_Hansen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinch_Hansen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaude_Shannon1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopeland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCristopher_MooreStephan_Mertens2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiffieHellman1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Davies2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloyd1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamming1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJapan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKak1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirsch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoetsier2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingXing2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMario_Tokoro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonicaCalifornia_90401-3208\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamoto2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel_Tout\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPless1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabin1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinScott1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1971\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Basic computer components\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Dead YouTube link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Mainframes\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight inline\"] = 7,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rf9q5","timestamp":"20241122141406","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of pioneers in computer science","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82529","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82529","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-03T14:40:48Z","dateModified":"2024-10-28T17:21:36Z","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>