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<span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%E2%80%93_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Компютър на Атанасов – Бери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютър на Атанасов – Бери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff_Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff Berry Computer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atanasoff Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry-Computer" title="Atanasoff-Berry-Computer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atanasoff-Berry-Computer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff_Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff Berry Computer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atanasoff Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry_Komputilo" title="Atanasoff-Berry Komputilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atanasoff-Berry Komputilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رایانه آتاناسف-برری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایانه آتاناسف-برری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%83%80%EB%82%98%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84-%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0" title="아타나소프-베리 컴퓨터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아타나소프-베리 컴퓨터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מחשב אתנסוף ברי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחשב אתנסוף ברי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="एटानासफ-बेरी कम्प्युटर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एटानासफ-बेरी कम्प्युटर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%26%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="アタナソフ&ベリー・コンピュータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アタナソフ&ベリー・コンピュータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Компьютер Атанасова — Берри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютер Атанасова — Берри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Атанасов-Беријев рачунар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атанасов-Беријев рачунар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="คอมพิวเตอร์ อตานาซอฟฟ์-เบอร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอมพิวเตอร์ อตานาซอฟฟ์-เบอร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96" title="Калькулятор Атанасова — Беррі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калькулятор Атанасова — Беррі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3%E7%B4%A2%E5%A4%AB-%E8%B4%9D%E7%91%9E%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="阿塔纳索夫-贝瑞计算机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿塔纳索夫-贝瑞计算机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q522906#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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searchaux" style="display:none">Early electronic digital computing device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg/220px-Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg/330px-Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg/440px-Atanasoff-Berry_Computer_at_Durhum_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Atanasoff–Berry computer replica at Durham Center, Iowa State University</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a> with help of graduate student <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Berry" title="Clifford Berry">Clifford Berry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1942<span class="noprint">; 82 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1942</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Units sold</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data">More than 300 <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> @ 60 Hz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">3000 bits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Display</th><td class="infobox-data">Decimal, via a front panel display</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Input</th><td class="infobox-data">Decimal, via standard <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> 80-column <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">700 pounds (320 kg)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Atanasoff–Berry computer</b> (<b>ABC</b>) was the first automatic electronic <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JVA_History_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVA_History-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited by the technology of the day, and execution, the device has remained somewhat obscure. The ABC's priority is debated among historians of computer technology, because it was neither <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programmable</a>, nor <a href="/wiki/Turing-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing-complete">Turing-complete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventionally, the ABC would be considered the first electronic ALU (<a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a>) –  which is integrated into every modern processor's design. </p><p>Its unique contribution was to make computing faster by being the first to use <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> to do arithmetic calculations. Prior to this, slower electro-mechanical methods were used by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Z1_(computer)" title="Z1 (computer)">Z1 computer</a>, and the simultaneously developed <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>. The first electronic, programmable, digital machine,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a> from 1943 to 1945, used similar tube-based technology as ABC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conceived in 1937, the machine was built by <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State College</a> mathematics and physics professor <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a> with the help of graduate student <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Berry" title="Clifford Berry">Clifford Berry</a>. It was designed only to solve systems of <a href="/wiki/Linear_equation" title="Linear equation">linear equations</a> and was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was not perfected, and when John Vincent Atanasoff left Iowa State College for World War II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ABC pioneered important elements of modern computing, including <a href="/wiki/Binary_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary arithmetic">binary arithmetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic switching</a> elements, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199684_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199684-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, <a href="/wiki/Stored_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Stored program">stored program</a> distinguish it from modern computers. The computer was designated an <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestone</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atanasoff and Berry's computer work was not widely known until it was rediscovered in the 1960s, amid <a href="#Patent_dispute">patent disputes</a> over the first instance of an electronic computer. At that time <a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, that had been created by <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was considered to be the first computer in the modern sense,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The claim seems unsound since ENIAC was not software programmable, which is a crucial feature of modern computers first implemented in the Manchester Baby of 1948, and then the Manchester Mark 1 of 1949 (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but in 1973 a U.S. District Court invalidated the ENIAC patent and concluded that the ENIAC inventors had derived the subject matter of the electronic digital computer from Atanasoff. When, in the mid-1970s, the secrecy surrounding the British World War II development of the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computers</a> that pre-dated ENIAC, was lifted<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Colossus was described at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, New Mexico</a>, in June 1976, John Mauchly and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> were reported to have been astonished.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atanasoff_Berry_Computer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Atanasoff_Berry_Computer.gif/220px-Atanasoff_Berry_Computer.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Atanasoff_Berry_Computer.gif/330px-Atanasoff_Berry_Computer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Atanasoff_Berry_Computer.gif/440px-Atanasoff_Berry_Computer.gif 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the ABC pointing out its various components</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Atanasoff's account, several key principles of the Atanasoff–Berry computer were conceived in a sudden insight after a long nighttime drive to <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>, during the winter of 1937–38. The ABC innovations included electronic computation, binary arithmetic, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_capacitor_memory" title="Regenerative capacitor memory">regenerative capacitor memory</a>, and a separation of memory and computing functions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanical and logic design was worked out by Atanasoff over the next year. A grant application to build a <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> prototype was submitted in March 1939 to the <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a> department, which was also interested in speeding up computation for economic and research analysis. $5,000 of further funding (equivalent to $110,000 in 2023) to complete the machine came from the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Research_Corporation" title="Research Corporation">Research Corporation</a> of New York City.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ABC was built by Atanasoff and Berry in the basement of the physics building at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State College">Iowa State College</a> from 1939 to 1942. The initial funds were released in September, and the 11-tube prototype was first demonstrated in October 1939. A December demonstration prompted a grant for construction of the full-scale machine.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ABC was built and tested over the next two years. A January 15, 1941, story in the <i><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Moines Register">Des Moines Register</a></i> announced the ABC as "an electrical computing machine" with more than 300 vacuum tubes that would "compute complicated algebraic equations" (but gave no precise technical description of the computer). The system weighed more than seven hundred pounds (320 kg). It contained approximately 1-mile (1.6 km) of wire, 280 dual-triode <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, 31 <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratrons</a>, and was about the size of a desk. </p><p>It was not programmable, which distinguishes it from more general machines of the same era, such as <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>'s 1941 <a href="/wiki/Z3_(computer)" title="Z3 (computer)">Z3</a> (or earlier iterations) and the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computers</a> of 1943–1945. Nor did it implement the <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Stored-program architecture">stored-program architecture</a>, first implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a> of 1948, required for fully general-purpose practical computing machines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg/220px-Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg/330px-Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg/440px-Atanasoff-Berry_add-subtract_module.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Add-subtract module (reconstructed) from Atanasoff–Berry computer</figcaption></figure> <p>The machine was, however, the first to implement: </p> <ol><li>Using vacuum tubes, rather than wheels, ratchets, mechanical switches, or telephone relays, allowing for greater speed than previous computers</li> <li>Using capacitors for memory, rather than mechanical components, allowing for greater speed and density</li></ol> <p>The memory of the Atanasoff–Berry computer was a system called <i>regenerative capacitor memory</i>, which consisted of a pair of drums, each containing 1600 <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> that rotated on a common shaft once per second. The capacitors on each drum were organized into 32 "bands" of 50 (30 active bands and two spares in case a capacitor failed), giving the machine a speed of 30 additions/subtractions per second. Data was represented as 50-bit binary <a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic" title="Fixed-point arithmetic">fixed-point</a> numbers. The electronics of the memory and arithmetic units could store and operate on 60 such numbers at a time (3000 bits). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">power-line frequency</a> of 60 Hz was the primary clock rate for the lowest-level operations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic functions</a> were fully electronic, implemented with vacuum tubes. The family of <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a> ranged from inverters to two- and three-input gates. The input and output levels and operating voltages were compatible between the different gates. Each gate consisted of one inverting vacuum-tube amplifier, preceded by a resistor divider input network that defined the logical function. The control logic functions, which only needed to operate once per drum rotation and therefore did not require electronic speed, were electromechanical, implemented with <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>. </p><p>The ALU operated on only <a href="/wiki/Serial_computer" title="Serial computer">one bit of each number at a time</a>; it kept the carry/borrow bit in a capacitor for use in the next AC cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Atanasoff–Berry computer was an important step up from earlier calculating machines, it was not able to run entirely automatically through an entire problem. An operator was needed to operate the control switches to set up its functions, much like the electro-mechanical calculators and <a href="/wiki/Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">unit record equipment</a> of the time. Selection of the operation to be performed, reading, writing, converting to or from binary to decimal, or reducing a set of equations was made by front-panel switches and, in some cases, jumpers. </p><p>There were two forms of input and output: primary user input and output and an intermediate results output and input. The intermediate results storage allowed operation on problems too large to be handled entirely within the electronic memory. (The largest problem that could be solved without the use of the intermediate output and input was two <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous equations">simultaneous equations</a>, a trivial problem.) </p><p>Intermediate results were binary, written onto paper sheets by electrostatically modifying the resistance at 1500 locations to represent 30 of the 50-bit numbers (one equation). Each sheet could be written or read in one second. The reliability of the system was limited to about 1 error in 100,000 calculations by these units, primarily attributed to lack of control of the sheets' material characteristics. In retrospect, a solution could have been to add a parity bit to each number as written. This problem was not solved by the time Atanasoff left the university for war-related work. </p><p>Primary user input was decimal, via standard <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> 80-column <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>, and output was decimal, via a front-panel display. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Display_inside_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa,_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Display_inside_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg/220px-Display_inside_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Display_inside_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg/330px-Display_inside_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Display_inside_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg/440px-Display_inside_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Inside display on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35" title="Interstate 35">I-35</a> rest stop 100 north of Des Moines honoring the ABC Computer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_wall_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa,_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Outside_wall_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg/220px-Outside_wall_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Outside_wall_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg/330px-Outside_wall_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Outside_wall_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg/440px-Outside_wall_of_rest_stop_at_mile_100_northbound_on_I-35_in_Iowa%2C_Commemorating_the_ABC_Computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Outside display on I-35 rest stop 100 north of Des Moines honoring the ABC Computer</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ABC was designed for a specific purpose –  the solution of systems of simultaneous linear equations. It could handle systems with up to 29 equations, a difficult problem for the time. Problems of this scale were becoming common in physics, the department in which John Atanasoff worked. The machine could be fed two linear equations with up to 29 variables and a constant term and eliminate one of the variables. This process would be repeated manually for each of the equations, which would result in a system of equations with one fewer variable. Then the whole process would be repeated to eliminate another variable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_W._Snedecor" title="George W. Snedecor">George W. Snedecor</a>, the head of Iowa State's Statistics Department, was very likely the first user of an electronic digital computer to solve real-world mathematics problems. He submitted many of these problems to Atanasoff.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patent_dispute">Patent dispute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patent dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 26, 1947, <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a> were the first to file for patent on a digital computing device (<a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>), much to the surprise of Atanasoff. The ABC had been examined by John Mauchly in June 1941, and Isaac Auerbach,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a former student of Mauchly's, alleged that it influenced his later work on ENIAC, although Mauchly denied this.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ENIAC patent did not issue until 1964, and by 1967 <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> sued <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a> in an attempt to break the ENIAC patents, arguing that the ABC constituted <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota" title="United States District Court for the District of Minnesota">United States District Court for the District of Minnesota</a> released its judgement on October 19, 1973, finding in <i><a href="/wiki/Honeywell_v._Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell v. Sperry Rand">Honeywell v. Sperry Rand</a></i> that the ENIAC patent was a derivative of John Atanasoff's invention. </p><p>Campbell-Kelly and Aspray conclude:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199686_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199686-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The extent to which Mauchly drew on Atanasoff's ideas remains unknown, and the evidence is massive and conflicting. The ABC was quite modest technology, and it was not fully implemented. At the very least we can infer that Mauchly saw the potential significance of the ABC and that this may have led him to propose a similar, electronic solution.</p></blockquote> <p>The case was legally resolved on October 19, 1973, when U.S. District Judge Earl R. Larson held the ENIAC patent invalid, ruling that the ENIAC derived many basic ideas from the Atanasoff–Berry computer. Judge Larson explicitly stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Eckert and Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived that subject matter from one Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a>, one of the original developers of ENIAC wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Atanasoff contemplated storing the coefficients of an equation in capacitors located on the periphery of a cylinder. He apparently had a prototype of his machine working "early in 1940". This machine was, it should be emphasized, probably the first use of vacuum tubes to do digital computation and was a special-purpose machine. This machine never saw the light of day as a serious tool for computation since it was somewhat premature in its engineering conception and limited in its logical one. Nonetheless it must be viewed as a great pioneering effort. Perhaps its chief importance was to influence the thinking of another physicist who was much interested in the computational process, John W. Mauchly. During the period of Atanasoff's work on his linear equation solver, Mauchly was at Ursinus College, a small school in the environs of Philadelphia. Somehow he became aware of Atanasoff's project and visited him for a week in 1941. During the visit the two men apparently went into Atanasoff's ideas in considerable detail. The discussion greatly influenced Mauchly and through him the entire history of electronic computers.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replica">Replica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Replica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original ABC was eventually dismantled in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the university converted the basement to classrooms, and all of its pieces except for one memory drum were discarded. </p><p>In 1997, a team of researchers led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delwyn_Bluhm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delwyn Bluhm (page does not exist)">Delwyn Bluhm</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gustafson_(scientist)" title="John Gustafson (scientist)">John Gustafson</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ames_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames Laboratory">Ames Laboratory</a> (located on the Iowa State University campus) finished building a working replica of the Atanasoff–Berry computer at a cost of $350,000 (equivalent to $664,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The replica ABC was on display in the first floor lobby of the Durham Center for Computation and Communication at Iowa State University and was subsequently exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum-tube_computers" title="List of vacuum-tube computers">List of vacuum-tube computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kravchuk" title="Mikhail Kravchuk">Mikhail Kravchuk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JVA_History-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVA_History_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jva.cs.iastate.edu/history.php">"JVA - Computing History"</a>. <i>John Vincent Atanasoff and the Birth Of Electronic Digital Computing</i>. JVA Initiative Committee and Iowa State University. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Vincent+Atanasoff+and+the+Birth+Of+Electronic+Digital+Computing&rft.atitle=JVA+-+Computing+History&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjva.cs.iastate.edu%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2018" class="citation book cs1">Copeland, B. Jack (6 April 2018). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/computing-history/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span> – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=B.+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2017%2Fentries%2Fcomputing-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iacr.org/archive/eurocrypt2000/1807/18070423-new.pdf"><i>Colossus and the German Lorenz Cypher</i></a>. Anthony Sale, <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bletchley Park Trust">Bletchley Park Trust</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2006" class="citation cs2">Copeland, Jack (2006), <i>Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 101–115, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284055-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-284055-X"><bdi>0-19-284055-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+The+Secrets+of+Bletchley+Park%27s+Codebreaking+Computers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=101-115&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-284055-X&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199684-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199684_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell-KellyAspray1996">Campbell-Kelly & Aspray 1996</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Atanasoff-Berry_Computer,_1939">"Milestones:Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 1939"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AAtanasoff-Berry+Computer%2C+1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3AAtanasoff-Berry_Computer%2C_1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Presper Eckert Jr. and John W. Mauchly, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3120606">U.S. patent 3,120,606</a></span>, filed 26 June 1947, issued 4 February 1964, and invalidated 19 October 1973 after court ruling on <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_v._Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell v. Sperry Rand">Honeywell v. Sperry Rand</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Randell, Brian</a>, <i>Colossus: Godfather of the Computer</i>, 1977 (reprinted in <i>The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers</i>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer-Verlag</a>, New York, 1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandell1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Randell, Brian</a> (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/publications/books/papers/133.pdf">"The Colossus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Metropolis" title="Nicholas Metropolis">Metropolis, N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Howlett" title="Jack Howlett">Howlett, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gian-Carlo_Rota" title="Gian-Carlo Rota">Rota, Gian-Carlo</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcomputi0000inte/page/47"><i>A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century</i></a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcomputi0000inte/page/47">47–92</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0124916500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0124916500"><bdi>978-0124916500</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Colossus&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Computing+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=47-92&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0124916500&rft.aulast=Randell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ncl.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fpapers%2F133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bemer" title="Bob Bemer">Bemer, Bob</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000819125051/http://www.bobbemer.com/COLOSSUS.HTM"><i>Colossus – World War II Computer: The First Word Processor</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobbemer.com/COLOSSUS.HTM">the original</a> on 2000-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus+%E2%80%93+World+War+II+Computer%3A+The+First+Word+Processor&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobbemer.com%2FCOLOSSUS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span> Report of the announcement of Colossus at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, in Los Alamos, New Mexico, that began on 10 June 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mason.gmu.edu/~montecin/computer-hist-web.htm">"The History of Computing"</a>. <i>mason.gmu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mason.gmu.edu&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Computing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmason.gmu.edu%2F~montecin%2Fcomputer-hist-web.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollenhoff1988" class="citation cs2">Mollenhoff, Clark R. (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atanasoffforgott0000moll/page/47"><i>Atanasoff: Forgotten Father of the Computer</i></a>, Ames: Iowa State University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atanasoffforgott0000moll/page/47">47, 48</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8138-0032-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8138-0032-3"><bdi>0-8138-0032-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atanasoff%3A+Forgotten+Father+of+the+Computer&rft.place=Ames&rft.pages=47%2C+48&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8138-0032-3&rft.aulast=Mollenhoff&rft.aufirst=Clark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatanasoffforgott0000moll%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudsonBergmanHorton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, David; Bergman, Marvin; Horton, Loren (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-cdBfPrxfUC"><i>The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa</i></a>. University of Iowa Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587297243" title="Special:BookSources/9781587297243"><bdi>9781587297243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Iowa&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781587297243&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bergman%2C+Marvin&rft.au=Horton%2C+Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-cdBfPrxfUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> John Gustafson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johngustafson.net/pubs/pub57/ABCPaper.htm">"Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer"</a>. Quote: "the total vacuum tube count was very low: about 300 for the entire machine. Much of this economy is the result of operating on only one bit of each number at a time, keeping the carry/borrow bit in a capacitor for use in the next cycle."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas2002" class="citation book cs1">Rojas, Raúl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDWPW9uwZPAC"><i>The First Computers: History and Architectures</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68137-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68137-4"><bdi>0-262-68137-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Computers%3A+History+and+Architectures&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-262-68137-4&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDWPW9uwZPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach1992" class="citation journal cs1">Auerbach, Isaac L. (Isaac Levin) (1 October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/104351">"Oral history interview with Isaac Levin Auerbach"</a>. <i>umn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=umn.edu&rft.atitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Isaac+Levin+Auerbach&rft.date=1992-10-01&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=Isaac+L.+%28Isaac+Levin%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F104351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurkin1985" class="citation cs2">Shurkin, Joel N. (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enginesofmindhis00shur/page/280"><i>Engines of the Mind</i></a> (Reprint edition (1 Aug. 1985) ed.), Pocket Books, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enginesofmindhis00shur/page/280">280–299</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671600365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671600365"><bdi>978-0671600365</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engines+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=280-299&rft.edition=Reprint+edition+%281+Aug.+1985%29&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0671600365&rft.aulast=Shurkin&rft.aufirst=Joel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenginesofmindhis00shur%2Fpage%2F280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199686-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell-KellyAspray199686_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell-KellyAspray1996">Campbell-Kelly & Aspray 1996</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman Goldstine, "The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann", 1972; pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltis2001" class="citation book cs1">Soltis, Frank G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypJmzqt7JdUC"><i>Fortress Rochester: The Inside Story of the IBM ISeries</i></a>. System iNetwork. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583040836" title="Special:BookSources/9781583040836"><bdi>9781583040836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Rochester%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+IBM+ISeries&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=System+iNetwork&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781583040836&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=Frank+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypJmzqt7JdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jva.cs.iastate.edu/team.php">"ABC Reconstruction, 1994-1997"</a> (Press release). Iowa State University and John Vincent Atanasoff Initiative Committee. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABC+Reconstruction%2C+1994-1997&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University+and+John+Vincent+Atanasoff+Initiative+Committee&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjva.cs.iastate.edu%2Fteam.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrapfl2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Krapfl, Mike (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.iastate.edu/files/2011/03/ecpe-connections-spring-2010.pdf">"Iowa State Replica of First Electronic Digital Computer to be Displayed at Computer History Museum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ECpE Connections</i>. Ames, Iowa: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ece.iastate.edu/files/2011/03/ecpe-connections-spring-2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECpE+Connections&rft.atitle=Iowa+State+Replica+of+First+Electronic+Digital+Computer+to+be+Displayed+at+Computer+History+Museum&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Krapfl&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.iastate.edu%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F03%2Fecpe-connections-spring-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-KellyAspray1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly">Campbell-Kelly, Martin</a>; Aspray, William (1996), <a href="/wiki/Computer:_A_History_of_the_Information_Machine" title="Computer: A History of the Information Machine"><i>Computer: A History of the Information Machine</i></a>, New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02989-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02989-2"><bdi>0-465-02989-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer%3A+A+History+of+the+Information+Machine&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-465-02989-2&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Aspray%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2010" class="citation cs2">Edwards, John (Nov 22, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronicdesign.com/embedded/john-atanasoff-and-clifford-berry-inventing-abc-benchmark-digital-computer">"John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry: Inventing The ABC, A Benchmark Digital Computer"</a>, <i>Electronic Design</i>, <b>58</b> (16): 58–59</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Design&rft.atitle=John+Atanasoff+and+Clifford+Berry%3A+Inventing+The+ABC%2C+A+Benchmark+Digital+Computer&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=58-59&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronicdesign.com%2Fembedded%2Fjohn-atanasoff-and-clifford-berry-inventing-abc-benchmark-digital-computer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Mackintosh" title="Allan Mackintosh">Mackintosh, Allan R.</a> (August 1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524174221/https://www.webcitation.org/5kwDlnDnc?url=http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_761599223/Dr_Atanasoff%5C's_Computer.html">"Dr. Atanasoff's Computer"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, vol. 259, no. 2, pp. 90–96, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988SciAm.259b..90M">1988SciAm.259b..90M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0888-90">10.1038/scientificamerican0888-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3064298">3064298</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_761599223/Dr_Atanasoff's_Computer.html">the original</a> on 2024-05-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Dr.+Atanasoff%27s+Computer&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=90-96&rft.date=1988-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3064298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0888-90&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988SciAm.259b..90M&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=Allan+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fsidebar_761599223%2FDr_Atanasoff%27s_Computer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Regan2012" class="citation cs2">O’Regan, Gerard (2012), <i>A Brief History of Computing</i> (2nd ed.), New York: Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2358-3"><bdi>978-1-4471-2358-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Computing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-2358-3&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Regan&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalstonReilly1993" class="citation cs2">Ralston, Anthony; Reilly, Edwin D., eds. (1993), <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science</i> (3rd ed.), New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-27679-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-27679-6"><bdi>0-442-27679-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-442-27679-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtanasoff%E2%80%93Berry+computer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jva.cs.iastate.edu/operation.php">The Birth of the ABC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jva.cs.iastate.edu/team.php">Reconstruction of the ABC, 1994-1997</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johngustafson.net/pubs/pub57/ABCPaper.htm">John Gustafson, Reconstruction of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025030709/http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/Projects/ABC/Trial.html">The ENIAC patent trial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/40608">Honeywell v. Sperry Rand Records, 1846-1973</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyxGIbtMS9E">The Atanasoff-Berry Computer In Operation</a> (YouTube)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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<li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a 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title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution" title="Explicit data graph execution">EDGE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer" title="Minimal instruction set computer">MISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">OISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing" title="No instruction set computing">NISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero instruction set computer">ZISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br />sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_man_computer" title="Little man computer">LMC</a></li> <li>System/3x0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">S/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tilera ISA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAR" title="SWAR">SWAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data" title="Single program, multiple data">SPMD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br />performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">FPOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br />on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br />accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">15-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_logic" title="Glue logic">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_multiplier" title="CPU multiplier">CPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Unit" title="Power Management Unit">PMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iowa_State_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iowa_State_University" title="Template:Iowa State University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iowa_State_University" title="Template talk:Iowa State University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa_State_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa State University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iowa_State_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iowa State University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;"><div><b>Located in</b>: <a href="/wiki/Ames,_Iowa" title="Ames, Iowa"><span style="color:white">Ames, Iowa</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colleges" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_College_of_Business" title="Iowa State University College of Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_College_of_Engineering" title="Iowa State University College of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_College_of_Human_Sciences" title="Iowa State University College of Human Sciences">Human Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_College_of_Liberal_Arts_%26_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State University College of Liberal Arts & Sciences">Liberal Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine">Veterinary Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_of_Iowa_State_University_54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Campus_of_Iowa_State_University_54.jpg/150px-Campus_of_Iowa_State_University_54.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Campus_of_Iowa_State_University_54.jpg/225px-Campus_of_Iowa_State_University_54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Campus_of_Iowa_State_University_54.jpg/300px-Campus_of_Iowa_State_University_54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones" title="Iowa State Cyclones"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_baseball" title="Iowa State Cyclones baseball">Baseball</a> <i>(defunct)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_men%27s_basketball" title="Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_women%27s_basketball" title="Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_cross_country" title="Iowa State Cyclones cross country">Cross country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_football" title="Iowa State Cyclones football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_men%27s_golf" title="Iowa State Cyclones men's golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_women%27s_gymnastics" title="Iowa State Cyclones women's gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_women%27s_soccer" title="Iowa State Cyclones women's soccer">Soccer (women's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_softball" title="Iowa State Cyclones softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_women%27s_swimming_and_diving" title="Iowa State Cyclones women's swimming and diving">Swimming & diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_track_and_field" title="Iowa State Cyclones track and field">Track & field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_women%27s_volleyball" title="Iowa State Cyclones women's volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_wrestling" title="Iowa State Cyclones wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames/ISU_Ice_Arena" title="Ames/ISU Ice Arena">Ames/ISU Ice Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Timm_Field" title="Cap Timm Field">Cap Timm Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium" title="Jack Trice Stadium">Jack Trice Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Coliseum" title="Hilton Coliseum">Hilton Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veenker_Memorial_Golf_Course" title="Veenker Memorial Golf Course">Veenker Memorial Golf Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Rivalries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa%E2%80%93Iowa_State_rivalry" title="Iowa–Iowa State rivalry">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa%E2%80%93Iowa_State_football_rivalry" title="Iowa–Iowa State football rivalry">Cy-Hawk Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Corn_Cy-Hawk_Series" title="Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series">Cy-Hawk Series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Big_Four_men%27s_college_basketball" title="Iowa Big Four men's college basketball">Iowa Big Four</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four Classic">Big Four Classic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State%E2%80%93Kansas_State_football_rivalry" title="Iowa State–Kansas State football rivalry">Kansas State (football)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State%E2%80%93Missouri_football_rivalry" title="Iowa State–Missouri football rivalry">Missouri (football)</a> <i>(defunct)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cy_the_Cardinal" title="Cy the Cardinal">Cy the Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_Hall_of_Fame" title="Iowa State Cyclones Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISU_Fights" title="ISU Fights">ISU Fights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University_Cyclone_Marching_Band" title="Iowa State University Cyclone Marching Band">Marching Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Iowa_State_University" title="Campus of Iowa State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Campus</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Iowa_State_University" title="Campus of Iowa State University">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanile_(Iowa_State_University)" title="Campanile (Iowa State University)">Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiman_Gardens" title="Reiman Gardens">Reiman Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Center" title="Iowa State Center">Iowa State Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumni_Center_(Iowa_State_University)" title="Alumni Center (Iowa State University)">Alumni Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardshear_Hall" title="Beardshear Hall">Beardshear Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrollment_Services_Center" title="Enrollment Services Center">Enrollment Services Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Union_(Iowa_State_University)" title="Memorial Union (Iowa State University)">Memorial Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Hall_(Iowa_State_University)" title="Morrill Hall (Iowa State University)">Morrill Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_House_(Knapp%E2%80%93Wilson_House)" title="The Farm House (Knapp–Wilson House)">Farm House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carver_Hall" title="Carver Hall">Carver Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catt_Hall" title="Catt Hall">Catt Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fick_Observatory" title="Fick Observatory">Fick Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames Laboratory">Ames Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames Project</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atanasoff–Berry computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLONE" class="mw-redirect" title="CYCLONE">CYCLONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywell_v._Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell v. Sperry Rand">Honeywell v. Sperry Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Systems_and_Controls_Lab" title="Spacecraft Systems and Controls Lab">Spacecraft Systems and Controls Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrangeSearch" title="StrangeSearch">StrangeSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Reality_Applications_Center" title="Virtual Reality Applications Center">VRAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Daily" title="Iowa State Daily">Iowa State Daily</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KURE" title="KURE">KURE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrISUm" title="PrISUm">PrISUm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VEISHEA" title="VEISHEA">VEISHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyRide" title="CyRide">CyRide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuffs_(Iowa_State_University)" title="Cuffs (Iowa State University)">Cuffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C8102E; color:white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F1BE48, inset -2px -2px 0 #F1BE48;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_State_University_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iowa State University people">Notable alumni and faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Iowa_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Iowa State University">ISU Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Knudson" title="Tom Knudson">Tom Knudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Trice" title="Jack Trice">Jack Trice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Malcolm_Trout" title="G. Malcolm Trout">G. 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