CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Eastern Orthodox Church - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b8fd0af9-eb4d-48f7-bb37-773567596776","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Eastern_Orthodox_Church","wgTitle":"Eastern Orthodox Church","wgCurRevisionId":1260088683,"wgRevisionId":1260088683, "wgArticleId":10186,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Eastern_Orthodox_Church","wgRelevantArticleId":10186,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1260088683,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym": "Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir" :"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo", "autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd", "kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true, "mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35032","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/1200px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/800px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/640px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Eastern Orthodox Church - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Eastern_Orthodox_Church rootpage-Eastern_Orthodox_Church stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Home </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Random?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Random </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Eastern+Orthodox+Church&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Eastern+Orthodox+Church&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source%3Ddonate%26utm_medium%3Dsidebar%26utm_campaign%3DC13_en.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Den%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eastern Orthodox Church</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Eastern+Orthodox+Church&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"> <div class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"> <div class="cdx-message__content"> This is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSpecial:Log%26type%3Dreview%26page%3DEastern_Orthodox_Church">reviewed</a> on 28 November 2024. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the Eastern Orthodox Church as an institution. For its religion, doctrine and tradition, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses of "Orthodox Church", see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Orthodox Church (disambiguation)">Orthodox Church (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses of "Greek Orthodox", see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Greek Orthodox Church (disambiguation)">Greek Orthodox Church (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ellwood-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tsichlis-11">[11]</a> and also called the Greek Orthodox Church<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EBGreek-12">[12]</a> or simply the Orthodox Church, is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">second-largest Christian church</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[a]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-15">[14]</a> with approximately 230 million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism">baptised</a> members. It operates as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communion_(Christian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocephaly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> churches, each governed by its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop_(Orthodox_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Orthodox Church)">bishops</a> via local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Synod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Synod">synods</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC1-16">[15]</a> The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope">pope</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Nevertheless, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> is recognised by them as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primus_inter_pares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> ("first among equals"),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-aboutWeb-17">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> a title formerly given to the patriarch of Rome. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played an especially prominent role in the history and culture of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19938-22">[21]</a> <table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Orthodox_cross.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orthodox_cross.svg/25px-Orthodox_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orthodox_cross.svg/38px-Orthodox_cross.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orthodox_cross.svg/50px-Orthodox_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600"></a> Eastern Orthodox Church</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Church_of_St._George,_Istanbul_(August_2010).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg/300px-Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%252C_Istanbul_%2528August_2010%2529.jpg/450px-Church_of_St._George%252C_Istanbul_%2528August_2010%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Church_of_St._George%252C_Istanbul_%2528August_2010%2529.jpg/600px-Church_of_St._George%252C_Istanbul_%2528August_2010%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Istanbul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul">Saint George's Cathedral</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istanbul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_text?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septuagint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Episcopal_polity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Autocephaly</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koinonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Between_churches" title="Koinonia">Communion</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primus_inter_pares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th> <td class="infobox-data">Primarily <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Asia">Northern Asia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern America">Northern America</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucasus">Caucasia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew20152016-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Slavonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>, and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vernacular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vern1-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vern2-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vern3-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>, according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacred_tradition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th> <td class="infobox-data">230 million<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Peworthodox-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CSGC-2019-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other name(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data">Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christian Church, Orthodox Catholic Church</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/220px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/330px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/440px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="3774"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator_(Sinai)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)">Christ Pantocrator</a>, sixth century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>; the oldest known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icon">icon</a> of Christ, in one of the oldest monasteries in the world. </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a> is based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scriptures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">Scriptures</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_tradition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy tradition">holy tradition</a>, which incorporates the dogmatic decrees of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First seven ecumenical councils">seven ecumenical councils</a>, and the teaching of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Fathers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. The church teaches that it is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Marks of the Church">one, holy, catholic and apostolic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_true_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One true church">church</a> established by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> in his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OCA-23">[22]</a> and that its bishops are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostolic_succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostolic succession">successors</a> of Christ's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith, as passed down by holy tradition. Its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchates">patriarchates</a>, descending from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentarchy">pentarchy</a>, and other autocephalous and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">autonomous</a> churches, reflect a variety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hierarchical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">organisation</a>. It recognises seven major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, of which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eucharist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> is the principal one, celebrated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_Liturgy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine Liturgy">liturgically</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synaxis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synaxis">synaxis</a>. The church teaches that through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consecration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epiclesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epiclesis">invoked</a> by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">priest</a>, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneration">venerated</a> in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theotokos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theotokos">God-bearer</a> and honoured in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marian_devotions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marian devotions">devotions</a>. The Churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch—except for some breaks of communion such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photian_schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photian schism">Photian schism</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acacian_schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acacian schism">Acacian schism</a>—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koinonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Between_churches" title="Koinonia">shared communion</a> with the Church of Rome until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> in 1054. The 1054 schism was the culmination of mounting theological, political, and cultural disputes, particularly over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_supremacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal supremacy">authority of the pope</a>, between those churches. Before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in AD 431, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> also shared in this communion, as did the various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in AD 451, all separating primarily over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chalcedonian Definition">differences in</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christology">Christology</a>. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the primary religious denomination in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Macedonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, one of the main religious sects in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lebanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, a significant sect in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and other countries in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Roughly half of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in the post Eastern Bloc countries, mostly in Russia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The communities in the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine regions</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> are among the oldest Orthodox communities from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, which are decreasing due to forced migration driven by increased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution of Christians">religious persecution</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Guardian-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-K4D-28">[27]</a> Eastern Orthodox communities outside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caucasus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caucasus">Caucasia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, including those in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a>, have been formed through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversions</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missionary">missionary</a> activity. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style> <div class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name_and_characteristics">1 Name and characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definition">1.1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name">1.2 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Orthodoxy">1.3 Orthodoxy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Catholicity">1.4 Catholicity</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_Church">2.1 Early Church</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ecumenical_councils">2.2 Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_major_councils">2.3 Other major councils</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roman/Byzantine_Empire">2.4 Roman/Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_schisms">2.5 Early schisms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conversion_of_the_South_and_East_Slavs">2.6 Conversion of the South and East Slavs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Great_Schism_(1054)">2.7 Great Schism (1054)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Greek_Church_under_Ottoman_rule">2.8 Greek Church under Ottoman rule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Russian_Empire">2.9 Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eastern_Orthodox_churches_under_Communist_rule">2.10 Eastern Orthodox churches under Communist rule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post-Communism_to_21st_century">2.11 Post-Communism to 21st century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schisms">2.11.1 Moscow–Constantinople schisms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1996">2.11.1.1 1996</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#2018">2.11.1.2 2018</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organisation_and_leadership">3 Organisation and leadership</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Church_councils">3.1 Church councils</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Adherents">3.2 Adherents</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Theology">4 Theology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Trinity">4.1 Trinity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sin,_salvation,_and_the_incarnation">4.2 Sin, salvation, and the incarnation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Resurrection_of_Christ">4.3 Resurrection of Christ</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christian_life">4.4 Christian life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eastern_Orthodox_Order_of_Saint_Benedict">4.4.1 Eastern Orthodox Order of Saint Benedict</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Virgin_Mary_and_other_saints">4.5 Virgin Mary and other saints</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eschatology">4.6 Eschatology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bible">4.7 Bible</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liturgy">5 Liturgy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Church_calendar">5.1 Church calendar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Church_services">5.2 Church services</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music_and_chanting">5.2.1 Music and chanting</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Traditions">6 Traditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Art_and_architecture">6.1 Art and architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Local_customs">6.2 Local customs</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Holy_mysteries_(sacraments)">7 Holy mysteries (sacraments)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Baptism">7.1 Baptism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chrismation">7.2 Chrismation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Holy_Communion_(Eucharist)">7.3 Holy Communion (Eucharist)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Marriage">7.4 Marriage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Holy_orders">7.5 Holy orders</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Interfaith_relations">8 Interfaith relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Relations_with_other_Christians">8.1 Relations with other Christians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Relations_with_Islam">8.2 Relations with Islam</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Constituencies">9 Constituencies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Main_communion">9.1 Main communion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Traditionalist_groups">9.2 Traditionalist groups</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#True_Orthodox">9.2.1 True Orthodox</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Old_calendarists">9.2.2 Old calendarists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Old_Believers">9.2.3 Old Believers</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Churches_not_in_communion_with_other_churches">9.3 Churches not in communion with other churches</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">12.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">12.2 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tertiary_reference_works">12.2.1 Tertiary reference works</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Name_and_characteristics">Name and characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name and characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Eastern Orthodox Church is defined as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christians">Eastern Christians</a> which recognise the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First seven ecumenical councils">seven ecumenical councils</a> and usually are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koinonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Patriarchate of Alexandria</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>. The Eastern Orthodox churches "are defined positively by their adherence to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dogma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a> definitions of the seven [ecumenical] councils, by the strong sense of not being a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sect">sect</a> or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_denomination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a> but simply continuing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_true_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One true church">Christian church</a>, and, despite their varied origins, by adherence to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine rite">Byzantine rite</a>". Those churches are negatively defined by their rejection of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_supremacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal supremacy">papal immediate and universal supremacy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-29">[28]</a> The seven ecumenical councils recognised by the Eastern Orthodox churches are: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicaea_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaea I">Nicaea I</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicaea_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaea II">Nicaea II</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:112-30">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-31">[30]</a> Those churches consider the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quinisext_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> "shar[es] the ecumenical authority of Constantinople III.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-31">[30]</a> "By an agreement that appears to be in place in the [Eastern] Orthodox world, possibly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">council held in 879</a> to vindicate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Patriarch Photius</a> will at some future date be recognized as the eighth [ecumenical] council" by the Eastern Orthodox Church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:112-30">[29]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a> exists both outside and inside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>. Within Eastern Orthodoxy, it is practised by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicariate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariate">vicariate</a> of the Antiochian Orthodox church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Name">Name</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In keeping with the church's teaching on universality and with the Nicene Creed, Eastern Orthodox authorities such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raphael_of_Brooklyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raphael of Brooklyn">Raphael of Brooklyn</a> have insisted that the full name of the church has always included the term "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_(term)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic</a>", as in "Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Church".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the "Orthodox Catholic Church".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ellwood-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tsichlis-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Losch2002-35">[34]</a> It is the name by which the church refers to itself<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[40]</a> and which is issued in its liturgical or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">canonical</a> texts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[41]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZP_f9icf2roCpg309_309]:_"The_official_designation_of_the_church_in_Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_or_canonical_texts_is_'the_Orthodox_Catholic_Church.<span_style="padding-right:.15em;">'"_43-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidZP_f9icf2roCpg309_309%5D:_%22The_official_designation_of_the_church_in_Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_or_canonical_texts_is_'the_Orthodox_Catholic_Church.<span_style=%22padding-right:.15em;%22>'%22-43">[42]</a> Eastern Orthodox theologians refer to the church as Catholic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993307-44">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1998%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid_F5yntZocGICpgPA8_8%5D-45">[44]</a> This name and longer variants containing "Catholic" are also recognised and referenced in other books and publications by secular or non-Eastern Orthodox writers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vie1945-46">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenJohnsonEllis2001248_%22In_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Catholic_Church,_authority%22-47">[46]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_UPr1ZCxPW6QCpagen290_255]_"it_is_all_gathered_together_and_still_lives_in_the_Holy_Apostolic_Orthodox_Catholic_Church_of_the_Seven_Councils."_48-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue2008%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_UPr1ZCxPW6QCpagen290_255%5D_%22it_is_all_gathered_together_and_still_lives_in_the_Holy_Apostolic_Orthodox_Catholic_Church_of_the_Seven_Councils.%22-48">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchad%C3%A9_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions2006-49">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELosch2002%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidOdKCVjCschMCpgPA76_76%5D-50">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidZP_f9icf2roCpg309_309%E2%80%93310%5D-51">[50]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catechism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catechism">catechism</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philaret_(Drozdov)_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philaret (Drozdov) of Moscow">Philaret (Drozdov) of Moscow</a> published in the 19th century is titled: The Longer Catechism of the Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[51]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Пространный христианский катехизис православныя, кафолическия восточныя Церкви). From ancient times through the first millennium, Greek was the most prevalent shared language in the demographic regions where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> flourished, and Greek, being the language in which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was written, was the primary liturgical language of the church. For this reason, the eastern churches were sometimes identified as "Greek" (in contrast to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin Church">"Roman" or "Latin" church</a>, which used a Latin translation of the Bible), even before the Great Schism of 1054. After 1054, "Greek Orthodox" or "Greek Catholic" marked a church as being in communion with Constantinople, much as "Catholic" did for communion with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EBGreek-12">[12]</a> In Hungarian, the church is still commonly called "Eastern Greek" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungarian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Görögkeleti). This identification with Greek, however, became increasingly confusing with time. Missionaries brought Eastern Orthodoxy to many regions without ethnic Greeks, where the Greek language was not spoken. In addition, struggles between Rome and Constantinople to control parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> resulted in the conversion of some churches to the Catholic Church, which then also used "Greek Catholic" to indicate their continued use of the Byzantine rites. Today, only a minority of Eastern Orthodox adherents use Greek as the language of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_Online[httpswwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic177174Eastern-Orthodoxy_"Eastern_Orthodoxy"]_"Because_of_the_use_of_the_name_'Greek_Catholics'_by_the_Eastern_churches_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_historical_links_of_the_Orthodox_Catholic_church_with_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire_and_Byzantium_(Constantinople),_however,_the_[[exonym]]s_in_American_English_usage_referred_to_it_as_the_'Eastern'_or_'Greek_Orthodox'_Church._These_terms_are_sometimes_misleading,_especially_when_applied_to_Russian_or_Slavic_churches_and_to_the_Orthodox_communities_in_western_Europe_and_America."_53-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online%5BhttpswwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic177174Eastern-Orthodoxy_%22Eastern_Orthodoxy%22%5D_%22Because_of_the_use_of_the_name_'Greek_Catholics'_by_the_Eastern_churches_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_historical_links_of_the_Orthodox_Catholic_church_with_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire_and_Byzantium_(Constantinople),_however,_the_%5B%5Bexonym%5D%5Ds_in_American_English_usage_referred_to_it_as_the_'Eastern'_or_'Greek_Orthodox'_Church._These_terms_are_sometimes_misleading,_especially_when_applied_to_Russian_or_Slavic_churches_and_to_the_Orthodox_communities_in_western_Europe_and_America.%22-53">[52]</a> "Eastern", then, indicates the geographical element in the church's origin and development, while "Orthodox" indicates the faith, as well as communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Calivas1983-54">[53]</a> There are additional Christian churches in the east that are in communion with neither the Catholic Church nor the Eastern Orthodox Church, who tend to be distinguished by the category named "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>". While the Eastern Orthodox Church continues officially to call itself "Catholic", for reasons of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicity">universality</a>, the common title of "Eastern Orthodox Church" avoids casual confusion with the Catholic Church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Orthodoxy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg/220px-Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2027"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg/220px-Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg/330px-Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg/440px-Byzantinischer_Mosaizist_um_1000_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine the Great">Emperor Constantine</a> presents a representation of the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as tribute to an enthroned Mary and baby Jesus in this church mosaic (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000). </figcaption> </figure> The first known use of the phrase "the catholic Church" (he katholike ekklesia) occurred in a letter written about AD 110 from one Greek church to another (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smyrna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smyrna">Smyrnaeans</a>). The letter states: "Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, there is the universal [katholike] Church."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CathEnc-55">[54]</a> Thus, almost from the beginning, Christians referred to the Christian Church as the "one, holy, catholic (from the Greek καθολική, 'according to the whole, universal'<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardon1981%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Ke37zpSv3gCpgPA217_217%5D-56">[55]</a>) and apostolic Church".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OCA-23">[22]</a> The Eastern Orthodox Church claims that it is today the continuation and preservation of that same early church. A number of other Christian churches also make a similar claim: the Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglican_Communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a>. In the Eastern Orthodox view, the Assyrians and Orientals left the Orthodox Church in the years following the Third Ecumenical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431) and the Fourth Ecumenical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451), respectively, in their refusal to accept those councils' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christology">Christological</a> definitions. Similarly, the churches in Rome and Constantinople separated in an event known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>, traditionally dated to the year 1054, although it was more a gradual process than a sudden break. To all these churches, the claim to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a> (universality, oneness with the ancient Church) is important for multiple doctrinal reasons that have more bearing internally in each church than in their relation to the others, now separated in faith. The meaning of holding to a faith that is true is the primary reason why anyone's statement of which church split off from which other has any significance at all; the issues go as deep as the schisms. The depth of this meaning in the Eastern Orthodox Church is registered first in its use of the word "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a>" itself, a union of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a> orthos ("straight", "correct", "true", "right") and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doxa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doxa">doxa</a> ("common belief", from the ancient verb δοκέω-δοκῶ which is translated "to believe", "to think", "to consider", "to imagine", "to assume").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The dual meanings of doxa, with "glory" or "glorification" (of God by the church and of the church by God), especially in worship, yield the pair "correct belief" and "true worship". Together, these express the core of a fundamental teaching about the inseparability of belief and worship and their role in drawing the church together with Christ.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199116,_271-58">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199869%E2%80%9372-59">[58]</a> All <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slavic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> churches use the title Pravoslavie (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrillic_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style>Православие), meaning "correctness of glorification", to denote what is in English Orthodoxy, while the Georgians use the title Martlmadidebeli. The term "Eastern Church" (the geographic east in the East–West Schism) has been used to distinguish it from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Christianity">western Christendom</a> (the geographic West, which at first came to designate the Catholic communion, later also the various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and Anglican branches). "Eastern" is used to indicate that the highest concentrations of the Eastern Orthodox Church presence remain in the eastern part of the Christian world, although it is growing worldwide. Orthodox Christians throughout the world use various ethnic or national jurisdictional titles, or more inclusively, the title "Eastern Orthodox", "Orthodox Catholic", or simply "Orthodox".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Calivas1983-54">[53]</a> What unites Orthodox Christians is the catholic faith as carried through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_tradition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy tradition">holy tradition</a>. That faith is expressed most fundamentally in scripture and worship,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991212%E2%80%93213-60">[59]</a> and the latter most essentially through baptism and in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_Liturgy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991282-61">[60]</a> The lines of even this test can blur, however, when differences that arise are not due to doctrine, but to recognition of jurisdiction. As the Eastern Orthodox Church has spread into the west and over the world, the church as a whole has yet to sort out all the inter-jurisdictional issues that have arisen in the expansion, leaving some areas of doubt about what is proper church governance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991180%E2%80%93199-62">[61]</a> Moreover, as in the ancient church persecutions, the aftermath of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">persecutions of Christians in communist nations</a> has complicated some issues of governance that have yet to be completely resolved.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991152%E2%80%93179-63">[62]</a> All members of the Eastern Orthodox Church profess the same faith, regardless of race or nationality, jurisdiction or local custom, or century of birth. Holy tradition encompasses the understandings and means by which that unity of faith is transmitted across boundaries of time, geography, and culture. It is a continuity that exists only inasmuch as it lives within Christians themselves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991203%E2%80%93204-64">[63]</a> It is not static, nor an observation of rules, but rather a sharing of observations that spring both from within and also in keeping with others, even others who lived lives long past. The church proclaims the Holy Spirit maintains the unity and consistency of holy tradition to preserve the integrity of the faith within the church, as given in the scriptural promises.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Orthodoxy asserts that its shared beliefs, and its theology, exist within holy tradition and cannot be separated from it, and that their meaning is not expressed in mere words alone;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991215-66">[65]</a> that doctrine cannot be understood unless it is prayed;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and that it must also be lived in order to be prayed, that without action, the prayer is idle, empty, and in vain, and therefore the theology of demons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Catholicity">Catholicity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Catholicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg/200px-John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="3825"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg/200px-John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg/300px-John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg/400px-John_the_Baptist_of_Macedonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icon">icon</a> of Saint <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_the_Baptist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, 14th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Macedonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Eastern Orthodox Church considers itself to be both orthodox and catholic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The doctrine of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicity">Catholicity of the Church</a>, as derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicene_Creed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, is essential to Eastern Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecclesiology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>. The term Catholicity of the Church (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Καθολικότης τῆς Ἐκκλησίας) is used in its original sense, as a designation for the universality of the Christian Church, centred around Christ. Therefore, the Eastern Orthodox notion of catholicity is not centred around any singular see, unlike the Catholic Church which has one earthly centre. Due to the influence of the Catholic Church in the west, where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English language</a> itself developed, the words "catholic" and "catholicity" are sometimes used to refer to that church specifically. However, the more prominent dictionary sense given for general use is still the one shared by other languages, implying breadth and universality, reflecting comprehensive scope.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Heritage_Dict5th_ed294_%5Bhttpahdictionarycomwordsearchhtmlqcatholicity_%22catholicity%22%5D-70">[69]</a> In a Christian context, the Christian Church, as identified with the original church founded by Christ and his apostles, is said to be catholic (or universal) in regard to its union with Christ in faith.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199116-71">[70]</a> Just as Christ is indivisible, so are union with him and faith in him, whereby the Christian Church is "universal", unseparated, and comprehensive, including all who share that faith. Orthodox bishop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kallistos_Ware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos Ware</a> has called that "simple Christianity".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199116-71">[70]</a> That is the sense of early and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patristic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> usage wherein the church usually refers to itself as the "Catholic Church",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_Christianity2003%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ly4DgtT3LkCpgPA867_867%5D-72">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith1982%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidsaFgJRjaPwcCpgPA486_486%5D-73">[72]</a> whose faith is the "Orthodox faith". It is also the sense within the phrase "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church", found in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicene_Creed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, and referred to in Orthodox worship, e.g. in the litany of the catechumens in the Divine Liturgy. With the mutual excommunications of the East–West Schism in 1054,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[73]</a> the churches in Rome and Constantinople each viewed the other as having departed from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_true_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One true church">true church</a>, leaving a smaller but still-catholic church in place. Each retained the "Catholic" part of its title, the "Roman Catholic Church" (or Catholic Church) on the one hand, and the "Orthodox Catholic Church" on the other, each of which was defined in terms of inter-communion with either Rome or Constantinople. While the Eastern Orthodox Church recognises what it shares in common with other churches, including the Catholic Church, it sees catholicity in terms of complete union in communion and faith, with the Church throughout all time, and the sharing remains incomplete when not shared fully. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_Church">Early Church</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early Church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/210px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="510"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/210px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/315px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg/420px-Ephesus_IchthysCrop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An early Christian "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ichthys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ichthys">Ichthys</a>" (fish) inscription from ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twelve_Apostles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Apostles</a> travelled extensively throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, including Asia Minor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Christianity">establishing churches in major communities</a>, with the first churches appearing in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, then in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethiopia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thessalonica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Byzantium</a>, which centuries later would become prominent as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Rome">New Rome</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ware1993-75">[74]</a> Christianity <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">encountered considerable resistance in the Roman Empire</a>, mostly because its adherents refused to comply with the demands of the Roman state—often even when their lives were threatened—by offering sacrifices to the pagan gods. Despite persecution, skepticism, and initial social stigma, the Christian Church spread, particularly following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">conversion of Emperor Constantine I</a> in AD 312.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ware1993-75">[74]</a> By the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity in the 4th century">fourth century</a>, Christianity was present in numerous regions well beyond the Levant. A number of influential schools of thought had arisen, particularly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/School_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="School of Antioch">Antiochian</a> philosophical approaches. Other groups, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arians">Arians</a>, had also managed to gain influence. However, their positions caused theological conflicts within the church, thus prompting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine the Great">Emperor Constantine</a> to call for a great ecumenical synod in order to define the church's position against the growing, often widely diverging, philosophical and theological interpretations of Christianity. He made it possible for this council to meet not only by providing a location, but by offering to pay for the transportation of all the existing bishops of the church. Most modern Christian churches regard this synod, commonly called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> or more generally the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Ecumenical_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ecumenical Council">First Ecumenical Council</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ware1993-75">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[75]</a> as of major importance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ecumenical_councils">Ecumenical councils</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ecumenical councils" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">First seven Ecumenical Councils</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nicaea_icon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/220px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1388"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/220px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/330px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/440px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icon">icon</a> depicting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">the Emperor Constantine</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bishop">bishops</a> of the First Council of Nicaea (325) holding the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niceno-Constantinopolitan_Creed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed">Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381</a> </figcaption> </figure> Several doctrinal disputes from the fourth century onwards led to the calling of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>. In the Orthodox Church, an ecumenical council is the supreme authority that can be invoked to resolve contested issues of the faith. As such, these councils have been held to resolve the most important theological matters that came to be disputed within the Christian Church. Many lesser disagreements were resolved through local councils in the areas where they arose, before they grew significant enough to require an ecumenical council. There are seven councils authoritatively recognised as ecumenical by the Eastern Orthodox Church: <ol> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Ecumenical Council</a> was convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> in 325 and presided over by the Patriarch <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a>, with over 300 bishops condemning the view of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arius">Arius</a> that the Son is a created being inferior to the Father.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second Ecumenical Council</a> was held at Constantinople in 381, presided over by the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch, with 150 bishops, defining the nature of the Holy Spirit against those asserting His inequality with the other persons of the Trinity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[77]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Third Ecumenical Council</a> is that of Ephesus in 431, presided over by the Patriarch of Alexandria, with 250 bishops, which affirmed that Mary is truly "Birthgiver" or "Mother" of God (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theotokos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>), contrary to the teachings of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestorius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[78]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth Ecumenical Council</a> is that of Chalcedon in 451, Patriarch of Constantinople presiding, 500 bishops, affirmed that Jesus is truly God and truly man, without mixture of the two natures, contrary to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monophysite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">Monophysite</a> teaching.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[79]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth Ecumenical Council</a> is the second of Constantinople in 553, interpreting the decrees of Chalcedon and further explaining the relationship of the two natures of Jesus; it also condemned the alleged teachings of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origen">Origen</a> on the pre-existence of the soul, etc.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[80]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth Ecumenical Council</a> is the third of Constantinople in 681; it declared that Christ has two wills of his two natures, human and divine, contrary to the teachings of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monothelites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monothelites">Monothelites</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh Ecumenical Council</a> was called under the Empress Regent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irene_of_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a> in 787, known as the second of Nicaea. It supports the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icon">icons</a> while forbidding their worship. It is often referred to as "The Triumph of Orthodoxy".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li> </ol> There are also two other councils which are considered ecumenical by some Eastern Orthodox: <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a> was called in 879. It restored <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a> to his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">See in Constantinople</a> and condemned any alteration of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed of 381.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Fifth Council of Constantinople</a> was actually a series of councils held between 1341 and 1351. It affirmed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesychasm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesychasm">hesychastic</a> theology of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_Palamas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a> and condemned the philosopher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barlaam_of_Calabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barlaam of Calabria">Barlaam of Calabria</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_major_councils">Other major councils</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other major councils" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In addition to these councils, there have been a number of other significant councils meant to further define the Eastern Orthodox position. They are the Synods of Constantinople, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synod_of_Constantinople_(1484)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synod of Constantinople (1484)">1484</a>, 1583, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oros_of_the_Holy_Great_Church_of_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oros of the Holy Great Church of Christ">1755</a>, 1819, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyletism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyletism">1872</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synod_of_Ia%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Iași">Synod of Iași</a> in 1642, and the Pan-Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem in 1672</a>. Another council convened in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Orthodox_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">June 2016</a> to discuss many modern phenomena, other Christian confessions, Eastern Orthodoxy's relation with other religions and fasting disciplines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Roman/Byzantine_Empire">Roman/Byzantine Empire</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Roman/Byzantine Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5514" data-file-height="3681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sophia_Mars_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, the largest church in the world and patriarchal basilica of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for nearly a thousand years, later converted into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, then a museum, then back to a mosque </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> is generally considered to be the centre and the "cradle of Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of Christianity in civilisation">Christian civilisation</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[85]</a> From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> reached its golden age during the high point of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and continued to flourish in Ukraine and Russia, after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>. Numerous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocephaly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> churches were established in Europe: Greece, Georgia, Ukraine, as well as in Russia and Asia. In the 530s the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagia Sophia">Church of the Holy Wisdom</a> (Hagia Sophia) was built in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> under Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justinian_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Beginning with subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>, Hagia Sophia became the paradigmatic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Orthodox church form</a> and its architectural style was emulated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classical_period_(1437%E2%80%931703)" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman mosques</a> a thousand years later.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Heinle1996-89">[88]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Being the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Episcopal_see?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople</a>, it remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seville_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a> was completed in 1520. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> has been described as "holding a unique position in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Heinle1996-89">[88]</a> and architectural and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_icon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine culture">Byzantine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodox civilisation</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-M19-92">[91]</a> and it is considered the epitome of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BAT-93">[92]</a> and is said to have "changed the history of architecture".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nytimes22-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_schisms">Early schisms</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early schisms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestorianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a>" churches resulted from the reaction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431), which are the earliest surviving Eastern Christian churches that keep the faith of only the first two ecumenical councils, i.e., the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381) as legitimate. "Nestorian" is an outsider's term for a tradition that predated the influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestorius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>, the origin of which might lie in certain sections of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/School_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="School of Antioch">School of Antioch</a> or via Nestorius' teachers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diodore_of_Tarsus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodore of Tarsus">Diodore of Tarsus</a>. The modern incarnation of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestorian_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian Church</a>" is commonly referred to as "the Assyrian Church" or fully as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>. The church in Egypt (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Alexandria">Patriarchate of Alexandria</a>) split into two groups following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451), over a dispute about the relation between the divine and human natures of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Eventually this led to each group <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anathema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religious_usage" title="Anathema">anathematising</a> the other. Those that remained in communion with the other patriarchs (by accepting the Council of Chalcedon) are known today as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, where the adjective "Greek" refers to their ties to the Greek-speaking culture of the Byzantine Empire. Those who disagreed with the findings of the Council of Chalcedon were the majority in Egypt. Today they are known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, having maintained a separate patriarchate. The Coptic Orthodox Church is currently the largest Christian church in Egypt and in the whole Middle East. There was also a similar, albeit smaller scale, split in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a>), which resulted in the separation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Byzantine Patriarchate of Antioch</a>. Those who disagreed with the Council of Chalcedon are sometimes called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a>" to distinguish them from the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>", who accepted the Council of Chalcedon. Oriental Orthodox are also sometimes referred to as "non-Chalcedonians", or "anti-Chalcedonians". The Oriental Orthodox Church denies that it is monophysite and prefers the term "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miaphysite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Miaphysite">miaphysite</a>", to denote the "united" nature of Jesus (two natures united into one) consistent with Cyril's theology: "The term union ... signifies the concurrence in one reality of those things which are understood to be united" and "the Word who is ineffably united with it in a manner beyond all description" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>, On the Unity of Christ). This is also defined in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a> liturgy, where it is mentioned "He made it [his humanity] one with his divinity without mingling, without confusion and without alteration", and "His divinity parted not from his humanity for a single moment nor a twinkling of an eye."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[94]</a> They do not accept the teachings of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutyches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutychianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eutychianism">Eutychianism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Both the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches formally believe themselves to be the continuation of the true church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Conversion_of_the_South_and_East_Slavs">Conversion of the South and East Slavs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Conversion of the South and East Slavs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisation_of_Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Bulgaria">Christianisation of Bulgaria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisation_of_Kievan_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Kievan Rus'">Christianisation of Kievan Rus'</a> </div> In the ninth and tenth centuries, Christianity made great inroads into pagan Europe, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> (864) and later <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (988). This work was made possible by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thessaloniki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, two brothers chosen by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael III">Byzantine emperor Michael III</a> to fulfil the request of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rastislav_of_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav of Moravia</a> for teachers who could minister to the Moravians in their own language. Cyril and Methodius began translating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_liturgy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine liturgy">divine liturgy</a>, other liturgical texts, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gospels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> along with some other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">scriptural texts</a> into local languages; with time, as these translations were copied by speakers of other dialects, the hybrid literary language <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Slavonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> was created. Originally sent to convert the Slavs of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, Cyril and Methodius were forced to compete with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankish_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a> missionaries from the Roman diocese; their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Sava_(disciple_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Sava (disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius)">disciples</a> were driven out of Great Moravia in AD 886 and emigrated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg/280px-Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="309"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg/280px-Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg/420px-Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg/560px-Radzivill_Olga_in_Konstantinopol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The baptism of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olga of Kiev">Princess Olga</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, a miniature from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Chronicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radziwiłł Chronicle">Radziwiłł Chronicle</a> </figcaption> </figure> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisation_of_Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Bulgaria">Christianisation of Bulgaria</a> in 864, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Angelar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Angelar">the disciples</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, the most important being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Naum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Naum">Naum of Preslav</a>, were of great importance to the Orthodox faith in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. In a short time they managed to prepare and instruct the future <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> clergy into the biblical texts and in AD 870 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Roman_Catholic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a> granted the Bulgarians the oldest organised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocephalous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> Slavic Orthodox Church, which shortly thereafter became Patriarchate. The success of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisation_of_Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Bulgaria">conversion of the Bulgarians</a> facilitated the conversion of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Slavs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[98]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] A major event in this effort was the development of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrillic_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a> in the ninth century; this script, along with the liturgical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, also called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Bulgarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bulgarian">Old Bulgarian</a>, was declared official in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> in 893.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The work of Cyril and Methodius and their disciples had a major impact on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> as well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cyril-103">[102]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[109]</a> They accepted Christianity collectively along familial and tribal lines, a gradual process that occurred between the seventh and ninth centuries. In commemoration of their baptisms, each Serbian family or tribe began to celebrate an exclusively Serbian custom called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slava_(patron_saint)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Slava (patron saint)">Slava (patron saint)</a> in a special way to honour the saint on whose day they received the sacrament of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism">baptism</a>. It is the most solemn day of the year for all Serbs of the Orthodox faith and has played a role of vital importance in the history of the Serbian people. Slava remains a celebration of the conversion of the Serbian people, which the church blessed and proclaimed a church institution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The missionaries to the East and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Slavs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> had great success in part because they used the people's native language rather than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the predominant language of the Byzantine Empire, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a>, as the Roman priests did.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cyril-103">[102]</a> Perhaps the greatest legacy of their efforts is the Russian Orthodox Church, which is the largest of the Orthodox churches.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Great_Schism_(1054)">Great Schism (1054)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Great Schism (1054)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> </div> In the 11th century, what was recognised as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> took place between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which led to separation between the Church of the West, the Catholic Church, and the Eastern Byzantine churches, now the Orthodox.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NatGeo-113">[112]</a> There were doctrinal issues like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filioque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filioque">filioque</a> clause and the authority of the Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope">Pope</a> involved in the split, but these were greatly exacerbated by political factors of both Church and state, and by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. Regarding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_supremacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>, the Eastern half grew disillusioned with the Pope's centralisation of power, as well as his blatant attempts of excluding the Eastern half in regard to papal approvals. It had previously been the case that the emperor would have a say when a new Pope was elected, but towards the high Middle Ages, the Christians in Rome were slowly consolidating power and removing Byzantine influence. However, even before this exclusionary tendency from the West, well before 1054, the Eastern and Western halves of the Church were in perpetual conflict, particularly during the periods of Eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iconoclasm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photian_schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photian schism">Photian schism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg/220px-Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1315"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg/220px-Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg/330px-Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg/440px-Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Latin Crusaders <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">sacking the city of Constantinople</a>, the capital of the Eastern Orthodox controlled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, in 1204 </figcaption> </figure> The final breach is often considered to have arisen after the capture and sacking of Constantinople by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Crusade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204; the final break with Rome occurred circa 1450. The sacking of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagia Sophia">Church of Holy Wisdom</a> and establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> as a seeming attempt to supplant the Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1204 is viewed with some rancour to the present day. In 2004, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> extended a formal apology for the sacking of Constantinople in 1204, which had also been strongly condemned by the Pope at the time, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a>; the apology was formally accepted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople">Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople</a>. However, many items stolen during this time, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relic">holy relics</a> and riches, are still held in various European cities, particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Reunion was attempted twice, at the 1274 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> and the 1439 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>. The Council of Florence briefly reestablished communion between East and West, which lasted until after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. In each case, however, the councils were rejected by the Orthodox people as a whole, and the union of Florence also became very politically difficult after Constantinople came under Ottoman rule. However, in the time since, several local Orthodox Christian churches have renewed union with Rome, known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. Recent decades have seen a renewal of ecumenical spirit and dialogue between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Greek_Church_under_Ottoman_rule">Greek Church under Ottoman rule</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Greek Church under Ottoman rule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity in the Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire</a> </div> The Byzantine Empire never fully recovered from the sack of Constantinople in 1204. Over the next two centuries, it entered a precipitous decline in both territory and influence. In 1453, a much-diminished Byzantine Empire fell to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, ending what was once the most powerful state in the Orthodox Christian world, if not in all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christendom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. By this time <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, another major centre of Eastern Christianity, had been under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> control for some seven centuries; most Eastern Orthodox communities <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of the Balkans">across southeastern Europe</a> gradually came under Ottoman rule by the 16th century. Under the Ottomans, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church of Constantinople">Greek Orthodox Church</a> acquired substantial power as an autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a>. The ecumenical patriarch was the religious and administrative ruler of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BBm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rûm</a>, an Ottoman administrative unit meaning "Roman", which encompassed all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rum_Millet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Orthodox subjects of the Empire</a> regardless of ethnicity. While legally subordinate to Muslims and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhimmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhimmi">subject to various restrictions</a>, the Orthodox community was generally tolerated until the rise of nationalist movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and left to govern its own internal affairs, both religiously and legally. Until the empire's dissolution in the early 20th century, Orthodox Christians would remain the largest non-Muslim minority, and at times among the wealthiest and most politically influential. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg/220px-Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="403"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg/220px-Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg/330px-Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg/440px-Smyrna-massacre_greeks-killed_line.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Greek Orthodox massacred during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Genocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Genocide">Greek Genocide</a> in Smyrna in 1922 </figcaption> </figure> During the period 1914–1923 in Asia Minor (Anatolia) the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Genocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Genocide">Greek Genocide</a> took place by the Ottomans. During the Greek Genocide, many Orthodox Christians were persecuted and killed. The culmination of the martyrdom was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_Minor_Catastrophe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor Catastrophe">Asia Minor Catastrophe</a> with the killing of a large number of Orthodox. Among them, 347 clergymen of the Smyrna region and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrysostomos_of_Smyrna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrysostomos of Smyrna">Metropolitan of Smyrna Chrysostomos</a> were tortured and killed. The period 1923–1924 was followed by the obligatory <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Russian_Empire">Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Russian Orthodox Church in the Russian Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki,_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1918"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Uspensky_Orthodox_Cathedral_-_Helsinki%2C_Finland_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uspenski_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uspenski Cathedral">Uspenski Cathedral</a>, a main cathedral of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finnish Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helsinki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helsinki">Helsinki, Finland</a>, was built <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">under Imperial Russia</a>. </figcaption> </figure> By the time most Orthodox communities came under Muslim rule in the mid 15th century, Orthodoxy was very strong in Russia, which had maintained close cultural and political ties with the Byzantine Empire; roughly two decades after the fall of Constantinople, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a> married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sophia Palaiologina">Sophia Palaiologina</a>, a niece of the last Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a>, and styled himself Tsar ("Caesar") or imperator. In 1547, his grandson <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a>, a devout Orthodox Christian, cemented the title as "Tsar of All Rus", establishing Russia's first centralised state with divinely appointed rulers. In 1589, the Patriarchate of Constantinople granted autocephalous status to Moscow, the capital of what was now the largest Orthodox Christian polity; the city thereafter referred to itself as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Russian_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">—</a>the cultural and religious heir of Constantinople. Until 1666, when Patriarch Nikon was deposed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_tsar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian tsar">tsar</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> had been independent of the State.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In 1721, the first Russian Emperor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I</a>, abolished completely the patriarchate and effectively made the church a department of the government, ruled by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Most Holy Synod">most holy synod</a> composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the Emperor himself. Over time, Imperial Russia would style itself a protector and patron of all Orthodox Christians, especially those within the Ottoman Empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[119]</a> For nearly 200 years, until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolshevik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/October_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, the Russian Orthodox Church remained, in effect, a governmental agency and an instrument of tsarist rule. It was used to varying degrees in imperial campaigns of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russification">Russification</a>, and was even allowed to levy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tax">taxes</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peasant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peasant">peasants</a>. The church's close ties with the state came to a head under Nicholas I (1825–1855), who explicitly made Orthodoxy a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">core doctrine of imperial unity and legitimacy</a>. The Orthodox faith became further tied to Russian identity and nationalism, while the church was further subordinated to the interests of the state. Consequently, Russian Orthodox Church, along with the imperial regime to which it belonged, came to be presented as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enemy of the people">enemy of the people</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolsheviks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and other Russian revolutionaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox_churches_under_Communist_rule">Eastern Orthodox churches under Communist rule</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox churches under Communist rule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A church being dynamited" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/200px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/200px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg" data-alt="A church being dynamited" data-width="200" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/300px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/400px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> 1931 demolition of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Large church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg/200px-Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg/200px-Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg" data-alt="Large church" data-width="200" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg/300px-Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg/400px-Russia-Moscow-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> The rebuilt Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, currently the second tallest Orthodox church </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/October_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, part of the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church fled abroad to escape <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolshevik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> persecutions, founding an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">independent church in exile</a>, which reunified with its Russian counterpart in 2007.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Some actions against Orthodox priests and believers along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Execution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a> included <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torture">torture</a>, being sent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulag">prison camps</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharashka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharashka">labour camps</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psikhushka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psikhushka">mental hospitals</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-blqarv-123">[122]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In the first five years after the Bolshevik revolution, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-time-125">[124]</a> After Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> revived the Russian Orthodox Church to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. By 1957 about 22,000 Russian Orthodox churches had become active. However, in 1959, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> initiated his own campaign against the Russian Orthodox Church and forced the closure of about 12,000 churches. It is estimated that 50,000 clergy had been executed between the revolution and the end of the Khrushchev era. Members of the church hierarchy were jailed or forced out, their places taken by docile clergy, many of whom had ties with the KGB. By 1985 fewer than 7,000 churches remained active.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-time-125">[124]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania">Albania</a> was the only state to have declared itself <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_atheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State atheism">officially fully atheist</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Elsie_p27-126">[125]</a> In some other Communist states such as Romania, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a> as an organisation enjoyed relative freedom and even prospered, albeit under strict secret police control. That, however, did not rule out demolishing churches and monasteries as part of broader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Systematisation_(Romania)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematisation (Romania)">systematisation</a> (urban planning), and state persecution of individual believers. As an example of the latter, Romania stands out as a country which ran a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti_Prison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pitești Prison">specialised institution</a> where many Orthodox (along with people of other faiths) were subjected to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychological_punishment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychological punishment">psychological punishment</a> or torture and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brainwashing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> experimentation in order to force them give up their religious convictions. However, this was only supported by one faction within the regime, and lasted only three years. The Communist authorities closed down the prison in 1952, and punished many of those responsible for abuses (twenty of them were sentenced to death).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Post-Communism_to_21st_century">Post-Communism to 21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Post-Communism to 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, and the subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Communist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communist">Fall of Communist</a> governments across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox world">Orthodox world</a>, there has been marked growth in Christian Orthodoxy, particularly in Russia. According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Religion_%26_Public_Life_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research Religion & Public Life Project">Pew Research Religion & Public Life Project</a>, between 1991 and 2008, the share of Russian adults identifying as Orthodox Christian rose from 31 per cent to 72 per cent, based on analysis of three waves of data (1991, 1998 and 2008) from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Social_Survey_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Social Survey Programme">International Social Survey Programme</a> (ISSP), a collaborative effort involving social scientists in about 50 countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Pew research conducted in 2017 found a doubling in the global Orthodox population since the early 20th century, with the greatest resurgence in Russia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In the former Soviet Union—where the largest Orthodox communities live—self-identified Orthodox Christians generally report low levels of observance and piety: In Russia, only 6% of Orthodox Christian adults reported attending church at least weekly, 15% say religion is "very important" in their lives, and 18% say they pray daily; other former Soviet republics display similarly low levels of religious observance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Moscow–Constantinople_schisms">Moscow–Constantinople schisms</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Moscow–Constantinople schisms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="1996">1996</h5> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1996" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a> </div> Since 1923, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church of Estonia</a> separated from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> due to the imprisonment of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow</a>, and the church in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Estonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Estonia">Republic of Estonia</a> falling out of communication with the Russian Church. They petitioned to be placed under direct control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, operating as an autonomous church. In 1944 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> annexed Estonia and outlawed the Orthodox Church of Estonia, forcefully bringing their churches back under the control of the Moscow Patriarch. However, the church's Primate, Metropolitan Aleksander, fled to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> with 21 clergymen and 8,000 followers and established a synod there operating there throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Toom-132">[131]</a> In 1993, the synod of the Orthodox Church of Estonia in Exile was re-registered and on 20 February 1996, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew I of Constantinople</a> restored the church's position as subordinate to Constantinople, not Moscow. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow</a>, who had been born in Estonia, rejected this loss of territory, and severed ties with Patriarch Bartholomew on February 23, removing his name from the diptychs. The two sides would then negotiate in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, and a settlement was reached on 16 May 1996. In it, the ethnically Estonian population of Estonia would be under the jurisdiction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church</a>, while the ethnically Russian population of Estonia would be under the jurisdiction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate</a>. After signing the document the Russian Church restored communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-133">[132]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="2018">2018</h5> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 2018" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a> </div> Since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus'">Baptism of Rus'</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[note 1]</a> in 867 the Orthodox church in Ukraine was led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'">Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'</a> who was subordinate to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> and was largely governed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> since the territory was conquered in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a>, ending in 1392. Poland-Lithuania lost the territory to Russia as part of the peace deal of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Great Northern War</a> in 1654. In 1686 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_IV_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysius IV of Constantinople">Dionysius IV of Constantinople</a> transferred the territory to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'</a>. In 1924, Orthodox churches in Ukraine besides the Metropolitan of Kyiv were placed under the jurisdiction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a> by the Ecumenical Patriarch as an autonomous church, however, the Russian Church never agreed to nor recognised this transfer, mostly due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow</a> and most of the Russian Church's leaders being imprisoned by Soviet officials.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, initially, had a policy of repression against the Orthodox Church, regardless of its denomination. However, after the start of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> transformed the Russian Church into a propaganda tool to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. Following Soviet victory in the war, various autonomous and Independent Orthodox churches around eastern Europe were forcefully integrated or reintegrated into the Russian Church, including the church in Ukraine. Many of the church's leaders at this time were installed and closely monitored by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NKVD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> to ensure the church's support for the Soviet Union.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[138]</a> This situation led to the rise of rival, anti-Russian and anti-Soviet churches within Ukraine, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church</a> (UAOC), founded in 1917 which declared itself the restored autonomous church that existed prior to 1686 but had been eradicated within Soviet Ukraine by the 1930s. The church was largely supported by Ukrainian émigrés and diaspora, and was restored as a legally recognised church by the Ukrainian government in 1991.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[139]</a> In 1992, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate</a> (UOC-KP) came into existence, being founded by members of the Russian Church <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defrocking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defrocking">defrocked</a> for insubordination, alongside support with the Ukrainian émigré community. The church submitted a request for Ukrainian autocephaly at its founding synod in Kyiv in 1992.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[141]</a> These churches were competing with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a> (UOC-MP), the Russian Church in Ukraine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[143]</a> On 11 October 2018, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> revoked the Russian Church's letter of issue, allowing them to ordain the Metropolitan of Kyiv, re-established a <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stauropegion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stauropegion">stauropegion</a> in Kyiv, and lifted the Russian Church's excommunication of members of the UAOC and the UOC-KP. In response, on 15 October, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church</a> severed all ties with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> and barred all members of the Russian Church from receiving communion or sacraments from any churches with ties to the Ecumenical Patriarchate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[145]</a> On 15 December 2018, the UAOC and UOC-KP voted to merge in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unification_council_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_churches_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine">Unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine</a>, forming the restored <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Epiphanius I of Ukraine</a>, of the UOC-KP, becoming the first primate of the unified church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[146]</a> On 5 January 2019, Bartholomew I signed the official <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomos_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomos (Eastern Orthodox Church)">tomos</a> that granted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocephaly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[147]</a> In addition to severing ties with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Russian Church has also severed communion with Archbishop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Ieronymos II of Athens</a> primate of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Patriarch Theodore II</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">of Alexandria</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[154]</a> and Archbishop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrysostomos_II_of_Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrysostomos II of Cyprus">Chrysostomos II</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In response to the severing of ties with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_Churches_in_Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe">Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe</a> (AROCWE), voted to dissolve itself, although the vote failed, it resulted in a split in AROCWE, with several churches leaving to form the "Vicariate of Russian Tradition of the Metropolis of France", while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=John_(Renneteau)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="John (Renneteau) (page does not exist)">John (Renneteau)</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD_(%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE)" class="extiw" title="ru:Иоанн (Реннето)">ru</a>], head of the AROCWE, personally joined the Russian Church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Additionally, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the UOC-MP severed all ties with the Russian Church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[166]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Organisation_and_leadership">Organisation and leadership</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organisation and leadership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">Eastern Orthodox Church organization</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches,_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_(2022).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg/220px-Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="1336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 93px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg/220px-Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg/330px-Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg/440px-Timeline_of_the_History_of_the_main_autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_Churches%2C_E._Orthodox_point_of_view_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A timeline showing the main autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, from an Eastern Orthodox point of view, up to 2022 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_(2022).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg/220px-Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="766"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg/220px-Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg/330px-Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg/440px-Canonical_territories_of_autocephalous_and_autonomous_Eastern_Orthodox_jurisdictions_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canonical_territories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical territories">Canonical territories</a> of the main autocephalous and autonomous Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions as of 2022 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg/220px-Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg/220px-Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg/330px-Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg/440px-Iglesiaortodoxa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Orthodox church in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The Eastern Orthodox Church is a fellowship of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocephaly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: αὐτοκέφαλος; "self-headed") churches, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_patriarch_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople">ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople</a> recognised as having <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primus_inter_pares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> status. The patriarch of Constantinople has the honour of primacy, but his title is only first among equals and he has no real authority over churches other than the Constantinopolitan church. Rather, his role is limited to defined prerogatives interpreted by the ecumenical patriarch.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbc-169">[167]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-facts-170">[168]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[170]</a> At times, though, the office of the ecumenical patriarch has been accused of Constantinopolitan or Eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Popery">papism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The Eastern Orthodox Church considers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> to be the head of the Church and the Church to be his body. It is believed that Church authority and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_grace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine grace">grace of God</a> is directly passed down to Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clergy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clergy">clergy</a> through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a>—a practice started by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostles in the New Testament">New Testament apostles</a>—and that this unbroken historical link is an essential element of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_true_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One true church">true church</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bible.oremus.org/?passage%3DActs%25208:17%26version%3Dnrsv">Acts 8:17</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bible.oremus.org/?passage%3D1%2520Timothy%25204:14%26version%3Dnrsv">1 Timothy 4:14</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bible.oremus.org/?passage%3DHebrews%25206:2%26version%3Dnrsv">Hebrews 6:2</a>) The Eastern Orthodox Church asserts that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostolic_succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> requires apostolic faith, and bishops without apostolic faith, who are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heresy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, forfeit their claim to apostolic succession.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Orthodox churches differentiate themselves from other Christian churches by practising "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ritual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ritual">ritual</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liturgy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>... rich in mystery and symbolism,"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:022-177">[175]</a> similar to their views on the sacraments. The Eastern Orthodox communion is organised into several regional churches, which are either autocephalous or lower-ranking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">autonomous</a> ("self-governing") church bodies unified in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theology">theology</a> and worship. These include the fourteen autocephalous churches of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East">Antioch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church">Czech Republic and Slovakia</a>, which were officially invited to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Orthodox_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">Pan-Orthodox Council</a> of 2016;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-council2016-178">[176]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> formed in 1970; the autocephalous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> created in 2019; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric">Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric</a>, granted autocephaly by the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2022;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[177]</a> and a number of autonomous churches.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbc-169">[167]</a> Each church has a ruling <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bishop">bishop</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Synod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Synod">holy synod</a> to administer its jurisdiction and lead the Eastern Orthodox Church in the preservation and teaching of the apostolic and <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patristic" class="extiw" title="wikt:patristic">patristic</a> traditions and church practices. Each bishop has a territory (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Episcopal_see?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Episcopal see">see</a>) over which he governs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-facts-170">[168]</a> His main duty is to make sure the traditions and practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church are preserved. Bishops are equal in authority and cannot interfere in the jurisdiction of another bishop. Administratively, these bishops and their territories are organised into various autocephalous groups or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synod">synods</a> of bishops who gather together at least twice each year to discuss the state of affairs within their respective sees. While bishops and their autocephalous synods have the ability to administer guidance in individual cases, their actions do not usually set precedents that affect the entire Eastern Orthodox Church. Bishops are almost always chosen from the monastic ranks and must remain unmarried. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Church_councils">Church councils</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Church councils" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg/220px-Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg/220px-Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg/329px-Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg/439px-Rylands_Nicene_Creed_papyrus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Oldest extant manuscript of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicene_Creed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, dated to the fifth Century </figcaption> </figure> The ecumenical councils followed a democratic form, with each bishop having one vote. Though present and allowed to speak before the council, members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Roman</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> court, abbots, priests, deacons, monks and laymen were not allowed to vote. The primary goal of these great synods was to verify and confirm the fundamental beliefs of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Church">Great Christian Church</a> as truth, and to remove as heresy any false teachings that would threaten the Christian Church. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope">pope of Rome</a> at that time held the position of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primus_inter_pares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> ("first among equals") and, while he was not present at any of the councils, he continued to hold this title until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> of 1054.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Other councils have helped to define the Eastern Orthodox position, specifically the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quinisext_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a>, the Synods of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">879–880</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">1341, 1347, 1351</a>, 1583, 1819, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phyletism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phyletism">1872</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synod_of_Ia%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Iași">Synod of Iași</a>, 1642, and the Pan-Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a>, 1672; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Orthodox_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">Pan-Orthodox Council</a>, held in Greece in 2016, was the only such Eastern Orthodox council in modern times. According to Eastern Orthodox teaching the position of "first among equals" gives no additional power or authority to the bishop that holds it, but rather that this person sits as organisational head of a council of equals (like a president).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184">[182]</a> One of the decisions made by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (the second ecumenical council, meeting in 381) and supported by later such councils was that the Patriarch of Constantinople should be given equal honour to the Pope of Rome since Constantinople was considered to be the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Rome">New Rome</a>". According to the third <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canon (canon law)">canon</a> of the second ecumenical council: "Because [Constantinople] is new Rome, the bishop of Constantinople is to enjoy the privileges of honor after the bishop of Rome".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The 28th canon of the fourth ecumenical council clarified this point by stating: "For the Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of Old Rome because it was the royal city. And the One Hundred and Fifty most religious Bishops (i.e. the second ecumenical council in 381) actuated by the same consideration, gave equal privileges to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honoured with the Sovereignty and the Senate, and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Because of the schism, the Eastern Orthodox no longer recognise the primacy of the pope of Rome. The patriarch of Constantinople therefore, like the Pope before him, now enjoys the title of "first among equals". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Adherents">Adherents</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Adherents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Eastern Orthodoxy by country</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png/500px-World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png/500px-World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png" data-width="500" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png/750px-World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png/1000px-World_Eastern_Orthodox_population.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Percentage distribution of Eastern Orthodox Christians by country </figcaption> </figure> The most reliable estimates currently available number Eastern Orthodox adherents at around 220 million worldwide,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Atlas-187">[185]</a> making Eastern Orthodoxy the second largest Christian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koinonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koinonia">communion</a> in the world after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-adherents-188">[186]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[b]</a> According to the 2015 Yearbook of International Religious Demography, as of 2010, the Eastern Orthodox population was 4% of the global population, declining from 7.1% in 1910. The study also found a decrease in proportional terms, with Eastern Orthodox Christians making up 12.2% of the world's total Christian population in 2015 compared to 20.4% a century earlier.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yearbook-191">[188]</a> A 2017 report by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> reached similar figures, noting that Eastern Orthodoxy has seen slower growth and less geographic spread than Catholicism and Protestantism, which were driven by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missionary">missionary</a> activity across the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Over two-thirds of all Eastern Orthodox members are concentrated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[190]</a> with significant minorities in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levant">Levant</a>. However, Eastern Orthodoxy has become more globalised over the last century, seeing greater growth in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New World">the Americas</a>, and parts of Africa; churches are present in the major cities of most countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[191]</a> Adherents constitute the largest single religious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faith">community</a> in Russia<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sreda2012-195">[192]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[c]</a>—which is home to roughly half the world's Eastern Orthodox Christians—and are the majority in Ukraine,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Razumkov2006-199">[195]</a> Romania,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Belarus2011-200">[196]</a> Greece,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[d]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Macedonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> communities also dominate the disputed territories of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abkhazia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Ossetia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transnistria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>. Significant Eastern Orthodox minorities exist in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[e]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latvia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tieslietu-203">[197]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[198]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2013table28-205">[199]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyzstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[200]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lebanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-freedom-207">[201]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religious_demography" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> and many other countries. Eastern Orthodox Christianity is the fastest growing religion in certain Western countries, primarily through labour migration from Eastern Europe, and to a lesser degree conversion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-H%C3%A4mmerli-208">[202]</a> Ireland saw a doubling of its Eastern Orthodox population between 2006 and 2011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-H%C3%A4mmerli-208">[202]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Aughey-209">[203]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[204]</a> Spain and Germany have the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">largest communities in Western Europe</a>, at roughly 1.5 million each, followed by Italy with around 900,000 and France with between 500,000 and 700,000. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Americas">Americas</a>, four countries have over 100,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians: Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and the United States; all but the latter had fewer than 20,000 at the turn of the 20th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pewforum.org-211">[205]</a> The U.S. has seen its community more than quadruple since 1910, from 460,000 to 1.8 million as of 2017;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pewforum.org-211">[205]</a> consequently, the number of Eastern Orthodox parishes has been growing, with a 16% increase between 2000 and 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jones2010-212">[206]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[f]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[g]</a> Turkey, which for centuries once had one of the largest Eastern Orthodox communities, saw its overall Christian population fall from roughly one-fifth in 1914 to 2.5% in 1927.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-218">[210]</a> This was predominantly due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a>, which saw most Christian territories become independent nations. The remaining Christian population was reduced further by large-scale genocides against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenian_genocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_genocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek genocide">Greek</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assyrian_genocide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian communities</a>; subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchanges between Greece and Turkey</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-219">[211]</a> and Bulgaria and Turkey; and associated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_emigration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian emigration">emigration of Christians</a> to foreign countries (mostly in Europe and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[212]</a> Today, only 0.2% of Turkey's population represent either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jews">Jews</a> or various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_denominations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> (320,000).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[213]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Theology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian theology">Eastern Orthodox Christian theology</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Trinity">Trinity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Trinity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Eastern Orthodox Christians believe in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, three distinct, divine persons (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (philosophy)">hypostases</a>), without overlap or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabellianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabellianism">modality</a> among them, who each have the same divine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essence">essence</a> (ousia, Greek: οὐσία)—uncreated, immaterial, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_and_eternity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God and eternity">eternal</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993208%E2%80%93211-222">[214]</a> These three persons are typically distinguished by their relation to each other. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_the_Father?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God the Father">Father</a> is eternal and not begotten and does not proceed from any, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_the_Son?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God the Son">Son</a> is eternal and begotten of the Father, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> is eternal and proceeds from the Father.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-223">[215]</a> Orthodox doctrine regarding the Trinity is summarised in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicene_Creed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niceno-Constantinopolitan_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993202-224">[216]</a> Eastern Orthodox Christians believe in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monotheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God in Christianity">conception of God</a> (God is only one), which is both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> (wholly independent of, and removed from, the material universe) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanence">immanent</a> (involved in the material universe).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-223">[215]</a> In discussing God's relationship to his creation, Eastern Orthodox theology <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93Energies_distinction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence–Energies distinction">distinguishes</a> between God's eternal essence, which is totally transcendent, and his uncreated energies, which is how he reaches humanity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-223">[215]</a> The God who is transcendent and the God who touches mankind are one and the same.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-223">[215]</a> That is, these energies are not something that proceed from God or that God produces, but rather they are God himself: distinct, yet inseparable from God's inner being.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199367%E2%80%9369-225">[217]</a> This view is often called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palamism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palamism">Palamism</a>. In understanding the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> as "one God in three persons", "three persons" is not to be emphasised more than "one God", and vice versa. While the three persons are distinct, they are united in one divine essence, and their oneness is expressed in community and action so completely that they cannot be considered separately. For example, their salvation of mankind is an activity engaged in common: "Christ became man by the good will of the Father and by the cooperation of the Holy Spirit. Christ sends the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father, and the Holy Spirit forms Christ in our hearts, and thus God the Father is glorified." Their "communion of essence" is "indivisible". Trinitarian terminology—essence, hypostasis, etc.—are used "philosophically", "to answer the ideas of the heretics", and "to place the terms where they separate error and truth."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos1998128%E2%80%93130-226">[218]</a> The words do what they can do, but the nature of the Trinity in its fullness is believed to remain beyond man's comprehension and expression, a holy mystery that can only be experienced. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sin,_salvation,_and_the_incarnation">Sin, salvation, and the incarnation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sin, salvation, and the incarnation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:John_Damascus_(arabic_icon).gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_Damascus_%28arabic_icon%29.gif/193px-John_Damascus_%28arabic_icon%29.gif" decoding="async" width="193" height="304" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="574"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 193px;height: 304px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_Damascus_%28arabic_icon%29.gif/193px-John_Damascus_%28arabic_icon%29.gif" data-alt="" data-width="193" data-height="304" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_Damascus_%28arabic_icon%29.gif/289px-John_Damascus_%28arabic_icon%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/John_Damascus_%28arabic_icon%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_Damascus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> </figcaption> </figure> When Eastern Orthodox Christians refer to fallen nature they are not saying that human nature has become evil in itself. Human nature is still formed in the image of God; humans are still God's creation, and God has never created anything evil, but fallen nature remains open to evil intents and actions. It is sometimes said among Eastern Orthodox that humans are "inclined to sin"; that is, people find some sinful things attractive. It is the nature of temptation to make sinful things seem the more attractive, and it is the fallen nature of humans that seeks or succumbs to the attraction. Orthodox Christians reject the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustinianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian position</a> that the descendants of Adam and Eve are actually guilty of the original sin of their ancestors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[219]</a> Since the fall of man, then, it has been mankind's dilemma that no human can restore his nature to union with God's grace; it was necessary for God to effect another change in human nature. Eastern Orthodox Christians believe that Christ Jesus was both God and Man absolutely and completely, having two natures indivisibly: eternally begotten of the Father in his divinity, he was born in his humanity of a woman, Mary, by her consent, through descent of the Holy Spirit. He lived on earth, in time and history, as a man. As a man he also died, and went to the place of the dead, which is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a>. But being God, neither death nor Hades could contain him, and he rose to life again, in his humanity, by the power of the Holy Spirit, thus destroying the power of Hades and of death itself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysostom400%5B%5BPaschal_Homily%5D%5D-228">[220]</a> Through Christ's destruction of Hades' power to hold humanity hostage, he made the path to salvation effective for all the righteous who had died from the beginning of time—saving many, including Adam and Eve, who are remembered in the church as saints.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Athanasius1982Ch._2%E2%80%933,_p._318-229">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Resurrection_of_Christ">Resurrection of Christ</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Resurrection of Christ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/200px-1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="820"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/200px-1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/300px-1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/399px-1678._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A 17th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> icon of the Resurrection </figcaption> </figure> The Eastern Orthodox Church understands the death and resurrection of Jesus to be real historical events, as described in the gospels of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Christian_life">Christian life</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Christian life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Church teaching is that Eastern Orthodox Christians, through baptism, enter a new life of salvation through repentance whose purpose is to share in the life of God through the work of the Holy Spirit. The Eastern Orthodox Christian life is a spiritual pilgrimage in which each person, through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imitation of Christ">imitation of Christ</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesychasm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesychasm">hesychasm</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos1998234%E2%80%93237,_(241=Glossary)-230">[222]</a> cultivates the practice of unceasing prayer. Each life occurs within the life of the church as a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Body_of_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Body of Christ">body of Christ</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2006%5Bhttporthodoxinfocomgeneraltheosis-englishpdf_34%5D-231">[223]</a> It is then through the fire of God's love in the action of the Holy Spirit that each member becomes more holy, more wholly unified with Christ, starting in this life and continuing in the next.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Dict_Christian_Church3rd_ed-232">[224]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[225]</a> The church teaches that everyone, being born in God's image, is called to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">theosis</a>, fulfilment of the image in likeness to God. God the creator, having divinity by nature, offers each person participation in divinity by cooperatively accepting His gift of grace.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2006%5Bhttporthodoxinfocomgeneraltheosis-englishpdf_21%5D-234">[226]</a> The Eastern Orthodox Church, in understanding itself to be the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Body_of_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a>, and similarly in understanding the Christian life to lead to the unification in Christ of all members of his body, views the church as embracing all Christ's members, those now living on earth, and also all those through the ages who have passed on to the heavenly life. "In general," Eastern Orthodox Christianity sees the Church "as a purely mystical body, the understanding of which cannot be attained through the development of a rational or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:022-177">[175]</a> The church includes the Christian saints from all times, and also judges, prophets and righteous Jews of the first covenant, Adam and Eve, even the angels and heavenly hosts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199825%E2%80%9330-235">[227]</a> In Eastern Orthodox services, the earthly members together with the heavenly members worship God as one community in Christ, in a union that transcends time and space and joins heaven to earth. This unity of the church is sometimes called the communion of the saints.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199823-236">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Eastern_Orthodox_Order_of_Saint_Benedict">Eastern Orthodox Order of Saint Benedict</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox Order of Saint Benedict" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Order of Saint Benedict is an affiliation of monastics of the Eastern Orthodox Church who strive to live according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a>. The equivalent monastic order in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> is known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Order of Saint Benedict</a>, abbreviated as OSB. Within the United States, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America">Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America</a> has at least one Benedictine monastery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[229]</a> Several Benedictine monastic houses, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skete">sketes</a> and hermitages fit within the Russian Orthodox Church outside of Russia, all of which are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stauropegic_monastery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stauropegic monastery">stavropegial</a> directly under the Metropolitan. An oblate programme exists for Orthodox laity Saint Benedict Russian Orthodox Church in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Virgin_Mary_and_other_saints">Virgin Mary and other saints</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Virgin Mary and other saints" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg/220px-Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg/220px-Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg/330px-Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg/440px-Tinos_panagia_evangelistria_200707_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Tinos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Our Lady of Tinos">Our Lady of Tinos</a> is the major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marian_shrine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian shrine">Marian shrine</a> in Greece. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Vladimirskaya.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/220px-Vladimirskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/220px-Vladimirskaya.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/330px-Vladimirskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/440px-Vladimirskaya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokos of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a>, one of the most venerated of Orthodox Christian icons of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Eastern Orthodox Church believes death and the separation of body and soul to be unnatural—a result of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall of Man</a>. They also hold that the congregation of the church comprises both the living and the dead. All persons currently in heaven are considered to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint">saints</a>, whether their names are known or not. There are, however, those saints of distinction whom God has revealed as particularly good examples. When a saint is revealed and ultimately recognised by a large portion of the church a service of official recognition (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glorification_(theology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glorification (theology)">glorification</a>) is celebrated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[231]</a> This does not "make" the person a saint; it merely recognises the fact and announces it to the rest of the church. A day is prescribed for the saint's celebration, hymns composed and icons created. Numerous saints are celebrated on each day of the year. They are venerated (shown great respect and love) but not worshipped, for worship is due God alone (this view is also held by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic churches</a>). In showing the saints this love and requesting their prayers, the Eastern Orthodox manifest their belief that the saints thus assist in the process of salvation for others. Pre-eminent among the saints is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> (commonly referred to as Theotokos or Bogoroditsa: "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mother_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>"). In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a>, the Mother of God is the fulfilment of the Old Testament archetypes revealed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> (because she carried the New Covenant in the person of Christ) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burning_bush?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a> that appeared before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moses">Moses</a> (symbolising the Mother of God's carrying of God without being consumed).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[232]</a> The Eastern Orthodox believe that Christ, from the moment of his conception, was both fully God and fully human. Mary is thus called the Theotokos or Bogoroditsa as an affirmation of the divinity of the one to whom she gave birth. It is also believed that her virginity was not compromised in conceiving God-incarnate, that she was not harmed and that she remained forever a virgin. Scriptural references to "brothers" of Christ are interpreted as kin, given that the word "brother" was used in multiple ways, as was the term "father". Due to her unique place in salvation history, Mary is honoured above all other saints and especially venerated for the great work that God accomplished through her.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993257%E2%80%93258-241">[233]</a> The Eastern Orthodox Church regards the bodies of all saints as holy, made such by participation in the holy mysteries, especially the communion of Christ's holy body and blood, and by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit within the church. Indeed, that persons and physical things can be made holy is a cornerstone of the doctrine of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>, made manifest also directly by God in Old Testament times through his dwelling in the Ark of the Covenant. Thus, physical items connected with saints are also regarded as holy, through their participation in the earthly works of those saints. According to church teaching and tradition, God himself bears witness to this holiness of saints' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relic">relics</a> through the many miracles connected with them that have been reported throughout history since biblical times, often including healing from disease and injury.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993234-242">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Eschatology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_eschatology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg/200px-Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3684"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg/200px-Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg/300px-Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg/400px-Torcello_-_Santa_Maria_Assunta.Last_Judgement.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Last Judgment: 12th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> mosaic from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torcello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torcello">Torcello</a> Cathedral </figcaption> </figure> Orthodox Christians believe that when a person dies the soul is temporarily separated from the body. Though it may linger for a short period on Earth, it is ultimately escorted either to paradise (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham%27s_bosom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham's bosom">Abraham's bosom</a>) or the darkness of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a>, following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particular_judgment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particular judgment">Temporary Judgment</a>. Orthodox do not accept the doctrine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purgatory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, which is held by Catholicism. The soul's experience of either of these states is only a "foretaste"—being experienced only by the soul—until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Last_Judgment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Last Judgment">Final Judgment</a>, when the soul and body will be reunited.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[235]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-soul-244">[236]</a> The Eastern Orthodox believe that the state of the soul in Hades can be affected by the love and prayers of the righteous up until the Last Judgment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[237]</a> For this reason the Church offers a special <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for the dead</a> on the third day, ninth day, fortieth day, and the one-year anniversary after the death of an Orthodox Christian. There are also several days throughout the year that are set aside for general commemoration of the departed, sometimes including nonbelievers. These days usually fall on a Saturday, since it was on a Saturday that Christ lay in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Tomb</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-soul-244">[236]</a> The Eastern Orthodox believe that after the Final Judgment: <ul> <li>All souls will be reunited with their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">resurrected bodies</a>.</li> <li>All souls will fully experience their spiritual state.</li> <li>Having been perfected, the saints will forever progress towards a deeper and fuller love of God, which equates with eternal happiness.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-soul-244">[236]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bible" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg/200px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="514"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg/200px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg/300px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg/400px-Paris_psaulter_gr139_fol5v.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> David glorified by the women of Israel from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_Psalter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris Psalter">Paris Psalter</a>, example of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art (Byzantine)</a> (sometimes called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a>) </figcaption> </figure> The official Bible of the Eastern Orthodox Church contains the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septuagint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> text of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Daniel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> given in the translation by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodotion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchal_Text?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal Text">Patriarchal Text</a> is used for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[238]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[239]</a> Orthodox Christians hold that the Bible is a verbal icon of Christ, as proclaimed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Council of Nicaea">7th ecumenical council</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991209-248">[240]</a> They refer to the Bible as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_scripture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy scripture">holy scripture</a>, meaning writings containing the foundational truths of the Christian faith as revealed by Christ and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Spirit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> to its divinely inspired human authors. Holy scripture forms the primary and authoritative written witness of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_tradition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy tradition">holy tradition</a> and is essential as the basis for all Orthodox teaching and belief.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991209_(quoting_%5B%5BJohn_Chrysostom%5D%5D):_%22It_is_impossible_for_a_man_to_be_saved_if_he_does_not_read_the_Scriptures.%22-249">[241]</a> Once established as holy scripture, there has never been any question that the Eastern Orthodox Church holds the full list of books to be venerable and beneficial for reading and study,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[242]</a> even though it informally holds some books in higher esteem than others, the four gospels highest of all. Of the subgroups significant enough to be named, the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anagignoskomena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagignoskomena">Anagignoskomena</a>" (ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα, "things that are read") comprises ten of the Old Testament books rejected in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_canon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant canon">Protestant canon</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[243]</a> but deemed by the Eastern Orthodox worthy to be read in worship services, even though they carry a lesser esteem than the 39 books of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew canon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-252">[244]</a> The lowest tier contains the remaining books not accepted by either Protestants or Catholics, among them, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psalm_151?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a>. Though it is a psalm, and is in the book of psalms, it is not classified as being within the Psalter (the first 150 psalms).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[245]</a> In a very strict sense, it is not entirely orthodox to call the holy scripture the "Word of God". That is a title the Eastern Orthodox Church reserves for Christ, as supported in the scriptures themselves, most explicitly in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John 1">first chapter of the Gospel of John</a>. God's Word is not hollow, like human words. "God said, 'let there be light'; and there was light."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[246]</a> The Eastern Orthodox Church does not subscribe to the Protestant doctrine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sola_scriptura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a>. The church has defined what Scripture is; it also interprets what its meaning is.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[247]</a> Christ promised: "When He, the Spirit of truth, has come, He will guide you into all truth".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-256">[248]</a> Scriptures are understood to contain historical fact, poetry, idiom, metaphor, simile, moral fable, parable, prophecy and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisdom_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>, and each bears its own consideration in its interpretation. While divinely inspired, the text still consists of words in human languages, arranged in humanly recognisable forms. The Eastern Orthodox Church does not oppose honest critical and historical study of the Bible.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ware1991-257">[249]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Liturgy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox worship</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2020"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Sophien-Kathedrale_von_Ohrid_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fresco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basil_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a>, in the church of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sophia,_Ohrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Saint Sophia, Ohrid">Saint Sophia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>. The saint is shown <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consecration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrating</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacred_Mysteries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mysteries">Gifts</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_Liturgy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> which bears his name. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Church_calendar">Church calendar</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Church calendar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lesser cycles also run in tandem with the annual ones. A weekly cycle of days prescribes a specific focus for each day in addition to others that may be observed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-258">[250]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Each day of the Weekly Cycle is dedicated to certain special memorials. Sunday is dedicated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Christ's Resurrection</a>; Monday honours the holy bodiless powers (angels, archangels, etc.); Tuesday is dedicated to the prophets and especially the greatest of the prophets, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_the_Baptist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John the Baptist">John the Forerunner and Baptist of the Lord</a>; Wednesday is consecrated to the Cross and recalls Judas' betrayal; Thursday honours the holy apostles and hierarchs, especially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Nicholas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas, Bishop of Myra in Lycia</a>; Friday is also consecrated to the Cross and recalls the day of the Crucifixion; Saturday is dedicated to All Saints, especially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theotokos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a>, and to the memory of all those who have departed this life in the hope of resurrection and eternal life. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Church_services">Church services</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Church services" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canonical_hours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Byzantine_Rite_usage" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours § Byzantine Rite usage</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEastern_Orthodox_Church%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D">adding to it</a>. (November 2021) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Music_and_chanting">Music and chanting</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Music and chanting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg/220px-Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg/220px-Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg/330px-Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg/440px-Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chanters singing on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kliros?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kliros">kliros</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Istanbul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. George, Istanbul">Church of St. George</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> </figcaption> </figure> The church has developed eight modes or tones (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octoechos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a>) within which a chant may be set, depending on the time of year, feast day, or other considerations of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Typikon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Typikon">Typikon</a>. There are numerous versions and styles that are traditional and acceptable and these vary a great deal between cultures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993238-259">[251]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Art and architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Eastern Orthodox church architecture</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg/240px-Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg/240px-Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg/360px-Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg/480px-Orthodox-Church-interior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An illustration of the traditional interior of an Orthodox church </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archdiocesan_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity">Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity</a> on New York City's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_East_Side?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> is the largest Orthodox Christian church in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Hemisphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-StudentEd-260">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Local_customs">Local customs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Local customs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg/180px-Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg/180px-Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg/270px-Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg/360px-Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Shards of pottery vases on the street, after being thrown from the windows of nearby houses. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Saturday?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> tradition in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corfu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Locality is also expressed in regional terms of churchly jurisdiction, which is often also drawn along national lines. Many Orthodox churches adopt a national title (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Autocephalous_Church_of_Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania">Albanian Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Church">Antiochian Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Ukraine">Ukrainian Orthodox</a>, etc.) and this title can identify which language is used in services, which bishops preside, and which of the typica is followed by specific <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wikt:congregation">congregations</a>. In the Middle East, Orthodox Christians are usually referred to as Rum ("Roman") Orthodox, because of their historical connection with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns20023-261">[253]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Holy_mysteries_(sacraments)">Holy mysteries (sacraments)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Holy mysteries (sacraments)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> is used for the administration of the "Holy mysteries" or seven sacraments in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>; among these are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> (the most direct connection), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrismation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confession_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unction">unction</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">matrimony</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordination">ordination</a>, as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benediction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benediction">blessings</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exorcism in Christianity">exorcisms</a>, and other occasions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-oupbr-262">[254]</a> While the Catholic Church numbers seven sacraments, and many Protestant groups list two (baptism and the Eucharist) or even none, the Eastern Orthodox do not limit the number. However, for the sake of convenience, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catechism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catechism">catechisms</a> of the Eastern Orthodox Church will often speak of the "seven great mysteries". The term "sacrament" also properly applies to other sacred actions such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">monastic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tonsure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> or the blessing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">holy water</a>, and involves <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_fasting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eastern_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Religious fasting">fasting</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_Eastern_Christianity" title="Alms">almsgiving</a>, or an act as simple as lighting a candle, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity" title="Religious use of incense">burning incense</a>, praying or asking God's blessing on food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993274%E2%80%93277-263">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Baptism">Baptism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Baptism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg/220px-GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg/220px-GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg/330px-GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg/440px-GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An Eastern Orthodox baptism </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> is the mystery which transforms the old and sinful person into a new and pure one; the old life, the sins, any mistakes made are gone and a clean slate is given. Through baptism a person is united to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Body_of_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a> by becoming a member of the Eastern Orthodox Church. During the service, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">water</a> is blessed. The catechumen is fully immersed in the water three times in the name of the Trinity. This is considered to be a death of the "old man" by participation in the crucifixion and burial of Christ, and a rebirth into new life in Christ by participation in his resurrection.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993277%E2%80%93278-264">[256]</a> Properly, the mystery of baptism is administered by bishops and priests; however, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emergency_baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emergency baptism">in emergencies any Eastern Orthodox Christian can baptise</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993278-265">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Chrismation">Chrismation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Chrismation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrismation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a> (sometimes called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confirmation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>) is the mystery by which a baptised person is granted the gift of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Spirit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> through anointing with Holy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrism">Chrism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-266">[258]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993278%E2%80%93279-267">[259]</a> It is normally given immediately after baptism as part of the same service, but is also used to receive lapsed members of the Eastern Orthodox Church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarakas198756%E2%80%9357-268">[260]</a> As baptism is a person's participation in the death and resurrection of Christ, so Chrismation is a person's participation in the coming of the Holy Spirit at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentecost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ware1993p279-269">[261]</a> A baptised and chrismated Eastern Orthodox Christian is a full member of the church and may receive the Eucharist regardless of age.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ware1993p279-269">[261]</a> The creation of Chrism may be accomplished by any bishop at any time, but usually is done only once a year, often when a synod of bishops convenes for its annual meeting. Some autocephalous churches get their chrism from others. Anointing with it substitutes for the laying-on of hands described in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, even when an instrument such as a brush is used.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarakas198757-270">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Holy_Communion_(Eucharist)">Holy Communion (Eucharist)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Holy Communion (Eucharist)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg/220px-Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg/220px-Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg/330px-Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg/440px-Liturgy_St_James_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Eucharistic elements prepared for the Divine Liturgy </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> is given only to baptised and chrismated Eastern Orthodox Christians who have prepared by fasting, prayer and confession. The priest will administer the gifts with a spoon, called a "cochlear", directly into the recipient's mouth from the chalice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993287-271">[263]</a> From baptism young infants and children are carried to the chalice to receive holy communion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ware1993p279-269">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Marriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_(1895,_Hermitage).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/250px-Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1433"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/250px-Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/375px-Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/500px-Wedding_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna_by_Laurits_Tuxen_%281895%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The wedding of Tsar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> </figcaption> </figure> From the Eastern Orthodox perspective, marriage is one of the holy mysteries or sacraments. As well as in many other Christian traditions, for example in Catholicism, it serves to unite a woman and a man in eternal union and love before God, with the purpose of following Christ and his Gospel and raising up a faithful, holy family through their holy union.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-272">[264]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-273">[265]</a> The church understands marriage to be the union of one man and one woman, and certain Orthodox leaders have spoken out strongly in opposition to the civil institution of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Same-sex_marriage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-274">[266]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-275">[267]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes,_Naxos,_119259.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG/250px-Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG/250px-Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG/375px-Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG/500px-Greek_Orthodox_wedding_in_Tripodes%2C_Naxos%2C_119259.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Greek Orthodox wedding </figcaption> </figure> Jesus said that "when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven" (Mk 12:25). For the Orthodox Christian this passage should not be understood to imply that Christian marriage will not remain a reality in the Kingdom, but points to the fact that relations will not be "fleshy", but "spiritual".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-meyendorff70-276">[268]</a> Love between wife and husband, as an icon of relationship between Christ and church, is eternal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-meyendorff70-276">[268]</a> The church does recognise that there are rare occasions when it is better that couples do separate, but there is no official recognition of civil divorces. For the Eastern Orthodox, to say that marriage is indissoluble means that it should not be broken, the violation of such a union, perceived as holy, being an offence resulting from either adultery or the prolonged absence of one of the partners. Thus, permitting remarriage is an act of compassion of the church towards sinful man.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Holy_orders">Holy orders</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Holy orders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kheirotonia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kheirotonia.jpg/250px-Kheirotonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="2024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kheirotonia.jpg/250px-Kheirotonia.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kheirotonia.jpg/375px-Kheirotonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kheirotonia.jpg/500px-Kheirotonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Eastern Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subdeacon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subdeacon">subdeacon</a> being ordained to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaconate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaconate">diaconate</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bishop">bishop</a> has placed his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omophorion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omophorion">omophorion</a> and right hand on the head of the candidate and is reading the Prayer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_laying_on_of_hands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian laying on of hands">Cheirotonia</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Widowed priests and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deacon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deacon">deacons</a> may not remarry and it is common for such members of the clergy to retire to a monastery (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clerical_celibacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>). This is also true of widowed wives of clergy, who do not remarry and become nuns when their children are grown. Only men are allowed to receive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_orders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a>, although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deaconess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deaconess">deaconesses</a> had both liturgical and pastoral functions within the church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karras-278">[270]</a> In 2016, the Holy Synod of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> voted to reinstate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deaconess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deaconess">female diaconate</a>; in the following year, it ordained six sub-deaconesses in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>. In 2024 the Patriarchate ordained its first female deacon, Angelic Molen, in Zimbabwe, making her the first female deacon in the Eastern Orthodox Church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-279">[271]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-280">[272]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-281">[273]</a> This move was met with criticism from other autocephalous Orthodox church leaders, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese_of_North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America">Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saba_Esber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saba Esber">Metropolitan Saba Esber</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-282">[274]</a> and Archpriest John Whiteford of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-283">[275]</a> who criticized the move as being politically motivated and did not accurately reflect the historical use of deaconesses in the Eastern Orthodox Church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-284">[276]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Interfaith_relations">Interfaith relations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Interfaith relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg/220px-Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg/220px-Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg/330px-Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg/440px-Fond-du-lac-circus.preview.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The consecration of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reginald_Heber_Weller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reginald Heber Weller">Reginald Heber Weller</a> as an Anglican bishop at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Fond_du_Lac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Fond du Lac">Cathedral of St. Paul the Apostle</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Fond_du_Lac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac">Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac</a>, with Anthony Kozlowski of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_National_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish National Catholic Church">Polish National Catholic Church</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Tikhon, then Bishop of the Aleutians and Alaska</a> (along with his chaplains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Kochurov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Kochurov">John Kochurov</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sevastijan_Dabovi%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sevastijan Dabović">Sebastian Dabovich</a>) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> present </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_(1).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG/220px-Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG/220px-Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG/330px-Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG/440px-Pope_Franciscus_%26_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Jerusalem_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Francis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, Jerusalem, 2014 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Relations_with_other_Christians">Relations with other Christians</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Relations with other Christians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1920, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, published an encyclical "addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of Churches', parallel to the newly founded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/League_of_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ware1993-285">[277]</a> This gesture was instrumental in the foundation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> (WCC);<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fuchs2008-286">[278]</a> as such, almost all Eastern Orthodox churches are members of the WCC and "Orthodox ecclesiastics and theologians serve on its committees".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Benz2008-287">[279]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kallistos_Ware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos Ware</a>, a British metropolitan bishop of the Orthodox Church, has stated that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a> "is important for Orthodoxy: it has helped to force the various Orthodox churches out of their comparative isolation, making them meet one another and enter into a living contact with non-Orthodox Christians."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993322-288">[280]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilarion_Alfeyev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilarion Alfeyev">Hilarion Alfeyev</a>, then the Metropolitan of Volokolamsk and head of external relations for the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, stated that Orthodox and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evangelicalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestant</a> Christians share the same positions on "such issues as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pro-life?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-life">abortion</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_values?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conservative_definitions" title="Family values">family</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian views on marriage">marriage</a>" and desire "vigorous grassroots engagement" between the two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communion_(Christian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">Christian communions</a> on such issues.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Communions-289">[281]</a> In that regard, the differences between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox communions have not been improved in any relevant way. Dogmatic and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liturgical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> polarities have been significant, even and especially in recent times. A pertinent point of contention between the monarchically papal, administratively centralised Catholic Church and the decentralised confederation of Orthodox churches is the theological significance of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgin_Mary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-290">[282]</a> During his visit to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in October 2016, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Francis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> was snubbed by most Orthodox Christians as he led mass before a practically empty <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikheil_Meskhi_Stadium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikheil Meskhi Stadium">Mikheil Meskhi Stadium</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tbilisi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-291">[283]</a> The Oriental Orthodox Churches are not in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communion_(Christian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> with the Eastern Orthodox Church, despite their similar names. Slow dialogue towards restoring communion between the two churches began in the mid-20th century,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Common-292">[284]</a> and, notably, in the 19th century, when the Greek Patriarch in Egypt had to absent himself from the country for a long period of time; he left his church under the guidance of the Coptic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Cyril_IV_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria">Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-293">[285]</a> In 2019, the Primate of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">OCU</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Kyiv_and_all_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine">Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Epiphanius</a> stated that "theoretically" the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> could in the future unite into a united church around the Kyiv throne.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-294">[286]</a> In 2019, the Primate of the UGCC, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lists_of_leaders_of_the_Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lists of leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Galicia</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav</a>, stated that every effort should be made to restore the original unity of the Kyivan Church in its Orthodox and Catholic branches, saying that the restoration of Eucharistic communion between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Rome</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> is not a utopia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-295">[287]</a> Notwithstanding certain overtures by both Catholic and Eastern Orthodox leaders, the majority of Orthodox Christians, as well as Catholics, are not in favour of communion between their churches, with only a median of 35 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively, claiming support.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ReferenceA-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Relations_with_Islam">Relations with Islam</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Relations with Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg/220px-1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg/220px-1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg/330px-1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg/440px-1821_atrocities_Constantinople.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople_Massacre_of_1821?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Massacre of 1821">Constantinople Massacre of April 1821</a>: a religious persecution of the Greek population of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> under the Ottomans. Patriarch <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_V_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V of Constantinople</a> was executed. </figcaption> </figure> According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bat Ye'or">Bat Ye'or</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhimma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimma">Christians under Islamic rule</a> were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rum_Millet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">denied equality of rights</a> since they were forced to pay the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jizya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jizya">jizya</a> poll tax.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-296">[288]</a> In 2007, Metropolitan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilarion_Alfeyev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilarion Alfeyev">Alfeyev</a> expressed the possibility of peaceful coexistence between Islam and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in Russia, as the two religions have never had religious wars in Russia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alfeyev-297">[289]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Constituencies">Constituencies</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Constituencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Eastern Orthodox Church">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">List of the current autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches and their dependencies</a> </div> The various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocephalous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> and autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synods">synods</a> of the Eastern Orthodox Church are distinct in terms of administration and local culture, but for the most part exist in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with one another. In addition, some schismatic churches not in any communion exist, with all three groups identifying as Eastern Orthodox. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9D._%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82,_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7,_16-27-6-2016_(27614224782).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9D._%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%2C_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%2C_16-27-6-2016_%2827614224782%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3573" data-file-height="2598"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9D._%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%2C_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%2C_16-27-6-2016_%2827614224782%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9D._%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%2C_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%2C_16-27-6-2016_%2827614224782%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9D._%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%2C_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%2C_16-27-6-2016_%2827614224782%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Orthodox_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">Pan-Orthodox Council</a>, Kolymvari, Crete, Greece, June 2016 </figcaption> </figure> Another group of non-mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians are referred <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/True_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Calendarists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a>; they are those who, without authority from their parent churches, have continued to use the old <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, and split from their parent church. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a> (ROCOR) has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Act_of_Canonical_Communion_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate">united in 2007 with the Moscow Patriarchate</a>; these two churches had separated from each other in the 1920s due to the subjection of the latter to the hostile <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet regime</a>. Another group called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Believers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raskol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Raskol">separated in 1666</a> from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church rite reforms introduced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Patriarch Nikon of Moscow</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Main_communion">Main communion</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Main communion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg/220px-AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg/220px-AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg/330px-AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg/440px-AlexGreekCathedralFront.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathedral_of_Evangelismos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Evangelismos">Cathedral of Evangelismos</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Eastern Orthodox Church is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full communion">communion</a> of 15 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocephaly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a>—that is, administratively completely independent—regional churches,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-298">[290]</a> plus the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> and two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Orthodox Churches</a>. The Orthodox Church in America is recognised as autocephalous only by the Russian, Bulgarian, Georgian, Polish and Czech-Slovak churches. In December 2018, representatives of two unrecognised Ukrainian Orthodox churches, along with two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a> of the recognised, but self-declared autocephalous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unification_council_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_churches_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine">proclaimed the formation of the unified Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a>. On 5 January 2019, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine received its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomos_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomos (Eastern Orthodox Church)">tomos</a> of autocephaly (decree which defines the conditions of a church's independence) from the Ecumenical Patriarchate and thus received a place in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diptych?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ecclesiastical" title="Diptych">diptych</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg/220px-Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg/220px-Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg/330px-Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg/440px-Patrikana_e_Pej%C3%ABs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(monastery)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarchate of Peć (monastery)">Patriarchate of Peć</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, the seat of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> from the 14th century, when its status was upgraded into a patriarchate </figcaption> </figure> Each church has defined geographical boundaries of its jurisdiction and is ruled by its council of bishops or synod presided by a senior bishop–its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primate_(bishop)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> (or first hierarch). The primate may carry the honorary title of patriarch, metropolitan (in the Slavic tradition) or archbishop (in the Greek tradition). Each regional church consists of constituent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eparchies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchies">eparchies</a> (or dioceses) ruled by a bishop. Some churches have given an eparchy or group of eparchies varying degrees of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">autonomy</a> (self-government). Such autonomous churches maintain varying levels of dependence on their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mother_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mother church">mother church</a>, usually defined in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomos_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomos (Eastern Orthodox Church)">tomos</a> or other document of autonomy. Below is a list of the 15 autocephalous Orthodox churches forming the main body of Orthodox Christianity, all of which are titled equal to each other, but the Ecumenical Patriarchate is titled the first among equals. Based on the definitions, the list is in the order of precedence and alphabetical order where necessary, with some of their constituent autonomous churches and exarchates listed as well. The liturgical title of the primate is in italics. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome and First Among Equals Patriarch) <ul> <li>Autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church of Finland</a> (Archbishop of Helsinki and All Finland, formerly Archbishop of Karelia and All Finland)</li> <li>Self-governing Orthodox <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Crete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Crete">Church of Crete</a> (Archbishop of Crete)</li> <li>Self-governing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">monastic community of Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Self-governing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church of Korea</a> (Metropolitan of Seoul and All Korea)</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (the Pope and Patriarch of the Great City of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentapolis_(North_Africa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentapolis (North Africa)">Pentapolis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethiopia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, all the land of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and all Africa)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (Patriarch of Antioch and all the East)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem and all Holy Land, Syria, Arabia, beyond the Jordan River, Cana of Galilee, and Sacred Zion) <ul> <li>Autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Sinai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Sinai">Church of Mount Sinai</a> (Archbishop of Choreb, Sinai, and Raitha)</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> (Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia) <ul> <li>Autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church in Japan</a> (Archbishop of Tokyo and Metropolitan of All Japan)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Exarchate of Belarus</a> (Metropolitan of Minsk and Slutsk, Patriarchal Exarch of All Belarus)</li> <li>Self-governing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a> (Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York, First Hierarch of the Russian church abroad)</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> (Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> (Metropolitan of Sofia and Patriarch of All Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a> (Archbishop of Bucharest, Metropolitan of Muntenia and Dobrudja, Locum Tenens of the Throne of Caesarea of Cappadocia, and Patriarch of Romania) <ul> <li>Autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas</a> (Romanian Orthodox Archbishop of the United States of America and Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan of the Americas)</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a> (Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan bishop of Abkhazia and Pitsunda)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Cyprus">Church of Cyprus</a> (Archbishop of New Justiniana and all Cyprus)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> (Archbishop of Athens and all Greece)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albanian Orthodox Church</a> (Archbishop of Tirana, Durres and all Albania)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a> (Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland or Archbishop of Warsaw and Metropolitan of All Poland)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-300">[h]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia</a> (Archbishop of Prague, the Metropolitan of Czech lands and Slovakia or the Archbishop of Presov, the Metropolitan of Czech lands and Slovakia)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric">Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric</a> (Metropolitan of Skopje and Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia and of Justiniana Prima)</li> </ul> </div> Within the main body of Eastern Orthodoxy there are unresolved internal issues as to the autonomous or autocephalous status or legitimacy of the following Orthodox churches, particularly between those stemming from the Russian Orthodox or Constantinopolitan churches: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> (Archbishop of Washington, Metropolitan of All America and Canada) – Autocephaly not recognised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate.</li> <li>Self-governing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church</a> (Metropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia) – Recognised only by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, opposed only by the Russian Orthodox Church.</li> <li>Self-governing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate</a> (Metropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia) – Not recognised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate.</li> <li>Autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabian Orthodox Church</a> in Moldova (Archbishop of Chișinău, Metropolitan of Bessarabia and Exarch of the Territories) of the Romanian Orthodox Church – Territory claimed by the Russian Orthodox Church.</li> <li>Autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldovan Orthodox Church</a> (Metropolitan of Chișinău and all Moldova) of the Russian Orthodox Church – Jurisdiction disputed by the Romanian Orthodox Church.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> (Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine) – Recognised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Church of Greece, Church of Cyprus, and Patriarchate of Alexandria<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BS1-301">[292]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-302">[293]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BS2-303">[294]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BS3-304">[295]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-305">[296]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-306">[297]</a> as of October 2020, opposed by the Russian, Antiochian, Czech and Slovak, Serbian and Polish Orthodox Churches, and the Orthodox Church in America.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-307">[298]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-308">[299]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-309">[300]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>, self-governing by declaration which later was approved and recognised by the Georgian Orthodox Church<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-310">[301]</a> – jurisdiction disputed with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a>, which nearly all Churches continued to recognise as part of ROC.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvian Orthodox Church</a> (Metropolitan of Riga and all Latvia) holding autocephaly prior to 1941, forcibly integrated in 1941 as a result of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation and annexation of the Baltic states</a> to become a self-governing part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, with the Ecumenical Patriarchate accepting this situation in 1978; in 2022, the Latvian Parliament (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saeima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saeima">Saeima</a>) declared the restoration of autocephaly of the LOC from the ROC, due to security reasons.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Traditionalist_groups">Traditionalist groups</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Traditionalist groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="True_Orthodox">True Orthodox</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: True Orthodox" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#True_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">Eastern Orthodox Church organization § True Orthodox</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/True_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> has been separated from the mainstream communion over issues of ecumenism and calendar reform since the 1920s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-politika2-311">[302]</a> The movement rejects the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Moscow Patriarchate, and all churches which are in communion with them, accusing them of heresy and placing themselves under bishops who do the same thing. They adhere to the use of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, claiming that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Julian calendar">calendar reform in the 1920s</a> is in contradiction with the ecumenical councils. There is no official communion of True Orthodox; and they often are local groups and are limited to a specific bishop or locality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Old_calendarists">Old calendarists</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Old calendarists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Calendarists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Old_Believers">Old Believers</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Old Believers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Believers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Old_Believer_churches" title="Old Believers">Old Believers § Old Believer churches</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg/220px-Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg/220px-Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg/330px-Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg/440px-Crucession_Davidovo-Elizarovo_Guslitci_Moscow_reg_8504.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Easter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Easter">Paschal</a> procession by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Old-Rite_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church">Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Believers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> are groups which do not accept the liturgical reforms which were carried out within the Russian Orthodox Church by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Patriarch Nikon of Moscow</a> in the 17th century. Although all of the groups of Old Believers emerged as a result of opposition to the Nikonian reforms, they do not constitute a single monolithic body. Despite their emphasis on invariable adherence to the pre-Nikonian traditions, the Old Believers feature a great diversity of groups which profess different interpretations of church tradition and they are often not in communion with each other (some groups even practise re-baptism before admitting a member of another group into their midst). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Churches_not_in_communion_with_other_churches">Churches not in communion with other churches</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Churches not in communion with other churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Churches_that_are_not_recognised_despite_wanting_to" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church § Churches that are not recognised despite wanting to</a> </div> Churches with irregular or unresolved canonical status are entities that have carried out <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Episcopi_vagantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopi vagantes">episcopal consecrations outside of the norms of canon law</a> or whose bishops have been excommunicated by one of the 14 autocephalous churches. These include nationalist and other schismatic bodies such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazian Orthodox Church</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=56&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_dress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine dress">Byzantine dress</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecclesiastical_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emanation_(Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanation (Eastern Orthodox Christianity)">Emanation (Eastern Orthodoxy)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Greek Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christian_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eastern Orthodox Christian theology">History of Eastern Orthodox Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interparliamentary_Assembly_on_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy">Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_churches_in_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Eastern Orthodox churches in Australia">List of Eastern Orthodox churches in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Eastern Orthodox Christians">List of Eastern Orthodox Christians</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">Moscow–Constantinople schism (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=57&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, as a whole, is larger, but is not a single church nor is it a single denomination.</li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-190">^</a> The numerous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> groups in the world, if taken all together, substantially outnumber the Eastern Orthodox, but they differ theologically and do not form a single communion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamondPlattnerCostopoulos2005%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidCTqTeiBfdxECpgPP1_119%5D-189">[187]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-198">^</a> According to Roman Lunkin in an interview about the 2012 survey published by Среда (Sreda), about 40% of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> population is Orthodox. However, only 5% belong to a parish or regularly attend Divine Liturgy. Lunkin said that this was long known by experts but a myth persists that 80–90% of the population is Orthodox.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[193]</a> According to The World Factbook 2006 estimate, 15–20% are practising Russian Orthodox but there is a large populations of non-practising believers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIAWeb-197">[194]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-201">^</a> Data are estimated, there are no census figures available, Greece is said to be 98% Orthodox by CIA, but additional studies found only 60–80% believe in God, if true, then no more than 80% may be Orthodox.</li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-202">^</a> With an absolute majority in the subnational entity of Republika Srpska</li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> According to Alexei Krindatch, "the total number of Orthodox parishes" increased by 16% from 2000 to 2010 in the United States, from this, he wrote that Orthodox Churches are growing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Krindatch2010-213">[207]</a>: 2 Krindatch did not provide figures about any change in the membership over that same period in his 2010 highlight.</li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-217">^</a> According to Oliver Herbel, in Turning to Tradition, the 2008 US Religious Landscape Survey "suggests that if there is growth, it is statistically insignificant."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Herbel2014-215">[208]</a>: 9 The 2014 US Religious Landscape Survey also shows, within the survey's ±9.2% margin of sampling error corresponding to the sample size of the Orthodox Christian category being 186 people, a statistically insignificant decline within the category "Orthodox Christians" as the percentage of population from 2007 to 2014.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PewRLS2015-216">[209]</a>: 4, 21, 36, 93 But only 53% of people who were Orthodox Christian as children still self identify as Orthodox Christian in 2014.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PewRLS2015-216">[209]</a>: 39 The Orthodox Christian category "is most heavily made up of immigrants and the children of immigrants."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PewRLS2015-216">[209]</a>: 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-300">^</a> The primate of the Polish Orthodox Church is referred to as Archbishop of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and Metropolitan of All Poland, but the Polish Orthodox Church is officially a Metropolis<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-299">[291]</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=58&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rus%27_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (region)">Rus'</a> is a region inhabited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Slavs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> who were once ruled by princes from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rurik_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>. This term refers to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, in contrast to the more recent (15th century) term "Russia". See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia</a>.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=59&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pew20152016-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pew20152016_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Freligious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-vern1-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vern1_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy – Worship and sacraments"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+%E2%80%93+Worship+and+sacraments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEastern-Orthodoxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-vern2-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vern2_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1970" class="citation news cs1">Fiske, Edward B. (3 July 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/03/archives/greek-orthodox-vote-to-use-vernacular-in-liturgy-greek-orthodox.html">"Greek Orthodox Vote to Use Vernacular in Liturgy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Greek+Orthodox+Vote+to+Use+Vernacular+in+Liturgy&rft.date=1970-07-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F07%2F03%2Farchives%2Fgreek-orthodox-vote-to-use-vernacular-in-liturgy-greek-orthodox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-vern3-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vern3_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2009/10/liturgy-and-archaic-language">"Liturgy and archaic language | David T. Koyzis"</a>. First Things. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Liturgy+and+archaic+language+%7C+David+T.+Koyzis&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fblogs%2Ffirstthoughts%2F2009%2F10%2Fliturgy-and-archaic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meyendorff, John (7 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEastern-Orthodoxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Peworthodox-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Peworthodox_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010533/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CSGC-2019-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CSGC-2019_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/04/StatusofGlobalChristianity20191.pdf?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3D96d397f91c43baf1f0efde879e1b0adea60b776e-1589431313-0-AcEvCR7cDlLO_2vjuwohYXP4-jn6lSYH7DBCw3OU_ZuL1FXPOaenQONAnapDcyNFl02fetrA4MOi5EIvAPwK5xi9y-zi_DDHvykrxmDnXJu8-W9eIeULFeOy5WExrOA1kpnbsjldIT1OUNdpMWL71DjyyStJWurSriiBmGorozph8A6a-Sqp1MeixVQug_2iGIzXNUZk5yoCsaahaH8cdqGlre3jXT5Eha1tSH8_DajAydE9NQPBO0rZ8rSNWZ27mPVYPbXpelNLDjQm9kTkS8jBFbar0pCkC3fmH1SrVEv5fdlBjIuaELhoz0O3mQhho-zexHmjhA16INJ2vori1lOajghlmLoaQYr3JVLcR4QWpeDkkjPPQMY1xCFPcc76mMGa6aB54lCyGvMQVbeomhRkSDWDEmTAqRZMuIFaC6AA">"Status of Global Christianity, 2019, in the Context of 1900–2050"</a> (PDF). Center for Study of Global Christianity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131651/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/04/StatusofGlobalChristianity20191.pdf?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3D96d397f91c43baf1f0efde879e1b0adea60b776e-1589431313-0-AcEvCR7cDlLO_2vjuwohYXP4-jn6lSYH7DBCw3OU_ZuL1FXPOaenQONAnapDcyNFl02fetrA4MOi5EIvAPwK5xi9y-zi_DDHvykrxmDnXJu8-W9eIeULFeOy5WExrOA1kpnbsjldIT1OUNdpMWL71DjyyStJWurSriiBmGorozph8A6a-Sqp1MeixVQug_2iGIzXNUZk5yoCsaahaH8cdqGlre3jXT5Eha1tSH8_DajAydE9NQPBO0rZ8rSNWZ27mPVYPbXpelNLDjQm9kTkS8jBFbar0pCkC3fmH1SrVEv5fdlBjIuaELhoz0O3mQhho-zexHmjhA16INJ2vori1lOajghlmLoaQYr3JVLcR4QWpeDkkjPPQMY1xCFPcc76mMGa6aB54lCyGvMQVbeomhRkSDWDEmTAqRZMuIFaC6AA">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Global+Christianity%2C+2019%2C+in+the+Context+of+1900%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Center+for+Study+of+Global+Christianity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13%2F2019%2F04%2FStatusofGlobalChristianity20191.pdf%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3D96d397f91c43baf1f0efde879e1b0adea60b776e-1589431313-0-AcEvCR7cDlLO_2vjuwohYXP4-jn6lSYH7DBCw3OU_ZuL1FXPOaenQONAnapDcyNFl02fetrA4MOi5EIvAPwK5xi9y-zi_DDHvykrxmDnXJu8-W9eIeULFeOy5WExrOA1kpnbsjldIT1OUNdpMWL71DjyyStJWurSriiBmGorozph8A6a-Sqp1MeixVQug_2iGIzXNUZk5yoCsaahaH8cdqGlre3jXT5Eha1tSH8_DajAydE9NQPBO0rZ8rSNWZ27mPVYPbXpelNLDjQm9kTkS8jBFbar0pCkC3fmH1SrVEv5fdlBjIuaELhoz0O3mQhho-zexHmjhA16INJ2vori1lOajghlmLoaQYr3JVLcR4QWpeDkkjPPQMY1xCFPcc76mMGa6aB54lCyGvMQVbeomhRkSDWDEmTAqRZMuIFaC6AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Fairchild, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605234938/http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm">"Christianity:Basics:Eastern Orthodox Church Denomination"</a>. about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity%3ABasics%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church+Denomination&rft.pub=about.com&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2Feasternorthodoxy%2Fp%2Forthodoxprofile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177174/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 18 May 2023. <q>Eastern Orthodoxy, official name, used in British English as well, is Orthodox Catholic Church, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F177174%2FEastern-Orthodoxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ellwood-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ellwood_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ellwood_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwoodAlles2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S.; Alles, Gregory D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC%26pg%3DPA128">Ellwood Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Infobase. p. 128. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1038-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Eastern Orthodox Churches are properly known as the "Orthodox Catholic Church</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellwood+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Alles%2C+Gregory+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-tsichlis-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-tsichlis_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-tsichlis_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsichlis" class="citation web cs1">Tsichlis, Fr. Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210021538/http://stpaulsirvine.org/FAQs.html">"Frequently Asked Questions About the Orthodox Church"</a>. St. Paul's Greek Orthodox Church, Irvine, CA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stpaulsirvine.org/FAQs.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2014. <q>The full title of our Church is 'The Orthodox Catholic Church.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.pub=St.+Paul%27s+Greek+Orthodox+Church%2C+Irvine%2C+CA&rft.aulast=Tsichlis&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpaulsirvine.org%2FFAQs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-EBGreek-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EBGreek_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EBGreek_12-1">b</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online | loc=<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177174/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a> "Because of the use of the name 'Greek Catholics' by the Eastern churches of the Catholic Church and the historical links of the Orthodox Catholic church with the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium (Constantinople), however, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonyms</a> in American English usage referred to it as the 'Eastern' or 'Greek Orthodox' Church. These terms are sometimes misleading, especially when applied to Russian or Slavic churches and to the Orthodox communities in western Europe and America."</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Todd M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/04/StatusofGlobalChristianity20191.pdf?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3D265c25462372aab41d8345d5cb7057957214f45f-1589523838-0-AeDRXZzzckIFiiypik-EVfkxzi0Kx_sn-k6vqbIc__c3QfbCLZe0qsh1OLoCHu2D2ql3G1j3KJZe4mp5tNQbW27FpYxurAx3APNxkojaQpIqsFToq-2Iv6oK_fBcUGrFdTzx2T8AjEk7Fp7WN3QDFVUyjpROOe4ZVdHRxEkxZ_z3ngFKpzXBpBodkkk7o7Jt21nt0yyvVZFG1ptHgqt10OkxV2saRGVPx62sbN4otcsfaH_nXzru2hUN6hPeP0U3fMzjgH_w1_o07KvnPNitmNlErLjqJ1CX12qNyxb1zRnhvYNvZF299djygW4iNtPzEu0PvVykCUrM1g_qWSsEoba4e3a1GQmbb19TmuT51aI9v0T_5O3IA7qrftL7y85dxIqctEhMQAVizXtOwhgqib_IApIOK4m2yddOrhRCORAY">"Status of Global Christianity, 2019, in the Context of 1900–2050"</a> (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Global+Christianity%2C+2019%2C+in+the+Context+of+1900%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Global+Christianity&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Todd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13%2F2019%2F04%2FStatusofGlobalChristianity20191.pdf%3F__cf_chl_jschl_tk__%3D265c25462372aab41d8345d5cb7057957214f45f-1589523838-0-AeDRXZzzckIFiiypik-EVfkxzi0Kx_sn-k6vqbIc__c3QfbCLZe0qsh1OLoCHu2D2ql3G1j3KJZe4mp5tNQbW27FpYxurAx3APNxkojaQpIqsFToq-2Iv6oK_fBcUGrFdTzx2T8AjEk7Fp7WN3QDFVUyjpROOe4ZVdHRxEkxZ_z3ngFKpzXBpBodkkk7o7Jt21nt0yyvVZFG1ptHgqt10OkxV2saRGVPx62sbN4otcsfaH_nXzru2hUN6hPeP0U3fMzjgH_w1_o07KvnPNitmNlErLjqJ1CX12qNyxb1zRnhvYNvZF299djygW4iNtPzEu0PvVykCUrM1g_qWSsEoba4e3a1GQmbb19TmuT51aI9v0T_5O3IA7qrftL7y85dxIqctEhMQAVizXtOwhgqib_IApIOK4m2yddOrhRCORAY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) [1999]. "Eastern Orthodox". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584">The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 170. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Eastern Orthodox are the second largest Christian communion, exceeded in members only by the Roman Catholic communion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodox&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC1_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Feasternorthodox_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-aboutWeb-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-aboutWeb_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Fairchild, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605234938/http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm">"Christianity:Basics:Eastern Orthodox Church Denomination"</a>. About. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/p/orthodoxprofile.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity%3ABasics%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church+Denomination&rft.pub=About&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2Feasternorthodoxy%2Fp%2Forthodoxprofile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/the-patriarch-bartholomew/">"The Patriarch Bartholomew"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/60_Minutes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CBS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CBS">CBS</a>. 20 December 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=60+Minutes&rft.atitle=The+Patriarch+Bartholomew&rft.date=2009-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fvideo%2Fthe-patriarch-bartholomew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.patriarchate.org/biography">"Biography – The Ecumenical Patriarchate"</a>. Ecumenical Patriarchate. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecumenical+Patriarchate&rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+The+Ecumenical+Patriarchate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchate.org%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfieldFraser2014" class="citation web cs1">Winfield, Nicole; Fraser, Suzan (30 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317041746/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/30/pope-francis-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-_n_6243414.html">"Pope Francis Bows, Asks For Blessing From Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew In Extraordinary Display Of Christian Unity"</a>. Huffington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/30/pope-francis-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-_n_6243414.html">the original</a> on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+Bows%2C+Asks+For+Blessing+From+Ecumenical+Patriarch+Bartholomew+In+Extraordinary+Display+Of+Christian+Unity&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Suzan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F11%2F30%2Fpope-francis-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-_n_6243414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/findingglobalbal0000mars">Finding Global Balance</a>. World Bank Publications. 2005. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/findingglobalbal0000mars/page/119">119</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2023. <q>His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew is the spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Global+Balance&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffindingglobalbal0000mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19938-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19938_22-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 8.</li> <li id="cite_note-OCA-23">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OCA_23-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OCA_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/doctrine-scripture/the-symbol-of-faith/church">"The Orthodox Faith – Volume I – Doctrine and Scripture – The Symbol of Faith – Church"</a>. Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Faith+%E2%80%93+Volume+I+%E2%80%93+Doctrine+and+Scripture+%E2%80%93+The+Symbol+of+Faith+%E2%80%93+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Forthodoxy%2Fthe-orthodox-faith%2Fdoctrine-scripture%2Fthe-symbol-of-faith%2Fchurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1983" class="citation book cs1">Meyendorff, John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWo9MwwEACAAJ">Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes</a>. Fordham University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Theology%3A+Historical+Trends+and+Doctrinal+Themes&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWo9MwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2018" class="citation web cs1">Peter, Laurence (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45877584">"Orthodox Church split: Five reasons why it matters"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <q>The Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church has at least 150 million followers – more than half the total of Orthodox Christians. ... But Mr Shterin, who lectures on trends in ex-Soviet republics, says some Moscow-linked parishes will probably switch to a new Kiev-led church, because many congregations 'don't vary a lot in their political preferences.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Church+split%3A+Five+reasons+why+it+matters&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-45877584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">"Orthodox Christianity's geographic center remains in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity%27s+geographic+center+remains+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Guardian_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriet_Sherwood2016" class="citation news cs1">Harriet Sherwood (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/13/christians-flee-growing-persecution-africa-middle-east">"Christians flee growing persecution in Africa and Middle East"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Christians+flee+growing+persecution+in+Africa+and+Middle+East&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.au=Harriet+Sherwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F13%2Fchristians-flee-growing-persecution-africa-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-K4D-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-K4D_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuma_Haider_University_of_Birmingham2017" class="citation web cs1">Huma Haider University of Birmingham (16 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/59786a0040f0b65dcb00000a/042-Persecution-of-Christians-in-the-Middle-East.pdf">"K4D The Persecution of Christians in the Middle East"</a> (PDF). Publishing Service U.K. Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishing+Service+U.K.+Government&rft.atitle=K4D+The+Persecution+of+Christians+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft.au=Huma+Haider+University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F59786a0040f0b65dcb00000a%2F042-Persecution-of-Christians-in-the-Middle-East.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_29-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) [1999]. "Eastern Orthodox". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584">The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 169–70. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodox&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=169-70&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:112-30">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:112_30-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:112_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkurat1996" class="citation book cs1">Prokurat, Michael; et al., eds. (1996). "ECUMENICAL COUNCILS". Historical dictionary of the Orthodox church. Scarecrow Press. pp. 114–5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3081-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3081-7"><bdi>0-8108-3081-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797749844">797749844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ECUMENICAL+COUNCILS&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Orthodox+church&rft.pages=114-5&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797749844&rft.isbn=0-8108-3081-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:12-31">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:12_31-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:12_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) [1999]. "ecumenical councils". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584">The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 171–2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ecumenical+councils&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=171-2&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) [1999]. "Western rite Orthodoxy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584">The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 514–5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+rite+Orthodoxy&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=514-5&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://stmarypawtucket.org/about-our-church/about-orthodox/">"About Orthodox"</a>. Saint Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church, Pawtucket, RI. Retrieved 4 May 2014. <q>The official designation of the Orthodox Church is the 'Eastern Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Orthodox&rft.pub=Saint+Mary+Antiochian+Orthodox+Church%2C+Pawtucket%2C+RI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstmarypawtucket.org%2Fabout-our-church%2Fabout-orthodox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826235549/http://www.orthodox.or.th/index.php?content%3Dorthodoxy%26lang%3Den">"To be an Orthodox Christian ..."</a> Orthodox Christian Church in Thailand (Moscow Patriarchate). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodox.or.th/index.php?content%3Dorthodoxy%26lang%3Den">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+be+an+Orthodox+Christian+....&rft.pub=Orthodox+Christian+Church+in+Thailand+%28Moscow+Patriarchate%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodox.or.th%2Findex.php%3Fcontent%3Dorthodoxy%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Losch2002-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Losch2002_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_R._Losch2002" class="citation book cs1">Richard R. Losch (1 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOdKCVjCschMC%26pg%3DPA76">The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 76. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0521-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0521-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-0521-8</bdi></a>. <q>The official name of the body is the Orthodox Catholic Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Faith%3A+A+Guide+to+World+Religions+and+Christian+Traditions&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0521-8&rft.au=Richard+R.+Losch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdKCVjCschMC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_monks_of_Decani_Monastery,_Kosovo" class="citation web cs1">The monks of Decani Monastery, Kosovo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/orthodoxy.aspx">"The Orthodox Church, An Introduction"</a>. Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved 3 May 2014. <q>The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%2C+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Orthodox+Christian+Information+Center&rft.au=The+monks+of+Decani+Monastery%2C+Kosovo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxinfo.com%2Fgeneral%2Forthodoxy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713125935/http://doepa.org/about_orthodoxy.html">"What We Believe"</a>. The Orthodox Church. The Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania, Orthodox Church in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doepa.org/about_orthodoxy.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2014. <q>The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=What+We+Believe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoepa.org%2Fabout_orthodoxy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.orthodoxdelmarva.org/about_orthodoxy.html">"About Orthodoxy"</a>. The Orthodox Church. Berlin, MD: Christ the Saviour Orthodox Church. Retrieved 3 May 2014. <q>The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=About+Orthodoxy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxdelmarva.org%2Fabout_orthodoxy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.archangelsbooks.com/orthofaith.asp">"The Holy Orthodox Christian Church: Its Faith and Life"</a>. Archangels Books. Retrieved 4 May 2014. <q>The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Orthodox+Christian+Church%3A+Its+Faith+and+Life&rft.pub=Archangels+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archangelsbooks.com%2Forthofaith.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515181633/http://www.kosovo.net/orthodoxy.html">"Orthodox Christianity – Introduction"</a>. Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Ras and Prizren. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kosovo.net/orthodoxy.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2014. <q>The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (gr. catholicos = universal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Christianity+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.pub=Serbian+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Ras+and+Prizren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovo.net%2Forthodoxy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.haoca.org/">"About Orthodoxy"</a>. Holy Ascension Orthodox Church, Frackville, PA. Retrieved 4 May 2014. <q>The official designation of the church in its liturgical and canonical texts is "the Orthodox Catholic Church" (greek catholicos = universal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Orthodoxy&rft.pub=Holy+Ascension+Orthodox+Church%2C+Frackville%2C+PA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haoca.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy | Definition, Origin, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 November 2021. <q>The official designation of the church in Eastern Orthodox liturgical or canonical texts is 'the Orthodox Catholic Church.' Because of the historical links of Eastern Orthodoxy with the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium (Constantinople), however, in English usage it is referred to as the 'Eastern' or 'Greek Orthodox' Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+%7C+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEastern-Orthodoxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZP_f9icf2roCpg309_309]:_"The_official_designation_of_the_church_in_Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_or_canonical_texts_is_'the_Orthodox_Catholic_Church.<span_style="padding-right:.15em;">'"-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidZP_f9icf2roCpg309_309%5D:_%22The_official_designation_of_the_church_in_Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_or_canonical_texts_is_'the_Orthodox_Catholic_Church.<span_style=%22padding-right:.15em;%22>'%22_43-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999">Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of World Religions 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZP_f9icf2roC%26pg%3D309">309</a>: "The official designation of the church in Eastern Orthodox liturgical or canonical texts is 'the Orthodox Catholic Church.'".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993307-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993307_44-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 307.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_F5yntZocGICpgPA8_8]-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1998%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid_F5yntZocGICpgPA8_8%5D_45-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFitzgerald1998">Fitzgerald 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_F5yntZocGIC%26pg%3DPA8">8</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Vie1945-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Vie1945_46-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDe_Vie1945">De Vie 1945</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsenJohnsonEllis2001248_"In_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Catholic_Church,_authority"-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENielsenJohnsonEllis2001248_%22In_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Catholic_Church,_authority%22_47-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNielsenJohnsonEllis2001">Nielsen, Johnson & Ellis 2001</a>, p. 248 "In the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church, authority".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue2008[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_UPr1ZCxPW6QCpagen290_255]_"it_is_all_gathered_together_and_still_lives_in_the_Holy_Apostolic_Orthodox_Catholic_Church_of_the_Seven_Councils."-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue2008%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_UPr1ZCxPW6QCpagen290_255%5D_%22it_is_all_gathered_together_and_still_lives_in_the_Holy_Apostolic_Orthodox_Catholic_Church_of_the_Seven_Councils.%22_48-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFortescue2008">Fortescue 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UPr1ZCxPW6QC/page/n290">255</a> "it is all gathered together and still lives in the Holy Apostolic Orthodox Catholic Church of the Seven Councils.".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchadé_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions2006-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchad%C3%A9_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions2006_49-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSchad%C3%A9_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions2006">Schadé Encyclopedia of World Religions 2006</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELosch2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOdKCVjCschMCpgPA76_76]-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELosch2002%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidOdKCVjCschMCpgPA76_76%5D_50-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLosch2002">Losch 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOdKCVjCschMC%26pg%3DPA76">76</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZP_f9icf2roCpg309_309–310]-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidZP_f9icf2roCpg309_309%E2%80%93310%5D_51-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999">Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of World Religions 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZP_f9icf2roC%26pg%3D309">309–310</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">"The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church"</a>. Pravoslavieto. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pravoslavieto&rft.atitle=The+Longer+Catechism+of+The+Orthodox%2C+Catholic%2C+Eastern+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravoslavieto.com%2Fdocs%2Feng%2FOrthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_Online[httpswwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic177174Eastern-Orthodoxy_"Eastern_Orthodoxy"]_"Because_of_the_use_of_the_name_'Greek_Catholics'_by_the_Eastern_churches_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_historical_links_of_the_Orthodox_Catholic_church_with_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire_and_Byzantium_(Constantinople),_however,_the_[[exonym]]s_in_American_English_usage_referred_to_it_as_the_'Eastern'_or_'Greek_Orthodox'_Church._These_terms_are_sometimes_misleading,_especially_when_applied_to_Russian_or_Slavic_churches_and_to_the_Orthodox_communities_in_western_Europe_and_America."-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online%5BhttpswwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopic177174Eastern-Orthodoxy_%22Eastern_Orthodoxy%22%5D_%22Because_of_the_use_of_the_name_'Greek_Catholics'_by_the_Eastern_churches_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_historical_links_of_the_Orthodox_Catholic_church_with_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire_and_Byzantium_(Constantinople),_however,_the_%5B%5Bexonym%5D%5Ds_in_American_English_usage_referred_to_it_as_the_'Eastern'_or_'Greek_Orthodox'_Church._These_terms_are_sometimes_misleading,_especially_when_applied_to_Russian_or_Slavic_churches_and_to_the_Orthodox_communities_in_western_Europe_and_America.%22_53-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFEncyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177174/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a> "Because of the use of the name 'Greek Catholics' by the Eastern churches of the Catholic Church and the historical links of the Orthodox Catholic church with the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium (Constantinople), however, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonyms</a> in American English usage referred to it as the 'Eastern' or 'Greek Orthodox' Church. These terms are sometimes misleading, especially when applied to Russian or Slavic churches and to the Orthodox communities in western Europe and America.".</li> <li id="cite_note-Calivas1983-54">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Calivas1983_54-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Calivas1983_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1996" class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Thomas (9 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603103953/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7052">"The Orthodox Church: An Introduction"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7052/">the original</a> on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1996-01-09&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith7052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CathEnc-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CathEnc_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_Thurston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert Thurston">Thurston, Herbert</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm">"Catholic"</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knight">Knight, Kevin</a> (ed.). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholic&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03449a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardon1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Ke37zpSv3gCpgPA217_217]-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardon1981%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3Ke37zpSv3gCpgPA217_217%5D_56-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHardon1981">Hardon 1981</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3Ke37zpSv3gC%26pg%3DPA217">217</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Ddoke%252Fw">δοκέω</a> in Liddell and Scott.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199116,_271-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199116,_271_58-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, pp. 16, 271.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199869–72-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199869%E2%80%9372_59-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHierotheos1998">Hierotheos 1998</a>, pp. 69–72.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991212–213-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991212%E2%80%93213_60-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, pp. 212–213.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991282-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991282_61-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, p. 282.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991180–199-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991180%E2%80%93199_62-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, pp. 180–199.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991152–179-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991152%E2%80%93179_63-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, pp. 152–179.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991203–204-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991203%E2%80%93204_64-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, pp. 203–204.</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> Bible: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search%3DJohn%2B14:17%26version%3Dnkjv">John 14:17</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search%3DJohn%2B14:26%26version%3Dnkjv">John 14:26</a></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991215-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991215_66-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, p. 215.</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius the Solitary</a> (1857–1866) [4th century], "On Prayer, 60", in Migne, J.P. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dw4_YAAAAMAAJ">Patrologia Graeca</a>, vol. 79, Paris: Imprimerie Catholique, p. 1180B, retrieved 15 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Prayer%2C+60&rft.btitle=Patrologia+Graeca&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=1180B&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Catholique&rft.date=1857%2F1866&rft.au=Evagrius+the+Solitary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988">.</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maximus the Confessor">St. Maximus</a> (1857–1866) [7th century], "Letter 20", in Migne, J.P. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNsPUAAAAMAAJ">Patrologia Graeca</a>, vol. 91, Paris: Imprimerie Catholique, p. 601C, retrieved 15 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+20&rft.btitle=Patrologia+Graeca&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=601C&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Catholique&rft.date=1857%2F1866&rft.au=St.+Maximus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsPUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988">.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oca.org/questions/romancatholicism/catholic-and-orthodox">"'Catholic' and 'Orthodox' – Questions & Answers"</a>. Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft.atitle=%27Catholic%27+and+%27Orthodox%27+%E2%80%93+Questions+%26+Answers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fquestions%2Fromancatholicism%2Fcatholic-and-orthodox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Heritage_Dict5th_ed294_[httpahdictionarycomwordsearchhtmlqcatholicity_"catholicity"]-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Heritage_Dict5th_ed294_%5Bhttpahdictionarycomwordsearchhtmlqcatholicity_%22catholicity%22%5D_70-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAmerican_Heritage_Dict5th_ed">American Heritage Dict & 5th ed</a>, p. 294 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q%3Dcatholicity">"catholicity"</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199116-71">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199116_71-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199116_71-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, p. 16.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_Christianity2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ly4DgtT3LkCpgPA867_867]-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_Christianity2003%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid7ly4DgtT3LkCpgPA867_867%5D_72-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Christianity2003">Encyclopedia of Christianity 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7ly4DgtT3LkC%26pg%3DPA867">867</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith1982[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsaFgJRjaPwcCpgPA486_486]-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith1982%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidsaFgJRjaPwcCpgPA486_486%5D_73-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLeith1982">Leith 1982</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsaFgJRjaPwcC%26pg%3DPA486">486</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul16/great-schism/">"Great Schism"</a>. National Geographic Society. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2022. <q>On July 16, 1054, Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated, starting the "Great Schism" that created the two largest denominations in Christianity—the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Great+Schism&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Fjul16%2Fgreat-schism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ware1993-75">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ware1993_75-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ware1993_75-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ware1993_75-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomáš_Špidlík1986" class="citation book cs1">Tomáš Špidlík (1986). The spirituality of the Christian East: a systematic handbook. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-879-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-879-9"><bdi>978-0-87907-879-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spirituality+of+the+Christian+East%3A+a+systematic+handbook&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87907-879-9&rft.au=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1+%C5%A0pidl%C3%ADk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8062">"The First Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8065">"The Second Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8066">"The Third Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Third+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8067">"The Fourth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8068">"The Fifth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8069">"The Sixth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8071">"The Seventh Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seventh+Ecumenical+Council+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith8071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Fanar:-Churches-reach-agreement-on-pan-Orthodox-Holy-Synod-in-2016-30509.html">"Fanar: Churches reach agreement on pan-Orthodox Holy Synod in 2016"</a>. Asia News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+News&rft.atitle=Fanar%3A+Churches+reach+agreement+on+pan-Orthodox+Holy+Synod+in+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FFanar%3A-Churches-reach-agreement-on-pan-Orthodox-Holy-Synod-in-2016-30509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2009" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken (2009). Christianity: Religions of the World. Infobase Publishing. p. 139. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438106397?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781438106397"><bdi>9781438106397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+Religions+of+the+World&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438106397&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2010" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken (2010). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 368. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444333619?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781444333619"><bdi>9781444333619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444333619&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> Pounds, Norman John Greville. An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840, p. 124. CUP Archive, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22379-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22379-2">0-521-22379-2</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archnet.org/sites/1989">"Hagia Sophia"</a>. Archnet. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft.pub=Archnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Heinle1996-89">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Heinle1996_89-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Heinle1996_89-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996">Heinle & Schlaich 1996</a></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachabee2022" class="citation journal cs1">Machabee, Stephanie (2022-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/gsas_dissertations/630">"Religion and Contested Cultural Heritage: The Rotunda and Hagia Sophia as Church, Mosque, and Museum"</a>. Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Graduate+School+of+Arts+and+Sciences+Dissertations&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Contested+Cultural+Heritage%3A+The+Rotunda+and+Hagia+Sophia+as+Church%2C+Mosque%2C+and+Museum&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.aulast=Machabee&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felischolar.library.yale.edu%2Fgsas_dissertations%2F630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCameron2009">Cameron 2009</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-M19-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-M19_92-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMeyendorff1982">Meyendorff 1982</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-BAT-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BAT_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazioMoffettWodehouse2009" class="citation book cs1">Fazio, Michael; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2009). Buildings Across Time (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-305304-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-305304-2"><bdi>978-0-07-305304-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buildings+Across+Time&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-305304-2&rft.aulast=Fazio&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Moffett%2C+Marian&rft.au=Wodehouse%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes22-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nytimes22_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1993" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html">"Center of Ottoman Power"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Center+of+Ottoman+Power&rft.date=1993-08-22&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F08%2F22%2Ftravel%2Fcenter-of-ottoman-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/resource/ihas.200155823.0/?sp%3D219">"Image 219 of The Divine Liturgies of Saints Basil, Gregory, and Cyril"</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Image+219+of+The+Divine+Liturgies+of+Saints+Basil%2C+Gregory%2C+and+Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fihas.200155823.0%2F%3Fsp%3D219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Mark's_Coptic_Orthodox_Church,_Jersey_City,_NJ." class="citation web cs1">St Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church, Jersey City, NJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/1_7.html%231">"Tout 7 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium"</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tout+7+%3A+Lives+of+Saints+%3A+Synaxarium&rft.au=St+Mark%27s+Coptic+Orthodox+Church%2C+Jersey+City%2C+NJ.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticchurch.net%2Fsynaxarium%2F1_7.html%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Takla_Haymanaut_Coptic_Orthodox" class="citation web cs1">St Takla Haymanaut Coptic Orthodox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st-takla.org/books/en/pope-shenouda-iii/nature-of-christ/eutychianism.html">"The Heresy of Eutyches (Eutychianism) – Nature of Christ"</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heresy+of+Eutyches+%28Eutychianism%29+%E2%80%93+Nature+of+Christ&rft.au=St+Takla+Haymanaut+Coptic+Orthodox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fst-takla.org%2Fbooks%2Fen%2Fpope-shenouda-iii%2Fnature-of-christ%2Feutychianism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> A. Avenarius. Christianity in 9th-century Rus. // Beitruge zur byzantinischen Geschichte im 9.-11. Jahrhundert. Prague: V. Vavrinek, 1978. pp. 301–315.</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAco_Lukaroski" class="citation web cs1">Aco Lukaroski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516024053/http://www.stclementofohrid.com/religion/st_clement_of_ohrid.asp">"St. Clement of Ohrid Cathedral – About Saint Clement of Ohrid"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stclementofohrid.com/religion/st_clement_of_ohrid.asp">the original</a> on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Clement+of+Ohrid+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+About+Saint+Clement+of+Ohrid&rft.au=Aco+Lukaroski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stclementofohrid.com%2Freligion%2Fst_clement_of_ohrid.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1956" class="citation book cs1">Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. <q>The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernised" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs%3A+Their+Early+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorin_Curta2006" class="citation book cs1">Florin Curta (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/221">221</a>–222. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>. <q>Cyrillic preslav.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.series=Cambridge+Medieval+Textbooks&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.au=Florin+Curta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._M._Hussey,_Andrew_Louth2010" class="citation book cs1">J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJ-H9BTVHKRMC%26q%3DThe%2BOrthodox%2BChurch%2Bin%2Bthe%2BByzantine%2BEmpire%2BCyrillic%2Bpreslav%2Beastern%26pg%3DPR3-IA34">"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire"</a>. Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161488-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161488-0"><bdi>978-0-19-161488-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161488-0&rft.au=J.+M.+Hussey%2C+Andrew+Louth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-H9BTVHKRMC%26q%3DThe%2BOrthodox%2BChurch%2Bin%2Bthe%2BByzantine%2BEmpire%2BCyrillic%2Bpreslav%2Beastern%26pg%3DPR3-IA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cyril-103">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cyril_103-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cyril_103-1">b</a> Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints".</li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern".</li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science".</li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997.</li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216.</li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> Roman Jakobson, "Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies".</li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98.</li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.</li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan_Thernstrom1980" class="citation book cs1">Stephan Thernstrom (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther/page/925">Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</a>. Belknap Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther/page/925">925</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3"><bdi>978-0-674-37512-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Encyclopedia+of+American+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=925&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37512-3&rft.au=Stephan+Thernstrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvardencyclope00ther%2Fpage%2F925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ucrdc.org/HA-RUSSIAN_ORTHODOX_CHURCH.html">"Harvest of Despair"</a>. Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre (UCRDC). Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvest+of+Despair&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Canadian+Research+and+Documentation+Centre+%28UCRDC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucrdc.org%2FHA-RUSSIAN_ORTHODOX_CHURCH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NatGeo_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2020" class="citation news cs1">National Geographic Society (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul16/great-schism/">"Great Schism"</a>. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Great+Schism&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.au=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Fjul16%2Fgreat-schism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114151752/http://www.orthodox.org.ph/content/view/211/50/">"East-West Schism 01"</a>. Orthodox Church in the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodox.org.ph/content/view/211/50/">the original</a> on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East-West+Schism+01&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodox.org.ph%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F211%2F50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1204innocent.html">Pope Innocent III, Letters, 126</a> (given 12 July 1205, and addressed to the papal legate, who had absolved the crusaders from their pilgrimage vows). Text taken from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook by Paul Halsall. Modified. Original translation by J. Brundage.</li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Horses of San Marco, Venice. Translated by Wilton-Ely, John; Wilton-Ely, Valerie. Thames and Hudson. 1979. p. 191. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500233047?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0500233047"><bdi>0500233047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horses+of+San+Marco%2C+Venice&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0500233047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArticles_on_moral_/_morality_Orthodox_Christian_perspective." class="citation web cs1">Articles on moral / morality Orthodox Christian perspective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles4/CarlsonUnity.php">"Dr. David Carlson – Continuing the Dialogue of Love: Orthodox-Catholic Relations in 2004"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+David+Carlson+%E2%80%93+Continuing+the+Dialogue+of+Love%3A+Orthodox-Catholic+Relations+in+2004&rft.au=Articles+on+moral+%2F+morality+Orthodox+Christian+perspective.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxytoday.org%2Farticles4%2FCarlsonUnity.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">^</a> Nikolaos Andriotis (2008). Chapter The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930), in "Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας", ΟΕΔΒ ("Topics from Modern Greek History"). 8th edition.</li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodoxengland.btinternet.co.uk/rusdest.htm">"Russian Destinies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928050122/http://www.orthodoxengland.btinternet.co.uk/rusdest.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Fr. Andrew Phillips, "Orthodox England", 4/17 July 2005.</li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a> Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: from the late Middle Ages to World War One, Randall. Lesaffer, 2004, p. 357.</li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>, Two Hundred Years Together.</li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmitracova2007" class="citation news cs1">Dmitracova, Olesya (17 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-church/russian-orthodox-church-reunites-after-80-year-rift-idUSL1729095720070517">"Russian Orthodox church reunites after 80-year rift"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+church+reunites+after+80-year+rift&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft.aulast=Dmitracova&rft.aufirst=Olesya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-church%2Frussian-orthodox-church-reunites-after-80-year-rift-idUSL1729095720070517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-blqarv-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-blqarv_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_(servant_of_God.)1998" class="citation book cs1">Alexander (servant of God.) (1998). Father Arseny, 1893–1973: Prisoner, Priest and Spiritual Father. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-180-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-180-5"><bdi>978-0-88141-180-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+Arseny%2C+1893%E2%80%931973%3A+Prisoner%2C+Priest+and+Spiritual+Father&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-180-5&rft.au=Alexander+%28servant+of+God.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">^</a> Sullivan, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/25/AR2006112500783.html">Anti-Communist Priest Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa</a>, The Washington Post, 26 November 2006. p. C09. Accessed 9 May 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-time-125">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-time_125-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-time_125-1">b</a> Ostling, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813173443/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,150718,00.html">"Cross meets Kremlin"</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, 24 June 2001. Retrieved 7 April 2008.</li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie_p27-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Elsie_p27_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 75 (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD, and Plymouth: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhaFlGXIg8uoC%26pg%3DPA27">27</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6188-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD%2C+and+Plymouth&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Europe%2C+No.+75&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> Dumitru Bacu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://litek.ws/k0nsl/detox/anti-humans.htm">The Anti-Humans. Student Re-Education in Romanian Prisons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051409/http://litek.ws/k0nsl/detox/anti-humans.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Soldiers of the Cross, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Englewood,_Colorado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Englewood, Colorado">Englewood, Colorado</a>, 1971. Originally written in Romanian as Pitești, Centru de Reeducare Studențească, Madrid, 1963.</li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a>, Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Editura_Curtea_Veche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editura Curtea Veche">Editura Curtea Veche</a>, Bucharest, 2005.</li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/02/10/russians-return-to-religion-but-not-to-church/">"Russians Return to Religion, But Not to Church"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Russians+Return+to+Religion%2C+But+Not+to+Church&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Frussians-return-to-religion-but-not-to-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-131">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ReferenceA_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Toom-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Toom_132-0">^</a> Toom, Tarmo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJmFetR5Wqd8C%26dq%3DThe%2520encyclopedia%2520of%2520Eastern%2520Orthodox%2520Christianity%26pg%3DPA226">"Estonia, Orthodox Church in"</a>, The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, p.226-8, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-:6-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143211/https://mospat.ru/archive/en/2000/11/se011081/">"Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 8 November 2000: Russian Orthodox Church"</a>. Department for External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church. 12 November 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mospat.ru/archive/en/2000/11/se011081/">the original</a> on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-01. <q>Patriarch Bartholomew issued an 'Act' on 20 February 1996 on the renewal of the 1923 Tomos of Patriarch Meletius IV and on the establishment of the 'Autonomous Orthodox Estonian Metropolia' on the territory of Estonia. Temporal administration was entrusted to Archbishop John of Karelia and All Finland. A schismatic group headed by the suspended clergymen was accepted into canonical communion. Thus the schism in Estonia became a reality. On 23 February 1996, in response to the one-sided and illegal actions of Patriarch Bartholomew the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church resolved to recognise them 'as schismatic and compelling our Church to suspend canonical and Eucharistic communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople… and to omit the name of the Patriarch of Constantinople in the diptych of the Primates of the Local Orthodox Churches.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+for+External+Church+Relations+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=Statement+of+the+Holy+Synod+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church+8+November+2000%3A+Russian+Orthodox+Church.&rft.date=2000-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Farchive%2Fen%2F2000%2F11%2Fse011081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2004" class="citation book cs1">Shubin, Daniel (2004). A History of Russian Christianity. Volume I: From the Earliest Years Through Tsar Ivan IV. New York: Algora Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-289-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-289-7"><bdi>978-0-87586-289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Christianity.+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Earliest+Years+Through+Tsar+Ivan+IV&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-289-7&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell1994" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Vol. 25. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45011-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45011-9"><bdi>978-0-521-45011-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuania+Ascending%3A+A+Pagan+Empire+Within+East-Central+Europe%2C+1295%E2%80%931345&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Medieval+Life+and+Thought%3A+Fourth+Series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45011-9&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSysyn1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Sysyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Sysyn">Sysyn, Frank E.</a> (1991). "The Formation of Modern Ukrainian Religious Culture: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking, Geoffrey</a> (ed.). Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252F978-1-349-21566-9">10.1007/978-1-349-21566-9</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21566-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21566-9"><bdi>978-1-349-21566-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Modern+Ukrainian+Religious+Culture%3A+The+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.btitle=Church%2C+Nation+and+State+in+Russia+and+Ukraine&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-21566-9&rft.isbn=978-1-349-21566-9&rft.aulast=Sysyn&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> (in Russian) Alekseev, Valery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ipc.od.ua/14spravka.html">Historical and canonical reference for reasons making believers leave the Moscow patriarchate</a>. Created for the government of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129175211/http://www.ipc.od.ua/14spravka.html">Archived</a> 29 November 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://espreso.tv/news/2017/12/10/moskovskyy_patriarkhat_stvoryuvaly_agenty_nkvs_svidchat_rozskerecheni_sbu_dokumenty">"Московський патріархат створювали агенти НКВС, – свідчать розсекречені СБУ документи"</a>. espreso.tv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=espreso.tv&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%A1%2C+%E2%80%93+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A3+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespreso.tv%2Fnews%2F2017%2F12%2F10%2Fmoskovskyy_patriarkhat_stvoryuvaly_agenty_nkvs_svidchat_rozskerecheni_sbu_dokumenty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZNAK" class="citation web cs1">ZNAK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211003534/https://www.znak.com/2017-12-10/sbu_rassekretila_arhivy_moskovskogo_patriarha_v_1945_godu_izbirali_agenty_nkgb">"СБУ рассекретила архивы: московского патриарха в 1945 году избирали агенты НКГБ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.znak.com/2017-12-10/sbu_rassekretila_arhivy_moskovskogo_patriarha_v_1945_godu_izbirali_agenty_nkgb">the original</a> on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A3+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B%3A+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%B2+1945+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91&rft.au=ZNAK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.znak.com%2F2017-12-10%2Fsbu_rassekretila_arhivy_moskovskogo_patriarha_v_1945_godu_izbirali_agenty_nkgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/state/national_religious_question/73918/">"Metropolitan Epifaniy (Dumenko) becomes Primate of One Local Orthodox Church of Ukraine"</a>. Religious Information Service of Ukraine. 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religious+Information+Service+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Epifaniy+%28Dumenko%29+becomes+Primate+of+One+Local+Orthodox+Church+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frisu.org.ua%2Fen%2Findex%2Fall_news%2Fstate%2Fnational_religious_question%2F73918%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cerkva.info/pages/statut">СТАТУТ ПРО УПРАВЛІННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ПРАВОСЛАВНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ КИЇВСЬКОГО ПАТРІАРХАТУ</a> See Chapter I, § 1 and 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/221781">After autocephaly</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a> (26 October 2018) (in Ukrainian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://m.gazeta.ua/articles/life/_vselenskij-patriarhat-oprilyudniv-dokumenti-na-pidtrimku-ukrayinskoyi-avtokefaliyi/859088">The Ecumenical Patriarchate unveiled documents in support of Ukrainian autocephaly</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazeta.ua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazeta.ua">Gazeta.ua</a> (14 September 2018).</li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/89496">"Holy War: The Fight for Ukraine's Churches and Monasteries"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Holy+War%3A+The+Fight+for+Ukraine%27s+Churches+and+Monasteries&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fpolitika%2F89496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> Yearbook of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Year 2022, pp. 1007–1026.</li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mospat.ru/en/2018/10/15/news165263/">"Statement by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the encroachment of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the canonical territory of the Russian Church"</a>. Russian Orthodox Church. 15 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502133723/https://mospat.ru/en/2018/10/15/news165263/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-16. <q>To admit into communion schismatics and a person anathematized in other Local Church with all the 'bishops' and 'clergy' consecrated by him, the encroachment on somebody else's canonical regions, the attempt to abandon its own historical decisions and commitments – all this leads the Patriarchate of Constantinople beyond the canonical space and, to our great grief, makes it impossible for us to continue the Eucharistic community with its hierarch, clergy and laity. From now on until the Patriarchate of Constantinople's rejection of its anti-canonical decisions, it is impossible for all the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church to concelebrate with the clergy of the Church of Constantinople and for the laity to participate in sacraments administered in its churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+the+Holy+Synod+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church+concerning+the+encroachment+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople+on+the+canonical+territory+of+the+Russian+Church&rft.pub=Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Fen%2F2018%2F10%2F15%2Fnews165263%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mospat.ru/ru/2018/10/16/news165283/">"Журналы заседания Священного Синода Русской Православной Церкви от 15 октября 2018 года"</a> [MINUTES of the meeting of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church of 15 October 2018] (in Russian). Russian Orthodox Church. 16 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065636/https://mospat.ru/ru/2018/10/16/news165283/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+15+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Fru%2F2018%2F10%2F16%2Fnews165283%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJivko_Panev2018" class="citation web cs1">Jivko Panev (15 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxie.com/en/bishop-epiphaniy-dumenko-elected-primate-of-the-orthodox-church-in-ukraine/">"Bishop Epiphaniy (Dumenko) elected Primate of the "Orthodox Church in Ukraine""</a>. Orthodoxie. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodoxie&rft.atitle=Bishop+Epiphaniy+%28Dumenko%29+elected+Primate+of+the+%22Orthodox+Church+in+Ukraine%22&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft.au=Jivko+Panev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxie.com%2Fen%2Fbishop-epiphaniy-dumenko-elected-primate-of-the-orthodox-church-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/orthodox/ocu/74190/">"Ukraine receives Tomos officially and forever"</a>. Religious Information Service of Ukraine. 6 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108031645/https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/orthodox/ocu/74190/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religious+Information+Service+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Ukraine+receives+Tomos+officially+and+forever&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frisu.org.ua%2Fen%2Findex%2Fall_news%2Forthodox%2Focu%2F74190%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/10/17/news178948/">"Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church | The Russian Orthodox Church"</a>. Russian Orthodox Church Department for External Church Relations. 17 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019080401/https://mospat.ru/en/2019/10/17/news178948/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Orthodox+Church+Department+for+External+Church+Relations&rft.atitle=Statement+of+the+Holy+Synod+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church+%7C+The+Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Fen%2F2019%2F10%2F17%2Fnews178948%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/orthodox/moscow_patriarchy/77486/">"ROC Synod disbelieves entire Greek Church could recognize OCU and called not to remember Archbishop Hieronymos for his communion with Epifaniy"</a>. Religious Information Service of Ukraine. 17 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019080351/https://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/orthodox/moscow_patriarchy/77486/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religious+Information+Service+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=ROC+Synod+disbelieves+entire+Greek+Church+could+recognize+OCU+and+called+not+to+remember+Archbishop+Hieronymos+for+his+communion+with+Epifaniy&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frisu.org.ua%2Fen%2Findex%2Fall_news%2Forthodox%2Fmoscow_patriarchy%2F77486%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJivko_Panev2019" class="citation web cs1">Jivko Panev (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxie.com/en/statement-of-the-holy-synod-of-the-russian-orthodox-church/">"Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church"</a>. Orthodoxie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019080117/https://orthodoxie.com/en/statement-of-the-holy-synod-of-the-russian-orthodox-church/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodoxie&rft.atitle=Statement+of+the+Holy+Synod+of+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.au=Jivko+Panev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxie.com%2Fen%2Fstatement-of-the-holy-synod-of-the-russian-orthodox-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReligion_Pravda2019" class="citation web cs1">Religion Pravda (2019-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://religionpravda.com.ua/2019/12/26/%25D0%25A0%25D0%259F%25D0%25A6-%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8-%25D0%25B7-%25D0%259E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2596/">"РПЦ розірвала відносини з Олександрійським Патріархом і вдерлась на його канонічну територію – рішення Синоду"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814082456/http://religionpravda.com.ua/2019/12/26/%25D0%25A0%25D0%259F%25D0%25A6-%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8-%25D0%25B7-%25D0%259E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2596/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 2019-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%A6+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B7+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%96+%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8E+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft.au=Religion+Pravda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligionpravda.com.ua%2F2019%2F12%2F26%2F%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%A6-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%B7-%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act%3Dnews%26div%3D15416">"Patriarch Kirill ceases liturgical commemoration of patriarch of Alexandria for recognizing new church of Ukraine"</a>. Interfax Religion. 26 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117004431/http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act%3Dnews%26div%3D15416">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interfax+Religion&rft.atitle=Patriarch+Kirill+ceases+liturgical+commemoration+of+patriarch+of+Alexandria+for+recognizing+new+church+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-religion.com%2F%3Fact%3Dnews%26div%3D15416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInterfax_Religion" class="citation web cs1">Interfax Religion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act%3Dnews%26div%3D74025">"Патриарх Кирилл прекращает поминовение Александрийского патриарха из-за признания им ПЦУ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226161350/http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act%3Dnews%26div%3D74025">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7-%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%9F%D0%A6%D0%A3&rft.au=Interfax+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-religion.ru%2F%3Fact%3Dnews%26div%3D74025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/12/26/news181656/">"Holy Synod of the Russian Church expresses its deep sorrow over uncanonical actions of Patriarch Theodoros of Alexandria who entered into communion with schismatics | The Russian Orthodox Church"</a>. 26 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227134626/https://mospat.ru/en/2019/12/26/news181656/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Synod+of+the+Russian+Church+expresses+its+deep+sorrow+over+uncanonical+actions+of+Patriarch+Theodoros+of+Alexandria+who+entered+into+communion+with+schismatics+%7C+The+Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Fen%2F2019%2F12%2F26%2Fnews181656%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5721952.html">"ЖУРНАЛЫ заседания Священного Синода от 20 ноября 2020 года / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru"</a>. Патриархия.ru (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128143940/http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5721952.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%96%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AB+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82+20+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%2F+%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%2F+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchia.ru%2Fdb%2Ftext%2F5721952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthochristian.com/135494.html">"Patriarch Kirill ceases commemoration of Archbishop of Cyprus"</a>. Orthodox Christianity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120143152/https://orthochristian.com/135494.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity&rft.atitle=Patriarch+Kirill+ceases+commemoration+of+Archbishop+of+Cyprus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F135494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act%3Dnews%26div%3D15995">"Patriarch Kirill ceases liturgical commemoration of archbishop of Cyprus for backing schism in Ukraine"</a>. Interfax-Religion. 20 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120155606/http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act%3Dnews%26div%3D15995">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interfax-Religion&rft.atitle=Patriarch+Kirill+ceases+liturgical+commemoration+of+archbishop+of+Cyprus+for+backing+schism+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-religion.com%2F%3Fact%3Dnews%26div%3D15995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxtimes.com/archbishop-of-cyprus-commemorates-metropolitan-epifaniy-of-kyiv-for-first-time/">"Archbishop of Cyprus commemorates Metropolitan Epifaniy of Kyiv for first time (upd)"</a>. Orthodox Times. 2020-10-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123184817/https://orthodoxtimes.com/archbishop-of-cyprus-commemorates-metropolitan-epifaniy-of-kyiv-for-first-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Times&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Cyprus+commemorates+Metropolitan+Epifaniy+of+Kyiv+for+first+time+%28upd%29&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxtimes.com%2Farchbishop-of-cyprus-commemorates-metropolitan-epifaniy-of-kyiv-for-first-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mospat.ru/en/2019/09/14/news177560/">"The Russian Orthodox Church Holy Synod integrates the head of the Archdiocese of the Western European Parishes of Russian Tradition as well as clergy and parishes who wish to follow him"</a>. Russian Orthodox Church Department of External Relations. 14 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915182943/https://mospat.ru/en/2019/09/14/news177560/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Orthodox+Church+Department+of+External+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Holy+Synod+integrates+the+head+of+the+Archdiocese+of+the+Western+European+Parishes+of+Russian+Tradition+as+well+as+clergy+and+parishes+who+wish+to+follow+him&rft.date=2019-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Fen%2F2019%2F09%2F14%2Fnews177560%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthochristian.com/126060.html">"Constantinople bishop of France creates Russian Vicariate in place of Russian Exarchate that Synod dissolved"</a>. Orthodox Christianity. 3 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204072903/http://orthochristian.com/126060.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity&rft.atitle=Constantinople+bishop+of+France+creates+Russian+Vicariate+in+place+of+Russian+Exarchate+that+Synod+dissolved&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F126060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxyindialogue.com/2018/11/28/its-official-ecumenical-patriarchate-dissolves-russian-archdiocese-of-western-europe/">"IT'S OFFICIAL: ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE DISSOLVES RUSSIAN ARCHDIOCESE OF WESTERN EUROPE"</a>. ORTHODOXY IN DIALOGUE. 2018-11-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203143208/https://orthodoxyindialogue.com/2018/11/28/its-official-ecumenical-patriarchate-dissolves-russian-archdiocese-of-western-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ORTHODOXY+IN+DIALOGUE&rft.atitle=IT%27S+OFFICIAL%3A+ECUMENICAL+PATRIARCHATE+DISSOLVES+RUSSIAN+ARCHDIOCESE+OF+WESTERN+EUROPE&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxyindialogue.com%2F2018%2F11%2F28%2Fits-official-ecumenical-patriarchate-dissolves-russian-archdiocese-of-western-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita-xronika/25371-apokleistiko-to-oikoumeniko-patriarxeio-katirgise-tin-ejarxia-ton-koinotiton-rosikis-paradoseos">"ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΤΙΚΟ: Το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο κατήργησε την Εξαρχία των Κοινοτήτων Ρωσικής Παραδόσεως"</a>. ROMFEA (in Greek). 27 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193858/https://www.romfea.gr/epikairotita-xronika/25371-apokleistiko-to-oikoumeniko-patriarxeio-katirgise-tin-ejarxia-ton-koinotiton-rosikis-paradoseos">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ROMFEA&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CE%A0%CE%9F%CE%9A%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%9F%3A+%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B5+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romfea.gr%2Fepikairotita-xronika%2F25371-apokleistiko-to-oikoumeniko-patriarxeio-katirgise-tin-ejarxia-ton-koinotiton-rosikis-paradoseos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJivko_Panev2018" class="citation news cs1">Jivko Panev (27 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxie.com/en/the-ecumenical-patriarchate-has-dissolved-the-archdiocese-of-russian-orthodox-churches-in-western-europe/">"The Ecumenical Patriarchate has dissolved the Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe"</a>. Orthodoxie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127233820/https://orthodoxie.com/en/the-ecumenical-patriarchate-has-dissolved-the-archdiocese-of-russian-orthodox-churches-in-western-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthodoxie&rft.atitle=The+Ecumenical+Patriarchate+has+dissolved+the+Archdiocese+of+Russian+Orthodox+Churches+in+Western+Europe&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft.au=Jivko+Panev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxie.com%2Fen%2Fthe-ecumenical-patriarchate-has-dissolved-the-archdiocese-of-russian-orthodox-churches-in-western-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxtimes.com/church-of-ukraine-stops-commemoration-of-kirill-asks-to-be-deprived-of-the-patriarchal-throne/">"Church of Ukraine: Stops commemoration of Kirill, asks to be deprived of the Patriarchal Throne"</a>. Orthodox Times. 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Times&rft.atitle=Church+of+Ukraine%3A+Stops+commemoration+of+Kirill%2C+asks+to+be+deprived+of+the+Patriarchal+Throne&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxtimes.com%2Fchurch-of-ukraine-stops-commemoration-of-kirill-asks-to-be-deprived-of-the-patriarchal-throne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.church.ua/2022/05/27/postanova-soboru-ukrajinskoji-pravoslavnoji-cerkvi-vid-27-travnya-2022-roku/">"Resolution of the Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of May 27, 2022"</a>. Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patrirachate) (in Ukrainian). 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+%28Moscow+Patrirachate%29&rft.atitle=Resolution+of+the+Council+of+the+Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+of+May+27%2C+2022&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.church.ua%2F2022%2F05%2F27%2Fpostanova-soboru-ukrajinskoji-pravoslavnoji-cerkvi-vid-27-travnya-2022-roku%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/05/27/Ukraine-s-Moscow-backed-Orthodox-church-says-cuts-ties-with-Russia">"Ukraine's Moscow-backed Orthodox church says cuts ties with Russia"</a>. Alarabiya News. 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alarabiya+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Moscow-backed+Orthodox+church+says+cuts+ties+with+Russia&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fworld%2F2022%2F05%2F27%2FUkraine-s-Moscow-backed-Orthodox-church-says-cuts-ties-with-Russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-169">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bbc_169-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bbc_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml">"Eastern Orthodox Church"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 26 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Feasternorthodox_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-facts-170">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-facts_170-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-facts_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627011432/http://www.religionfacts.com/orthodox-christianity">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a>. ReligionFacts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.religionfacts.com/orthodox-christianity">the original</a> on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReligionFacts&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Forthodox-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_Patsavos" class="citation web cs1">Lewis Patsavos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.goarch.org/-/the-primacy-of-the-see-of-constantinople-in-theory-and-practice-">"The Primacy of the See of Constantinople in Theory and Practice* – Theology – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Primacy+of+the+See+of+Constantinople+in+Theory+and+Practice%2A+%E2%80%93+Theology+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.au=Lewis+Patsavos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Fthe-primacy-of-the-see-of-constantinople-in-theory-and-practice-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ocl.org/first-without-equals-a-response-to-the-text-on-primacy-of-the-moscow-patriarchate/">"First Without Equals – A Response to the Text on Primacy of the Moscow Patriarchate"</a>. Orthodox Christian Laity. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christian+Laity&rft.atitle=First+Without+Equals+%E2%80%93+A+Response+to+the+Text+on+Primacy+of+the+Moscow+Patriarchate&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focl.org%2Ffirst-without-equals-a-response-to-the-text-on-primacy-of-the-moscow-patriarchate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthochristian.com/117117.html">"Archpriest Vadim Leonov. Constantinople Papism"</a>. Orthodox Christianity. Retrieved 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity&rft.atitle=Archpriest+Vadim+Leonov.+Constantinople+Papism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F117117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthochristian.com/115685.html">"Archpriest Andrei Novikov. The Apotheosis of Eastern Papism"</a>. Orthodox Christianity. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity&rft.atitle=Archpriest+Andrei+Novikov.+The+Apotheosis+of+Eastern+Papism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F115685.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxtimes.com/ecumenical-patriarch-allegations-spread-about-papal-claims-of-the-ecumenical-patriarchate-are-completely-false/">"Ecumenical Patriarch: Allegations spread about "papal claims" of the Ecumenical Patriarchate are completely false"</a>. Orthodox Times. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Times&rft.atitle=Ecumenical+Patriarch%3A+Allegations+spread+about+%22papal+claims%22+of+the+Ecumenical+Patriarchate+are+completely+false&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxtimes.com%2Fecumenical-patriarch-allegations-spread-about-papal-claims-of-the-ecumenical-patriarchate-are-completely-false%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Fr. John (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.antiochian.org/node/17076">"An Orthodox Response to the Recent Roman Catholic Declaration on the Nature of the Church"</a>. The Word (October 2007). Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Word&rft.atitle=An+Orthodox+Response+to+the+Recent+Roman+Catholic+Declaration+on+the+Nature+of+the+Church&rft.issue=October+2007&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Fr.+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochian.org%2Fnode%2F17076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:022-177">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:022_177-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:022_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalamone2004" class="citation book cs1">Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 304. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94180-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94180-6"><bdi>0-415-94180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Rites%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Festivals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-94180-6&rft.aulast=Salamone&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-council2016-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-council2016_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.holycouncil.org/churches">"The Orthodox Churches – The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church"</a>. Holy and Great Council. 19 June 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+and+Great+Council&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Churches+%E2%80%93+The+Holy+and+Great+Council+of+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2016-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holycouncil.org%2Fchurches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTestorides" class="citation web cs1">Testorides, Konstantin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525234638/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/churches-serbia-north-macedonia-end-decades-dispute-84937419">"Churches of Serbia, North Macedonia, end decades-old dispute"</a>. ABC. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/churches-serbia-north-macedonia-end-decades-dispute-84937419">the original</a> on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Churches+of+Serbia%2C+North+Macedonia%2C+end+decades-old+dispute&rft.aulast=Testorides&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fchurches-serbia-north-macedonia-end-decades-dispute-84937419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthochristian.com/128964.html">"Archpriest Vladislav Tsypin. "First Without Equals""</a>. Orthodox Christianity. Retrieved 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity&rft.atitle=Archpriest+Vladislav+Tsypin.+%22First+Without+Equals%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F128964.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/05/21/314270024/the-1-000-year-old-schism-that-pope-francis-seeks-to-heal">"The 1,000-Year-Old Schism That Pope Francis Seeks To Heal"</a>. NPR. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+1%2C000-Year-Old+Schism+That+Pope+Francis+Seeks+To+Heal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2014%2F05%2F21%2F314270024%2Fthe-1-000-year-old-schism-that-pope-francis-seeks-to-heal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/history_EP.htm">"Background of Ecumenical Patriarchate"</a>. Ecumenical Patriarch. Retrieved 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecumenical+Patriarch&rft.atitle=Background+of+Ecumenical+Patriarchate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxchristian.info%2Fpages%2Fhistory_EP.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1964" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, John B. (March 1964). "The Orthodox Church. By Timothy Ware. Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1963. Pp. 352. 6s". Scottish Journal of Theology. 17 (1): 117–119. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252Fs0036930600006256">10.1017/s0036930600006256</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9306">0036-9306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Church.+By+Timothy+Ware.+Penguin+Books%2C+Middlesex%2C+1963.+Pp.+352.+6s.&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-119&rft.date=1964-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0036930600006256&rft.issn=0036-9306&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Gsell, Most Rev. Francis Xavier (27 Oct. 1872–12 July 1960), RC Bishop of Darwin, 1938–49; Titular Bishop of Paris; assistant at the Pontifical throne, Rome, 1951", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fww%252F9780199540884.013.u238027">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u238027</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who+Was+Who&rft.atitle=Gsell%2C+Most+Rev.+Francis+Xavier+%2827+Oct.+1872%E2%80%9312+July+1960%29%2C+RC+Bishop+of+Darwin%2C+1938%E2%80%9349%3B+Titular+Bishop+of+Paris%3B+assistant+at+the+Pontifical+throne%2C+Rome%2C+1951&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u238027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> "Everywhere following the decrees of the Holy Fathers, and aware of the recently recognized Canon of the one hundred and fifty most God-beloved Bishops who convened during the reign of Theodosius the Great of pious memory, who became emperor in the imperial city of Constantinople otherwise known as New Rome; we too decree and vote the same things in regard to the privileges and priorities of the most holy Church of that same Constantinople and New Rome. And this is in keeping with the fact that the Fathers naturally enough granted the priorities to the throne of Old Rome on account of her being the imperial capital. And motivated by the same object and aim the one hundred and fifty most God-beloved Bishops have accorded the like priorities to the most holy throne of New Rome, with good reason deeming that the city which is the seat of an empire, and of a senate, and is equal to old imperial Rome in respect of other privileges and priorities, should be magnified also as she is in respect of ecclesiastical affairs, as coming next after her, or as being second to her."</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">^</a> Christopher M. Bellitto, The General Councils: A History of the Twenty-one General Councils from Nicaea to Vatican II, Paulist Press, 2002, p. 41.</li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaculty_of_Holy_Cross_Greek_Orthodox_School_of_Theology2009" class="citation web cs1">Faculty of Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.goarch.org/-/the-leadership-of-the-ecumenical-patriarchate-and-the-significance-of-canon-28-of-chalcedon">"The Leadership of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Significance of Canon 28 of Chalcedon – Theology – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Leadership+of+the+Ecumenical+Patriarchate+and+the+Significance+of+Canon+28+of+Chalcedon+%E2%80%93+Theology+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.au=Faculty+of+Holy+Cross+Greek+Orthodox+School+of+Theology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Fthe-leadership-of-the-ecumenical-patriarchate-and-the-significance-of-canon-28-of-chalcedon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Atlas_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrienPalmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Brien, Joanne O.; Palmer, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPbIwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drussian%2Borthodox%2Bchurch%2Bfollowers%2Bmembership%2Badherents%2Bmillion%26pg%3DPT12">The Atlas of Religion</a>. University of California Press. p. 22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24917-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24917-2"><bdi>978-0-520-24917-2</bdi></a>. <q>There are over 220 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Religion&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24917-2&rft.aulast=Brien&rft.aufirst=Joanne+O.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbIwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drussian%2Borthodox%2Bchurch%2Bfollowers%2Bmembership%2Badherents%2Bmillion%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-adherents-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-adherents_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/19990819112057/http://adherents.com/adh_branches.html%23Christianity">"Major branches of religions ranked by number of adherents"</a>. Adherents. Archived from the original on 19 August 1999. Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adherents&rft.atitle=Major+branches+of+religions+ranked+by+number+of+adherents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2Fadh_branches.html%23Christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamondPlattnerCostopoulos2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCTqTeiBfdxECpgPP1_119]-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamondPlattnerCostopoulos2005%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidCTqTeiBfdxECpgPP1_119%5D_189-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDiamondPlattnerCostopoulos2005">Diamond, Plattner & Costopoulos 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCTqTeiBfdxEC%26pg%3DPP1">119</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Yearbook-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yearbook_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDToLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156">Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2015</a>. Brill. 29 June 2015. p. 156. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29739-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29739-5"><bdi>978-90-04-29739-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+International+Religious+Demography+2015&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29739-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDToLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> Sintia Radu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-12-06/orthodoxism-is-declining-in-the-overall-christian-population">Orthodoxism Is Declining in the Overall Christian Population</a> U.S. News (6 December 2017).</li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeronis2011" class="citation cs2">Veronis, Luke (21 March 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-christianity/orthodox-missions-O209?s.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-christianity%26s.q%3Dluke%2Bveronis">"Orthodox Missions"</a>, Encyclopedia of Christianity Online, Brill, retrieved 8 December 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Missions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.aulast=Veronis&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-christianity%2Forthodox-missions-O209%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-christianity%26s.q%3Dluke%2Bveronis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Sreda2012-195"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sreda2012_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sreda.org/arena?mapcode%3Dcode13113">"Orthodox belonging to Church – 41%"</a>. SREDA. Moscow. 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SREDA&rft.atitle=Orthodox+belonging+to+Church+%E2%80%93+41%25&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsreda.org%2Farena%3Fmapcode%3Dcode13113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> Based on a survey of 56,900 people interviewed in 2012, responding 41% yes to the statement: "I am Orthodox, and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church."</li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFФилина2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Филина, Ольга (27 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1997068">"Верю – не верю"</a>. kommersant.ru (in Russian). Moscow: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Коммерсантъ">Коммерсантъ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827114409/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1997068">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kommersant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8E+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8E&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft.aulast=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F1997068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWeb-197">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-12">m</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIAWeb_197-13">n</a> <noscript> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/religions/">"Field listing :: Religions"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+listing+%3A%3A+Religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Freligions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2014.zip">(Archived 2014 edition.)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Razumkov2006-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Razumkov2006_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparkle_Design_Studio" class="citation web cs1">Sparkle Design Studio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220038/http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id%3D300">"Опитування: Віруючим якої церкви, конфесії Ви себе вважаєте? // Центр Разумкова"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id%3D300">the original</a> on 8 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%92%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%82%D0%B5%3F+%2F%2F+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.au=Sparkle+Design+Studio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frazumkov.org.ua%2Fukr%2Fpoll.php%3Fpoll_id%3D300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Belarus2011-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Belarus2011_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mfa.gov.by/upload/pdf/religion_eng.pdf">"Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus by the Commissioner on Religions and Nationalities of the Republic of Belarus from November 2011"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+and+denominations+in+the+Republic+of+Belarus+by+the+Commissioner+on+Religions+and+Nationalities+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus+from+November+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.by%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Freligion_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Tieslietu-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tieslietu_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126013327/http://www.tm.gov.lv/lv/labumi/TM.docx">"Tieslietu ministrija iesniegtie religisko organizaciju parskati par darbibu 2011. gada"</a> (in Latvian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tm.gov.lv/lv/labumi/TM.docx">the original</a> on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tieslietu+ministrija+iesniegtie+religisko+organizaciju+parskati+par+darbibu+2011.+gada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tm.gov.lv%2Flv%2Flabumi%2FTM.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-204">^</a> "Statistical database: Population Census 2000 – Religious affiliation". Statistics Estonia. 22 October 2002. Retrieved 18 February 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-2013table28-205"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2013table28_205-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx">Table 28, 2013 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5598.htm">"Kyrgyzstan"</a>. U.S. Department of State Archive. Retrieved 17 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyrgyzstan&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2001%2F5598.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-freedom-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-freedom_207-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123103408/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148830.htm">Lebanon – International Religious Freedom Report 2010</a> U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 14 February 2010.</li> <li id="cite_note-Hämmerli-208">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-H%C3%A4mmerli_208-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-H%C3%A4mmerli_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_HämmerliJean-François_Mayer2014" class="citation book cs1">Maria Hämmerli; Jean-François Mayer (28 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2H3fBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA229">Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 229. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6754-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6754-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-6754-0</bdi></a>. <q>according to the 2011 census, Orthodox Christianity is the fastest growing religious grouping in Ireland, showing ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Identities+in+Western+Europe%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Innovation&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6754-0&rft.au=Maria+H%C3%A4mmerli&rft.au=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Mayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2H3fBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Aughey-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Aughey_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_AugheyJohn_Oakland2013" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Aughey; John Oakland (17 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8YZiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99">Irish Civilization: An Introduction</a>. Routledge. p. 99. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67850-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67850-2"><bdi>978-1-317-67850-2</bdi></a>. <q>However, the fastest-growing church is the Orthodox Church …</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Civilization%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-67850-2&rft.au=Arthur+Aughey&rft.au=John+Oakland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YZiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthochristian.com/57148.htm">"Number of Orthodox Christians in Ireland doubled over five years"</a>. Orthodox Christianity. Moscow: Sretensky Monastery. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Christianity&rft.atitle=Number+of+Orthodox+Christians+in+Ireland+doubled+over+five+years&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthochristian.com%2F57148.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988">  This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary sources">tertiary source</a> reuses information from other sources without citing them in detail.</li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum.org-211">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pewforum.org_211-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pewforum.org_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">"Orthodox Christianity's geographic center remains in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity%27s+geographic+center+remains+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianitys-geographic-center-remains-in-central-and-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2010-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jones2010_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Whitney (6 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/06/report-finds-strong-growt_n_753447.html">"Report finds strong growth in U.S. Orthodox Churches"</a>. Huffington Post. New York. Religion News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010060113/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/06/report-finds-strong-growt_n_753447.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Report+finds+strong+growth+in+U.S.+Orthodox+Churches&rft.date=2010-10-06&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F10%2F06%2Freport-finds-strong-growt_n_753447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Krindatch2010-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Krindatch2010_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrindatch2010" class="citation web cs1">Krindatch, Alexei D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523173437/http://www.hartfordinstitute.org/research/2010-USOrthodox-Census.pdf">"[Highlights from the] 2010 US Orthodox Christian census"</a> (PDF). Hartford Institute. Hartford, CT: Hartford Institute for Religion Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hartfordinstitute.org/research/2010-USOrthodox-Census.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Institute&rft.atitle=%26%2391%3BHighlights+from+the%26%2393%3B+2010+US+Orthodox+Christian+census&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Krindatch&rft.aufirst=Alexei+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartfordinstitute.org%2Fresearch%2F2010-USOrthodox-Census.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> Conducted as part of the Religious Congregations and Membership Study 2010.</li> <li id="cite_note-Herbel2014-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Herbel2014_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbel2014" class="citation book cs1">Herbel, Oliver (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-SZnAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9">Turning to tradition: converts and the making of an American Orthodox church</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932495-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932495-8"><bdi>978-0-19-932495-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+to+tradition%3A+converts+and+the+making+of+an+American+Orthodox+church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932495-8&rft.aulast=Herbel&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-SZnAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-PewRLS2015-216">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PewRLS2015_216-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PewRLS2015_216-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PewRLS2015_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew_Research_Center2015" class="citation book cs1">Pew Research Center (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/05/RLS-08-26-full-report.pdf">America's changing religious landscape</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170741/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/05/RLS-08-26-full-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+changing+religious+landscape&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.au=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F05%2FRLS-08-26-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> Based on 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.</li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİçduyguToktaş,_ŞuleSoner,_B._Ali2008" class="citation journal cs1">İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Soner, B. Ali (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–389. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F01419870701491937">10.1080/01419870701491937</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-9870">0141-9870</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143541451">143541451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+population+in+a+nation-building+process%3A+emigration+of+non-Muslims+from+Turkey&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=358-389&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143541451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0141-9870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870701491937&rft.aulast=%C4%B0%C3%A7duygu&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft.au=Tokta%C5%9F%2C+%C5%9Eule&rft.au=Soner%2C+B.+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ebooks.edu.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DSGL-C102/79/644,2337/">"Chapter The refugees question in Greece (1821–1930) in "Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας", ΟΕΔΒ ("Topics from Modern Greek History"). 8th edition"</a> (PDF). Nikolaos Andriotis. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+The+refugees+question+in+Greece+%281821%E2%80%931930%29+in+%22%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%22%2C+%CE%9F%CE%95%CE%94%CE%92+%28%22Topics+from+Modern+Greek+History%22%29.+8th+edition&rft.pub=Nikolaos+Andriotis&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.edu.gr%2Fmodules%2Febook%2Fshow.php%2FDSGL-C102%2F79%2F644%2C2337%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuarterly2001" class="citation journal cs1">Quarterly, Middle East (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.meforum.org/487/editors-introduction-why-a-special-issue">"'Editors' Introduction: Why a Special Issue?: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East"</a> (PDF). Middle East Quarterly. Editors' Introduction. Retrieved 11 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27Editors%27+Introduction%3A+Why+a+Special+Issue%3F%3A+Disappearing+Christians+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Quarterly&rft.aufirst=Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F487%2Feditors-introduction-why-a-special-issue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993208–211-222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993208%E2%80%93211_222-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, pp. 208–211.</li> <li id="cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-223">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_223-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_223-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_223-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_223-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheokritoff2010" class="citation book cs1">Theokritoff, Elizabeth (2010) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjP2vivMSezMC%26pg%3DPA63">"Part I: Doctrine and Tradition – Creator and creation"</a>. In Cunningham, Mary B.; Theokritoff, Elizabeth (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Orthodox Christian Theology. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 63–77. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCCOL9780521864848.005">10.1017/CCOL9780521864848.005</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139001977?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781139001977"><bdi>9781139001977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Doctrine+and+Tradition+%E2%80%93+Creator+and+creation&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Orthodox+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=63-77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521864848.005&rft.isbn=9781139001977&rft.aulast=Theokritoff&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjP2vivMSezMC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993202-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993202_224-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 202.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare199367–69-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare199367%E2%80%9369_225-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, pp. 67–69.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos1998128–130-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHierotheos1998128%E2%80%93130_226-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHierotheos1998">Hierotheos 1998</a>, pp. 128–130.</li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Matusiak, Fr. John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID%3D3%26SID%3D3">"Original Sin"</a>. Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 23 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+Sin&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft.aulast=Matusiak&rft.aufirst=Fr.+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2FQA.asp%3FID%3D3%26SID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysostom400[[Paschal_Homily]]-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrysostom400%5B%5BPaschal_Homily%5D%5D_228-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFChrysostom400">Chrysostom 400</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paschal_Homily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Athanasius1982Ch._2–3,_p._318-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Athanasius1982Ch._2%E2%80%933,_p._318_229-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSt._Athanasius1982">St. Athanasius 1982</a>, Ch. 2–3, p. 318.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos1998234–237,_(241=Glossary)-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHierotheos1998234%E2%80%93237,_(241=Glossary)_230-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHierotheos1998">Hierotheos 1998</a>, pp. 234–237, (241=Glossary).</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2006[httporthodoxinfocomgeneraltheosis-englishpdf_34]-231"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2006%5Bhttporthodoxinfocomgeneraltheosis-englishpdf_34%5D_231-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGeorge2006">George 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/theosis-english.pdf">34</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Dict_Christian_Church3rd_ed-232"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxford_Dict_Christian_Church3rd_ed_232-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOxford_Dict_Christian_Church3rd_ed">Oxford Dict Christian Church & 3rd ed</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Fitzgerald, Fr. Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7114">"Spirituality"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 15 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spirituality&rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith7114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2006[httporthodoxinfocomgeneraltheosis-englishpdf_21]-234"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2006%5Bhttporthodoxinfocomgeneraltheosis-englishpdf_21%5D_234-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGeorge2006">George 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/theosis-english.pdf">21</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199825–30-235"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199825%E2%80%9330_235-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHierotheos1998">Hierotheos 1998</a>, pp. 25–30.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199823-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHierotheos199823_236-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHierotheos1998">Hierotheos 1998</a>, p. 23.</li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015639/http://www.saintlaurenceosb.org/news--events.html">"News & Events – the Benedictine Fellowship of Saint Laurence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.saintlaurenceosb.org/news--events.html">the original</a> on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+%26+Events+%E2%80%93+the+Benedictine+Fellowship+of+Saint+Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintlaurenceosb.org%2Fnews--events.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128055347/http://www.russianorthodoxoklahoma.org/">"Russian Orthodox Oklahoma – Only the finest russian orthodox oklahoma"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.russianorthodoxoklahoma.org/">the original</a> on 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2020-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Orthodox+Oklahoma+%E2%80%93+Only+the+finest+russian+orthodox+oklahoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianorthodoxoklahoma.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFslife2022" class="citation web cs1">slife (2022-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://slife.org/eastern-orthodoxy/">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a>. The Spiritual Life. Retrieved 2023-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spiritual+Life&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.au=slife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslife.org%2Feastern-orthodoxy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1978" class="citation book cs1">Meyendorff, Gregory of Nyssa; transl., introduction and notes by Abraham J. Malherbe and Everett Ferguson; preface by John (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/gregoryofnyssa00abra/page/59">The life of Moses</a>. New York: Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/gregoryofnyssa00abra/page/59">59</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2112-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2112-0"><bdi>978-0-8091-2112-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Moses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2112-0&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=Gregory+of+Nyssa%3B+transl.%2C+introduction+and+notes+by+Abraham+J.+Malherbe+and+Everett+Ferguson%3B+preface+by+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgregoryofnyssa00abra%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993257–258-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993257%E2%80%93258_241-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, pp. 257–258.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993234-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993234_242-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 234.</li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church</a>, an Orthodox catechism from 1830, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filaret,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Filaret, Metropolitan of Moscow">Metropolitan Philaret</a>. Start with item 366 or 372. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703171158/http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-soul-244">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-soul_244-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-soul_244-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-soul_244-2">c</a> Rose, Father Seraphim, The Soul After Death, St. Herman Press, Platina, CA, c. 1980.</li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">The Longer Catechism</a>, Item 377. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703171158/http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Lella2002" class="citation book cs1">Di Lella, Alexander A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkvtbNQtMqEUC%26pg%3DPA586">"The Textual History of Septuagint-Daniel and Theodotion Daniel"</a>. In Collins, John Joseph; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 586. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391041288?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780391041288"><bdi>9780391041288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Textual+History+of+Septuagint-Daniel+and+Theodotion+Daniel&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780391041288&rft.aulast=Di+Lella&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvtbNQtMqEUC%26pg%3DPA586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeislerNix2012" class="citation book cs1">Geisler, Norman L.; Nix, William E. (2012). From God to Us: How We Got Our Bible. Moody Publishers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802428820?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780802428820"><bdi>9780802428820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+God+to+Us%3A+How+We+Got+Our+Bible&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780802428820&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rft.au=Nix%2C+William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991209-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991209_248-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, p. 209.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1991209_(quoting_[[John_Chrysostom]]):_"It_is_impossible_for_a_man_to_be_saved_if_he_does_not_read_the_Scriptures."-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1991209_(quoting_%5B%5BJohn_Chrysostom%5D%5D):_%22It_is_impossible_for_a_man_to_be_saved_if_he_does_not_read_the_Scriptures.%22_249-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, p. 209 (quoting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Chrysostom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>): "It is impossible for a man to be saved if he does not read the Scriptures.".</li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-250">^</a> Pomazansky, Michael, Orthodox Dogmatic Theology, pp. 33–34.</li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-251">^</a> including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a></li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.T._Kimbrough2005" class="citation book cs1">S.T. Kimbrough (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dq-vhwjamOioC%26pg%3DPA23">Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptural Understanding And Practice</a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 23. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-301-4"><bdi>978-0-88141-301-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+And+Wesleyan+Scriptural+Understanding+And+Practice&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-301-4&rft.au=S.T.+Kimbrough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-vhwjamOioC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-253">^</a> Orthodox Study Bible, St. Athanasius Academy of Theology, 2008, p. 778, commentary.</li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-254">^</a> Bible: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search%3DGenesis%2B1:3%26version%3Dnkjv">Genesis 1:3</a></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthodoxinfo.com/phronema/ware_howto.aspx">How to Read the Bible</a>, retrieved 11 June 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-256">^</a> Bible: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search%3DJohn%2B16:13%26version%3Dnkjv">John 16:13</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Ware1991-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ware1991_257-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1991">Ware 1991</a>, pp. 210–215.</li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713125935/http://doepa.org/about_orthodoxy.html">"The Five Cycles"</a>. Orthodox Worship. The Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania, Orthodox Church in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doepa.org/about_orthodoxy.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Worship&rft.atitle=The+Five+Cycles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoepa.org%2Fabout_orthodoxy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993238-259"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993238_259-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 238.</li> <li id="cite_note-StudentEd-260"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-StudentEd_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_E._FitzGerald1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomas E. FitzGerald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_F5yntZocGIC%26q%3D%2522holy%2Btrinity%2522%2Bcathedral%2Bgreek%2B%2B74%26pg%3DPA147">The Orthodox Church: Student Edition</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96438-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96438-2"><bdi>978-0-275-96438-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+Student+Edition&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96438-2&rft.au=Thomas+E.+FitzGerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_F5yntZocGIC%26q%3D%2522holy%2Btrinity%2522%2Bcathedral%2Bgreek%2B%2B74%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns20023-261"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinns20023_261-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBinns2002">Binns 2002</a>, p. 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-oupbr-262"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-oupbr_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-1083">"Byzantine rite"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. 2010-01-01. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866262-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866262-4"><bdi>978-0-19-866262-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122812/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-1083">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved 2018-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+rite&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866262-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662624.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662624-e-1083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993274–277-263"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993274%E2%80%93277_263-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, pp. 274–277.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993277–278-264"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993277%E2%80%93278_264-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, pp. 277–278.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993278-265"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993278_265-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 278.</li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFr._Thomas_Hopko1981" class="citation web cs1">Fr. Thomas Hopko (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025114723/http://oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID%3D2%26ID%3D52">"The Orthodox Faith"</a>. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID%3D2%26ID%3D52">the original</a> on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Faith&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Fr.+Thomas+Hopko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2FOCchapter.asp%3FSID%3D2%26ID%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993278–279-267"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993278%E2%80%93279_267-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, pp. 278–279.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarakas198756–57-268"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarakas198756%E2%80%9357_268-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHarakas1987">Harakas 1987</a>, pp. 56–57.</li> <li id="cite_note-ware1993p279-269">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ware1993p279_269-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ware1993p279_269-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ware1993p279_269-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 279.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarakas198757-270"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarakas198757_270-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHarakas1987">Harakas 1987</a>, p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993287-271"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993287_271-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 287.</li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405033300/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_02021994_families_en.html">"Letter to Families by Pope John Paul II"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_02021994_families_en.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Families+by+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fletters%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_let_02021994_families_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Meyendorff1975" class="citation book cs1">John Meyendorff (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYSSCUO1tonkC%26pg%3DPA13">Marriage: An Orthodox Perspective</a>. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 13. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-05-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-05-7"><bdi>978-0-913836-05-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%3A+An+Orthodox+Perspective&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-05-7&rft.au=John+Meyendorff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSSCUO1tonkC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610200407/http://saintandrew.net/documents/FINALOrthodoxBishopsProp8Statement.pdf">"Statement of Orthodox Christian Bishops"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://saintandrew.net/documents/FINALOrthodoxBishopsProp8Statement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Orthodox+Christian+Bishops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaintandrew.net%2Fdocuments%2FFINALOrthodoxBishopsProp8Statement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oca.org/news/590">"OCA Reaffirms SCOBA Statement in Wake of Massachusetts Same-Sex Marriage Ruling"</a>. 17 May 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OCA+Reaffirms+SCOBA+Statement+in+Wake+of+Massachusetts+Same-Sex+Marriage+Ruling&rft.date=2004-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fnews%2F590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-meyendorff70-276">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-meyendorff70_276-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-meyendorff70_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Meyendorff1975" class="citation book cs1">John Meyendorff (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYSSCUO1tonkC%26pg%3DPA18">Marriage: An Orthodox Perspective</a>. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 18. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-05-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-05-7"><bdi>978-0-913836-05-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%3A+An+Orthodox+Perspective&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-05-7&rft.au=John+Meyendorff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSSCUO1tonkC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMgr._Athenagoras_Peckstadt,_Bishop_of_Sinope2005" class="citation web cs1">Mgr. Athenagoras Peckstadt, Bishop of Sinope (18 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/liturgics/athenagoras_remarriage.htm">"Marriage, Divorce and Remarriage in the Orthodox Church: Economia and Pastoral Guidance"</a>. The Orthodox research Institute. Retrieved 19 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marriage%2C+Divorce+and+Remarriage+in+the+Orthodox+Church%3A+Economia+and+Pastoral+Guidance&rft.pub=The+Orthodox+research+Institute&rft.date=2005-05-18&rft.au=Mgr.+Athenagoras+Peckstadt%2C+Bishop+of+Sinope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org%2Farticles%2Fliturgics%2Fathenagoras_remarriage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Karras-278"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Karras_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarras2004" class="citation journal cs1">Karras, Valerie A. (June 2004). "Female Deacons in the Byzantine Church". Church History. 73 (2): 272–316. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS000964070010928X">10.1017/S000964070010928X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161817885">161817885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Female+Deacons+in+the+Byzantine+Church&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-316&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161817885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000964070010928X&rft.aulast=Karras&rft.aufirst=Valerie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://international.la-croix.com/religion/breaking-with-tradition-greek-orthodox-church-ordains-first-woman-deacon-in-africa">"Breaking with tradition, Greek Orthodox Church ordains first woman deacon in Africa"</a>. La croix international. 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+croix+international&rft.atitle=Breaking+with+tradition%2C+Greek+Orthodox+Church+ordains+first+woman+deacon+in+Africa&rft.date=2024-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.la-croix.com%2Freligion%2Fbreaking-with-tradition-greek-orthodox-church-ordains-first-woman-deacon-in-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarillas2024" class="citation web cs1">Barillas, Martin (2024-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/orthodox-church-ordains-female-deacon">"Orthodox Church Ordains Female Deacon"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Catholic_Register?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Church+Ordains+Female+Deacon&rft.date=2024-05-09&rft.aulast=Barillas&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fcna%2Forthodox-church-ordains-female-deacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.christiancentury.org/news/eastern-orthodox-church-ordains-zimbabwean-woman-its-first-deaconess">"Eastern Orthodox Church ordains Zimbabwean woman as its first deaconess"</a>. The Christian Century.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Century&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodox+Church+ordains+Zimbabwean+woman+as+its+first+deaconess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiancentury.org%2Fnews%2Feastern-orthodox-church-ordains-zimbabwean-woman-its-first-deaconess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsper" class="citation news cs1">Isper, Saba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.antiochian.org/regulararticle/2052">"What is the Goal?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese_of_North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America">Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiochian+Orthodox+Christian+Archdiocese+of+North+America&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Goal%3F&rft.aulast=Isper&rft.aufirst=Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochian.org%2Fregulararticle%2F2052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteford" class="citation web cs1">Whiteford, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthochristian.com/160402.html">"DEACONESSES, FEMALE DEACONS, AND THE AGENDA OF THE ST. PHOEBE CENTER"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pravoslavie.ru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pravoslavie.ru">Orthochristian.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthochristian.com&rft.atitle=DEACONESSES%2C+FEMALE+DEACONS%2C+AND+THE+AGENDA+OF+THE+ST.+PHOEBE+CENTER&rft.aulast=Whiteford&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthochristian.com%2F160402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://youtube.com/video/UkclE1KD5fw">"Female Priests? Women Deacons Refuted by Fr John Whiteford -Jay Dyer"</a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Female+Priests%3F+Women+Deacons+Refuted+by+Fr+John+Whiteford+-Jay+Dyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutube.com%2Fvideo%2FUkclE1KD5fw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ware1993-285"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ware1993_285-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 322 "From the beginning of the twentieth century the Ecumenical Patriarchate has shown a special concern for Christian reconciliation. At his accession in 1902, Patriarch Joachim III sent an encyclical letter to all the autocephalous Orthodox Churches, asking in particular for their opinion on relations with other Christian bodies. In January 1920 the Ecumenical Patriarchate followed this up with a bold and prophetic letter addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of Churches', parallel to the newly founded League of Nations. Many of the ideas in this letter anticipate subsequent developments in the WCC. Constantinople, along with several of the other Orthodox Churches, was represented at the Faith and Order Conferences at Lausanne in 1927 and at Edinburgh in 1937. The Ecumenical Patriarchate also participated in the first Assembly of the WCC at Amsterdam in 1948, and has been a consistent supporter of the work of the WCC ever since."</li> <li id="cite_note-Fuchs2008-286"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fuchs2008_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2008" class="citation book cs1">Fuchs, Lorelei F. (2008). Koinonia and the Quest for an Ecumenical Ecclesiology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 162. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4023-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4023-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-4023-3</bdi></a>. <q>Addressed "to all the Churches of Christ, wheresoever they be", the letter of the Ecumenical Patriarchate opens the words anticipating the spirit of the ecclesial bodies which would later form the World Council of Churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koinonia+and+the+Quest+for+an+Ecumenical+Ecclesiology&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4023-3&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Lorelei+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Benz2008-287"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Benz2008_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2008" class="citation book cs1">Benz, Ernst (31 July 2008). The Eastern Orthodox Church. Transaction Publishers. p. 197. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36575-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36575-6"><bdi>978-0-202-36575-6</bdi></a>. <q>A large number of Orthodox Churches are members of the World Council of Churches; Orthodox ecclesiastics and theologians serve on its committees and attend its conferences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36575-6&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993322-288"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993322_288-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. 322.</li> <li id="cite_note-Communions-289"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Communions_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/may/fromrussialove.html?start%3D1">"From Russia, with Love"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_Today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2007. <q>Many evangelicals share conservative positions with us on such issues as abortion, the family, and marriage. Do you want vigorous grassroots engagement between Orthodox and evangelicals? Yes, on problems, for example, like the destruction of the family. Many marriages are split. Many families have either one child or no child.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=From+Russia%2C+with+Love&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2011%2Fmay%2Ffromrussialove.html%3Fstart%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-290">^</a> Orthodox Christian Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/theotokos.aspx">An Orthodox View of the Virgin Mary</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/orthodox-church-snubs-pope-francis-georgia-161001161658569.html">Orthodox Church snubs Pope Francis in Georgia</a>. Al Jazeera News. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</li> <li id="cite_note-Common-292"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Common_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOONS" class="citation web cs1">OONS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sor.cua.edu/Ecumenism/20010317oomtg4.html">"Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration – March 17, 2001"</a>. Syrian Orthodox Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Resources&rft.atitle=Middle+Eastern+Oriental+Orthodox+Common+Declaration+%E2%80%93+March+17%2C+2001&rft.au=OONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsor.cua.edu%2FEcumenism%2F20010317oomtg4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://suscopts.org/stgeorgedaytona/coptic_church.html">"Saint George Coptic Church"</a>. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Retrieved 3 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+George+Coptic+Church&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+the+Southern+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuscopts.org%2Fstgeorgedaytona%2Fcoptic_church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://espreso.tv/article/2019/05/11/epifaniy">"Предстоятель ПЦУ Епіфаній: Найперше мусимо зберегти свою незалежність"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%9F%D0%A6%D0%A3+%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%3A+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespreso.tv%2Farticle%2F2019%2F05%2F11%2Fepifaniy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://synod.ugcc.ua/data/blazhennishyy-svyatoslav-vidnovlennya-vharystiynogo-spilkuvannya-mizh-rymom-i-konstantynopolem-ne-utopiyu-315/">"Блаженніший Святослав: "Відновлення євхаристійного спілкування між Римом і Константинополем не є утопією""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%3A+%22%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6+%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%96+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%94+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%94%D1%8E%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsynod.ugcc.ua%2Fdata%2Fblazhennishyy-svyatoslav-vidnovlennya-vharystiynogo-spilkuvannya-mizh-rymom-i-konstantynopolem-ne-utopiyu-315%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-296">^</a> Bat Ye'or, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Decline_of_Eastern_Christianity_Under_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam">The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Alfeyev-297"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Alfeyev_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/may/fromrussialove.html?start%3D4">"From Russia, with Love"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_Today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2007. <q>If we speak about Islam (and of course if we mean moderate Islam), then I believe there is the possibility of peaceful coexistence between Islam and Christianity. This is what we have had in Russia for centuries, because Russian Islam has a very long tradition. But we never had religious wars. Nowadays we have a good system of collaboration between Christian denominations and Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=From+Russia%2C+with+Love&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2011%2Fmay%2Ffromrussialove.html%3Fstart%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ec-patr.org/dioceses.php?lang%3Den%26id%3D99">"Ecumenical Patriarchate"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecumenical+Patriarchate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ec-patr.org%2Fdioceses.php%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodox.pl/administracja/metropolia/">"Orthodox | Metrolopolia"</a>. www.orthodox.pl. Retrieved 5 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orthodox.pl&rft.atitle=Orthodox+%7C+Metrolopolia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodox.pl%2Fadministracja%2Fmetropolia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BS1-301"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BS1_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eleftherostypos.gr/ellada/472832-ektakto-i-ekklisia-tis-ellados-anagnorise-tin-ekklisia-tis-oykranias/">"Η Εκκλησία της Ελλάδος αναγνώρισε την Αυτοκέφαλη Εκκλησία της Ουκρανίας"</a> [The Church of Greece recognised the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine]. eleftherostypos.gr. Eleutheros Typos. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eleftherostypos.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%97+%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B5+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eleftherostypos.gr%2Fellada%2F472832-ektakto-i-ekklisia-tis-ellados-anagnorise-tin-ekklisia-tis-oykranias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxtimes.com/the-church-of-greece-has-recognized-the-autocephalous-church-of-ukraine/">"The Church of Greece has recognized the Autocephalous Church of Ukraine (upd)"</a>. Orthodox Times. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Times&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+Greece+has+recognized+the+Autocephalous+Church+of+Ukraine+%28upd%29&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxtimes.com%2Fthe-church-of-greece-has-recognized-the-autocephalous-church-of-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BS2-303"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BS2_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012141412/https://theorthodoxworld.com/its-official-church-of-greece-recognizes-the-autocephaly-of-the-orthodox-church-in-ukraine/">"It's Official: Church of Greece Recognizes the Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine"</a>. The Orthodox World. 12 October 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://theorthodoxworld.com/its-official-church-of-greece-recognizes-the-autocephaly-of-the-orthodox-church-in-ukraine/">the original</a> on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Orthodox+World&rft.atitle=It%27s+Official%3A+Church+of+Greece+Recognizes+the+Autocephaly+of+the+Orthodox+Church+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheorthodoxworld.com%2Fits-official-church-of-greece-recognizes-the-autocephaly-of-the-orthodox-church-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BS3-304"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BS3_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxtimes.com/archbishop-of-cyprus-commemorates-metropolitan-epifaniy-of-kyiv-for-first-time/">"Archbishop of Cyprus commemorates Metropolitan Epifaniy of Kyiv for first time (upd)"</a>. Orthodox Times. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Times&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Cyprus+commemorates+Metropolitan+Epifaniy+of+Kyiv+for+first+time+%28upd%29&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxtimes.com%2Farchbishop-of-cyprus-commemorates-metropolitan-epifaniy-of-kyiv-for-first-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://risu.ua/kiprska-cerkva-viznala-pravoslavnu-cerkvu-ukrayini_n112864">"Кіпрська Церква визнала Православну Церкву України"</a>. Релігійно-інформаційна служба України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frisu.ua%2Fkiprska-cerkva-viznala-pravoslavnu-cerkvu-ukrayini_n112864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orthodoxtimes.com/archbishop-of-cyprus-my-decision-to-commemorate-metropolitan-epifaniy-first-serves-orthodoxy/">"Archbishop of Cyprus: My decision to commemorate Metropolitan Epifaniy first serves Orthodoxy"</a>. Orthodox Times. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Times&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Cyprus%3A+My+decision+to+commemorate+Metropolitan+Epifaniy+first+serves+Orthodoxy&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxtimes.com%2Farchbishop-of-cyprus-my-decision-to-commemorate-metropolitan-epifaniy-first-serves-orthodoxy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.ua/ukraine/politics/epifaniy-eshche-neskolko-pomestnyh-pravoslavnyh-cerkvey-priznayut-pcu-novosti-ukrainy-50057519.html"><bdi lang="ru">Митрополит Киевский Епифаний заявил, что в ближайшее время еще несколько поместных православных церквей признают ПЦУ</bdi></a>. НВ (Новое Время) (in Russian). 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%92+%28%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%29&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%9F%D0%A6%D0%A3&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnv.ua%2Fukraine%2Fpolitics%2Fepifaniy-eshche-neskolko-pomestnyh-pravoslavnyh-cerkvey-priznayut-pcu-novosti-ukrainy-50057519.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oca.org/holy-synod/statements/holy-synod/archpastoral-letter-on-ukraine">"Holy Synod – Encyclicals – Archpastoral Letter on Ukraine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Synod+%E2%80%93+Encyclicals+%E2%80%93+Archpastoral+Letter+on+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fholy-synod%2Fstatements%2Fholy-synod%2Farchpastoral-letter-on-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ekklisiaonline.gr/nea/archiepiskopos-kyprou-i-apofasi-mou-afti-ypireti-tin-orthodoxia/">"Αρχιεπίσκοπος Κύπρου: Η απόφασή μου αυτή υπηρετεί την Ορθοδοξία"</a>. Εκκλησια Online (in Greek). 24 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1+Online&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%3A+%CE%97+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AE+%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AE+%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekklisiaonline.gr%2Fnea%2Farchiepiskopos-kyprou-i-apofasi-mou-afti-ypireti-tin-orthodoxia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.church.ua/2023/03/27/georgian-patriarch-ilia-ii-addressed-the-patriarch-of-constantinople-in-relation-to-the-situation-around-the-uoc/?lang%3Den">"Georgian Patriarch Ilia II addressed the Patriarch of Constantinople in relation to the situation around the UOC"</a>. Ukrainian Orthodox Church. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=Georgian+Patriarch+Ilia+II+addressed+the+Patriarch+of+Constantinople+in+relation+to+the+situation+around+the+UOC&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.church.ua%2F2023%2F03%2F27%2Fgeorgian-patriarch-ilia-ii-addressed-the-patriarch-of-constantinople-in-relation-to-the-situation-around-the-uoc%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-politika2-311"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-politika2_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeoković,_Jelena2010" class="citation web cs1">Beoković, Jelena (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Ko-su-ziloti-pravoslavni-fundamentalisti.lt.html">"Ko su ziloti, pravoslavni fundamentalisti"</a> [Who are Zealots, Orthodox Fundamentalists]. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politika">Politika</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ko+su+ziloti%2C+pravoslavni+fundamentalisti&rft.pub=Politika&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.au=Beokovi%C4%87%2C+Jelena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politika.rs%2Frubrike%2FDrustvo%2FKo-su-ziloti-pravoslavni-fundamentalisti.lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=60&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Athanasius1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">St. Athanasius</a> (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/theology/incarnation_st_athanasius.pdf">On the Incarnation</a> [De Incarnatione Verbi Dei] (PDF), Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-40-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913836-40-8"><bdi>978-0-913836-40-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 3 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Incarnation&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Orthodox+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-913836-40-8&rft.au=St.+Athanasius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticchurch.net%2Ftopics%2Ftheology%2Fincarnation_st_athanasius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> (Introduction by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C._S._Lewis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2002" class="citation cs2">Binns, John (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMOA5vfSl3dwC">An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66738-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66738-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66738-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Christian+Orthodox+Churches&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66738-8&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOA5vfSl3dwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cameron, Averil (2009). <bdi lang="el">Οι Βυζαντινοί</bdi> (in Greek). Athens: Psychogios. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-453-529-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-453-529-3"><bdi>978-960-453-529-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Psychogios&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-960-453-529-3&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysostom400" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Chrysostom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom, St. John</a> (c. 400), <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Paschal_Homily">Paschal Homily</a>, Wikisource, retrieved 20 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paschal+Homily&rft.pub=Wikisource&rft.aulast=Chrysostom&rft.aufirst=St.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPaschal_Homily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Vie1945" class="citation cs2">De Vie, D. Charles (1945), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903223333/http://library.tufts.edu/search/o190830032">The Eastern Orthodox-Catholic Church and the Anglican Church: Their Union</a>, Tufts University, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/190830032">190830032</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://library.tufts.edu/search/o190830032">the original</a> on 3 September 2015, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Orthodox-Catholic+Church+and+the+Anglican+Church%3A+Their+Union&rft.pub=Tufts+University&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F190830032&rft.aulast=De+Vie&rft.aufirst=D.+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.tufts.edu%2Fsearch%2Fo190830032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondPlattnerCostopoulos2005" class="citation cs2">Diamond, Larry Jay; Plattner, Marc F.; Costopoulos, Philip J., eds. (2005), World Religions and Democracy, Johns Hopkins University and the National Endowment for Democracy, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8080-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8080-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-8080-3</bdi></a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58807255">58807255</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+and+the+National+Endowment+for+Democracy&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58807255&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8080-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2009" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dz9acTl-jAkAC">Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church</a>. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754662914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780754662914"><bdi>9780754662914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicity+and+Heresy+in+the+Early+Church&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780754662914&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9acTl-jAkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1998" class="citation cs2">Fitzgerald, Thomas E. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_F5yntZocGIC">The Orthodox Church</a>, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96438-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96438-2"><bdi>978-0-275-96438-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96438-2&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_F5yntZocGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue2008" class="citation cs2">Fortescue, Adrian (2008) [1908], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUPr1ZCxPW6QC%26q%3DOrthodox%2BCatholic%2BChurch">The Orthodox Eastern Church</a> (2nd ed.), London: Catholic Truth Society / University of Virginia, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Eastern+Church&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Catholic+Truth+Society+%2F+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUPr1ZCxPW6QC%26q%3DOrthodox%2BCatholic%2BChurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2006" class="citation cs2">Archimandrite George (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/theosis-english.pdf">Theosis: The True Purpose of Human Life</a> (PDF) (4th ed.), Mount Athos, Greece: Holy Monastery of St. Gregorios, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7553-26-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7553-26-3"><bdi>978-960-7553-26-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theosis%3A+The+True+Purpose+of+Human+Life&rft.place=Mount+Athos%2C+Greece&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Holy+Monastery+of+St.+Gregorios&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-960-7553-26-3&rft.au=Archimandrite+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxinfo.com%2Fgeneral%2Ftheosis-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreek_Orthodox_Church1875" class="citation cs2">Greek Orthodox Church (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DrMMCAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522orthodox%2Bcatholic%2Bchurch%2522">The marriage service of the Holy Orthodox Catholic Church</a>, trans. from Greek by Rev. Athanasius Richardson, London: A.R. Mowbray & Co., retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+marriage+service+of+the+Holy+Orthodox+Catholic+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.R.+Mowbray+%26+Co.&rft.date=1875&rft.au=Greek+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrMMCAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522orthodox%2Bcatholic%2Bchurch%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarakas1987" class="citation cs2">Harakas, Stanley S. (1987), The Orthodox Church: 455 Questions and Answers, Minneapolis: Light & Life Publishing Company, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937032-56-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937032-56-5"><bdi>978-0-937032-56-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+455+Questions+and+Answers&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Light+%26+Life+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-937032-56-5&rft.aulast=Harakas&rft.aufirst=Stanley+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardon1981" class="citation cs2">Hardon, John (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3Ke37zpSv3gC">Catholic Catechism</a>, New York: Doubleday, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-08045-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-08045-3"><bdi>978-0-385-08045-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Catechism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-385-08045-3&rft.aulast=Hardon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Ke37zpSv3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2016" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, C.J.S. (2016). The Best of Jonathan's Corner. Wheaton, IL: C.J.S. Hayward Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4782-1991-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4782-1991-0"><bdi>978-1-4782-1991-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Jonathan%27s+Corner&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pub=C.J.S.+Hayward+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4782-1991-0&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=C.J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996" class="citation cs2">Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996), Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-03062-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-03062-6"><bdi>3-421-03062-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuppeln+aller+Zeiten%2C+aller+Kulturen&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-421-03062-6&rft.aulast=Heinle&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Schlaich%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHierotheos1998" class="citation cs2">Hierotheos, Metropolitan of Nafpaktos (1998), The Mind of the Orthodox Church, Levadia, Greece: Birth of the Theotokos Monastery, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-39-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7070-39-5"><bdi>978-960-7070-39-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=Levadia%2C+Greece&rft.pub=Birth+of+the+Theotokos+Monastery&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-960-7070-39-5&rft.aulast=Hierotheos&rft.aufirst=Metropolitan+of+Nafpaktos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith1982" class="citation cs2">Leith, John H. (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsaFgJRjaPwcC">Creeds of the Churches</a> (3rd ed.), Westminster: John Knox Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0526-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0526-9"><bdi>978-0-8042-0526-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creeds+of+the+Churches&rft.place=Westminster&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8042-0526-9&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsaFgJRjaPwcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch2002" class="citation cs2">Losch, Richard R. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOdKCVjCschMC">The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions</a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0521-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0521-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-0521-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Faith%3A+A+Guide+to+World+Religions+and+Christian+Traditions&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0521-8&rft.aulast=Losch&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdKCVjCschMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/orthodoxycatholi0000meye">Orthodoxy and Catholicity</a>. New York: Sheed & Ward.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+Catholicity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sheed+%26+Ward&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forthodoxycatholi0000meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1975) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWI8hAAAAMAAJ">Christ in Eastern Christian Thought</a> (2nd ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913836279?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780913836279"><bdi>9780913836279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Eastern+Christian+Thought&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780913836279&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWI8hAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D96nLw6UAwBYC">Living Tradition: Orthodox Witness in the Contemporary World</a>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913836279?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780913836279"><bdi>9780913836279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Tradition%3A+Orthodox+Witness+in+the+Contemporary+World&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780913836279&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96nLw6UAwBYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D9HQ3YU9SAG8C">The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church</a>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913836903?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780913836903"><bdi>9780913836903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Legacy+in+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780913836903&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HQ3YU9SAG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dvc-ZC7B3v80C">Catholicity and the Church</a>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410068?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410068"><bdi>9780881410068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicity+and+the+Church&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780881410068&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvc-ZC7B3v80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1983) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGoVeDXMvY-8C">Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes</a> (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823209675?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780823209675"><bdi>9780823209675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Theology%3A+Historical+Trends+and+Doctrinal+Themes&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780823209675&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGoVeDXMvY-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</a> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410556?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410556"><bdi>9780881410556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410556&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/romeconstantinop00meye">Rome, Constantinople, Moscow: Historical and Theological Studies</a>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881411348?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780881411348"><bdi>9780881411348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%2C+Constantinople%2C+Moscow%3A+Historical+and+Theological+Studies&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780881411348&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromeconstantinop00meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1996) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DE16XzwPdJtsC">The Orthodox Church: Its Past and Its Role in the World Today</a> (4th rev. ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913836811?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780913836811"><bdi>9780913836811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+Its+Past+and+Its+Role+in+the+World+Today&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780913836811&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE16XzwPdJtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsenJohnsonEllis2001" class="citation cs2">Nielsen, Stevan L.; Johnson, W. Brad; Ellis, Albert (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKc9QwRSREuAC">Counseling and Psychotherapy With Religious Persons: A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0070-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4106-0070-7"><bdi>978-1-4106-0070-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counseling+and+Psychotherapy+With+Religious+Persons%3A+A+Rational+Emotive+Behavior+Therapy+Approach&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4106-0070-7&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Stevan+L.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.+Brad&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKc9QwRSREuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrthodox_Eastern_Church1909" class="citation cs2">Orthodox Eastern Church (1909), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dv44ktwAACAAJ">The Shorter Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church</a>, Rincon Publishing Co., retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Catechism+of+the+Eastern+Orthodox+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Rincon+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Orthodox+Eastern+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv44ktwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kallistos_Ware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy)</a> (1991) [1964], The Orthodox Church (revised original ed.), New York: Penguin Books, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013529-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013529-9"><bdi>978-0-14-013529-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised+original&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013529-9&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Bishop+Kallistos+%28Timothy%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kallistos_Ware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy)</a> (1993), The Orthodox Church (new ed.), New York: Penguin Books, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1"><bdi>978-0-14-014656-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014656-1&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Bishop+Kallistos+%28Timothy%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Tertiary_reference_works">Tertiary reference works</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=61&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tertiary reference works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Heritage_Dict5th_ed" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?">American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-04101-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-04101-8"><bdi>978-0-547-04101-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-547-04101-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DmpiIQgAACAAJ%26q%3DColumbia%2BEncyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a> (6th ed.), Columbia Univ. Press, June 2000, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5015-5"><bdi>978-0-7876-5015-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 2 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2000-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5015-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmpiIQgAACAAJ%26q%3DColumbia%2BEncyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica_Online" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>, 2014, retrieved 29 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Christianity2003" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7ly4DgtT3LkC">Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>, vol. 3, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2003, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2415-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2415-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ly4DgtT3LkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201023/http://www.answers.com/library/Mideast%252B%2526%252BN.%252BAfrica%252BEncyclopedia">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa</a> (2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference US, 2004, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865769-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865769-1"><bdi>978-0-02-865769-1</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.answers.com/library/Mideast%2B%2526%2BN.%2BAfrica%2BEncyclopedia">the original</a> on 2 June 2014, retrieved 28 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865769-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Flibrary%2FMideast%2B%2526%2BN.%2BAfrica%2BEncyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadé_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions2006" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D130GngEACAAJ">Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>, Concord Pub., 2006, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-000-7"><bdi>978-1-60136-000-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Concord+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-60136-000-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D130GngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC">Encyclopedia of World Religions</a> (revised ed.), Infobase Publishing, 2007, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6141-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6141-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-6141-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 30 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6141-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZP_f9icf2roC">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>, Merriam-Webster, 1999, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 30 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP_f9icf2roC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531070229/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/">the original</a> on 31 May 2014, retrieved 30 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Dict_Christian_Church3rd_ed" class="citation cs2">Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev. ed.), Oxford University Press, 2005, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=62&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1223%E2%80%931613)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)">Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613) § Religion</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) § Religion</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeney1908" class="citation book cs1">Adeney, Walter F. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/download/greekeasternchu00aden/greekeasternchu00aden.pdf">The Greek and Eastern Churches</a> (PDF). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+and+Eastern+Churches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Adeney&rft.aufirst=Walter+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fgreekeasternchu00aden%2Fgreekeasternchu00aden.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxhoevedenWoloschak2011" class="citation book cs1">Buxhoeveden, Daniel; Woloschak, Gayle, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5wKiAgAAQBAJ">Science and the Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (1st ed.). Farnham: Ashgate. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409481614?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781409481614"><bdi>9781409481614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=Farnham&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781409481614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wKiAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Dvornik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/photianschism0000dvor">The Photian Schism: History and Legend</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Photian+Schism%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphotianschism0000dvor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_H._Erickson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John H. Erickson">Erickson, John H.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXgRrh2M08p0C">The Challenge of Our Past: Studies in Orthodox Canon Law and Church History</a>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410860?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410860"><bdi>9780881410860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Our+Past%3A+Studies+in+Orthodox+Canon+Law+and+Church+History&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780881410860&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXgRrh2M08p0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_H._Erickson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John H. Erickson">Erickson, John H.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle%3Dhein.journals/juristcu52%26div%3D35">"The Local Churches and Catholicity: An Orthodox Perspective"</a>. The Jurist. 52: 490–508.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jurist&rft.atitle=The+Local+Churches+and+Catholicity%3A+An+Orthodox+Perspective&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=490-508&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjuristcu52%26div%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbairn2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Fairbairn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Fairbairn">Fairbairn, Donald</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeKYM6FVxYKIC">Eastern Orthodoxy through Western Eyes</a>. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664224974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780664224974"><bdi>9780664224974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+through+Western+Eyes&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780664224974&rft.aulast=Fairbairn&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKYM6FVxYKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald2007" class="citation book cs1">FitzGerald, Thomas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfHtSuvaVAAoC">"Eastern Christianity in the United States"</a>. The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 269–279. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470766392?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780470766392"><bdi>9780470766392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Christianity+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=269-279&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780470766392&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHtSuvaVAAoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussey1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_M._Hussey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan M. Hussey">Hussey, Joan M.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DERnZAAAAMAAJ">The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198269014?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780198269014"><bdi>9780198269014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780198269014&rft.aulast=Hussey&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Krindatch, Alexei D. ed., Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.coptics.info/Books/AtlasAmericanOrthodoxChurchesSample.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossky1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir Lossky">Lossky, Vladimir</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D11cJAQAAIAAJ">The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church</a> (1st ed.). London: J. Clarke. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227675366?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780227675366"><bdi>9780227675366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystical+Theology+of+the+Eastern+Church&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=J.+Clarke&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=9780227675366&rft.aulast=Lossky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11cJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascall1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Lionel_Mascall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Lionel Mascall">Mascall, Eric Lionel</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/recoveryofunityt0000masc">The Recovery of Unity: A Theological Approach</a>. London: Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recovery+of+Unity%3A+A+Theological+Approach&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Mascall&rft.aufirst=Eric+Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecoveryofunityt0000masc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Anthony_McGuckin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony McGuckin">McGuckin, John Anthony</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjxbZAAAAMAAJ">The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture</a> (1st ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405150668?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781405150668"><bdi>9781405150668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+An+Introduction+to+its+History%2C+Doctrine%2C+and+Spiritual+Culture&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405150668&rft.aulast=McGuckin&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjxbZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Anthony_McGuckin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony McGuckin">McGuckin, John Anthony</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DN3y2wwEACAAJ">The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>. Vol. 1. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405185394?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781405185394"><bdi>9781405185394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Eastern+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781405185394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN3y2wwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Anthony_McGuckin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony McGuckin">McGuckin, John Anthony</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_jYsAQAAMAAJ">The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>. Vol. 2. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405185394?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781405185394"><bdi>9781405185394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Eastern+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781405185394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jYsAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObolensky1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimitri Obolensky">Obolensky, Dimitri</a> (1974) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ">The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453</a>. London: Cardinal. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780351176449"><bdi>9780351176449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Commonwealth%3A+Eastern+Europe%2C+500%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780351176449&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ">History of the Byzantine State</a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParaskevasReinstein1969" class="citation book cs1">Paraskevas, J. E.; Reinstein, F. (1969). The Eastern Orthodox Church: A Brief History. Washington: El Greco Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Orthodox+Church%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=El+Greco+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Paraskevas&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Reinstein%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steven_Runciman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWxsrAAAAIAAJ">The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence</a> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521071888?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780521071888"><bdi>9780521071888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Church+in+Captivity%3A+A+Study+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople+from+the+Eve+of+the+Turkish+Conquest+to+the+Greek+War+of+Independence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521071888&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxsrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_B._Scouteris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine B. Scouteris">Scouteris, Constantine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/misc/scouteris_orthodox_church.htm">A Brief Outline of the Orthodox Church, Ἐκκλησιαστικός Φάρος, 65 (2004), pp. 60–75.</a></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.kurskroot.com/orthodox_dictionary.html">Orthodox Dictionary</a> at Kursk Root Hermitage of the Birth of the Most Holy Theotokos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/10/1.aspx">An Online Orthodox Catechism</a> published by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=63&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823224531/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/repos.htm">A repository with scientific papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Orthodox Church in English and in German</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style> <div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/21px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/21px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/42px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li> </ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"> <div class="sister-bar-header"> Eastern Orthodox Church at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>: </div> <ul class="sister-bar-content"> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="extiw" title="wikt:Eastern Orthodox Church">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Church" class="extiw" title="c:Orthodox Church">Media</a> from Commons</li> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="extiw" title="q:Eastern Orthodox Church">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="extiw" title="s:Eastern Orthodox Church">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li> </ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEastern_Orthodox_Church%26oldid%3D1260088683">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&oldid=1260088683</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Church&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 November 2024, at 19:40 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxe_Kirchen" title="Orthodoxe Kirchen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Orthodoxe Kirchen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B0%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Ortodoxa" title="Ilesia Ortodoxa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ilesia Ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589gll%25C3%25A9ses_des_s%25C3%25A8pt_concilos" title="Églléses des sèpt concilos – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Églléses des sèpt concilos" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Ortodoxa" title="Ilesia Ortodoxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia Ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Ортодоксия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ортодоксия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259E%25C9%2599rqi_Ortodoks_Kils%25C9%2599si" title="Şərqi Ortodoks Kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərqi Ortodoks Kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3_%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="شرقی اورتودوکس کیلیسا‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شرقی اورتودوکس کیلیسا‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Kristen_Ortodoks_Kangin" title="Agama Kristen Ortodoks Kangin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Kristen Ortodoks Kangin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A5%25E0%25A7%2580_%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2580" title="পূর্বদেশীয় সনাতনপন্থী মণ্ডলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্বদেশীয় সনাতনপন্থী মণ্ডলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Ch%25C3%25A8ng-k%25C3%25A0u" title="Tang Chèng-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang Chèng-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Праваслаўная царква – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праваслаўная царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Праваслаўная царква – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Праваслаўная царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2586%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Православна църква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Православна църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravoslavna_crkva" title="Pravoslavna crkva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pravoslavna crkva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz_Ortodoks" title="Iliz Ortodoks – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz Ortodoks" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%25C3%25A9sia_Ortodoxa" title="Església Ortodoxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravoslavn%25C3%25A1_c%25C3%25ADrkev" title="Pravoslavná církev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pravoslavná církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Uniongred_Ddwyreiniol" title="Yr Eglwys Uniongred Ddwyreiniol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Uniongred Ddwyreiniol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodokse_kirke" title="Ortodokse kirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ortodokse kirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksala%25C5%25A1_girku" title="Ortodoksalaš girku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ortodoksalaš girku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxe_Kirchen" title="Orthodoxe Kirchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orthodoxe Kirchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2595igeusu_kirik" title="Õigeusu kirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õigeusu kirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CF%2581%25CE%25B8%25CF%258C%25CE%25B4%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BE%25CE%25B7_%25CE%2595%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7%25CF%2583%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%25E1%25B9%25A1a_Urtud%25C3%25B2sa" title="Ceṡa Urtudòsa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ceṡa Urtudòsa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ortodoxa" title="Iglesia ortodoxa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksa_Kristana_Eklezio" title="Ortodoksa Kristana Eklezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ortodoksa Kristana Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Ortodoxoa" title="Eliza Ortodoxoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eliza Ortodoxoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AF%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25DB%258C" title="کلیسای ارتدکس شرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای ارتدکس شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksa_kirkjan" title="Ortodoksa kirkjan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ortodoksa kirkjan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589glise_orthodoxe" title="Église orthodoxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église orthodoxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastersk-otterdoksy" title="Eastersk-otterdoksy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eastersk-otterdoksy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceartchreidmheachas" title="Ceartchreidmheachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceartchreidmheachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_ortodoxa" title="Igrexa ortodoxa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258F%2599%25EB%25B0%25A9_%25EC%25A0%2595%25EA%25B5%2590%25ED%259A%258C" title="동방 정교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동방 정교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%25A2%25E0%25A4%25BC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="पूर्वी रूढ़िवादी कलीसिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्वी रूढ़िवादी कलीसिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravoslavna_crkva" title="Pravoslavna crkva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravoslavna crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoxa_Eklezio" title="Ortodoxa Eklezio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ortodoxa Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Orthodoxe" title="Ecclesia Orthodoxe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecclesia Orthodoxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9tttr%25C3%25BAna%25C3%25B0arkirkjan" title="Rétttrúnaðarkirkjan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rétttrúnaðarkirkjan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_ortodossa" title="Chiesa ortodossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa ortodossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%25AA%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="נצרות אורתודוקסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות אורתודוקסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C3%25A9ja_Ortodhok" title="Gréja Ortodhok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gréja Ortodhok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siuu_siuu_t%25C9%259B_Kr%25C9%25A9st%25CA%258A_sama%25C9%25A3" title="Siuu siuu tɛ Krɩstʊ samaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siuu siuu tɛ Krɩstʊ samaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2586%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A5%25E0%25B3%258B%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%2588%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಆರ್ಥೋಡಾಕ್ಸ್ ಈಸ್ಟರ್ನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಥೋಡಾಕ್ಸ್ ಈಸ್ಟರ್ನ್ ಚರ್ಚ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianismung_Ortodoksu" title="Kristianismung Ortodoksu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kristianismung Ortodoksu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki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title="აღმოსავლეთის მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთის მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praw%25C3%25B2s%25C5%2582awi%25C3%25A9" title="Prawòsławié – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Prawòsławié" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2_%25D1%2588%25D1%2596%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2583%25D1%2596" title="Православ шіркеуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Православ шіркеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Orthodox" title="Kanisa la Orthodox – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Orthodox" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legliz_%25C3%2592tod%25C3%25B2ks" title="Legliz Òtodòks – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Legliz Òtodòks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A9gliz_ortodoks" title="Légliz ortodoks – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Légliz ortodoks" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25AAra_ortodoks" title="Dêra ortodoks – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dêra ortodoks" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Православие – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Православие" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlijia_ortodossa" title="Dlijia ortodossa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dlijia ortodossa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilisia_Ortodoksa" title="Kilisia Ortodoksa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kilisia Ortodoksa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BB%2582%25E0%25BA%2595%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%25BB%25E0%25BA%2581" title="ອອກໂຕດົກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອອກໂຕດົກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Orthodoxa" title="Ecclesia Orthodoxa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Orthodoxa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumu_Pareiztic%25C4%25ABg%25C4%2581_bazn%25C4%25ABca" title="Austrumu Pareizticīgā baznīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumu Pareizticīgā baznīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Православие – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Православие" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%25C4%258Diatikyb%25C4%2597" title="Stačiatikybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stačiatikybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasters-Orthedoxe_Kirk" title="Oasters-Orthedoxe Kirk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oasters-Orthedoxe Kirk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoxisme" title="Ortodoxisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ortodoxisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciexa_ortodossa" title="Ciexa ortodossa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciexa ortodossa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodox_kereszt%25C3%25A9nys%25C3%25A9g" title="Ortodox kereszténység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ortodox kereszténység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2586%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Православна црква – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Православна црква" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_%25C3%25B4rt%25C3%25B4d%25C3%25B4ksa_tatsinanana" title="Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana ôrtôdôksa tatsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B4%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%25BB_%25E0%25B4%2593%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E2%2580%258C%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AD" title="കിഴക്കൻ ഓർത്തഡോക്‌സ് സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിഴക്കൻ ഓർത്തഡോക്‌സ് സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B0%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="الكنيسه الاورثوذوكسيه الشرقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الاورثوذوكسيه الشرقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="شرقی ارتدوکس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شرقی ارتدوکس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Ortodoks" title="Kristen Ortodoks – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kristen Ortodoks" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25A9ng-t%25C5%25ABng-pu%25C3%25A1i" title="Céng-tūng-puái – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Céng-tūng-puái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigreija_Ortodoxa" title="Eigreija Ortodoxa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eigreija Ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_Ortodoxa" title="Iglesia Ortodoxa – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iglesia Ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters-orthodoxe_kerken" title="Oosters-orthodoxe kerken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oosters-orthodoxe kerken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters-Orthodoxe_Karke" title="Oosters-Orthodoxe Karke – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oosters-Orthodoxe Karke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%2595%2599%25E4%25BC%259A" title="正教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="正教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_ortodokse_kirke" title="Den ortodokse kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den ortodokse kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks_kristendom" title="Ortodoks kristendom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ortodoks kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589glise_orthodoxe" title="Église orthodoxe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Église orthodoxe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%25C3%25A8isa_Ortod%25C3%25B2xa" title="Glèisa Ortodòxa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glèisa Ortodòxa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DA%2591%25DA%25BE%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A2%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25DA%25BE%25D9%2588%25DA%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3_%25DA%2586%25D8%25B1%25DA%2586" title="چڑھدا آرتھوڈکس چرچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چڑھدا آرتھوڈکس چرچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AE%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DA%2581%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="ختیځه ارتودوکس کلیسا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختیځه ارتودوکس کلیسا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iistan_Aatadax_Choch" title="Iistan Aatadax Choch – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iistan Aatadax Choch" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589glise_Ortodoxe" title="Église Ortodoxe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Église Ortodoxe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Otodos" title="Kristen Otodos – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kristen Otodos" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerkiew_prawos%25C5%2582awna" title="Cerkiew prawosławna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cerkiew prawosławna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CF%2581%25CE%25B8%25CF%258C%25CE%25B4%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BE%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BD_%25CE%2595%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Ορθόδοξον Εγκλεσία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ορθόδοξον Εγκλεσία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Ortodoxa" title="Igreja Ortodoxa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Ortodoxa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%25C4%2583" title="Biserica Ortodoxă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Ortodoxă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthuruksu_Inlisya" title="Urthuruksu Inlisya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urthuruksu Inlisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2" title="Православна церьков – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Православна церьков" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%258C" title="Православная церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Православная церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisha_Ortodokse_Lindore" title="Kisha Ortodokse Lindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kisha Ortodokse Lindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_Ortudossa" title="Chiesa Ortudossa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiesa Ortudossa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2590%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B7%2599%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2584%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BB_%25E0%25B6%2595%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B6%25A9%25E0%25B7%259C%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258A_%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="නැගෙනහිර ඕර්තඩොක්ස් සභාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නැගෙනහිර ඕර්තඩොක්ස් සභාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eastern Orthodox Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravosl%25C3%25A1vna_cirkev_(v%25C3%25BDchodn%25C3%25A1_Eur%25C3%25B3pa)" title="Pravoslávna cirkev (východná Európa) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pravoslávna cirkev (východná Európa)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodna_pravoslavna_cerkev" title="Vzhodna pravoslavna cerkev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodna pravoslavna cerkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25DA%25B5%25DB%258E%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A6%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25AF%25DB%2586%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C_%25DA%2595%25DB%2586%25DA%2598%25DA%25BE%25DB%2595%25DA%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA" title="کڵێسای ئۆرتۆدۆکسی ڕۆژھەڵات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کڵێسای ئۆرتۆدۆکسی ڕۆژھەڵات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2586%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Православна црква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Православна црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravoslavna_crkva" title="Pravoslavna crkva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pravoslavna crkva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksinen_kirkko" title="Ortodoksinen kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ortodoksinen kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoxa_kyrkor" title="Ortodoxa kyrkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ortodoxa kyrkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Ortodokso_ng_Silangan" title="Simbahang Ortodokso ng Silangan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simbahang Ortodokso ng Silangan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25BF_%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2588" title="கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழக்கு மரபுவழி திருச்சபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B9%258C" title="อีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D2%259B%25D3%25A3" title="Калисои ортодоксии шарқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калисои ортодоксии шарқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%25C4%259Fu_Ortodoks_Kilisesi" title="Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Православна церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Православна церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AE_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="مشرقی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceza_cristiana_ortodosa" title="Ceza cristiana ortodosa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ceza cristiana ortodosa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksi%25C5%25BEen_hristanuskondan_jumalankodikund" title="Ortodoksižen hristanuskondan jumalankodikund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ortodoksižen hristanuskondan jumalankodikund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25C3%25ADnh_th%25E1%25BB%2591ng_gi%25C3%25A1o_%25C4%2590%25C3%25B4ng_ph%25C6%25B0%25C6%25A1ng" title="Chính thống giáo Đông phương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính thống giáo Đông phương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259D%25B1%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="東正教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東正教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinirangan_nga_Singbahan_Ortodoxo" title="Sinirangan nga Singbahan Ortodoxo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinirangan nga Singbahan Ortodoxo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%259C%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="东正教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东正教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259D%25B1%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="東正教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東正教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksiya_Miyan%25C3%25AAne" title="Ortodoksiya Miyanêne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ortodoksiya Miyanêne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%25C4%258Diat%25C4%2597k%25C4%25ABb%25C4%2597" title="Stačiatėkībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stačiatėkībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259D%25B1%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%259C%2583" title="東正教會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東正教會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Православна церква – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Православна церква" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 19:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEastern_Orthodox_Church%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-89s2c","wgBackendResponseTime":349,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.957","walltime":"4.647","ppvisitednodes":{"value":48831,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1351232,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":266325,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":56,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1200551,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3548.427 1 -total"," 36.39% 1291.185 7 Template:Reflist"," 18.40% 652.856 128 Template:Cite_web"," 12.15% 431.223 13 Template:Navbox"," 12.11% 429.656 69 Template:Cite_book"," 11.68% 414.558 1 Template:Navboxes"," 7.33% 260.224 52 Template:Sfn"," 5.80% 205.636 33 Template:Citation"," 5.01% 177.716 94 Template:Iso2country"," 3.55% 125.921 1 Template:Asia_topic"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.203","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20243397,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAco_Lukaroski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdeney1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_(servant_of_God.)1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Heritage_Dict5th_ed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur_AugheyJohn_Oakland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArticles_on_moral_/_morality_Orthodox_Christian_perspective.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarillas2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeoković,_Jelena2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinns2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrienPalmer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuxhoevedenWoloschak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrysostom400\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vie1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Lella2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondPlattnerCostopoulos2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDmitracova2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvornik1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvornik1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllwoodAlles2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Christianity2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica_Online\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaculty_of_Holy_Cross_Greek_Orthodox_School_of_Theology2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbairn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFazioMoffettWodehouse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiske1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzGerald2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorin_Curta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFr._Thomas_Hopko1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeislerNix2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreek_Orthodox_Church1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarakas1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardon1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriet_Sherwood2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinleSchlaich1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHierotheos1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuma_Haider_University_of_Birmingham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussey1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInterfax_Religion\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._M._Hussey,_Andrew_Louth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJivko_Panev2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJivko_Panev2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Meyendorff1975\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarras2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrindatch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis_Patsavos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLossky1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachabee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_HämmerliJean-François_Mayer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMascall1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuckin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuckin2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1983\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMgr._Athenagoras_Peckstadt,_Bishop_of_Sinope2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsenJohnsonEllis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOONS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObolensky1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrthodox_Eastern_Church1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrogorsky1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Dict_Christian_Church3rd_ed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParaskevasReinstein1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPew_Research_Center2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProkurat1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuarterly2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReligion_Pravda2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_R._Losch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.T._Kimbrough2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalamone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchadé_Encyclopedia_of_World_Religions2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShubin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparkle_Design_Studio\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Athanasius1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt_Mark\u0026#039;s_Coptic_Orthodox_Church,_Jersey_City,_NJ.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt_Takla_Haymanaut_Coptic_Orthodox\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephan_Thernstrom1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSysyn1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTestorides\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_monks_of_Decani_Monastery,_Kosovo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheokritoff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_E._FitzGerald1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurston1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomáš_Špidlík1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsichlis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeronis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfieldFraser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZNAK\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFslife2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİçduyguToktaş,_ŞuleSoner,_B._Ali2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFФилина2012\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholicity_of_the_Orthodox_Church\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Africa topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 7,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 128,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Divcol\"] = 2,\n [\"Divcolend\"] = 2,\n [\"Eastern Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Orthodox Church footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Orthodox sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Ecumenical councils\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Em dash\"] = 1,\n [\"Empty section\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Christian denomination\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Interp\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-cyrl\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses of\"] = 2,\n [\"Patriarchs of Constantinople\"] = 1,\n [\"Pentarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 52,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tertiary source\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","23.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","13.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","7.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","60","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","2.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.3"],["[others]","760","29.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-vx6kp","timestamp":"20241129202533","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_Orthodox_Church","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35032","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35032","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-03T12:47:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/05\/Church_of_St._George%2C_Istanbul_%28August_2010%29.jpg","headline":"second-largest Christian church"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>