Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation.</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <meta name="description" content="The election denial movement’s focus has shifted to the local certification process, with some claiming that local officials have the power to refuse to certify election results." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation." /> <meta property="og:description" content="The election denial movement’s focus has shifted to the local certification process, with some claiming that local officials have the power to refuse to certify election results." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-10-28T13:10:02+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-28T13:16:58+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Ballot-Count_Socials.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="683" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="JoAnna Suriani" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="JoAnna Suriani" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="8 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/"},"author":[{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/ce292a6e854e523e852ccc80fb6495f8"}],"headline":"Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation.","datePublished":"2024-10-28T13:10:02+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-28T13:16:58+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/"},"wordCount":1693,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ballot-counter-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1116&ssl=1","keywords":["2024 Presidential Election","2024 US Election Protection","Democracy","Democracy Backsliding Series","Disinformation","election interference","election law","elections","local government","Series on Solutions to Democratic Backsliding","voting rights"],"articleSection":["Civil Liberties","Democracy","Disinformation","Election"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/","name":"Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation.","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ballot-counter-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1116&ssl=1","datePublished":"2024-10-28T13:10:02+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-28T13:16:58+00:00","description":"The election denial movement’s focus has shifted to the local certification process, with some claiming that local officials have the power to refuse to certify election results.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ballot-counter-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1116&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ballot-counter-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1116&ssl=1","width":2560,"height":1116,"caption":"Election workers open mail in ballots at the Maricopa County Tabulation and Election Center on November 11, 2022 in Phoenix, Arizona. (Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.justsecurity.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation."}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/","name":"Just Security","description":"A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.justsecurity.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization","name":"Just Security","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","width":5371,"height":1757,"caption":"Just Security"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/","https://x.com/just_security","https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/","https://www.instagram.com/justsecurityforum/","https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/ce292a6e854e523e852ccc80fb6495f8","name":"JoAnna Suriani","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/57eec9e4441b1b6ba1e29c4c13a838bf","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/05c62eb0742822e3705efb88bcce359a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/05c62eb0742822e3705efb88bcce359a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"JoAnna Suriani"},"description":"JoAnna Suriani is an experienced litigator whose work focuses on protecting free and fair elections, expanding voting rights, and ensuring accountability for political violence. Before joining Protect Democracy, she worked as a litigation associate at Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP, where she represented companies and pro bono clients at the trial and appellate levels. JoAnna received a J.D. from NYU School of Law, a Master of Public Policy from the Maryland School of Public Policy, and a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Maryland. She is also on LinkedIn.","jobTitle":"Guest Author","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/surianijoanna/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.2'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/104249\/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations ); } else { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations; } var disableStrs = [ 'ga-disable-G-C8GWL90XNK', ]; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) { return true; } } return false; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } /* Opt-out function */ function __gtagTrackerOptout() { for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStrs[index]] = true; } } if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) { function gaOptout() { __gtagTrackerOptout(); } } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = { helpers: {}, trackers: {}, }; if (mi_track_user) { function __gtagDataLayer() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { if (!parameters) { parameters = {}; } if (parameters.send_to) { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); return; } if (type === 'event') { parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id; var hookName = name; if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') { hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name; } if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') { MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters); } else { __gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters); } } else { __gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments); } } __gtagTracker('js', new Date()); __gtagTracker('set', { 'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true, }); if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) { __gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations); } __gtagTracker('config', 'G-C8GWL90XNK', {"forceSSL":"true","link_attribution":"true"} ); window.gtag = __gtagTracker; (function () { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */ var noopfn = function () { return null; }; var newtracker = function () { return new Tracker(); }; var Tracker = function () { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('send'); __gaTracker.apply(null, args); }; var __gaTracker = function () { var len = arguments.length; if (len === 0) { return; } var f = arguments[len - 1]; if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') { if ('send' === arguments[0]) { var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action; if ('event' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': arguments[3], 'eventCategory': arguments[2], 'eventLabel': arguments[4], 'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1, } } } if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) { hitObject = { 'eventAction': 'page_view', 'page_path': arguments[2], } } } if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') { hitObject = arguments[2]; } if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') { Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); } if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) { hitObject = arguments[1]; if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; } } if (hitObject) { action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', 'referrer' : 'page_referrer', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='remodal-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='remodal-default-theme-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal-default-theme.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpgmza-marker-library-dialog-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/css/marker-library-dialog.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ds-google-pt-serif-font-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=PT+Serif:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;1,400;1,700&family=Roboto:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;1,300;1,400;1,700;1,900&display=swap' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ds-main-styles-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/style.css?ver=1728684854' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ds-custom-scrollbar-css-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/custom-scrollbar/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css?ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='searchwp-forms-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/searchwp/assets/css/frontend/search-forms.css?ver=4.3.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-official-css' href='https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/css/all.css' type='text/css' media='all' integrity="sha384-SZXxX4whJ79/gErwcOYf+zWLeJdY/qpuqC4cAa9rOGUstPomtqpuNWT9wdPEn2fk" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-official-v4shim-css' href='https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/css/v4-shims.css' type='text/css' media='all' integrity="sha384-C2B+KlPW+WkR0Ld9loR1x3cXp7asA0iGVodhCoJ4hwrWm/d9qKS59BGisq+2Y0/D" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <style id='font-awesome-official-v4shim-inline-css' type='text/css'> @font-face { font-family: "FontAwesome"; font-display: block; src: url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.eot"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff") format("woff"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.ttf") format("truetype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-brands-400.svg#fontawesome") format("svg"); } @font-face { font-family: "FontAwesome"; font-display: block; src: url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.eot"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff") format("woff"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.ttf") format("truetype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-solid-900.svg#fontawesome") format("svg"); } @font-face { font-family: "FontAwesome"; font-display: block; src: url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.eot"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff") format("woff"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.ttf") format("truetype"), url("https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.3/webfonts/fa-regular-400.svg#fontawesome") format("svg"); unicode-range: U+F004-F005,U+F007,U+F017,U+F022,U+F024,U+F02E,U+F03E,U+F044,U+F057-F059,U+F06E,U+F070,U+F075,U+F07B-F07C,U+F080,U+F086,U+F089,U+F094,U+F09D,U+F0A0,U+F0A4-F0A7,U+F0C5,U+F0C7-F0C8,U+F0E0,U+F0EB,U+F0F3,U+F0F8,U+F0FE,U+F111,U+F118-F11A,U+F11C,U+F133,U+F144,U+F146,U+F14A,U+F14D-F14E,U+F150-F152,U+F15B-F15C,U+F164-F165,U+F185-F186,U+F191-F192,U+F1AD,U+F1C1-F1C9,U+F1CD,U+F1D8,U+F1E3,U+F1EA,U+F1F6,U+F1F9,U+F20A,U+F247-F249,U+F24D,U+F254-F25B,U+F25D,U+F267,U+F271-F274,U+F279,U+F28B,U+F28D,U+F2B5-F2B6,U+F2B9,U+F2BB,U+F2BD,U+F2C1-F2C2,U+F2D0,U+F2D2,U+F2DC,U+F2ED,U+F328,U+F358-F35B,U+F3A5,U+F3D1,U+F410,U+F4AD; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css?ver=14.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css?ver=14.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal.min.js?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f" id="remodal-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=9.2.2" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-C8GWL90XNK"};/* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpgmza_data-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpgmza_google_api_status = {"message":"Engine is not google-maps","code":"ENGINE_NOT_GOOGLE_MAPS"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps/wpgmza_data.js?ver=949a533b99c553f1c91109435e76337f" id="wpgmza_data-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/104249" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p5gGh3-r7r' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2F104249%2Flocal-officials-election-certification-disinformation%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2F104249%2Flocal-officials-election-certification-disinformation%2F&format=xml" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/js-pull-quote/css/simple-pull-quote.css" />  <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style> @media (max-width: 1180px) { #masthead .menu-wrap { display:none; } #masthead .social-wrap a.search-icon, #masthead .social-wrap a.menu-toggle { display:block; } } </style><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=192%2C192&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=180%2C180&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=270%2C270&ssl=1" /> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-104249 single-format-standard"> <a href="#primary" class="skip" role="link">Skip to content</a> <div id="page-wrap" class="clearfix"> <div class="site-name">Justsecurity.org</div><header id="masthead" class="clearfix" role="banner"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org" id="site-logo"><img src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/images/white-logo.png" alt="A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security" /></a><nav class="menu-wrap clearfix" role="navigation"><div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="sm"><li id="menu-item-76321" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76321"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About Us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-104167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-104167"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/">Masthead</a></li> <li id="menu-item-104168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-104168"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49070" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-49070"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/guest-authors-2/">Guest Authors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76337" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76337"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-97911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-97911"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/2025-26-postgraduate-law-fellows/">Work With Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79333" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-79333"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">More About Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-76322" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-76322"><a href="#">Key Topics</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-94073" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-94073"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84707" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-84707"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76323" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76323"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76324" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76324"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84709" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84709"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82357" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82357"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76328" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76328"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84711" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84711"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76331" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76331"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76543"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76329" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76329"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-91476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-91476"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82359" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82359"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76332"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76333" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76333"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76334" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76334"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-82541"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive">Russia-Ukraine War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84713" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84713"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76335" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76335"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76540"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76330" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-76330"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-50783" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-50783"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/submissions-style-guide/">Write for Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-83988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-83988"><a href="https://www.buzzsprout.com/2074610">Podcast</a></li> </ul></div><a href="#" class="search-icon"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></nav><div class="social-wrap clearfix"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on YouTube</span> </a><a href="https://twitter.com/Just_Security" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Twitter</span> </a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/" class="social" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Linkedin</span> </a><a href="https://www.givecampus.com/campaigns/21763/donations/new?designation=justsecurity" class="button green">Donate</a><a href="#" class="search-icon"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Open the search tool</span> </a><a href="#" class="menu-toggle"> <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Open the main navigation</span> </a></div><div id="search-drop"><div class="form-wrap"> <form role="search" method="get" id="default-searchform" class="searchform" data-author-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/author-search/" data-default-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/" action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search for: </span> <input type="search" class="search-field" name="searchwp" placeholder="Search posts, authors, media..." value="" title="Search for:" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> </form> <div class="advanced-search"> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" id="author-search" /> Search authors only </div> </div></div><div id="mobile-nav-drop"><div class="inner"><a href="#" class="close"><i class="fa fa-times" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org" class="mobile-menu-logo"><img src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/images/white-logo.png" alt="A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security" /></a><div class="menu-mobile-container"><ul id="menu-mobile" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-733" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-733"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76571" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-76571"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About Us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-76565" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76565"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/">Masthead</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76533" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76533"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76566" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76566"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/guest-authors-2/">Guest Authors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76572" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76572"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-83989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-83989"><a title="NEW: Podcast" href="https://www.buzzsprout.com/2074610">NEW: Podcast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-93849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-93849"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum">YouTube</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82330" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-82330"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/main-archive/">Key Topics</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-94074" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-94074"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84715" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84715"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82331" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82331"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82332"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82336" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82336"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82354" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82354"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82338" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82338"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84716" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84716"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82345" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82345"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82340" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82340"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82341" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82341"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82342" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82342"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li> <li id="menu-item-91477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-91477"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82353" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82353"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82343" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82343"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82344" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82344"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82346" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82346"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-82542"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive">Russia-Ukraine War</a></li> <li id="menu-item-84718" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-84718"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82348" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82348"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82349" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-82349"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-82351" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-82351"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/featured-new/">Featured Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76568" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76568"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/submissions-style-guide/">Write for Just Security</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37577"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76569" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-76569"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-email-signup-2/">Signups for A.M. and P.M. emails</a></li> </ul></div></div></div></header><div id="content-wrap" class="clearfix"><div id="post-hero" class="clearfix" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ballot-counter-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1116&ssl=1); background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation. </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/surianijoanna/" title="Profile and articles by JoAnna Suriani" class="author url fn" rel="author">JoAnna Suriani</a></p><p class="date">October 28, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-104249" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-104249" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-104249" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104249/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-presidential-election/" rel="tag">2024 Presidential Election</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-us-election-protection/" rel="tag">2024 US Election Protection</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy-backsliding-series/" rel="tag">Democracy Backsliding Series</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/" rel="tag">Disinformation</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/election-interference/" rel="tag">election interference</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/election-law/" rel="tag">election law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/elections/" rel="tag">elections</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-government/" rel="tag">local government</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/series-on-solutions-to-democratic-backsliding/" rel="tag">Series on Solutions to Democratic Backsliding</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/voting-rights/" rel="tag">voting rights</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/surianijoanna/" title="Profile and articles by JoAnna Suriani" class="author url fn" rel="author">JoAnna Suriani</a></p><p class="date">October 28, 2024</p></div><p><em>Editor’s note: This article is part of a <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy-backsliding-series/">series</a> from leading experts with practical solutions to democratic backsliding, polarization, and political violence.</em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since Jan. 6, 2021, election denialists have continued to spread lies and misinformation about voting in America. False claims about voting machines, panic over the (disproven) prevalence of ineligible voters on state voter rolls, and a general disbelief in the outcome of the 2020 presidential election are still widespread. Election denialists do not merely believe these falsehoods – they seek to</span><a href="https://protectdemocracy.org/election-subversion-guide/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">weaponize them</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. They have pushed for restrictive voting laws, harassed election officials, and sought other ways to undermine America’s democracy. As the 2024 presidential election approaches, one tactic already gaining traction is especially noteworthy: local officials could seek to block the certification of election results.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Election certification is the process through which the counting of votes is concluded. Most people are now familiar with the Vice President’s role in presiding over Congress’s counting of the electoral college’s votes every January 6th, a duty often referred to as “certifying” the electoral college results. But the Vice President is just one of many officials charged with a duty in the presidential election process. On the local level, thousands of officials who sit on municipal and county boards of election conduct the canvass — the process of counting and aggregating ballots — which is finalized through a process called </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">certification</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">. When local election officials “certify” the canvass, they attest with their signatures that the results are a complete and accurate record of all votes cast in the election as reported by precincts.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In late 2020 and early 2021, then President Donald Trump and his advisors demanded that Vice President Mike Pence</span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81939/timeline-false-electors/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">refuse to certify</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the states’ election results. As Pence correctly concluded, the 12th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and the Electoral Count Act of 1887 granted him no such power. Thanks to the</span><a href="https://protectdemocracy.org/work/understanding-the-electoral-count-reform-act-of-2022/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Electoral Count Reform Act of 2022</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, it is clear that the Vice President’s role is, and always was, purely ministerial.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 2024, the election denial movement’s focus has shifted to the local certification process, with some claiming that local officials have the power to refuse to certify precinct and county election results. Fortunately, this effort has already suffered a series of defeats. Recently, for example, a Fulton County judge</span><a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25209826-final-order_adams"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">told</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> local election officials in Georgia that even though new regulations seemingly allow them to conduct freewheeling investigations into undefined election irregularities, they still cannot refuse or delay certification under any circumstances. Courts and local officials alike have recognized that these election officers have no power to hold up, let alone overturn, the result of a state’s popular vote. Like the Vice President, their role is ceremonial.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Still, this effort could create widespread confusion in the United States’s upcoming presidential election.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Consider the following scenario. A few days after election day, reporting shows the presidential vote margin in a swing state county is razor-thin. The county’s election board needs to sign paperwork certifying the county’s final vote tally so that state officials can determine whether Vice President Kamala Harris or Trump has won the state. But as the statutory deadline for the county to certify the results approaches, a few members of the county board say they can’t certify the final tally, citing unfounded concerns about voter fraud. If the county refuses to certify, what happens to the state’s presidential electors?</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since 2020, a handful of local officials have already tried to operationalize this strategy for election subversion. Earlier this summer, three of the five members of the</span><a href="https://nevadacurrent.com/2024/07/17/washoe-county-commission-reverses-course-acknowledges-election-certification-mandatory/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Washoe County Commission</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in Nevada refused to certify the results of two primary election recounts. Following the June 9th primary, the losing candidates in two local races requested recounts, as any losing candidate is entitled to do in Nevada. The recounts found</span><a href="https://www.rgj.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/03/washoe-primary-recount-for-white-lawson-show-almost-no-change/74290651007/?itm_medium=recirc&itm_source=taboola&itm_campaign=internal&itm_content=BelowArticleFeed-FeedRedesign"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">only one additional vote</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for one of the candidates who requested the process, which simply confirmed that the original winners won by a significant vote margin.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite this thoroughly routine recount result, three county commissioners still voted against certifying the results, gesturing generally toward voter fraud as their justification. One commissioner</span><a href="https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/washoe-county-commissioners-vote-not-to-certify-primary-election-recounts"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">explained her “no” vote</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> by claiming: “[W]e’ve heard a lot of concerns of procedures, a lot of concerns of alleged mishaps, I think have been a term that’s been used a lot or hiccups … I am not going to certify the vote[.]” The other two “no” votes came from county commissioners who have a history of pushing for unnecessary and even counterproductive election procedures that are favored by election skeptics, like requiring jurisdictions to count every single ballot by hand. In fact, the evidence demonstrates that those hand-counting systems are</span><a href="https://electiontaskfo.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/23.08.15-NTFEC-Hand-Counting-Explainer.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">less accurate and no more secure</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> than electronic tabulation machines.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Similar instances have played out in at least 21 counties around the country, including notable counties in swing states, like</span><a href="https://protectdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Michigan-Guide.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Wayne County</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, Michigan and</span><a href="https://protectdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Arizona-Guide.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Cochise County</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, Arizona. The frequency of these incidents suggests we should expect to see at least some local officials try to delay or refuse certification in November.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fortunately, local refusals to certify election results are destined to fail because it is</span><a href="https://protectdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PD_County-Cert-WP_v03.1.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">simply not legal</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Certification is not part of the process that ensures the votes have been accurately counted. Certification is a</span><a href="https://protectdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PD_County-Cert-WP_v03.1.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">ministerial</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and</span><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4648560"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">mandatory</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> duty to sign off on the canvass. By contrast,</span><a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/roadmap-official-count-2024-election"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">multiple steps during the canvass</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> ensure that the votes have been accurately counted. And there are several opportunities under state recount and election contest statutes to identify and rectify any irregularities — typically after certification is complete.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Some officials who might be tempted to refuse to certify an election are recognizing that to do so would be futile, and they are backing down before they face legal consequences. In Washoe County, for instance, two of the three commissioners who refused to certify the July primary</span><a href="https://nevadacurrent.com/2024/07/17/washoe-county-commission-reverses-course-acknowledges-election-certification-mandatory/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">reversed course</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> after receiving guidance from the Washoe County District Attorney’s Office that their certification duties were non-discretionary.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To address those who might nonetheless attempt refusals or delays, candidates, voter advocates, and state election officials have legal mechanisms, such as mandamus actions, to force local officials to comply with their duty to certify results. State and local prosecutors can also enforce criminal provisions that prohibit dereliction of official duties and other misconduct in public office. In Cochise County, for example, both the</span><a href="https://www.democracydocket.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Hobbs-Complaint-for-Special-Action-Relief-1.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Arizona Secretary of State</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and</span><a href="https://www.democracydocket.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2022.11.28-Petition-for-Writ-of-Mandamus.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Arizona voters</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> filed mandamus petitions to compel Cochise’s election certification. The two county officials who refused to certify the 2022 midterm election results were</span><a href="https://www.azag.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/Cochise%20County%20112923.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">indicted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on state charges for conspiracy and interference with an election officer—one recently</span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/21/peggy-judd-pleads-guilty-arizona-election-denier"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">pled guilty</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to a lesser charge and the other will stand trial</span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/11/arizona-2022-election-interference-trial"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">early next year</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Even so, certification refusals might be attractive to the</span><a href="https://electiontaskforce.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NTFECElectionOfficialsBuildingTrust-20221017.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">small number</span></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">of election officials who may choose to put party loyalty above their lawful duties. The false narrative that only widespread fraud can explain Trump’s electoral losses in 2020 is already sowing doubts about the legitimacy of the 2024 election, even though the vast majority of votes have yet to be cast. In service of the “</span><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/html-submitted/ch1.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Big Lie</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,” election denialists are throwing everything at the wall to see what will stick in order to create mass doubt about the integrity of American elections. In the last several weeks alone, there have been</span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100005/election-certification-refusers/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">eleventh hour changes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to Georgia’s canvass and certification rules, lawsuits to force mass</span><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/20/politics/attempts-to-purge-voter-rolls-increase-as-election-nears/index.html"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">purges of voter rolls</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in swing states, and a moral panic over the</span><a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/noncitizens-are-not-voting-federal-or-state-elections-heres-why?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2aXIVraHFoKA0Ksb0UW5AHxnvcRIL6GLdYCo2kXv8V-4sBbMVBsfjoSaA_aem_AQQg4H5fiAt5zlgSWnBw_ALTWYx2gTOb0ZE2Z5qElSAu_127jwY0DbF7s9C1ex4ibrwWBF-oIp0yCTHktD7UNtsm#:~:text=That%20includes%20the,detectable%20numbers.%E2%80%9D"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">non-existent</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> problem of noncitizens voting in federal elections. A lawyer for United Sovereign Americans, a new organization pushing for</span><a href="https://www.democracydocket.com/analysis/how-united-sovereign-americans-is-radicalizing-an-anti-voting-movement/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">mass voter roll purges</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, recently said the quiet part out loud: that the purpose of the unprecedented number of lawsuits already being mounted against voting rules is not to change the rules before Election Day, but to create a record of “</span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/29/us/politics/trump-2024-presidential-campaign-election-lawsuits.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">anomalies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">” that can be used to challenge the results after voters have already cast their ballots.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Against this backdrop, it is alarming that at least one county official — a member of the</span><a href="https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-lawsuit-results-in-kalamazoo-county-election-official-agreeing-to-certify-november-election-results"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Kalamazoo County</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, Michigan Board of Canvassers — already openly flirted with the idea of refusing to certify the results in November. After being brought to court to clarify his duties, that board member capitulated and stated in an</span><a href="https://www.aclumich.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/american_civil_liberties_union_of_michigan_vs_robert_froman.pdf"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">affidavit</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that he understood he had no basis to refuse to certify the upcoming election.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Even so, attempts like these could create problems throughout the country. A local official refusing to certify their county’s results, and thereby delaying the final election results, helps fuel the disinformation loop about the integrity of our elections, contributing to voter confusion and skepticism of whether the system is working.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the end, a local official refusing to certify election results does not pose a real risk that election results will not be finalized — but what comes next could be dangerous. Consider, again, the original hypothetical. When a county official refuses to certify in the name of unsubstantiated but “widespread” voter fraud, rumors start spreading online that</span><a href="https://www.ifyoucankeepit.org/p/noncitizen-voting-lies-explained"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">noncitizens</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and ballot harvesters have tainted the county’s election. Sham lawsuits are filed promising explosive evidence of fraudulent voting. Those</span><a href="https://www.ifyoucankeepit.org/p/the-lurking-danger-of-zombie-lawsuits"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">zombie lawsuits</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> filed before election day are then touted as further proof that the results were tainted from the start. Seizing on this disinformation, a major candidate then calls into question the county’s results, then the state’s vote tally and, finally, the outcome of the electoral college – and thus, the winner of the presidency.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Amid such a disinformation maelstrom, it is imperative that voters see certification refusal for what it is — an illegal gambit that will not succeed. When it comes to election certification, the law is clear. There is simply no basis to block an election by refusing to certify it. As the post-election period unfolds, however, some local officials may still try to use this tactic to call valid election results into doubt. Voters should know that these same elections officials do not get to pick the winners — the voters do. </span></p> <h6><em>IMAGE: Election workers open mail in ballots at the Maricopa County Tabulation and Election Center on November 11, 2022 in Phoenix, Arizona. (Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-presidential-election/" rel="tag">2024 Presidential Election</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/2024-us-election-protection/" rel="tag">2024 US Election Protection</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy-backsliding-series/" rel="tag">Democracy Backsliding Series</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/" rel="tag">Disinformation</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/election-interference/" rel="tag">election interference</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/election-law/" rel="tag">election law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/elections/" rel="tag">elections</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-government/" rel="tag">local government</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/series-on-solutions-to-democratic-backsliding/" rel="tag">Series on Solutions to Democratic Backsliding</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/voting-rights/" rel="tag">voting rights</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. Emails</a><aside id="search-3" class="widget widget_search clearfix"> <form role="search" method="get" id="default-searchform" class="searchform" data-author-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/author-search/" data-default-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/" action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search for: </span> <input type="search" class="search-field" name="searchwp" placeholder="Search posts, authors, media..." value="" title="Search for:" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> </form> <div class="advanced-search"> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" id="author-search" /> Search authors only </div> </aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Featured Articles</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-3" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:450px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105176/birthright-citizenship-undocumented-immigrants/">Birthright Citizenship and Undocumented Immigrants</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gwenadmin/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104800/sanctions-effectiveness-models/">Do Sanctions Work? It Depends. Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103200/state-department-reform-commission/">The State Department Reform Commission: A Once in A Generation Opportunity to Reform American Diplomacy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/spokojnydan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Spokojny" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Spokojny</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103265/analysis-iran-2024-election-interference-indictment/">Analysis of Remarkable and Unremarkable Aspects of Iranian 2024 Election Interference Indictment </a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aarondavid/" title="Profile and articles by David Aaron" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Aaron</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103164/usaid-digital-policy-conflict-peacebuilding/">The Next Step for USAID’s New Digital Policy: Account for Conflict Risks and Include Peacebuilding</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/guintaclaire/" title="Profile and articles by Claire Guinta" class="author url fn" rel="author">Claire Guinta</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/zuroskinick/" title="Profile and articles by Nick Zuroski" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nick Zuroski</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103184/amended-protocol-booby-traps-pagers/">Article 7(2) of Amended Protocol II on Conventional Weapons and the Lebanon Pager Explosions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100374/ukraine-us-public-support-election/">Will US Public Support for Ukraine Aid Survive the Presidential Campaign?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mironrobert/" title="Profile and articles by Robert Miron" class="author url fn" rel="author">Robert Miron</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/feaver-peter/" title="Profile and articles by Peter Feaver" class="author url fn" rel="author">Peter Feaver</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100333/rethinking-united-nations-cybercrime-treaty/">Rethinking the United Nations Cybercrime Treaty</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pielemeierjason/" title="Profile and articles by Jason Pielemeier" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jason Pielemeier</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100172/why-criminalize-ecocide-experts/">Why Criminalize Ecocide? Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/">Musk, X, and Trump 2024: Where are the Legal and Ethical Boundaries?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jacksondean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean Jackson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean Jackson</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100259/u-n-general-assembly-high-level-week-2024-what-experts-are-looking-for/">U.N. General Assembly High-Level Week 2024 : What Experts Are Looking For</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100195/a-2024-election-litigation-hot-list/">A 2024 Election Litigation Hot List</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100193/law-war-exploding-pagers-lebanon/">Law of War Questions Raised by Exploding Pagers in Lebanon</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100130/competition-not-control-is-key-to-winning-the-global-ai-race/">Competition, Not Control, is Key to Winning the Global AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mittelsteadtmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew Mittelsteadt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew Mittelsteadt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97864/political-violence-us-enough/">Political Violence in the United States Is Rising – and It Might Be Up to Americans to Say “Enough!”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99994/americas-national-security-threat/">America’s Overlooked National Security Threat</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kohharold/" title="Profile and articles by Harold Hongju Koh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harold Hongju Koh</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99964/challenging-state-capture/">To Challenge State Capture, the US Needs a Strategy of State Retrieval</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/prendergastjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Prendergast" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Prendergast</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wilsondamon/" title="Profile and articles by Damon Wilson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Damon Wilson</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99869/telegrams-security-sham/">Telegram’s Security Sham</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vanlandinghammichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Van Landingham" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Van Landingham</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wildeg/" title="Profile and articles by Gavin Wilde" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gavin Wilde</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99841/public-safety-reform-targeted-violence/">Public-Safety Reform and Preventing Targeted Violence: Two Sides of the Same Public-Health Coin</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosanderic/" title="Profile and articles by Eric Rosand" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eric Rosand</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weinestevan/" title="Profile and articles by Stevan Weine" class="author url fn" rel="author">Stevan Weine</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gimenezalejandrosantana/" title="Profile and articles by Alejandro Giménez Santana" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alejandro Giménez Santana</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99831/reaim-second-summit-context/">Putting the Second REAIM Summit into Context</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vestnertobias/" title="Profile and articles by Tobias Vestner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tobias Vestner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cleoburysimon/" title="Profile and articles by Simon Cleobury" class="author url fn" rel="author">Simon Cleobury</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99113/north-korea-growing-threat/">The Growing Threat from North Korea</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kirbymichael/" title="Profile and articles by The Hon. Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98844/dont-sanction-icc/">Don’t Sanction the ICC for Doing its Job</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mayamichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Maya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Maya</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 27th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98895/presidential-immunity-congressional-contempt/">Presidential Immunity Decision May Have Implications for Congressional-Executive Divide on Criminal Contempt</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/" title="Profile and articles by Andy Wright" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andy Wright</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98847/kursk-incursion-international-law/">Ukraine’s Incursion into Kursk Oblast: A Lawful Case of Defensive Invasion?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/omearachris/" title="Profile and articles by Chris O'Meara" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chris O'Meara</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98812/icc-amicus-brief-israel-palestine/">Expert Explainer: The US for the first time submits a formal brief to the International Criminal Court on the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80800/introduction-to-symposium-still-at-war-where-and-why-the-united-states-is-fighting-the-war-on-terror/">Introduction to Symposium: Still at War – Where and Why the United States is Fighting the “War on Terror”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/">After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80290/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-executive-order-9066-80-years-after-signing/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Executive Order 9066, 80 Years After Signing</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79951/congress-can-and-should-address-the-threat-from-unauthorized-paramilitary-activity/">Congress Can and Should Address the Threat from Unauthorized Paramilitary Activity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79900/the-good-governance-papers-a-january-2022-report-card-update/">The Good Governance Papers: A January 2022 “Report Card” Update</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bermanemily/" title="Profile and articles by Emily Berman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emily Berman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78797/symposium-recap-security-privacy-and-innovation-reshaping-law-for-the-ai-era/">Symposium Recap: Security, Privacy and Innovation – Reshaping Law for the AI Era</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brawleylaura/" title="Profile and articles by Laura Brawley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Laura Brawley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joardarantara/" title="Profile and articles by Antara Joardar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Antara Joardar</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/narasimhanmadhu/" title="Profile and articles by Madhu Narasimhan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madhu Narasimhan</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78063/towards-a-new-treaty-on-crimes-against-humanity-next-steps/">Towards a New Treaty on Crimes Against Humanity: Next Steps</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sadatleila/" title="Profile and articles by Leila Nadya Sadat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leila Nadya Sadat</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 13th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78118/introduction-to-a-symposium-how-perpetual-war-has-changed-us-reflections-on-the-anniversary-of-9-11/">Introduction to Symposium: How Perpetual War Has Changed Us — Reflections on the Anniversary of 9/11</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goldbrennerrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Goldbrenner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 7th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77536/new-just-security-series-beyond-the-myanmar-coup/">New Just Security Series: Beyond the Myanmar Coup</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 19th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77262/new-just-security-series-reflections-on-afghanistan-on-the-eve-of-withdrawal/">New Just Security Series: Reflections on Afghanistan on the Eve of Withdrawal</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 30th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76906/introducing-a-symposium-on-the-un-global-counterterrorism-strategy/">Introducing a Symposium on the UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 14th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76709/the-mendez-principles-leadership-to-transform-interrogation-via-science-law-and-ethics/">The Méndez Principles: Leadership to Transform Interrogation via Science, Law, and Ethics</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barelasteven/" title="Profile and articles by Steven J. Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76692/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bergerchristine/" title="Profile and articles by Christine Berger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christine Berger</a></p> <p class="date">May 29th, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/surianijoanna/">JoAnna <span>Suriani</span></a></h4><p>JoAnna Suriani is Counsel for Free & Fair Elections at Protect Democracy.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104922/early-warning-atrocities-technology/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Xinjiang-surveillance-scaled-e1731983570416.jpg?fit=768%2C287&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104922/early-warning-atrocities-technology/">Early Warning in Atrocity Scenarios Must Account for the Effects of Technology, Good or Bad</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dealessandrafederica/" title="Profile and articles by Federica D'Alessandra" class="author url fn" rel="author">Federica D'Alessandra</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gildeaross/" title="Profile and articles by Ross Gildea" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ross Gildea</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Climate-collage-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C308&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Just Security’s Climate Archive</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99958/just-securitys-artificial-intelligence-archive/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BeFunky-collage-4-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C293&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99958/just-securitys-artificial-intelligence-archive/">Just Security’s Artificial Intelligence Archive</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 10th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Kyrgyzstan-rally-for-Bolot-Temirov-scaled-e1730766826586.jpg?fit=768%2C309&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/2024-election-litigation-tracker-featured-image-3-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C229&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/GettyImages-1355381242-scaled-e1726616473587.jpg?fit=768%2C425&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104496/withdrawal-international-agreements-tailored-out/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/UN-Secretary-General-Major-Signatories-Hold-Press-Conference-on-Paris-Agreement-GettyImages-523215460.jpg?fit=768%2C512&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104496/withdrawal-international-agreements-tailored-out/">Withdrawal from International Agreements: Toward a “Tailored Out”</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/amirfarcatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Catherine Amirfar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Catherine Amirfar</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89123/clearinghouse-georgia-election-interference-case/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/GettyImages-1615636969-scaled-e1696358547104.jpg?fit=768%2C397&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89123/clearinghouse-georgia-election-interference-case/">Clearinghouse: Georgia Election Interference Case</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89122/clearinghouse-january-6th-election-interference-case-district-of-columbia/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/GettyImages-1570153687-scaled-e1696358396342.jpg?fit=768%2C333&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89122/clearinghouse-january-6th-election-interference-case-district-of-columbia/">Clearinghouse: January 6th Election Interference Case – District of Columbia</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89089/clearinghouse-2016-election-interference-case-manhattan-district-attorney/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/GettyImages-1250774534-e1696342181736.jpg?fit=768%2C408&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89089/clearinghouse-2016-election-interference-case-manhattan-district-attorney/">Clearinghouse: 2016 Election Interference Case – Manhattan District Attorney</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88175/trump-trials-clearinghouse/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/collage-for-clearinghouse-1-1-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C204&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88175/trump-trials-clearinghouse/">Trump Trials Clearinghouse</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104473/presidents-people-book-podcast/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screenshot-2024-10-31-at-8.15.19%E2%80%AFAM.png?fit=682%2C310&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104473/presidents-people-book-podcast/">The Just Security Podcast: ‘The Presidents and the People’ Book Talk</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brettschneidercorey/" title="Profile and articles by Corey Brettschneider" class="author url fn" rel="author">Corey Brettschneider</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </div></div></div></div> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { // make a copy so that the authors and related can come after the post story // when on mobile (under 768px) var $postAuthors = $('.post-bottom-row.about-authors'); var $postRelated = $('.post-bottom-row.related-posts'); $postAuthors.clone().addClass('mobile-authors').appendTo('#primary'); $postRelated.clone().addClass('mobile-related').appendTo('#primary'); }); </script> </div> <footer id="footer" class="clearfix" role="contentinfo"> <div class="pagewidth pw1000"> <div class="col-1"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org"><img src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/images/footer-logo.png" alt="Just Security logo" /></a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-am">A.M. Early Edition</a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">P.M. Today at Just Security</a></div><div class="col-2"><div class="about"><aside id="text-3" class="widget widget_text clearfix"> <div class="textwidget"><h3 class="widget-title"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About Us</a></h3> <p>Just Security is based at the Reiss Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law.</p> </div> </aside></div><div class="contact-row"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/" class="contact">Contact Us</a> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/" class="icon"><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Just_Security" class="icon" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Twitter</span> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" class="icon" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/" class="icon" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Linkedin</span> </a> </div></div><div class="col-3"> <div class="links"> <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/footer/accessibility.html" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-universal-access" aria-hidden="true"></i> Accessibility</a> <div class="copyright">© 2024 Just Security</div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/104249\/local-officials-election-certification-disinformation\/":104249}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/accordions-pro/assets/frontend/js/scripts.js?ver=1732687240" id="accordions_pro_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/site.js?ver=1727362368" id="ds-site-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/smart-menus/jquery.smartmenus.min.js?ver=1.0" id="ds-smartmenus-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/smart-menus/jquery.smartmenus.keyboard.min.js?ver=1.0" id="ds-smartmenus-keyboard-nav-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/js/custom-scrollbar/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.js?ver=1.0" id="ds-custom-scrollbar-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"77857433\",\"post\":\"104249\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"www.justsecurity.org\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "77857433", "104249" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.0" id="sharing-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function($){ $(window).on('load', function() { $('.custom-scroll').mCustomScrollbar(); }); })(jQuery); </script> <style> </style> <script> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) { }); </script> <script> var accordions_active = null; var accordions_tabs_active = null; </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Local Officials Cannot Block Election Certification. But They Can Fuel Disinformation.