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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_for_standard_Catalan_and_Valencian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Key for standard Catalan and Valencian </button> <ul id="toc-Key_for_standard_Catalan_and_Valencian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_transcriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_transcriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Other transcriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_transcriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Disponibile in 6 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" > 6 lingac </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda:AFI_per_al_catal%C3%A0" title="Ajuda:AFI per al català - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ajuda:AFI per al català" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Help:IPA/Catalan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی کاتالانی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی کاتالانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Help:IPA/Catalan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے کاتالان - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے کاتالان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:加泰羅尼亞語國際音標 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:加泰羅尼亞語國際音標" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8615104#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muda i links te autra rujenedes" class="wbc-editpage">Muda i links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:AFI/Catalan" title="Vedi la pagina di aiuto [c]" accesskey="c">Aiut</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" 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id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:AFI/Catalan">Liej</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&veaction=edit" title="Muda chësta plata [v]" accesskey="v">Mudé</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e">Muda l wikitest</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=history" title="Ultima verscions de chësta plata [h]" accesskey="h">Storia dl documënt</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" 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title="Muda chësta plata [v]" accesskey="v">Mudé</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e">Muda l wikitest</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=history">Storia dl documënt</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generel </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Aiuto:AFI/Catalan" title="Na lista de duta la plates wiki che porta tlo [j]" accesskey="j">Links che porta tlo</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Aiuto:AFI/Catalan" rel="nofollow" title="Ultima mudazions te plates culeghedes a chësta plata [k]" accesskey="k">Mudamënc che à da n fé cun chësc</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=lld" title="Cëria su documënc [u]" accesskey="u">Cëria su n documënt</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Lista de duta la plates spezieles [q]" accesskey="q">Plates spezieles</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&oldid=236574" title="Link per for a chësta reviscion de la plata">Link per for</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina">Nfurmazions sun la plata</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Flld.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan">Ottieni URL breve</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Flld.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan">Scarica codice QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampé/esporté </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Aiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan">Mët adum n liber</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan&action=show-download-screen">Cëria ju coche PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&printable=yes" title="Verscion da stampé de chëesta plata [p]" accesskey="p">Verscion da stampé</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Te d'atri proiec </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8615104" title="Culegamënt cul element culegà de l archive di dac [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata element</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascuend</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:AFI" title="Aiuto:AFI">Aiuto:AFI</a></bdi></div>(Readressà da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA/Catalan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA/Catalan">Aiuto:IPA/Catalan</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lld" dir="ltr"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></td><td class="mbox-text">This is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation (chësta plata ne dal nia)">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Catalan on Wikipedia.<div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Catalan in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Consensus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Consensus (chësta plata ne dal nia)">consensus</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni aiuto:AFI/Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">Per na ntroduzion sun co liejer i simboi AFI, cëla <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. Per la desfrënzia danter [ ], / / y ⟨ ⟩, cëla <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetich_Internazionel#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="Alfabet Fonetich Internazionel">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36863">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain>ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Shortcut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Scurtedes</a></div><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-CA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H:IPA-CA (chësta plata ne dal nia)">H:IPA-CA</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-CAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H:IPA-CAT (chësta plata ne dal nia)">H:IPA-CAT</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-VA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H:IPA-VA (chësta plata ne dal nia)">H:IPA-VA</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H:IPACA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H:IPACA (chësta plata ne dal nia)">H:IPACA</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H:IPACAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H:IPACAT (chësta plata ne dal nia)">H:IPACAT</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Catalan<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SHORTDESC:Wikipedia_key_to_pronunciation_of_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:SHORTDESC:Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:SHORTDESC:Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Catalan</a></div> The charts below show the way in which the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) represents <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan language (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan language</a> pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA-ca" title="Template:IPA-ca">IPA-ca</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA-va" title="Template:IPA-va">IPA-va</a>}} and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Key_for_standard_Catalan_and_Valencian" data-mw-thread-id="h-Key_for_standard_Catalan_and_Valencian">Key for standard Catalan and Valencian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muda la sezion: Key for standard Catalan and Valencian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">mudé</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Key for standard Catalan and Valencian">muda l codesc</a>]</div> There are two major standards, one of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan</a> (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>)—based in the Central Coast of Catalonia, encompassing most <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Eastern Catalan</a> features—and one of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Valencian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Valencian (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Valencian</a> (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>)—based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Western Catalan</a> features. Neither variant is preferred over the other in Wikipedia articles except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in Catalonia or a Valencian artist). See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_phonology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan phonology (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan phonology</a> for a more thorough look at the sounds of standard Catalan and Valencian, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_orthography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan orthography (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan orthography</a> for the main correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. (For an extensive list of spelling-to-sound correspondences, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">this</a>) <table style="background: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community"><img alt="Valencian Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr></th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_bilabial_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced bilabial plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">b</a></big> </td> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_bilabial_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced bilabial plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">b</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">bell, àmbit, capgròs<a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-b/v-2">[2]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">best </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_labiodental_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced labiodental fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">v</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">vell, envit, watt <a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-b/v-2">[2]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">best (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / vest (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_bilabial_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced bilabial fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">β</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">avanç, selva<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-b/v-2">[2]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">vest<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_bilabial_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced bilabial plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">b</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">abans, arbre<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-b/v-2">[2]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">vest<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a> (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / best (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced dental plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">d</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">drac, indret, ritme<a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">door </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolar_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolar affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">dz</a></big> </td> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolar_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolar affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">dz</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">setze, tots alhora<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">adze<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_apico-alveolar_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced apico-alveolar fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">z</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">utilitza<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">adze<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / zebra<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">dʒ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">viatja, fetge, migdia<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">jeep </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced dental fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ð</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">cada, lladre<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">other </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_labiodental_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">f</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">fort, bafs </td> <td style="text-align: left;">face </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_velar_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced velar plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɡ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">guant, angle, guiar, ècdisi<a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">got </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_velar_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced velar fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɣ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">aigües, agrat, lloguer<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">between got and hot<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_velar_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless velar plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">k</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">cors, quan, qui, llarg, kiwi </td> <td style="text-align: left;">scan </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">l</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">laca, ceŀla,<a href="#cite_note-ll/ŀl-5">[5]</a> val<a href="#cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">pile </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ʎ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">llac, cella,<a href="#cite_note-ll/ŀl-5">[5]</a> Elx<a href="#cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">billion </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_bilabial_nasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced bilabial nasal (chësta plata ne dal nia)">m</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">meu, comte<a href="#cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">mode </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_labiodental_nasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced labiodental nasal (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɱ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">limfa, ínfim<a href="#cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">lymph </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolar_nasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolar nasal (chësta plata ne dal nia)">n</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">neu, dansa<a href="#cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">note </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_velar_nasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced velar nasal (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ŋ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">sang,<a href="#cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">[6]</a> cigne </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ring </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_palatal_nasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced palatal nasal (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɲ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">nyeu, penges<a href="#cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">onion </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_bilabial_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">p</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">por, dubte </td> <td style="text-align: left;">span </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_postalveolar_trill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced postalveolar trill (chësta plata ne dal nia)">r</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ruc, mirra, honra<a href="#cite_note-rhotics-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scots_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scots language (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Scots</a> rook </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolar_tap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alveolar tap (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɾ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">mira, truc, per<a href="#cite_note-rhotics-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American English (chësta plata ne dal nia)">US</a> atom </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">s</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">set, està, feliç<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">sick<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ʃ</a></big> </td> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">tʃ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">xec, Barx<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ship (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / cheap (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_palatal_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced palatal approximant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">j</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ʃ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">caixa<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ship (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / geisha (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ʃ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Xàtiva, guix<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ship </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_dental_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless dental plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">t</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">terra, fred </td> <td style="text-align: left;">stand </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolar_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ts</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">lletsó, tots<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">cats<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">tʃ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">txec, veig, mig </td> <td style="text-align: left;">cheap </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_labiodental_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced labiodental fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">v</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">hafni, bafs d'aigua<a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">vest </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_apico-alveolar_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced apico-alveolar fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">z</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">zel, esma<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">zebra<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ʒ</a></big> </td> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">dʒ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">joc, gespa<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">genre (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / jeep (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_palatal_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced palatal approximant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">j</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">jo<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">genre (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / young (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_palatal_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced palatal approximant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">j</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ʒ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">caixmir<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">genre (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / beige (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ʒ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">guix verd<a href="#cite_note-sibilants-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">[1]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">genre </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="2">Marginal consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_glottal_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless glottal fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">h</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">ehem<a href="#cite_note-h-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">hot </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_dental_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless dental fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">θ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">theta, López </td> <td style="text-align: left;">thing </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_velar_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless velar fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">x</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">kharja, Bach </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scots_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scots language (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Scots</a> loch </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semivowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semivowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Semivowels</a><a href="#cite_note-semivowels-9">[9]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community"><img alt="Valencian Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr></th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_palatal_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced palatal approximant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">j</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">iode, posa-hi, York </td> <td style="text-align: left;">young </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">w</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">quart, Güell, posa-ho, web </td> <td style="text-align: left;">quick </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community"><img alt="Valencian Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr></th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_central_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open central unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">a</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">sac, ànecs </td> <td style="text-align: left;">father </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɛ</a></big> </td> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɛ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">set, èxit </td> <td style="text-align: left;">pet </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">e</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">sec, què<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">pet (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / face (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">e</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">séc, anells, ídem<a href="#cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">face </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mid_central_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mid central vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ə</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">demà<a href="#cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">alpha (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / face (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_central_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open central unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">a</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">fadrí, entens<a href="#cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">alpha (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / father (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close front unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">i</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">naixement </td> <td style="text-align: left;">alpha (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / meet (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_front_unrounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close front unrounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">i</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">sic, ties, fillet<a href="#cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">meet </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɔ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">soc, això </td> <td style="text-align: left;">off </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">o</a></big> </td> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">o</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">sóc, molt, ego, mouré<a href="#cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">story </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_back_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close back rounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">u</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">oratge<a href="#cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">rule (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / story (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_back_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close back rounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">u</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">suc, dues, fullet, cobert<a href="#cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">rule </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="2">Marginal vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_front_rounded_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close front rounded vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">y</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">déjà vu<a href="#cite_note-French_u-12">[12]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">cute<a href="#cite_note-French_u-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Suprasegmentals" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">Suprasegmentals</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community"><img alt="Valencian Community" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community_%282x3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="340"/></a> <abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr></th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stress (linguistics) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ˈ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Dídac [ˈdiðək] (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / [ˈdiðak] (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td> <td style="text-align: left;">primary stress </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_stress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary stress (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ˌ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Bellpuig [ˌbeʎˈputʃ] (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr> / <abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td> <td style="text-align: left;">secondary stress </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable (chësta plata ne dal nia)">.</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Maria [məˈɾi.ə] (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / [maˈɾi.a] (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td> <td style="text-align: left;">syllable break </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><a href="/w/index.php?title=Length_(phonetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Length (phonetics) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ː</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Imma [ˈimːə] (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr>) / [ˈimːa] (<abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td> <td style="text-align: left;">long consonant/vowel </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiuto:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th colspan="2">Other representations </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big>( )</big> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Corts [ˈkoɾ(t)s] (<abbr title="Standard Catalan">C</abbr> / <abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr>) </td> <td style="text-align: left;">optional sound </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_transcriptions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_transcriptions-Key_for_standard_Catalan_and_Valencian">Other transcriptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muda la sezion: Other transcriptions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">mudé</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Other transcriptions">muda l codesc</a>]</div> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Catalan in Andorra, Western Catalonia and La Franja (<abbr title="North-western Catalan">NW</abbr>)</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwestern Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Northwestern</a>, a continuous dialect of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Western Catalan</a> branch, uses the same pronunciation pattern as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Valencian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Valencian (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Standard Valencian</a> (see <abbr title="Standard Valencian">V</abbr> <a href="#Anchor_Standard_Valencian">above</a>). However, there are some differences that should be used in the transcription of local names in Andorra, Western Catalonia (Lleida and part of Tarragona) and the Aragonese border (La Franja). Those differences are:</dd></dl></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 12em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonetics (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Phonetic</a> deviations from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Valencian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Valencian (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Standard Valencian</a> (i.e. commonalities with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Standard Catalan</a>)</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betacism (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Betacism</a><a href="#cite_note-b/v-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a></td> <td>/b/, /v/ → /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_bilabial_plosive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced bilabial plosive (chësta plata ne dal nia)">b</a>/</td> <td style="text-align: left;">bell, vell<a href="#cite_note-b/v-2">[2]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left;">best </td></tr> <tr> <td>/b/, /v/ → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a><a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left;">abans, avanç<a href="#cite_note-b/v-2">[2]</a></td> <td style="text-align: left;">vest<a href="#cite_note-lenition-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Deaffrication of /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_postalveolar_affricate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate (chësta plata ne dal nia)">dʒ</a>/ (in intervocalic position)</td> <td>/dʒ/ → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a></td> <td style="text-align: left;">dijous, fugir</td> <td style="text-align: left;">genre </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(Note for transcriptions of Northwestern Catalan use {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA-ca" title="Template:IPA-ca">IPA-ca</a>}}, with the corresponding sounds of Standard Valencian and the sharing features with Standard Catalan)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Transcription of Insular Eastern Catalan</dt> <dd>For transcriptions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insular Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Insular Catalan</a> dialects: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:IPA/Insular_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiuto:IPA/Insular Catalan (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Help:IPA/Insular Catalan</a> & {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA-cadia" title="Template:IPA-cadia">IPA-cadia</a>}}</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muda la sezion: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">mudé</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Notes">muda l codesc</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36780">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-neutralization_of_obstruents-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-0">1,00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-1">1,01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-2">1,02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-3">1,03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-4">1,04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-5">1,05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-6">1,06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-7">1,07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-8">1,08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutralization_of_obstruents_1-9">1,09</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obstruent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obstruent (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Obstruents</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assimilation_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assimilation (linguistics) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">assimilate</a> to the voicing of the following consonant. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable (chësta plata ne dal nia)">syllables</a> produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_coda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllable coda (chësta plata ne dal nia)">coda</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_(phonetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voice (phonetics) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">voiced</a> obstruents become <a href="/w/index.php?title=Final_obstruent_devoicing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Final obstruent devoicing (chësta plata ne dal nia)">devoiced</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-b/v-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-b/v_2-0">2,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b/v_2-1">2,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b/v_2-2">2,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b/v_2-3">2,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b/v_2-4">2,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b/v_2-5">2,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b/v_2-6">2,6</a> While <a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betacism (chësta plata ne dal nia)">betacism</a> (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of Catalan and in Valencia, several <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan dialects (chësta plata ne dal nia)">dialects</a> still contrast the two sounds (usually represented as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> respectively in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_orthography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan orthography (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan orthography</a>). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-lenition-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-0">3,00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-1">3,01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-2">3,02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-3">3,03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-4">3,04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-5">3,05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-6">3,06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-7">3,07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-8">3,08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenition_3-9">3,09</a> Voiced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stop_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stop consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">stops</a> /b, d, ɡ/ become <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenition (chësta plata ne dal nia)">lenited</a> [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_bilabial_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced bilabial fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">β</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced dental fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ð</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced_velar_fricative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced velar fricative (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ɣ</a>] (that is, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximant_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximant consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">approximants</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fricative_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fricative consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">fricatives</a> of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">continuant</a>. Otherwise they are pronounced as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiced&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiced (chësta plata ne dal nia)">voiced</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devoiced&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devoiced (chësta plata ne dal nia)">devoiced</a> stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lateral consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">lateral consonant</a>, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betacism (chësta plata ne dal nia)">betacist</a> dialects, /b/ usually fails to lenite (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>). <ul><li>[β] (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between /b/ and /v/, or just like /v/ but with both lips.</li> <li>[ɣ] is pronounced between /ɡ/ and /h/, or roughly like /ɡ/ but without completely blocking the air flow.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-sibilants-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-0">4,00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-1">4,01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-2">4,02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-3">4,03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-4">4,04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-5">4,05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-6">4,06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-7">4,07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-8">4,08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-9">4,09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-10">4,10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-11">4,11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-12">4,12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-13">4,13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-14">4,14</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-15">4,15</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-16">4,16</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-17">4,17</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilants_4-18">4,18</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibilant_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibilant consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">sibilants</a> /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alveolo-palatal_consonants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alveolo-palatal consonants (chësta plata ne dal nia)">alveolo-palatal</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palato-alveolar_consonants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palato-alveolar consonants (chësta plata ne dal nia)">palato-alveolar</a> (the latter being considered the recommended pronunciation). A variant of /s, z, ts, dz/ includes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retraction_(phonetics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retraction (phonetics) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">retracted</a> [s̠, z̠, t̠s̠, d̠z̠] (with pronunciations closer to postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/, respectively). </li> <li id="cite_note-ll/ŀl-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ll/ŀl_5-0">5,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ll/ŀl_5-1">5,1</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_orthography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan orthography (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan orthography</a> distinguishes between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> (representing /ʎ/) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> (representing a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemination (chësta plata ne dal nia)">geminated</a> /lː/). In regular speech gemination of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a> in a process similar to Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye%C3%ADsmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeísmo (chësta plata ne dal nia)">yeísmo</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-laterals/nasals-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-laterals/nasals_6-0">6,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laterals/nasals_6-1">6,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laterals/nasals_6-2">6,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laterals/nasals_6-3">6,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laterals/nasals_6-4">6,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laterals/nasals_6-5">6,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laterals/nasals_6-6">6,6</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonorant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonorant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">sonorants</a> /l/ and /n/ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assimilation_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assimilation (linguistics) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">assimilate</a> to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Place_of_articulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Place of articulation (chësta plata ne dal nia)">place of articulation</a> of a following consonant (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>). Before <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatal_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatal consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">palatals</a>, /l/ is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a> and /n/ is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a>. Before <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velar_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velar consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">velars</a>, /n/ becomes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a> and before <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labial_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labial consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">labial consonants</a>, /n/ becomes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a>. The labiodental <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a> appears before /f/ and /v/. </li> <li id="cite_note-rhotics-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-rhotics_7-0">7,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhotics_7-1">7,1</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhotic_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhotic consonant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">rhotic consonants</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> /ɾ/ and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complementary_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complementary distribution (chësta plata ne dal nia)">complementary distribution</a> as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a> occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAblink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:IPAblink (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:IPAblink</a> after hard plosives, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenition (chësta plata ne dal nia)">soft</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirant (chësta plata ne dal nia)">spirants</a> [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan dialects (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan dialects</a>, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel, although this may vary (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-h-8"><a href="#cite_ref-h_8-0">↑</a> Other than in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loanword (chësta plata ne dal nia)">loanwords</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interjections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interjections (chësta plata ne dal nia)">interjections</a>, the letter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> is always <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_letter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silent letter (chësta plata ne dal nia)">silent</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-semivowels-9"><a href="#cite_ref-semivowels_9-0">↑</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semivowels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semivowels (chësta plata ne dal nia)">semivowels</a> /j/ and /w/ can be combined with most vowels to form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diphthong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diphthong (chësta plata ne dal nia)">diphthongs</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triphthong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triphthong (chësta plata ne dal nia)">triphthongs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>). For a list with all the combinations, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_phonology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan phonology (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Catalan phonology § Diphthongs and triphthongs</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Many words that have /ɛ/ in Standard Catalan have /e/ in Standard Valencian. The latter is the historical pronunciation. </li> <li id="cite_note-unstressed_vowels-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-unstressed_vowels_11-0">11,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstressed_vowels_11-1">11,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstressed_vowels_11-2">11,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstressed_vowels_11-3">11,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstressed_vowels_11-4">11,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstressed_vowels_11-5">11,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unstressed_vowels_11-6">11,6</a> In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unstressed_vowel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unstressed vowel (chësta plata ne dal nia)">unstressed position</a>, the vowel contrast is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel reduction (chësta plata ne dal nia)">reduced</a> in all dialects. <ul><li>Eastern Catalan: [a, ɛ, e] merge to [ə], whereas [ɔ, o, u] merge to [u], leaving only [ə, i, u] in most unstressed syllables.</li> <li>Western Catalan: [ɛ, e] merge to [e] and [ɔ, o] merge to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Angbr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Angbr (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Angbr</a> may merge with [a] and [u] respectively (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>).</li></ul> <dl><dd>In Standard Eastern Catalan, unstressed [e] and [o] appear only in some words such as ídem [ˈiðem], oceans [useˈans], ego [ˈeɣo] and mouré [mowˈɾe]. In other cases, they merge with [ə] and [u] (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvcoltxt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvcoltxt (chësta plata ne dal nia)">Template:Harvcoltxt</a>).</dd> <dd>In Standard Valencian, unstressed [ɛ] and [ɔ] occur in the process known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vowel_harmony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vowel harmony (chësta plata ne dal nia)">vowel harmony</a> (e.g. corda [ˈkɔɾðɔ] and tela [ˈtɛlɛ]). In North-western, there are cases where only [ɛ] is found in final unstressed syllables: tela [ˈtɛlɛ].</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-French_u-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-French_u_12-0">12,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_u_12-1">12,1</a> The vowel /y/ is usually replaced by /u/ or /i/. <ul><li>[y] is pronounced like /i/, but with the lips <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundedness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundedness (chësta plata ne dal nia)">rounded</a>.</li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Bibliography" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muda la sezion: Bibliography" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">mudé</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliography">muda l codesc</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22469">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36992">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1999" class="citation cs2">Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1999), "Catalan", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–65, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catalan&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Usage+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=61-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.aulast=Carbonell&rft.aufirst=Joan+F.&rft.au=Llisterri%2C+Joaquim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flld.wikipedia.org%3AAiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36992"><cite id="CITEREFRafel1999" class="citation cs2">Rafel, Joaquim (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf">Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional</a> (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/84-7283-446-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/84-7283-446-8"><bdi>84-7283-446-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aplicaci%C3%B3+al+catal%C3%A0+dels+principis+de+transcripci%C3%B3+de+l%27Associaci%C3%B3+Fon%C3%A8tica+Internacional&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=84-7283-446-8&rft.aulast=Rafel&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicacions.iec.cat%2Frepository%2Fpdf%2F00000042%255C00000071.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flld.wikipedia.org%3AAiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36992"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2005" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (chësta plata ne dal nia)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-925814-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-925814-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925814-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+Of+Catalan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925814-7&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flld.wikipedia.org%3AAiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muda la sezion: External links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">mudé</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiuto:AFI/Catalan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: External links">muda l codesc</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36992"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geiec.iec.cat/portada.asp">"Gramàtica essencial de la llengua catalana (GEIEC)"</a>. Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A0tica+essencial+de+la+llengua+catalana+%28GEIEC%29&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans+%28IEC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeiec.iec.cat%2Fportada.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flld.wikipedia.org%3AAiuto%3AAFI%2FCatalan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36992"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/">"Diccionari normatiu valencià (DNV)"</a>. 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