CINXE.COM
Marcela Brugnach - Google Scholar
<!doctype html><html><head><title>Marcela Brugnach - Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link rel="canonical" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&hl=en"><meta name="description" content="BC3 Basque Climate Change Center - Cited by 3,511"><meta property="og:description" content="BC3 Basque Climate Change Center - Cited by 3,511"><meta property="og:title" content="Marcela Brugnach"><meta property="og:image" content="https://scholar.google.com/citations/images/avatar_scholar_256.png"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_lgt:empty{display:none;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}#gsc_a_t{width:100%;table-layout:fixed;}#gsc_a_tr0,#gsc_a_trh{box-sizing:border-box;}#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_y{height:0;}#gsc_a_trh{z-index:700;background-color:#f5f5f5;height:42px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_t td,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_t td{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_y{box-sizing:border-box;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;}#gsc_x_all{z-index:1;}.gsc_a_x,.gsc_a_t,.gsc_a_c,.gsc_a_y,.gsc_a_e{font-weight:normal;padding:16px 16px 0 16px;vertical-align:top;text-align:right;}.gsc_a_c{padding:16px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_c,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_y{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_y{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_a_x{width:41px;padding:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x{padding:0;}.gsc_a_t{text-align:left;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t{padding-left:16px;}#gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_ta{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding-right:16px;}th.gsc_a_c{width:64px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ta,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ca,.gsc_art_sel .gsc_a_h{display:none;}.gsc_a_ac,.gsc_a_hc{margin-top:3px;}th.gsc_a_y{width:88px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm th.gsc_a_y{width:58px;}.gs_el_ph th.gsc_a_y,.gs_el_ph td.gsc_a_y{width:0;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_h{display:none}@media print{#gs_top th.gsc_a_y{width:58pt;}#gs_top #gsc_a_tr0{display:none}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{position:static}}.gsc_a_e{padding:16px;text-align:center;}.gsc_a_a{padding:8px 0}.gsc_a_at{padding:8px 0;font-size:16px}a.gsc_a_acm{text-decoration:line-through;}a.gsc_a_acm:hover,a.gs_a_acm:active{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_a_m{position:absolute;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_m{display:block;position:static;}.gsc_a_am{font-size:24px;position:absolute;top:-18px;left:-2px;padding:8px 12px 4px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_am{display:inline-block;position:static;padding:6px 16px;margin-bottom:-6px;}#gsc_a_sp{visibility:hidden;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis{visibility:visible;padding:16px 0;height:25px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gsc_a_sp:after{display:block;height:100%;content:" ";background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat 50% 50%;opacity:0;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis:after{opacity:1;transition:opacity 0s .4s;}#gsc_a_err{display:none;padding:28px 0;}#gsc_a_err.gs_vis{display:block;}#gsc_md_iad{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_iad .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_res .gs_md_prg{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tgrp,#gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tart,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tgrp{display:none;}#gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tsel{display:inline-block;}#gsc_iad_t:not(.gsc_iad_tsel) #gsc_iad_tsel{pointer-events:none;color:#b5b5b5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_frm{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iads_res{position:relative;margin:16px 0;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad #gsc_iads_res{margin:8px -16px 16px -16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_pp{margin-right:16px;}#gsc_iads_btns{height:38px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_btns{margin-top:16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;height:38px;padding:0 12px;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iads_btn{padding:0 16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#222;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;color:#b8b8b8;}.gsc_iads_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#444;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gsc_iads_btn:active{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gsc_iads_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}a.gsc_iads_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel .gs_ico,a.gsc_iads_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gsc_iads_btn_lbl{padding-left:10px;margin-bottom:-2px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;height:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb{width:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{font-size:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{padding-right:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr:empty{height:0;}.gsc_oic{position:relative;}.gsc_oic_cb{font-weight:normal;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;background-color:#fcfcfc;padding-right:16px;}.gsc_oict{display:block;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_oict_name{display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gsc_oict_inf{display:block;float:right;margin-left:16px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_oict_all,.gsc_oict_prf{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:hover{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:active{color:#d14836;}.gsc_oict_prf{padding-left:8px;margin-left:8px;border-left:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gsc_oict_prf:empty{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_all,.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{float:right;clear:both;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{margin-top:2px;}.gsc_oic_res{margin:8px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oic_res{margin-right:16px;}.gsc_oic_res h4{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_name,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_all,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_prf{color:#777;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;opacity:.66;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_res{opacity:.5;}.gsc_iadb_art{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_iadb_art_cb{float:left;}.gsc_iadb_art_added{float:right;margin:12px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_added{display:block;float:none;text-align:right;margin:8px 16px;}.gsc_iadb_art_added:empty{display:none;}.gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 16px 12px 41px;}.gsc_iadb_art_body h3{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_iadb_art_dis .gsc_iadb_art_body{opacity:.5;}#gsc_md_mopt,#gsc_md_cbyd,#gsc_md_cbym{width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbym{width:500px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbym{width:100%;}.gsc_mob_art{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_mob_art>.gs_in_ra{margin-top:-8px;}.gsc_mob_cby{vertical-align:top;text-align:right;padding:8px 12px;position:relative;}.gsc_mob_ttl,.gsc_mob_pub{display:block;}.gsc_mob_pub{color:#666;}.gsc_mob_cbym{text-decoration:line-through}.gsc_mob_cbm{font-size:24px;position:absolute;padding:4px 0 0 4px;line-height:16px;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gsh_clim{display:table-row}.gsh_clil,.gsh_clic{display:table-cell;padding-bottom:8px}.gsh_clil{padding-right:8px;}.gsh_lla{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.gsh_lua{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.gsh_llr{list-style-type:lower-roman}.gsh_lur{list-style-type:upper-roman}.gsh_l>li{margin-left:32px;}.gs_fma .gsh_l>li{margin-left:16px;}.gsh_h3{font-size:inherit;font-weight:normal}.gsh_h3,.gsh_csp{margin:16px 0}.gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin-top:-8px}.gs_fma .gsh_h3{margin:12px 0 0 0;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_fma_abs .gsh_csp{margin:0 0 12px 0;}.gs_fma b,.gs_fma .gsh_h3{color:#444;}.gs_fma .gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_fma .gsh_csp:last-child,.gs_fma .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin:0;}.gs_fma ul .gsh_clim:last-child .gsh_clic{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_fma ul,.gs_fma ol{margin:12px 0;}.gsh_ovln{text-decoration:overline}.gsh_small .gsh_l .gsh_csp{margin:8px 0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:first-child,.gsh_small .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin-top:0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gsh_dspfr{text-align:center}.gsh_dspfr svg{margin:8px 0}.gs_pp_tn,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_tn,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_tn{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_pp_sm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_sm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_sm{width:56px;height:56px;}.gs_pp_nm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_nm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_nm{width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_ai_pho{float:left;}.gs_ai_t{margin-left:72px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t{margin-left:48px;}.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:64px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:40px;}.gs_ai_name{font-size:17px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_name a{padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb{font-size:15px;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:link,.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:visited{padding:7px 0 5px 0; color:#222;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_ai_on{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_on_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_ai_int{margin-top:5px;}.gs_ai_eml:empty,.gs_ai_int:empty,.gs_ai_cby:empty{display:none;}.gs_ai_one_int{vertical-align:top;font-size:13px;margin-right:8px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc a.gs_ai_one_int{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_eml,.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;}.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_int,.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;color:#666;}.gs_ai.gs_ai_chpr{position:relative;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:276px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:156px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:0;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{position:absolute;top:4px;right:0;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby,.gs_el_ta .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{width:132px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{text-align:left;position:static;width:auto;}#gsc_bdy{position:relative;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_bdy,.gs_el_ta #gsc_bdy{display:flex;flex-flow:column;}.gsc_lcl{position:relative;margin:0 350px 0 0;order:3;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_lcl{margin-right:334px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_lcl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_lcl{margin:0;}#gsc_prf_t_wrp{position:relative;order:2;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_prf_t_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;right:0;width:12px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(247,247,247,0),rgba(247,247,247,1) 80%);}#gsc_prf_t{width:100%;background-color:#f5f5f5;display:none;white-space:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding:0 4px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_prf_t,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_t{display:block;}#gsc_prf_t:after{content:"\00A0";padding:0 4px;}.gsc_prf_tab,.gsc_prf_tab:link{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:13px 12px;display:inline-block;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_prf_tab:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.gsc_prf_tab:active{color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_tab[aria-selected="true"]{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#0461f9;cursor:default;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_art,.gs_el_ph #gsc_art,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_co,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_co{display:none;}#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art"] #gsc_art,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-cit"] #gsc_rsb_cit,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-mnd"] #gsc_rsb_mnd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-awd"] #gsc_rsb_awd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-ath"] #gsc_rsb_co{display:block;}.gsc_rsb{float:right;width:317px;order:4;border-left:1px solid #eee;margin-top:32px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb{margin-top:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb{float:none;width:auto;border:none;margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 48px 16px;position:relative;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 32px 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_s,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.gsc_rsb_header{padding:8px 8px 12px 8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;font-weight:normal;font-size:15px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_header{padding:4px 8px 9px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_header,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_header{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_action{position:absolute;top:-3px;right:-2px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_action{top:-8px;}.gsc_rsb_tap{display:block;position:absolute;right:2px;top:12px;opacity:.5;z-index:1;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_tap,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_tap{top:24px;right:10px;}.gsc_rsb_hm{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;padding:3px 6px;}#gsc_rsb_gpl{display:block;margin-top:3px;padding:6px 16px;line-height:15px;color:#0461f9;border:1px solid #4d90fe;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_gpl{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_gpl,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_gpl{display:none;}#gsc_rsb_st{width:100%;}.gsc_rsb_std{text-align:right;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_std,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_std{padding-right:16px;}.gsc_rsb_sc1{text-align:left;padding:2px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sc1,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:4px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_sth{font-weight:normal;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:4px 8px 4px 0;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sth,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:16px 16px 16px 0;}#gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,#gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{content:'';display:block;height:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{height:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_hist_opn,.gs_el_ta #gsc_hist_opn{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_f{max-width:118px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:none;}.gsc_rsb_f:link,.gsc_rsb_f:visited{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_m_na{color:#dd4b39;}.gsc_rsb_m_a{color:#006621;float:right;position:relative;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar{width:100%;height:4px;margin:8px 0 8px 0;background:#006621;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar_na{background:#dd4b39;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;}.gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_m,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_m_desc{padding-top:16px;color:#777;}.gsc_rsb_m_s{font-size:24px;position:absolute;line-height:0.3;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk{text-transform:uppercase;margin-left:16px;margin-right:-9px;text-align:right;font-size:13px;padding:12px 9px;border-radius:3px;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:visited{text-decoration:none;color:#1a0dab;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_rsb_m_title{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_rsb_m_header{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_m_header{padding:0 8px;}.gsc_rsb_hmv{text-align:center;padding-top:16px;}.gsc_rsb_a{list-style:none;}.gsc_rsb_a>li{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a>li,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a>li{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gsc_rsb_a>li:first-child{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_rsb_a_pht{float:left;width:32px;height:32px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 48px;min-height:32px;display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_desc,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 64px;min-height:56px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc a{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext{display:block;color:#777;font-size:13px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext{white-space:normal;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext2,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:block;}.gsc_rsb_aa{display:block;padding:8px;line-height:normal;cursor:pointer;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_aa,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_aa{font-size:17px;padding:12px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_aa:hover,.gsc_rsb_aa:active{text-decoration:none;background:#f1f1f1;}.gsc_rsb_aa a:hover{text-decoration:none;}#gsc_prf_w{order:1;padding:32px 0;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_w{padding:16px 0;}#gsc_prf_pu{float:left;width:128px;height:128px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pu{float:none;width:100%;margin:0 0 12px 0;}#gsc_prf_pua{line-height:0;width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pua{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_prf_pufi{width:0;height:0;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi{width:auto;height:auto;overflow:visible;position:relative;z-index:10;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi2{display:inline-block;background:#fcfcfc;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;}.gsc_prf_puic{position:absolute;bottom:0;width:100%;padding:8px 0;background-color:#000;opacity:.6;}.gsc_prf_pel{cursor:pointer;}#gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 144px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px;}a.gsc_prf_btn{position:relative;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;height:29px;line-height:normal;text-align:center;padding:0 8px;color:#444;font-weight:normal;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}a.gsc_prf_btn:before{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:-1;content:"";border-radius:3px;}.gsc_prf_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gsc_prf_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gsc_prf_btn_lbl{padding:0 4px;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;color:#222;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:hover:before{border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}a.gsc_prf_btn:active:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:active:before{background-color:#f1f1f1;color:#222;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,#gsc_prf_btne{justify-content:center;height:41px;width:41px;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{position:absolute;right:8px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn:before{border-radius:50%;top:2px;bottom:2px;left:2px;right:2px;}#gsc_prf_btne{vertical-align:top;margin:-9px 4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{top:14px;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:before{background:transparent;border:transparent;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:active:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}#gsc_prf_btnf{float:right;margin:3px 0 16px 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_btnf{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf{float:none;top:62px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf.gsc_prf_btn_top{top:14px;}.gsc_prf_btn:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:before{background-color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{color:#fff;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover:before{background-color:#3983fe;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:active:before{background-color:#357ae8;}#gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:2px;}#gsc_prf_in{font-size:24px;line-height:24px;padding:3px 0 4px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_in{font-size:22px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_in{font-size:20px;padding:0;}#gsc_prf_ion{line-height:19px;padding:1px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_ion{padding:0;padding-bottom:10px;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn,#gs_prf_ion_txt{vertical-align:top;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn{padding:12px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{height:8px;width:4px;padding:0 4px;fill:#777;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:hover #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#222;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active .gs_prf_ion_svg{fill:#222;}#gs_prf_ion_txt{padding-left:4px;visibility:hidden;font-size:0;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,font-size 0s .13s,opacity .13s}.gs_el_tc #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s .218s,font-size 0s .218s,opacity .218s}.gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{visibility:visible;font-size:15px;opacity:1;transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .13s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .13s;transform:rotate(0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_show .gs_prf_ion_svg{transform:rotate(180deg);}.gsc_prf_il{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;padding:1px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_il{font-size:13px;line-height:16px;}.gsc_prf_ila:link,.gsc_prf_ila:visited{text-decoration:underline;color:#222;}#gsc_prf_int{margin-top:5px;}#gsc_prf_int:empty{display:none;}.gsc_prf_inta{margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_prf_inta:last-child{margin:0}.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_ila,.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_inta{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gsc_md_pro_tt,#gsc_md_pro_lgtm,#gsc_md_pro_rev_n,#gsc_md_pro_save,#gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ev{display:none;}#gsc_md_pro_ep{margin-top:4px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:2px;}.gsc_md_pro_ra .gs_md_btns{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_md_pro_rn #gs_aani_wrap{padding:0;border:none;}.gsc_md_pro_rn .gs_md_btns{margin:0;}.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_ev,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_ra .gsc_md_pro_ra_vis,.gsc_md_pro_rn .gsc_md_pro_rn_vis{display:block;}.gsc_md_pro_ed #gsc_md_pro_ted,.gsc_md_pro_aa #gsc_md_pro_taa,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_tra,.gsc_md_pro_an #gsc_md_pro_tan,.gsc_md_pro_ai #gsc_md_pro_tai,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_trn,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_save,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_lgtm,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_rev_n{display:inline-block;}.gsc_md_pro_el{font-size:15px;}.gsc_md_pro_ev{padding:4px 0 16px 0;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_exp-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d{top:42px;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d{white-space:normal;word-wrap:break-word;width:208px;width:max-content;min-width:100px;max-width:208px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_add-d{left:-9px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_exp-d{left:auto;right:12px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_mor-d{left:-58px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-d{left:10px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-r{margin-left:-10px;}.gsc_dd_sec,#gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_dd_sec,.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:4px 0 8px 0;}.gsc_dd_sep{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;}#gsc_dd_mor-s .gsc_dd_mor-sel,#gsc_dd_sort-s .gsc_dd_sort-sel{color:#dd4b39;}#gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:14px 44px 14px 16px;color:#777;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:18px 44px 18px 16px;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_add-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gsc_btn_mer,#gsc_btn_del,#gsc_dd_exp-r{display:none;}#gsc_dd_mor-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_mer,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_del,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_exp-r{display:inline-block;}html:not(.gs_el_ph) #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gsc_lwp{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_lwp{margin:16px 0;}#gsc_bpf{display:inline-block;verticle-align:middle;}#gsc_a_nn{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding-right:16px;font-size:13px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_nn{display:none;}@media print{#gs_top #gs_md_s,#gs_top #gs_md_w,#gs_top #gs_hdr,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drs,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw,#gs_top #gs_ftr,#gs_top #gsc_nag,#gs_top #gsc_prf_nbar_btns,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btne,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btnf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_ivh,#gs_top #gsc_prf_puf,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top #gsc_bdy #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top .gsc_g_hist_wrp,#gs_top #gsc_prf_t_wrp,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_header,#gs_top .gsc_a_tb,#gs_top .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_lwp,#gs_top .gsc_prf_puic,#gs_top #gsc_dd_add-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gs_top,#gs_top #gsc_bdy,#gs_top #gsc_prf_w,#gs_top #gsc_prf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua,#gs_top #gsc_prf_i,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_s,#gs_top .gsc_lcl,#gs_top .gsc_rsb,#gs_top #gsc_a_tw,#gs_top #gsc_a_t,#gs_top .gsc_prf_il,#gs_top .gsc_prf_ila,#gs_top .gsc_prf_inta,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{background:none;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;height:auto;width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;float:none;display:block;position:static;color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:none;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac,#gs_top .gsc_a_a,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top .gsc_a_at,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;padding:0;margin:0;background:none;border:none;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh th{height:0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top #gsc_a_ha,#gs_top .gsc_a_a{font-size:11pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac{font-size:10pt}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu{width:80pt;height:auto;float:left;margin:0 7pt 7pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua{left:auto;transform:none;border-radius:0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua>img{position:static;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 7pt 7pt 87pt;text-align:left;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_in{font-size:18pt;line-height:18pt;padding:0 0 4pt 0;}#gs_top .gsc_prf_il{padding:2pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_w{float:left;width:64%;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb{float:right;width:35%;}#gs_top #gsc_art{clear:both;}#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{display:table;width:100%;max-width:none;margin-top:3pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std{font-size:10pt;}#gs_top th.gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:60pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{padding-left:14pt;}#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{padding:6pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ca{display:block;width:auto;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:12pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_h{display:inline;font-size:10pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_at{color:#008;}#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{display:inline;position:absolute;}#gs_top .gsc_a_am{padding:11pt 0 0 8pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_t .gs_gray{color:black;font-size:10pt;}}.gsc_lwpds_frm{position:relative;height:29px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:38px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw input{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw button{border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gsc_pgn{text-align:right;font-weight:bold;line-height:29px;}.gsc_pgn_ppn{margin:0 8px;}.gsc_ccb_ck{padding:11px 10px 9px 10px;}.gsc_ccb_svg{stroke:#666;stroke-width:2px;fill:#fff;width:21px;height:21px;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_ccb_lim,.gsc_ccb_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#e2e2e2;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#e2e2e2;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#4d90fe;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#4d90fe;}.gsc_ccb_del:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_add:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{fill:#2f6de1;}#gsc_md_cod{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cod{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_cod .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gsc_codb_instr{font-size:16px;margin:1em 0;}#gsc_cods_res{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_res{margin-bottom:16px;}.gsc_cods_hide,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_frm,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_pp,.gsc_cod_lc #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tadd{display:none;}#gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 24px 0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 16px 0;}.gsc_ucoar{padding:24px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_ucoar{padding:16px 0px;}.gsc_ucoar:first-child{padding-top:0;}.gsc_ucoar:last-child{border-bottom:none;}.gsc_ucoar_cb{float:right;margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_cod_trev{display:none;color:#666;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_trev{display:inline-block;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev{color:#1a0dab;pointer-events:auto;}.gsc_fol_cr{margin:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_fol_ml{display:block;color:#777;padding:12px 0 4px 0;}#gs_aani_wrap{padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gs_aani{display:none;}#gs_aani.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:12px;}#gs_aani_lbl{display:none;}#gs_aani_lbl.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:8px;}#gs_anni_add_ico{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;}.gs_aani_in{position:relative;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:4px;display:none;}.gs_aani_in.gs_vis{display:block;}.gs_aani_txt{margin-right:34px;}.gs_aani_del{position:absolute;padding:12px;top:-6px;right:-12px;}.gs_aani_del:active .gs_aani_svg{stroke:#d14836;}.gs_aani_svg{vertical-align:top;width:17px;height:17px;fill:none;stroke:#1155cc;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var ba=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ca=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},da=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },ea=da(this),g=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=ea;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ca(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; g("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,h){this.ga=f;ca(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:h})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.ga};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});var fa=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},ha; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")ha=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ia;a:{var ja={a:!0},ka={};try{ka.__proto__=ja;ia=ka.a;break a}catch(a){}ia=!1}ha=ia?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var la=ha,ma=function(a,b){a.prototype=fa(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(la)la(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.xa=b.prototype};g("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); g("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var na=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};g("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var n=function(a){return a?a:na};g("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);g("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); g("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);g("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);g("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var oa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var p=function(){this.I=this.I;this.O=this.O};p.prototype.I=!1;p.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.I};p.prototype.dispose=function(){this.I||(this.I=!0,this.T())};p.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};p.prototype.T=function(){if(this.O)for(;this.O.length;)this.O.shift()()};var pa=function(){};function qa(a){var b=[],c=0,d;for(d in a)b[c++]=d;return b};function q(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function r(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function u(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function v(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!u(a,b);(c?q:r)(a,b)};function w(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var ra=w("iPhone")||w("iPad")||w("iPod"),sa=w("iPhone")||w("Android")&&w("Mobile");function ua(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,wa:a.width,va:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.wa;b=b.va;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||sa)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var va,wa=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); va=wa?+wa[1]>0:w("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!w("Firefox")||w("Mobile")||w("Tablet")?ra||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function xa(){if(ya==void 0){ya=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){ya=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",pa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",pa,a)}catch(b){}}return ya}var ya;var za=function(a){this.G=a},Aa=new za("DIV"),Ba=new za("INPUT"),Ca=new za("SCRIPT"),Da=new za("TABLE");function A(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function Ea(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Fa++)}function Ga(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Ha(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),h=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(h!="checkbox"&&h!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")}function Ia(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=document.createElement(Ba.G),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Ja(a){A("gsc_md_cbyd_c").href=a&&a.match(Ka)?a:"javascript:void(0)"}function La(a){a.match(Ka)&&(window.location.href=a)} function Ma(a){if(!A("gs_hats")){var b=document.createElement(Ca.G);b.id="gs_hats";b.src="https://www.gstatic.com/feedback/js/help/prod/service/lazy.min.js";b.onload=a;document.body.appendChild(b)}}var Fa=100,Na=/\S+/g,Ka=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Oa=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function Pa(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Qa}var Qa=0;var B=function(){this.o=[];this.J={};this.X=this.R=0};B.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Pa(a);this.J[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.J[b]=this.o.length,++this.R)};B.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Pa(a);var b=this.J[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.J[a],--this.R*2<this.o.length&&!this.X&&Ra(this))};B.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.X;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.X&&this.R*2<b.length&&Ra(this)}};B.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.R}; var Ra=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.J;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Pa(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function C(a,b,c,d,e){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ta)}function D(a,b,c,d){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Ua)}function Va(a,b,c,d){function e(h){D(f,a,e,c);b(h)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;C(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function H(a){Xa?Xa.add(a):a()}function Ya(a){H(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})} var Za=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)};function $a(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function ab(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ta(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&xa();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Ua(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)} function Sa(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var h=b.length,k=0;k<h;k++)f(a,b[k],c,d,e)}function bb(){Xa.notify();Xa=null}function cb(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(D(document,"readystatechange",cb),bb())}var Xa,db=!!document.attachEvent,eb=document.readyState;if(db?eb!="complete":eb=="loading")Xa=new B,db?C(document,"readystatechange",cb):Va("DOMContentLoaded",bb); function fb(){Va(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);C(document,"keydown",gb,!0)},!0,!0)}function gb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),D(document,"keydown",gb,!0),fb())}fb();function hb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=A(a);ib(f,function(){q(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){r(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function jb(a){a=I[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function ib(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var h=Ea(a),k=jb(h);if(!k||k<jb(f)){var m=document.activeElement;f=A(f);kb(lb(f||a),!0);b&&b();J.push(function(l){I[h].pop();I[h].length||delete I[h];if(!l){(l=e)||m==document.body||(l=m);var t=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(E){}else t&&a.contains(t)&&t.blur()}c&&c()});I[h]||(I[h]=[]);I[h].push(J.length);m&&a.contains(m)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,t=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||t&&va)l=a;try{l.focus(),t&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(E){}},0)}} function mb(a){kb((jb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function nb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;J.pop()(a)}function kb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;J.length>a;)nb(b||J.length>a+1)}function lb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=jb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var J=[],I={};C(document,"click",function(a){var b=J.length;b&&!ab(a)&&b>lb(a.target)&&nb(!0)});C(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!ab(a)&&J.length&&nb()}); C(document,"focus",function(a){var b=J.length;if(b)for(var c=lb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in I)if(jb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(A(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Na)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var h=A(d[f]);if(h&&h.offsetWidth){d=h;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){$a(a);d.focus();break}else nb(!0),--b}},!0);var ob={},pb={},qb;try{qb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function K(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function rb(){var a=sb(),b=tb();b=ub(b);a=vb(a);a=wb(a)||"#";L=K(b);xb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function wb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function yb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function zb(a){var b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return yb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Ab(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return yb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Bb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function vb(a){var b=zb(window.location.hash);Bb(b,a);return b}function ub(a){var b=L||K(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Bb(c,a);return c}function Cb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Db){var a=window.history.state;Db=!0;L=K(a);Eb.notify()}Fb=!1},0)}var Eb=new B,L,Db=!1,Fb=!0,xb="pushState"in window.history,Gb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")Gb=!1;else{var Hb=.001*Date.now(),Ib=GSP.eventId,Jb=!1,M,Kb=qb;if(!("nh"in ob)){var Lb=Kb&&Kb.getItem("nh"),Mb;if(Lb)try{Mb=JSON.parse(Lb)}catch(a){}pb.nh=Mb}M=pb.nh;M instanceof Array||(M=[]);for(var Nb=M.length,Ob=0,Pb=0;Pb<Nb;Pb++){var Qb=M[Pb];if(Qb instanceof Array&&Qb.length==2){var Rb=Qb[1]==Ib;Jb=Jb||Rb;Nb-Pb<=10&&+Qb[0]>Hb-86400&&!Rb&&(M[Ob++]=Qb)}}M.length=Ob;M.push([Hb,Ib]);var Sb=M,Tb=qb;pb.nh=Sb;try{Tb&&Tb.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Sb))}catch(a){}Gb=Jb} var Ub=Gb;"onpageshow"in window?C(window,"pageshow",Cb):H(Cb);C(window,xb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Db=!0,L=K(a),Eb.notify())});function Vb(){Wb&&(D(A("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Wb),Wb=void 0)}function Xb(){var a=Yb();q(a,"gs_anm");q(a,"gs_vis");C(document,"click",Zb);clearTimeout($b);$b=setTimeout(Zb,4E3);++ac;setTimeout(bc,0)}function Zb(){ac||(D(document,"click",Zb),clearTimeout($b),$b=void 0,Vb(),r(Yb(),"gs_vis"))}function Yb(){return A("gs_alrt")}function bc(){ac=0}var $b,ac=0,Wb;H(function(){var a=A("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Ub&&Xb(),C(window,"pagehide",function(){ac=0;Zb();r(Yb(),"gs_anm")}))});function cc(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,h=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),k=d.responseURL,m=window.location,l=m.protocol;m="//"+m.host+"/";k&&k.indexOf(l+m)&&k.indexOf("https:"+m)&&(e=0,h=f="");c(e,f,h||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function dc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var ec=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.g=c===void 0?null:c;this.Z=!1};ec.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.g&&this.g.stopPropagation();this.Z=!0};var N=function(a){a.g&&$a(a.g);a.Z=!0};var O=function(a,b){this.aa=a;this.ua=b},fc=function(a,b,c){this.aa=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function P(a,b,c){Q(a,b,c)}function gc(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Pa(a),e=hc[d];if(!e){e=hc[d]=[];d=ic(b[0].aa);for(var f in d){var h=jc[f];h||(h=jc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var k in d[f]){var m=h[k];m||(m=h[k]=[]);m.push(a)}}kc(a,e,b[0],lc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)kc(a,e,b[f],mc)}}}function R(a,b,c){nc(new ec(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function Q(a,b,c){var d=oc;typeof b==="string"&&(pc[0]=b,b=pc);var e=b.length;a=ic(a);for(var f in a)for(var h in a[f])for(var k=0;k<e;k++)d(f,h,b[k],c)}function ic(a){typeof a==="string"&&(qc[0]=a,a=qc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),h=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!h)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[h]=!0}return c} function oc(a,b,c,d){var e=rc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&C(document,c,sc,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=rc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new B);a.add(d)}function sc(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);nc(new ec(a.type,b,a))} function nc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!u(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!tc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!tc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function tc(a,b,c){var d=rc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.Z}function kc(a,b,c,d){var e=c.aa;c=c.ua;for(var f in c){var h=oa(d,a,c[f]);Q(e,f,h);b.push(new fc(e,f,h))}}function lc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=uc(a,d)||a;a=vc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function mc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=uc(a,d);if(e){a=vc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function vc(a,b){var c=wc(b),d=xc[c];d||(d=xc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var h=d[f];if(h instanceof a)return h}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Pa(a);(d=yc[a])||(d=yc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function uc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=zc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=zc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function zc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=jc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function wc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+Ac++);return b}var rc=Object.create(null),qc=[""],pc=[""],jc=Object.create(null),hc=Object.create(null),yc=Object.create(null),xc=Object.create(null),Ac=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=sc;function Bc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return u(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function Cc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function Dc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function Ec(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return Fc(a,b,Bc(),c,!1)} function Fc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=Cc(b,d);f;f=Dc(f,d))if(e=Fc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=Dc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};function Gc(a){return(u(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(u(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Hc(a){return+a.getAttribute("data-s")}function Ic(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;v(a,"gs_sel",b==1);v(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Jc[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Jc=["false","true","mixed"];var S=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.clear=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.has=function(a){return a in this.v};S.prototype.get=function(a){return this.v[a]};S.prototype.set=function(a,b){this.has(a)||this.A++;this.v[a]=b};S.prototype.delete=function(a){this.has(a)&&(delete this.v[a],this.A--)};var Kc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new B;this.da=0;this.ba=[b,a,function(){c.da++||Za(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.da=0;c.o.notify()}};Kc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||C.apply(null,this.ba);this.o.add(a)};Kc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||D.apply(null,this.ba)};var Lc=new Kc("scroll"),Mc=new Kc("resize");var Nc=new B;function Oc(){var a=document.documentElement,b=ua();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:va||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(u(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;v(a,c,d)}}e&&Nc.notify()}v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",ra);Oc();Mc.addListener(Oc);C(window,["pageshow","load"],Oc);var Pc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.i=a;this.F=b;this.D=c;this.H=d;this.Y=e;this.C=f;this.m=null},Qc=function(a,b){a.m=b},Rc=function(){this.l=[];this.j=-1};Rc.prototype.push=function(a){++this.j;this.j==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.j]=a,this.l.splice(this.j+1,this.l.length-this.j))};Rc.prototype.pop=function(){--this.j}; var Sc=function(a){for(var b=T;b.j>a;)mb(b.top().i)},Tc=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].C>=b);++c);return c},Uc=function(a){for(var b=T,c=b.j;c>=0;c--)if(b.l[c].i==a)return c;return-1};Rc.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.j)};Rc.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Vc(a,b){var c=a==T.j;T.j=a;b&&!L&&!K(window.history.state)&&rb();c||Wc()} function V(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=T.top();e&&a==e.i&&b==e.F&&c==e.D||(T.push(new Pc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.i==a?e.Y+1:1,Date.now())),b=sb(),a=tb(),a=ub(a),b=vb(b),b=wb(b)||"#",L=K(a),xb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Wc())}function Xc(a){a=Yc(A(a));return!!a&&u(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")} function Zc(){var a=A("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=T.j&&!c;++d)c=!Xc(T.at(d).i);v(A("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=T.j;c>=1&&(c=T.at(c-1).i,d=Xc(c),v(A(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Xc(T.top().i)?"scroll":""} function Wc(){function a(){var z=c.clientHeight,x=+F.getAttribute("data-h");x||(h.style.maxHeight="none",x=f.offsetHeight);var y=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");x=Math.max((z-x)/2,10);z=Math.max(z-48-(y?y.offsetHeight:0)-2*x,10);y=Xc(e);f.style.top=y?"auto":x+"px";h.style.maxHeight=y?"none":z+"px";bd(h)}var b=T.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A("gs_top"),e=b.i,f=A(e),h=A(e+"-bdy"),k=1200+T.j,m=A(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.H,t=b.D,E=b.F,G=A("gs_md_s"),aa=A(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",F=Yc(f),U=window.pageYOffset,$c=E&&E[0]!="#"&&!l,ad=T.j>0?T.at(T.j-1).i:"",ta=!!I[e];$c?(ta?v(m,"gs_md_ldg",!0):cd(f,m,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+A("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),R("gs-md-ldin",m)):(l&&cd(f,m,l,b),R("gs-md-lded",m));ta&&e==ad||ib(f,function(){(F||f).style.zIndex=k;dd(aa);if(!ta){F&&q(F,"gs_vis");q(f,"gs_vis");v(f,"gs_abt",Fb);v(G,"gs_abt",Fb);ed(e);if(T.j==0){var z=Zc;Nc.add(z);z()}else Zc();F&&h&&(a(),Mc.addListener(a))}T.j==0&&(q(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-U+"px")},function(){ta|| (Mc.removeListener(a),F&&r(F,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_abt"));for(var z=T.top()?T.top().Y:0;T.top()&&T.top().i==e;){var x=T.top();dc(x.m);x.m=null;T.pop()}if(T.top()){if(x=T.top().i,dd(A(x).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),r(A(x),"gs_md_ins_vis"),ta){x=Uc(e);var y=T.at(x);(F||f).style.zIndex=1200+x;cd(f,m,y.H,y)}}else r(G,"gs_vis"),r(G,"gs_abt");T.j==-1?(Nc.remove(Zc),c.style.overflowY="",r(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,U)):Zc();fd||(z>0?window.history.go(-z):rb())},gd(f),hd(f), ad);$c&&(dc(b.m),b.m=null,Qc(b,cc(E,t,function(z,x,y){b.m=null;y=(z=z==200&&y.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?x:id();cd(f,m,y,b);if(z)for(z=e,y=0;y<T.l.length;++y){var Wa=T.at(y);z==Wa.i&&E==Wa.F&&t==Wa.D&&(Wa.H=x,y==T.j&&rb())}R("gs-md-lded",m)})))}function Yc(a){a=a.parentNode;return u(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function gd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?A(a):null}function hd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?A(a):null} function cd(a,b,c,d){v(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,h={},k=0;k<f;k++){for(var m=wc(e[k]),l=xc[m],t=l?l.length:0,E=0;E<t;E++){var G=l[E],aa=Pa(G.constructor),F=h[aa];F||(F=h[aa]={});F[m]=!0;G&&typeof G.dispose=="function"&&G.dispose()}delete xc[m]}for(var U in h){U=+U;e=h[U];k=(f=yc[U])?f.length:0;for(l=m=0;l<k;l++)t=f[l],t in e||(f[m++]=t);m?f.length=m:delete yc[U]}b.innerHTML=c;d.H=c;ed(a.id);dc(d.m);d.m=null} function jd(a){return(a=T.at(Uc(a)))?a.F:""}function ed(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,bd(a)}function bd(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Ga(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function id(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+A("gs_md_err").innerHTML+"</div></div>"} function sb(){var a=T.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.F||void 0,p:a&&a.D?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.C||void 0}}function tb(){var a=T.top();return{n:a&&a.Y||0,p:a&&a.D||"",h:a&&a.H||""}}function dd(a){if(kd!=a){var b=A("gs_md_s");kd&&r(b,kd);(kd=a)&&q(b,a)}}var fd=0,kd="",T=new Rc; Eb.add(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.d||"",c=b?A(b):null;++fd;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=L||K(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var h=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Oa)||(d="");for(var k=Tc(T,e),m=k;m<T.l.length;++m){var l=T.at(m);if(e<l.C&&l.i!=b)break}for(l=k-1;l>=0;--l){var t=T.at(l);if(e>t.C&&t.i!=b)break}Sc(m-1);for(m=0;m<=l;++m)t=T.at(m).i,I[t]||Vc(l,!1);if(l=k<T.l.length)l=T.at(k),l=b==l.i&&d==l.F&&c==!!l.D&&e==l.C;l?Vc(k,!0):(a==0&&(Sc(-1),T=new Rc, e=Date.now()),c!=!!h&&(d=h="",f=id()),b=new Pc(b,d,h,f,a,e),c=T,e=b.C,a=Tc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).C,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),T.j=a,rb(),Wc())}else Sc(-1);--fd});var ld=function(a){p.call(this);this.K=a;this.W=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.W[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ma(ld,p);ld.prototype.T=function(){dc(this.m);this.K=this.m=null;p.prototype.T.call(this)}; ld.prototype.pa=function(a){var b=this;N(a);if((a=this.K)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Ha(a);md(this,!0);this.m=cc(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;md(b,!1);var f=b.K,h=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(h=h?A(h):null)h.innerHTML="";try{var k=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(F){}d=!1;k&&typeof k=="object"||(nd(h,A("gs_md_err").innerHTML),k={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(k.P||""));R("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=k.L)La(""+e);else{if(e=k.M)nd(h,e),d=!0;e=1E6;if(h&&h.innerHTML){var m=h;e=h.getBoundingClientRect().top}h= f.elements;k=k.E;typeof k=="object"||(k=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.W){var t=h[l],E=void 0,G=""+(k[l]||""),aa=t.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");v(t.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!G);aa&&(aa.innerHTML=G||b.W[l]||"");G&&(E=t.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(m=t,e=E);d=d||!!G}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&mb(f);m&&m.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&m.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var md=function(a,b){a=a.K;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;v(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},nd=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;A("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Yb().action=d.match(Ka)?d:"";a=A("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=A("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(Ba.G),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Vb();v(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Xb()}};gc(ld,[new O(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:ld.prototype.pa})]);var od=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];Q(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Gc(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Ic(b,od[+d][c],!0);R("gs-change",b,a.g)});Q(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(N(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});Q([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.g.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(N(a),b.click())});var pd=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),qd="",rd=null;function sd(){rd=null}function td(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):rd&&a==rd.src||((rd=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(sd,1E3))}function ud(){var a=Ab(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;td(a)}H(function(){qd=Ub?"&bn=1":"";Ub&&ud()}); C(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(qd="&bn=1",ud())}); C(document,pd,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?A(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ qd,td(b))}},!1,!0);Q(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var W=function(a){this.i=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.S=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};W.prototype.U=function(a){var b=A(this.i);return a!==void 0?Ec(b,b,a):null};W.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.U(a);if(u(A(this.S),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.S);hb(this.i,function(){q(b,"gs_sel")},function(){r(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};W.prototype.close=function(){mb(this.i)};W.prototype.ha=function(a){N(a);u(A(this.S),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.g.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; W.prototype.ca=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)N(a),this.open(b==38)};W.prototype.ja=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.ca(a)};gc(W,[new O(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new O(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":W.prototype.ha,keydown:W.prototype.ca}),new O(".gs_md_d",{keydown:W.prototype.ja})]);var vd=function(a){W.call(this,a);this.ra=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.ta=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};ma(vd,W);vd.prototype.U=function(){return A(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};vd.prototype.ka=function(a){wd(this,a)};vd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||wd(this,a)}; var wd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.ra),e=a.U();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),A(a.ta).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&xd(e,!1),xd(c,!0));N(b);a.close();R("gs-change",d,b.g)},xd=function(a,b){v(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};gc(vd,[new O(".gs_md_ris",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{click:vd.prototype.ka,keydown:vd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_lp","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_lp_d")});Q("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_lp_d")});var yd=function(a){this.ea=Ea(a)};yd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=A(this.ea);d=Ec(d,b,c==38)||Ec(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Ga(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.ea){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=Dc(d,c)||Cc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],u(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(N(a),d.focus())}; gc(yd,[new O(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{keydown:yd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){N(a);ua()==1?La(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):hb("gs_hdr_act_d")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=Ec(c,c,b==38))N(a),b.focus()}}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var h=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(h)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,h);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){D(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";v(A("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&va&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];C(window,f,b)}});Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){v(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();R("input",b,a.g)});Q("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr");hb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){r(b,"gs_hdr_src");q(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){q(b,"gs_hdr_src");r(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},A("gs_hdr_tsi"))});Q(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&mb(a)});var X=function(){},zd,Ad;X.prototype.ia=function(a){a.g.button||(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.la=function(a){Cd(a)&&(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.ma=function(a){Cd(a)&&N(a)};X.prototype.na=function(a){if(!a.g.button){N(a);var b=a.g;b&&(Dd=b.clientX||0,Ed=b.clientY||0,C(document,Fd,Gd,!0),clearTimeout(zd),zd=setTimeout(Hd,2E3));Bd(a)}}; X.prototype.qa=function(a){N(a);if(Id){var b=a.g;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)Jd=b.clientX,Kd=b.clientY,C(document,Ld,Md,!0),clearTimeout(Ad),Ad=setTimeout(Nd,2E3)}Bd(a)}; var Cd=function(a){a=a.g.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},Bd=function(a){R("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.g)},Hd=function(){D(document,Fd,Gd,!0);clearTimeout(zd);zd=void 0},Gd=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Dd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Ed)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Hd()):Hd()},Nd=function(){D(document,Ld,Md,!0);clearTimeout(Ad);Ad=void 0},Md=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Jd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Kd)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Nd()):Nd()},Dd=0,Ed=0,Fd=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],Id=w("Android")&&!w("Chrome"),Jd=0,Kd=0,Ld=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];gc(X,[new O(".gs_press",{click:X.prototype.ia,keydown:X.prototype.la,keyup:X.prototype.ma,mousedown:X.prototype.na,touchstart:X.prototype.qa})]);function Od(a){Pd.style.left=Qd&&Rd===Sd?a.left+"px":"auto";Pd.style.width=Qd?a.width+"px":"auto";R("gs-sth-change",A("gs_sth"))}function Td(){var a=Ud.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Pd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&ra)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Sd;var f=Qd!=d||Rd!==Sd!=e;b!==Rd&&(Rd=b,Pd.style.transform=b===Sd?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Qd=d,v(Vd,"gs_sth_vis",d),v(Vd,"gs_sth_trk",e),Od(a),Ud.style.height=Qd?c+"px":"auto")} function Wd(){Qd&&Od(Ud.getBoundingClientRect())}var Sd,Vd,Ud,Pd,Qd=!1,Rd;H(function(){if(Vd=A("gs_sth"))Ud=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Pd=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),Lc.addListener(Td),Mc.addListener(Wd),Td()});function Xd(a,b){var c=window.location.href,d=+Ab(c).authuser||0,e=help.service.Lazy.create(0,{apiKey:"AIzaSyBnsHNH76IH8vZplyq6wIQHlfHRq3blfB8",locale:"en-US"});e.requestSurvey({triggerId:a,authuser:d,enableTestingMode:b,callback:function(f){(f=f.surveyData)&&e.presentSurvey({surveyData:f,productData:{customData:{eventId:GSP.eventId,url:c}},colorScheme:1,authuser:d,customZIndex:1050,customLogoUrl:"https://scholar.google.com/scholar/images/scholar48.png"})}})} function Yd(a){var b=a();b.triggerId&&Ma(function(){return Xd(b.triggerId,b.sa)})}function Zd(a){window.location.hash||Ub||H(function(){return Yd(a)})};Ya(function(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)a=b.call(a);else if(typeof a.length=="number")a={next:ba(a)};else throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");for(b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())r(b.value,"gs_invis")});function $d(){var a=A("gsc_ecd_form");Ia(a,"continue").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;R("submit",a)}function ae(a){var b=A("gsc_ecd_form"),c=A("gsc_ecd_table");b=Ia(b,"articletype");a=a.currentTarget;b.value=a.getAttribute("data-type")||"";c.className=a.getAttribute("data-class")||"";c=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_ecd_citation_type button");for(b=c.length;b--;)v(c[b],"gs_sel",c[b]==a)};function be(){var a=A("gsc_rsb_co");if(a){a=a.querySelectorAll("img.gs_pp_df");for(var b=0;b<a.length;b++){var c=a[b];c.getAttribute("data-srcset")&&(c.setAttribute("srcset",c.getAttribute("data-srcset")),c.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));c.getAttribute("data-src")&&(c.setAttribute("src",c.getAttribute("data-src")),c.removeAttribute("data-src"))}}};var ce=/\S+@\S+\.\S+/;function de(a){return u(a,"gsc_ccb_dis")||u(a,"gsc_ccb_lim")}function ee(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res"),b=fe()<=0;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_add");for(var c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];u(d,"gsc_ccb_on")||v(d,"gsc_ccb_lim",b)}};function ge(){P(".gsc_lwpds_frm","submit",function(a){N(a);R("gsc-lwpds-submit",a.target)})};var he=function(a){this.fa=a};he.prototype.oa=function(a){N(a);a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a");this.fa.setAttribute("data-a",a||"");R("gsc-navigate",this.fa)};var ie=[new O(".gsc_pgn",{}),new O([".gsc_pgn_ppr",".gsc_pgn_pnx"],{click:he.prototype.oa})];function je(a,b){b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=A("gsc_md_cod");a+=wb({t:ke});V(c.id,a,"",b)}function le(a){if(ke!=a){var b=A("gsc_md_cod");r(b,ke);q(b,a);ke=a}}function me(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cod");a=zb(a).t;a!="gsc_cod_sugg"&&a!="gsc_cod_lc"||le(a)}function ne(){me();oe(!0)} function pe(){me();oe(!1);for(var a=A("gsc_cods_res").querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_ck"),b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];if(!de(c)){var d=c.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";d=(u(c,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).has(d);v(c,"gsc_ccb_on",d)}}ee();qe();a=Ab(jd("gsc_md_cod"));(b=re())&&(b.value=a.mauthors||"")}function se(){var a=re();a=a?a.value:"";var b=(A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-sa")||"").replace(te,"$1"+encodeURIComponent(a));a=a?b:A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-lc")||"";je(a)} function ue(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a"))&&je(a)} function oe(a){var b=A("gsc_cods_frm");if(b){b=b.elements;var c=b[1];b[0].disabled=c.disabled=a;v(c,"gs_bsp",a)}a=a?null:A("gsc_codb_data");if(c=A("gsc_cods_pp")){var d=a&&a.getAttribute("data-prev");b=a&&a.getAttribute("data-next");var e=a&&a.getAttribute("data-start"),f=a&&a.getAttribute("data-end");c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppn").textContent=e&&f?e+" - "+f:"";e=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppr");e.disabled=!d;e.setAttribute("data-a",d||"");c=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_pnx");c.disabled=!b;c.setAttribute("data-a", b||"")}a&&(ve=+a.getAttribute("data-max")||0,b=A("gsc_cods_save"),Ia(b,"xsrf").value=a.getAttribute("data-xsrf")||"")}function we(a){a=a.currentTarget;if(!de(a)){var b=!u(a,"gsc_ccb_on");v(a,"gsc_ccb_on",b);var c=u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?".gsc_ccb_del":".gsc_ccb_add",d=a.parentNode;(c=d&&d.querySelector(c))&&r(c,"gsc_ccb_on");c=a.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";Y.delete(c);Z.delete(c);b&&(u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).set(c,A("gsc_ucoar-"+c).outerHTML);ee();qe()}} function qe(){var a=Y.A>0||Z.A>0,b=fe(),c=b<0;b=b<=0;A("gsc_cod_done").disabled=!a||c;v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_changed",a);a=A("gsc_cod_trev");a.textContent=a.getAttribute(b?"data-lim":"data-txt")||"";v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_lim",b)}function xe(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res").cloneNode(!0),b=a.querySelector("#gsc_codb_content");b||(b=document.createElement(Aa.G),b.id="gsc_codb_content",a.appendChild(b));var c=ye(Y)+ye(Z);b.innerHTML=c;(b=re())&&(b.value="");je("",a.innerHTML)} function ze(){var a=A("gsc_cods_save");Ia(a,"colleague_add").value=qa(Y.v).join(",");Ia(a,"colleague_del").value=qa(Z.v).join(",");a.submit()}function fe(){return ve-Y.A+(ke=="gsc_cod_sugg"?0:Z.A)}function re(){return A("gsc_cods_tsi")}function ye(a){for(var b="",c=qa(a.v),d=c.length;d--;)b+=a.get(c[d]);return b}var ke="gsc_cod_lc",ve=0,te=/([?&]mauthors=)([^&]*)/,Y=new S,Z=new S;function Ae(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge");a&&(a.disabled=!0);Ja("")}function Be(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f"),b=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge"),c=jd("gsc_md_cbyd"),d=Ab(c).s||"";c=zb(c).c||"";a.elements.s.value=d;Ja(c);b&&a.elements.choose&&(b.disabled=!1,b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom<window.innerHeight&&b.focus())};function Ce(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cbym");a=Ab(a).s||"";var b=A("gsc_md_cbym_e");b&&a&&a.indexOf("&")<0&&b.setAttribute("data-href",(b.getAttribute("data-href")||"").replace(/(&citation_for_view=)[^&]*/,"$1"+a))}function De(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-href")||"";V("gs_md_cita-d",a)};function Ee(a){v(A("gsc_a_sp"),"gs_vis",a==0);v(A("gsc_a_err"),"gs_vis",a==2)}function Fe(){return document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]")}function Ge(){R("gsc-works-change",A("gsc_a_t"))}function He(a){a=Gc(a.currentTarget);for(var b=a==2?Ie:Fe(),c=b.length;c--;)b[c].checked=a!=0;Ge()}function Je(){var a=A("gsc_x_all");if(a){var b=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]:checked");var c=b.length;var d=Fe().length;c=c?c==d?1:2:0;Ic(a,c);c==2&&(Ie=b)}Ge()} var Ie=[];function Ke(a){N(a);var b=a.currentTarget;a=b.href;var c=b.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";b=(b.getAttribute("data-eud")||"")+","+c;a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f").action+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+b+wb({c:a});V("gsc_md_cbyd",a)}function Le(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";a=(A("gsc_md_cbym_l").getAttribute("data-act")||"")+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+a;V("gsc_md_cbym",a)} function Me(a){var b=A("gsc_a_tr0"),c=A("gsc_a_trh");b=b.querySelector(".gsc_a_t");c.querySelector(".gsc_a_t").style.width=u(a.currentTarget,"gs_sth_vis")?b.offsetWidth+"px":"auto"};function Ne(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Oe,d=c<100?100-c:100;a=(Pe+"&cstart="+(Qe+c)+"&pagesize="+d).replace(/([?&])&+/g,"$1");Ee(0);b.disabled=!0;cc(a,"json=1",function(e,f){b.disabled=!1;try{var h=e==200&&JSON.parse(f)}catch(m){}if(h&&typeof h=="object"){Oe=c+=d;Ee(1);f=""+h.B;e=A("gsc_a_b");var k=document.createElement(Da.G);k.innerHTML=f;f=Array.prototype.slice.call(k.rows);for(k=0;k<f.length;k++)e.appendChild(f[k]);Je();if(e=A("gsc_a_nn"))f=e.innerHTML.replace(/[0-9]+$/,""+A("gsc_a_b").rows.length), e.innerHTML=f;b.disabled=!h.N}else Ee(2)})}var Pe="",Qe=0,Oe=0;function Re(){var a=window.location.href.split("#")[0];Pe=a.replace(/([?&])(cstart|pagesize)=[^&]*/g,"$1");Qe=Math.max(+a.replace(/.*[?&]cstart=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0,0);Oe=+a.replace(/.*[?&]pagesize=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0;Oe=Math.max(Math.min(Oe,100),20);Q("#gsc_bpf_more","click",Ne)};function Se(a){for(var b=[!1,!1,!1],c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=A(Te[c]);d&&(b[c]=!!a(d))}return b}function Ue(){var a=A("gsc_fol_m");if(a){var b=A("gsc_fol_b");if(!(a=!ce.test(a.value))){a:{a=Se(Gc);for(var c=Se(Hc),d=0;d<a.length;d++)if(a[d]!=c[d]){a=!0;break a}a=!1}a=!a}b.disabled=a}} function Ve(a){a.g&&a.g.preventDefault();a=A("gsc_fol_f");var b=A("gsc_fol_inp");b.innerHTML="";for(var c=Se(Gc),d=Se(Hc),e=0;e<c.length;e++)if(c[e]!=d[e]){var f=We[e],h=document.createElement(Ba.G);h.type="hidden";h.name=c[e]?f:"un"+f;b.appendChild(h)}R("gsc-fol-submit",a)}var Te=["gsc_fol_a","gsc_fol_c","gsc_fol_r"],We=["follow_articles_btn","follow_citations_btn","follow_related_btn"];function Xe(a){if(a.type!="keydown"||a.g&&!ab(a.g)&&a.g.keyCode==13)a.g&&$a(a.g),(a=(a=a.currentTarget.querySelector("a"))?a.getAttribute("href"):"")&&La(a)}function Ye(){le("gsc_cod_lc");ve=0;Y.clear();Z.clear();var a=re();a&&(a.value="");se()}function Ze(){u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")||u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ta")||be()}function $e(){be()} function af(){P(["#gsc_coauth_opn",".gsc_rsb_btne",".gsc_rsb_btnv"],"click",Ye);P(".gsc_rsb_aa",["click","keydown"],Xe);Q("#gsc_prf_t-ath","click",$e);H(function(){Nc.add(Ze);Ze()})};function bf(){P(["#gsc_fol_a","#gsc_fol_c","#gsc_fol_r"],"gs-change",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_m","input",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_f","submit",Ve);P("#gsc_fol_f","gsc-fol-submit",function(a){a.currentTarget.submit()})};function cf(a){if(a){a.id&&a.removeAttribute("id");for(var b=0;b<a.children.length;b++)cf(a.children[b])}}function df(){var a=document.documentElement;!A("gsc_hist_opn")||u(a,"gs_el_ph")||u(a,"gs_el_ta")||V("gsc_md_hist")}function ef(){var a=A("gsc_md_hist_c");if(!a.innerHTML){var b=document.getElementsByClassName("gsc_g_hist_wrp");b.length==1&&(a.appendChild(b[0].cloneNode(!0)),cf(a.lastElementChild))}};function ff(){P("#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("href")||"";b+="&tzom="+(new Date).getTimezoneOffset();La(b);a.g.preventDefault()})};function gf(){var a=A("gsc_md_pro_f");a.reset();a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];r(c,"gs_in_txte");c.querySelector(".gs_in_txts").innerHTML=""}a=A("gsc_md_pro-d");a.setAttribute("data-ifc","");V(a.id,wb({t:"gsc_md_pro_ed"}))}function hf(){v(A("gsc_prf_w"),"gsc_prf_why")}function jf(){var a=A("gsc_prf_pufii");if(w("MSIE ")){var b=A("gsc_prf_puf");hb("gsc_prf_pufi",function(){q(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},function(){r(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},a)}else a.click()} function kf(a){(a.type!="keydown"||a.g.keyCode==13&&a.g&&!ab(a.g))&&jf()}function lf(){A("gsc_prf_puf").submit()}function mf(){v(A("gsc_prf_ion"),"gs_prf_ion_show")}function nf(){Q("#gsc_prf_btne","click",gf);P("#gsc_prf_btnf","click",function(){V("gsc_md_fol")});P("#gsc_md_fol_pub","click",function(){A("gsc_fol_mpf").submit()});Q("#gsc_prf_iv_tg","click",hf);P(".gsc_prf_pel",["click","keydown"],kf);Q("#gsc_prf_pufii","change",lf);Q("#gsc_prf_ion_btn","click",mf)};function of(a){var b=A("gsc_bdy");b.setAttribute("data-tab",a.currentTarget.id);b=b.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_tab");for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d.setAttribute("aria-selected",""+(d==a.currentTarget))}}function pf(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_pnl"),b=document.documentElement;b=u(b,"gs_el_ph")||u(b,"gs_el_ta");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++)a[c].setAttribute("role",b?"tabpanel":"region")}function qf(){Q(".gsc_prf_tab","click",of);H(function(){Nc.add(pf);pf()})};(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.u||"";a.d=="gs_md_cita-d"&&b.match(Oa)&&b.indexOf("view_citation")>=0&&La(b);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-ldin",ne);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-lded",pe);Q("#gsc_cods_frm","gsc-lwpds-submit",se);Q("#gsc_cods_pp","gsc-navigate",ue);P([".gsc_ccb_add",".gsc_ccb_del"],"click",we);Q("#gsc_cod_trev","click",xe);Q("#gsc_cod_done","click",ze);af();ge();Re();bf();Q("#gsc_md_hist","gs-md-lded",ef);P(["#gsc_hist_opn",".gsc_md_hist_b"],"click",df);ff();nf();qf();Q("#gsc_md_cbyd", "gs-md-ldin",Ae);Q("#gsc_md_cbyd","gs-md-lded",Be);P("#gsc_md_cbym",["gs-md-ldin","gs-md-lded"],Ce);Q("#gsc_md_cbym_e","click",De);gc(he,ie);Ya(Je);Q(".gsc_a_x","change",Je);Q("#gsc_x_all","gs-change",He);Q(".gsc_a_acm","click",Ke);Q(".gsc_a_am","click",Le);Q("#gs_sth","gs-sth-change",Me);Q("#gs_md_cita-b-save","click",$d);Q(".gsc_ecd_form_tsel","click",ae);Zd(function(){var c=A("gsc_bdy").getAttribute("data-usv")||"-";return{triggerId:c.substr(1),sa:c[0]=="+"}})})(); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"Z5xGZ7rTEPO_y9YPm4_bqAY"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div id="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_hist-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_hist-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_hist-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_hist-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Citations per year</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_hist-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gsc_md_hist{width:80%;max-width:386px;}#gsc_md_hist_c{position:relative;width:100%;}</style><div id="gsc_md_hist_c"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbyd-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbyd_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbyd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbyd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbyd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Duplicate citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form id="gsc_md_cbyd_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="s" value=""><div class="gs_md_lbl">The following articles are merged in Scholar. Their <a id="gsc_md_cbyd_c" href="javascript:void(0)">combined citations</a> are counted only for the first article.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd_l"></div></form></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbym-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbym-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbym-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbym-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Merged citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbym-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div class="gs_md_lbl">This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The ones marked <span id="gsc_md_cbym_s">*</span> may be different from the article in the profile.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-act="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="900" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gsc_cod_lc" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cod-t" data-cid="gsc_cods_res" data-wfc="gsc_md_cod-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cod-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cod-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"><span id="gsc_cod_t"><span id="gsc_cod_tadd">Add co-authors</span><span id="gsc_cod_tedit">Co-authors</span><a id="gsc_cod_trev" href="javascript:void(0)" data-txt="Review" data-lim="Limit reached"></a></span></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gsc_cod_done" aria-label="Add co-authors" disabled class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cod-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div id="gsc_cods_urls" class="gsc_cods_hide" data-ls="" data-lc="/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&hl=en&json=&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ" data-sa=""></div><form id="gsc_cods_save" action="" method="POST"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_add"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_del"></form><div id="gsc_cods_res"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_fol-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_fol-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_fol-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_fol-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Follow</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_fol-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form method="post" id="gsc_fol_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0ft525Oz85Aaasi8oAKMnOENqE"><input type="hidden" name="user" value="8HgEIo0AAAAJ"><div id="gsc_fol_inp"></div><div id="gsc_fol_cb"><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_a" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles by this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_c" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New citations to this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_r" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles related to this author's research</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div></div><div id="gsc_fol_email"><label id="gsc_fol_ml" for="gsc_fol_m">Email address for updates</label><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="email_for_op" value="" id="gsc_fol_m" maxlength="100" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div class="gs_md_btns"><button type="submit" id="gsc_fol_b" disabled class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span></button></div></form></div></div></div><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class="gs_alrt" style="padding:16px"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href="//www.google.com/chrome/">Google Chrome</a> or <a href="//www.mozilla.com/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner" class="gs_hdr_src"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/citations"><input type=hidden name="view_op" value="search_authors"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="mauthors" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" placeholder="Search profiles" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_sre" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_frm" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnTSB gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_bdy" class="gs_scl" data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art" data-usv=""><div class="gsc_rsb" role="navigation"><a id="gsc_rsb_gpl" class="gsc_rsb_s" href="/citations?hl=en">Get my own profile</a><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_cit" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-cit"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Cited by</span><button type="button" id="gsc_hist_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><table id="gsc_rsb_st"><thead><tr><th class="gsc_rsb_sth"></th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">All</th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">Since 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="This is the number of citations to all publications. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of new citations in the last 5 years to all publications.">Citations</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">3511</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">1673</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="h-index is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h new citations in the last 5 years.">h-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">25</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">20</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of publications that have received at least 10 new citations in the last 5 years.">i10-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">46</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">33</td></tr></tbody></table><style>.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:focus,.gsc_g_a:active{text-decoration:none;cursor:default;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:focus .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:active .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}#gsc_md_hist{max-width:642px;}.gsc_md_hist_w{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-right:43px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ph .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ta .gsc_md_hist_w{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:16px;}.gsc_md_hist_b{position:relative;height:174px;width:100%;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_a{bottom:auto;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_t{bottom:auto;top:161px;}.gsc_md_hist_b:after{position:absolute;right:600px;content:"\00A0";}.gsc_g_hist_x{position:relative;margin-right:45px;}.gsc_g_hist_xl{position:absolute;right:8px;width:35px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_xl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_xl{right:16px;}.gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-top:32px;position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-right:8px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp{border-top:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;left:0;width:20px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gsc_g_x,.gsc_g_xt{position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;width:100%;text-align:right;}.gsc_g_x{border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_g_xtl{position:absolute;color:#777;}.gsc_g_gtr{position:absolute;}.gsc_g_a:last-child .gsc_g_al{right:0;left:auto;}</style><div class="gsc_g_hist_wrp" dir="rtl"><div class="gsc_g_hist_x"><div class="gsc_g_x" style="top:160px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:0px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:80px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:120px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:40px;"></div></div><div class="gsc_g_hist_xl"><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:153px;">0</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:-7px;">320</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:73px;">160</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:113px;">80</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:33px;">240</div></div><div class="gsc_md_hist_w"><div class="gsc_md_hist_b"><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:547px">2007</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:515px">2008</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:483px">2009</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:451px">2010</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:419px">2011</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:387px">2012</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:355px">2013</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:323px">2014</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:291px">2015</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:259px">2016</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:227px">2017</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:195px">2018</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:163px">2019</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:131px">2020</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:99px">2021</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:67px">2022</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:35px">2023</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:3px">2024</span><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:552px;top:153px;height:7px;z-index:18"><span class="gsc_g_al">14</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:520px;top:149px;height:11px;z-index:17"><span class="gsc_g_al">23</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:488px;top:132px;height:28px;z-index:16"><span class="gsc_g_al">57</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:456px;top:113px;height:47px;z-index:15"><span class="gsc_g_al">94</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:424px;top:104px;height:56px;z-index:14"><span class="gsc_g_al">112</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:392px;top:86px;height:74px;z-index:13"><span class="gsc_g_al">148</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:360px;top:81px;height:79px;z-index:12"><span class="gsc_g_al">158</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:328px;top:66px;height:94px;z-index:11"><span class="gsc_g_al">189</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:296px;top:62px;height:98px;z-index:10"><span class="gsc_g_al">196</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:264px;top:56px;height:104px;z-index:9"><span class="gsc_g_al">208</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:232px;top:28px;height:132px;z-index:8"><span class="gsc_g_al">265</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:200px;top:13px;height:147px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_g_al">295</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:168px;top:31px;height:129px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_g_al">258</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:136px;top:32px;height:128px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_g_al">257</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:104px;top:0px;height:160px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_g_al">320</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:72px;top:10px;height:150px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_g_al">301</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:40px;top:18px;height:142px;z-index:2"><span class="gsc_g_al">285</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:8px;top:36px;height:124px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_g_al">249</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_mnd" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-mnd"><div class="gsc_rsb_header gsc_rsb_m_header"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_title">Public access</div><a href="/citations?view_op=list_mandates&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ" id="gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk">View all</a></div><div class="gsc_rsb_hm gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dlist_mandates\x26hl\x3den\x26user\x3d8HgEIo0AAAAJ'" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>17 articles</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><div class="gs_gray">0 articles</div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar_na" style="width:0%"></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><span class="gs_gray">not available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_desc">Based on funding mandates</div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_co" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-ath"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Co-authors</span><button type="button" id="gsc_coauth_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><ul class="gsc_rsb_a"><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-pyxyptoAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-pyxyptoAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-pyxyptoAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-pyxyptoAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Claudia Pahl-Wostl" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-pyxyptoAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=pyxyptoAAAAJ&hl=en">Claudia Pahl-Wostl</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Germany</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uni-osnabrueck.de</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-MfP5bpAAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:30px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-MfP5bpAAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-MfP5bpAAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:53px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-MfP5bpAAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Art Dewulf" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-MfP5bpAAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=MfP5bpAAAAAJ&citpid=6" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=MfP5bpAAAAAJ&citpid=6 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=MfP5bpAAAAAJ&citpid=6 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=MfP5bpAAAAAJ&citpid=6 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=MfP5bpAAAAAJ&hl=en">Art Dewulf</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor at the Public Administration and Policy group, Wageningen University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at wur.nl</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-xD3Nrw0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-xD3Nrw0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-xD3Nrw0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:55px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-xD3Nrw0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Arjen Y. Hoekstra" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-xD3Nrw0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=xD3Nrw0AAAAJ&citpid=9" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=xD3Nrw0AAAAJ&citpid=9 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=xD3Nrw0AAAAJ&citpid=9 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=xD3Nrw0AAAAJ&citpid=9 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=xD3Nrw0AAAAJ&hl=en">Arjen Y. Hoekstra</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Water Management, University of Twente, the Netherlands</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at utwente.nl</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-qxIB92IAAAAJ-img{width:28px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-qxIB92IAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-qxIB92IAAAAJ-img{width:49px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-qxIB92IAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Hans Jørgen Henriksen" sizes="(max-width:981px) 49px,28px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-qxIB92IAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qxIB92IAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=qxIB92IAAAAJ&citpid=2 28w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qxIB92IAAAAJ&citpid=2 49w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=qxIB92IAAAAJ&citpid=2 111w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=qxIB92IAAAAJ&hl=en">Hans Jørgen Henriksen</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">GEUS</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at geus.dk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-49ir50YAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-49ir50YAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-49ir50YAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-49ir50YAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Marc Craps" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-49ir50YAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=49ir50YAAAAJ&hl=en">Marc Craps</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">HUBrussel</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cycloop.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-xQsYxJIAAAAJ-img{width:19px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-xQsYxJIAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-xQsYxJIAAAAJ-img{width:33px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-xQsYxJIAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="HELEN M Ingram" sizes="(max-width:981px) 33px,19px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-xQsYxJIAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=xQsYxJIAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=xQsYxJIAAAAJ&citpid=2 19w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=xQsYxJIAAAAJ&citpid=2 33w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=xQsYxJIAAAAJ&citpid=2 75w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=xQsYxJIAAAAJ&hl=en">HELEN M Ingram</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Southwest Center University of Arizona, emeritus at University of California at Irvine</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uci.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-qwoLenIAAAAJ-img{width:25px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-qwoLenIAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-qwoLenIAAAAJ-img{width:44px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-qwoLenIAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Paul Jeffrey" sizes="(max-width:981px) 44px,25px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-qwoLenIAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qwoLenIAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=qwoLenIAAAAJ&citpid=2 25w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qwoLenIAAAAJ&citpid=2 44w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=qwoLenIAAAAJ&citpid=2 100w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=qwoLenIAAAAJ&hl=en">Paul Jeffrey</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Water Management, Cranfield University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cranfield.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-2qqjhPsAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:31px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-2qqjhPsAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-2qqjhPsAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:55px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-2qqjhPsAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Jens Christian Refsgaard" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-2qqjhPsAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=2qqjhPsAAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=2qqjhPsAAAAJ&citpid=3 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=2qqjhPsAAAAJ&citpid=3 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=2qqjhPsAAAAJ&citpid=3 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=2qqjhPsAAAAJ&hl=en">Jens Christian Refsgaard</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at geus.dk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-MxPAbD0AAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-MxPAbD0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-MxPAbD0AAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-MxPAbD0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-MxPAbD0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=MxPAbD0AAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=MxPAbD0AAAAJ&citpid=2 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=MxPAbD0AAAAJ&citpid=2 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=MxPAbD0AAAAJ&citpid=2 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=MxPAbD0AAAAJ&hl=en">Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor, University of Saskatchewan</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at usask.ca</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-V5_lWagAAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-V5_lWagAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-V5_lWagAAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-V5_lWagAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Jord J. Warmink" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-V5_lWagAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=V5_lWagAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=V5_lWagAAAAJ&citpid=1 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=V5_lWagAAAAJ&citpid=1 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=V5_lWagAAAAJ&citpid=1 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=V5_lWagAAAAJ&hl=en">Jord J. Warmink</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Dept. Civil Engineering and Management, Marine and Fluvial Systems group</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at utwente.nl</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-9qSDAUgAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-9qSDAUgAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-9qSDAUgAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-9qSDAUgAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Irene Pluchinotta" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-9qSDAUgAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=9qSDAUgAAAAJ&hl=en">Irene Pluchinotta</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University College London, The Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and Resources</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at ucl.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-FqSmC1cAAAAJ-img{width:23px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-FqSmC1cAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-FqSmC1cAAAAJ-img{width:40px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-FqSmC1cAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Tatiana Filatova" sizes="(max-width:981px) 40px,23px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-FqSmC1cAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=FqSmC1cAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=FqSmC1cAAAAJ&citpid=2 23w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=FqSmC1cAAAAJ&citpid=2 40w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=FqSmC1cAAAAJ&citpid=2 92w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=FqSmC1cAAAAJ&hl=en">Tatiana Filatova</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor, Delft University of Technology</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at tudelft.nl</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-eqxBO4IAAAAJ-img{width:25px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-eqxBO4IAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-eqxBO4IAAAAJ-img{width:44px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-eqxBO4IAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Pedro Zorrilla Miras" sizes="(max-width:981px) 44px,25px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-eqxBO4IAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eqxBO4IAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=eqxBO4IAAAAJ&citpid=2 25w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=eqxBO4IAAAAJ&citpid=2 44w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=eqxBO4IAAAAJ&citpid=2 101w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=eqxBO4IAAAAJ&hl=en">Pedro Zorrilla Miras</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Post-doctoral Researcher, Terrativa S. Coop. Mad. and Social-ecological Systems Lab., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at terrativa.net</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-xwDzXlwAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:30px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-xwDzXlwAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-xwDzXlwAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:52px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-xwDzXlwAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Carlos A. Rueda-Velásquez" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-xwDzXlwAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=xwDzXlwAAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=xwDzXlwAAAAJ&citpid=3 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=xwDzXlwAAAAJ&citpid=3 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=xwDzXlwAAAAJ&citpid=3 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=xwDzXlwAAAAJ&hl=en">Carlos A. Rueda-Velásquez</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at mbari.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-sDa_Nu4AAAAJ-img{width:26px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-sDa_Nu4AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-sDa_Nu4AAAAJ-img{width:46px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-sDa_Nu4AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="John Selker" sizes="(max-width:981px) 46px,26px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-sDa_Nu4AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=sDa_Nu4AAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=sDa_Nu4AAAAJ&citpid=3 26w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=sDa_Nu4AAAAJ&citpid=3 46w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=sDa_Nu4AAAAJ&citpid=3 105w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=sDa_Nu4AAAAJ&hl=en">John Selker</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Oregon State University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at Oregonstate.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-LdbXps4AAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-LdbXps4AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-LdbXps4AAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-LdbXps4AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="David Rupp" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-LdbXps4AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=LdbXps4AAAAJ&citpid=5" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=LdbXps4AAAAJ&citpid=5 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=LdbXps4AAAAJ&citpid=5 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=LdbXps4AAAAJ&citpid=5 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=LdbXps4AAAAJ&hl=en">David Rupp</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Oregon State University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at coas.oregonstate.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-wgo-69EAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-wgo-69EAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-wgo-69EAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:55px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-wgo-69EAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="C.J.A.M. Termeer" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-wgo-69EAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=wgo-69EAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=wgo-69EAAAAJ&citpid=1 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=wgo-69EAAAAJ&citpid=1 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=wgo-69EAAAAJ&citpid=1 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=wgo-69EAAAAJ&hl=en">C.J.A.M. Termeer</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Public Administration and Policy, Wageningen University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at wur.nl</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-oRk7X44AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-oRk7X44AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-oRk7X44AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-oRk7X44AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Ralph Schielen" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-oRk7X44AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=oRk7X44AAAAJ&hl=en">Ralph Schielen</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Universiteit van Twente</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at utwente.nl</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-46YMOiYAAAAJ-img{width:27px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-46YMOiYAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-46YMOiYAAAAJ-img{width:47px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-46YMOiYAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Ron Neilson" sizes="(max-width:981px) 47px,27px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-46YMOiYAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=46YMOiYAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=46YMOiYAAAAJ&citpid=2 27w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=46YMOiYAAAAJ&citpid=2 47w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=46YMOiYAAAAJ&citpid=2 108w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=46YMOiYAAAAJ&hl=en">Ron Neilson</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at fsl.orst.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-3v4Q_j8AAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-3v4Q_j8AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-3v4Q_j8AAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-3v4Q_j8AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Emeline Hassenforder" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-3v4Q_j8AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3v4Q_j8AAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=3v4Q_j8AAAAJ&citpid=2 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3v4Q_j8AAAAJ&citpid=2 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=3v4Q_j8AAAAJ&citpid=2 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=3v4Q_j8AAAAJ&hl=en">Emeline Hassenforder</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">PhD Candidate, The Australian National University, IRSTEA G-Eau & AgroParisTech (France)</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at oxyo-water.com</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><div class="gsc_rsb_hmv gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_btnv"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl" role="main" id="gsc_prf_w"><div id="gsc_prf"><a href="javascript:void(0)" role="button" id="gsc_prf_btnf" class="gsc_prf_btn gsc_prf_btn_top gs_btnFA gsc_prf_btn_act"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gsc_prf_btn_lbl">Follow</span></a><div id="gsc_prf_pu"><div id="gsc_prf_pua" class="gs_rimg"><style>#gsc_prf_pup-img{width:128px;height:128px;}@media print{#gs_top #gsc_prf_pup-img{width:80pt;height:80pt;}}</style><img alt="Marcela Brugnach" sizes="print 80px,128px" src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png" id="gsc_prf_pup-img" srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_256.png 256w"></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_i"><div id="gsc_prf_inw"><div id="gsc_prf_in">Marcela Brugnach</div></div><div class="gsc_prf_il">BC3 Basque Climate Change Center</div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_ivh">Verified email at bc3research.org</div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_int"></div></div></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_t_wrp" role="navigation"><div id="gsc_prf_t" role="tablist"><a id="gsc_prf_t-art" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_art" aria-selected="true">Articles</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-cit" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_cit">Cited by</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-mnd" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_mnd">Public access</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-ath" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_rsb_co">Co-authors</a></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_art" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-art"><form method="post" action="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0ft525Oz85Aaasi8oAKMnOENqE"><div id="gsc_a_tw"><table id="gsc_a_t"><thead><tr id="gsc_a_tr0" aria-hidden="true"><th class="gsc_a_t"></th><th class="gsc_a_c"></th><th class="gsc_a_y"></th></tr><tr id="gsc_a_trh"><th class="gsc_a_t" scope="col"><span id="gsc_a_ta"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title" class="gsc_a_a">Title</a></span><div id="gsc_dd_sort-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gsc_dd_sort-b" aria-controls="gsc_dd_sort-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Sort</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gsc_dd_sort-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div id="gsc_dd_sort-s" class="gs_oph gsc_dd_sec gsc_dd_sep"><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li gsc_dd_sort-sel">Sort by citations</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by year</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by title</a></div></div></div></th><th class="gsc_a_c" scope="col" dir="rtl"><span id="gsc_a_ca"><div class="gs_nph">Cited by</div><div class="gs_oph">Cited by</div></span></th><th class="gsc_a_y" scope="col"><span class="gsc_a_h" id="gsc_a_ha"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" class="gsc_a_a">Year</a></span></th></tr></thead><tbody id="gsc_a_b"><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C" class="gsc_a_at">Toward a relational concept of uncertainty: about knowing too little, knowing too differently, and accepting not to know</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach, A Dewulf, C Pahl-Wostl, T Taillieu</div><div class="gs_gray">Ecology and society 13 (2)<span class="gs_oph">, 2008</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4254882598927484083" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">525</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2008</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC" class="gsc_a_at">Maturing the new water management paradigm: progressing from aspiration to practice</a><div class="gs_gray">C Pahl-Wostl, P Jeffrey, N Isendahl, M Brugnach</div><div class="gs_gray">Water resources management 25, 837-856<span class="gs_oph">, 2011</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=14637570479662421152" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">382</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2011</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:zYLM7Y9cAGgC" class="gsc_a_at">Ambiguity: the challenge of knowing and deciding together</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach, H Ingram</div><div class="gs_gray">Environmental science & policy 15 (1), 60-71<span class="gs_oph">, 2012</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=15410041082648080568" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">291</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2012</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C" class="gsc_a_at">Specifying “regime”—A framework for defining and describing regimes in transition research</a><div class="gs_gray">G Holtz, M Brugnach, C Pahl-Wostl</div><div class="gs_gray">Technological forecasting and social change 75 (5), 623-643<span class="gs_oph">, 2008</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=9314746263480809969" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">240</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2008</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:HDshCWvjkbEC" class="gsc_a_at">Including indigenous peoples in climate change mitigation: addressing issues of scale, knowledge and power</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach, M Craps, A Dewulf</div><div class="gs_gray">Climatic change 140, 19-32<span class="gs_oph">, 2017</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=18232355794869229997" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">216</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2017</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC" class="gsc_a_at">Uncertainty matters: computer models at the science–policy interface</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach, A Tagg, F Keil, WJ de Lange</div><div class="gs_gray">Water Resources Management 21, 1075-1090<span class="gs_oph">, 2007</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=3928506212465974180" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">194</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2007</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC" class="gsc_a_at">More is not always better: coping with ambiguity in natural resources management</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach, A Dewulf, HJ Henriksen, P Van der Keur</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of environmental management 92 (1), 78-84<span class="gs_oph">, 2011</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11166936903633248879" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">165</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2011</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:ZeXyd9-uunAC" class="gsc_a_at">Why are decisions in flood disaster management so poorly supported by information from flood models?</a><div class="gs_gray">JG Leskens, M Brugnach, AY Hoekstra, W Schuurmans</div><div class="gs_gray">Environmental modelling & software 53, 53-61<span class="gs_oph">, 2014</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=9884405847355947470" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">156</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2014</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:W7OEmFMy1HYC" class="gsc_a_at">Daily reference evapotranspiration for California using satellite imagery and weather station measurement interpolation</a><div class="gs_gray">QJ Hart, M Brugnach, B Temesgen, C Rueda, SL Ustin, K Frame</div><div class="gs_gray">Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems 26 (1), 19-33<span class="gs_oph">, 2009</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6600614423957324692" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">113</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2009</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC" class="gsc_a_at">Identification of major sources of uncertainty in current IWRM practice. Illustrated for the Rhine Basin</a><div class="gs_gray">P Van der Keur, HJ Henriksen, JC Refsgaard, M Brugnach, C Pahl-Wostl, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Water Resources Management 22, 1677-1708<span class="gs_oph">, 2008</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2469680391250484108" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">111</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2008</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC" class="gsc_a_at">Time scale and intensity dependency in multiplicative cascades for temporal rainfall disaggregation</a><div class="gs_gray">DE Rupp, RF Keim, M Ossiander, M Brugnach, JS Selker</div><div class="gs_gray">Water resources research 45 (7)<span class="gs_oph">, 2009</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6259837912254717773" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">75</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2009</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C" class="gsc_a_at">Shifting to ecological engineering in flood management: Introducing new uncertainties in the development of a building with nature pilot project</a><div class="gs_gray">RE Van den Hoek, M Brugnach, AY Hoekstra</div><div class="gs_gray">Environmental science & policy 22, 85-99<span class="gs_oph">, 2012</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=9725891283949811426" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">69</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2012</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:M3NEmzRMIkIC" class="gsc_a_at">Ambiguity in problem framing as a barrier to collective actions: some hints from groundwater protection policy in the Apulia region</a><div class="gs_gray">R Giordano, M Brugnach, I Pluchinotta</div><div class="gs_gray">Group Decision and Negotiation 26, 911-932<span class="gs_oph">, 2017</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=17100177095242619530" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">66</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2017</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:eQOLeE2rZwMC" class="gsc_a_at">Chapter four complexity and uncertainty: Rethinking the modelling activity</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach, C Pahl-Wostl, KE Lindenschmidt, J Janssen, T Filatova, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Developments in Integrated Environmental Assessment 3, 49-68<span class="gs_oph">, 2008</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=3393711439091709520" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">64</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2008</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:_xSYboBqXhAC" class="gsc_a_at">Reduce blue water scarcity and increase nutritional and economic water productivity through changing the cropping pattern in a catchment</a><div class="gs_gray">H Nouri, B Stokvis, SC Borujeni, A Galindo, M Brugnach, ML Blatchford, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Journal of hydrology 588, 125086<span class="gs_oph">, 2020</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=13362465370755113447" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">57</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2020</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:IjCSPb-OGe4C" class="gsc_a_at">Assessing framing of uncertainties in water management practice</a><div class="gs_gray">N Isendahl, A Dewulf, M Brugnach, G François, S Möllenkamp, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Water resources management 23, 3191-3205<span class="gs_oph">, 2009</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6056237815681619291" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">54</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2009</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:L8Ckcad2t8MC" class="gsc_a_at">Analysing the cascades of uncertainty in flood defence projects: How “not knowing enough” is related to “knowing differently”</a><div class="gs_gray">RE Van den Hoek, M Brugnach, JPM Mulder, AY Hoekstra</div><div class="gs_gray">Global Environmental Change 24, 373-388<span class="gs_oph">, 2014</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=9817976808201237175" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">52</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2014</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:YsMSGLbcyi4C" class="gsc_a_at">A broadened view on the role for models in natural resource management: implications for model development</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach, C Pahl-Wostl</div><div class="gs_gray">Adaptive and integrated water management: Coping with complexity and …<span class="gs_oph">, 2008</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2922281510956860051" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">49</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2008</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:TQgYirikUcIC" class="gsc_a_at">Use of Bayesian belief networks for dealing with ambiguity in integrated groundwater management</a><div class="gs_gray">HJ Henriksen, P Zorrilla‐Miras, A de la Hera, M Brugnach</div><div class="gs_gray">Integrated environmental assessment and management 8 (3), 430-444<span class="gs_oph">, 2012</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12452340293359021395" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">42</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2012</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8HgEIo0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=8HgEIo0AAAAJ:Tyk-4Ss8FVUC" class="gsc_a_at">Process level sensitivity analysis for complex ecological models</a><div class="gs_gray">M Brugnach</div><div class="gs_gray">Ecological Modelling 187 (2-3), 99-120<span class="gs_oph">, 2005</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=16557370700584898610" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">35</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2005</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="gsc_a_sp"></div><div id="gsc_a_err" class="gs_alrt">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div></div><div id="gsc_lwp"><span id="gsc_a_nn">Articles 1–20</span><div id="gsc_bpf"><button type="button" id="gsc_bpf_more" class="gs_btnPD gs_in_ib gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Show more</span></span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>