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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-'Publics'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Publics'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>'Publics'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Publics'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tactics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audience_targeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience_targeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Audience targeting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience_targeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_public_in_public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_public_in_public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The public in public relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_public_in_public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Messaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Social media marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_public_relations_arenas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_public_relations_arenas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Types of public relations arenas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_public_relations_arenas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_Management_in_Public_Relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_Management_in_Public_Relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><b>Crisis Management in Public Relations</b></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crisis_Management_in_Public_Relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <b>Crisis Management in Public Relations</b> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crisis_Management_in_Public_Relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_Public_Relations_in_Crisis_Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Public_Relations_in_Crisis_Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><b>Role of Public Relations in Crisis Management</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Public_Relations_in_Crisis_Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_Crisis_Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Crisis_Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><b>Examples of Crisis Management</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Crisis_Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><b>Key Components</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><b>Related Concepts</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_Relation_Code_of_Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Relation_Code_of_Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public Relation Code of Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Relation_Code_of_Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Public_Relations_Code_of_Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Public_Relations_Code_of_Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International Public Relations Code of Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Public_Relations_Code_of_Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Spin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Negative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T.A.R.E.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T.A.R.E.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>T.A.R.E.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T.A.R.E.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_civil_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_civil_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Politics and civil society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_civil_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_laundering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_laundering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Reputation laundering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_laundering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Public relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbare_betrekkinge" title="Openbare betrekkinge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Openbare betrekkinge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="علاقات عامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علاقات عامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellaciones_p%C3%BAbliques" title="Rellaciones públiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rellaciones públiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ctimaiyy%C9%99tl%C9%99_%C9%99laq%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="İctimaiyyətlə əlaqələr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İctimaiyyətlə əlaqələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="জনসংযোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জনসংযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Връзки с обществеността – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Връзки с обществеността" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relacions_p%C3%BAbliques" title="Relacions públiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Relacions públiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Public relations" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysylltiadau_cyhoeddus" title="Cysylltiadau cyhoeddus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cysylltiadau cyhoeddus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR" title="PR – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="PR" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ffentlichkeitsarbeit" title="Öffentlichkeitsarbeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Öffentlichkeitsarbeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhtekorraldus" title="Suhtekorraldus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suhtekorraldus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Δημόσιες Σχέσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημόσιες Σχέσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_p%C3%BAblicas" title="Relaciones públicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones públicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikaj_rilatoj" title="Publikaj rilatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publikaj rilatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harreman_publikoak" title="Harreman publikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harreman publikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="روابط عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_publiques" title="Relations publiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations publiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caidreamh_poibl%C3%AD" title="Caidreamh poiblí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caidreamh poiblí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3ns_p%C3%BAblicas" title="Relacións públicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relacións públicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_(%EB%A7%88%EC%BC%80%ED%8C%85)" title="PR (마케팅) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="PR (마케팅)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հանրային կապեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրային կապեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="जनसंपर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनसंपर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odnosi_s_javno%C5%A1%C4%87u" title="Odnosi s javnošću – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odnosi s javnošću" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_masyarakat" title="Hubungan masyarakat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan masyarakat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almannatengsl" title="Almannatengsl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Almannatengsl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubbliche_relazioni" title="Pubbliche relazioni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pubbliche relazioni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="יחסי ציבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי ציבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಬಾಂಧವ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಬಾಂಧವ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnayang_pangmalda" title="Ugnayang pangmalda – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ugnayang pangmalda" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC-%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Қоғаммен қарым-қатынас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоғаммен қарым-қатынас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBaudyskuos_saitys" title="Ļaudyskuos saitys – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ļaudyskuos saitys" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiedrisk%C4%81s_attiec%C4%ABbas" title="Sabiedriskās attiecības – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sabiedriskās attiecības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%A1iai_su_visuomene" title="Ryšiai su visuomene – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ryšiai su visuomene" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zkapcsolat" title="Közkapcsolat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közkapcsolat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Односи со јавноста – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Односи со јавноста" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhubungan_awam" title="Perhubungan awam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhubungan awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubuangan_masyarakat" title="Hubuangan masyarakat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hubuangan masyarakat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR" title="PR – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="PR" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ပေါင်းကူးဆက်ဆံရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပေါင်းကူးဆက်ဆံရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Public relations" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="パブリック・リレーションズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パブリック・リレーションズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjon_og_samfunnskontakt" title="Informasjon og samfunnskontakt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjon og samfunnskontakt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonsarbeid" title="Informasjonsarbeid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Informasjonsarbeid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR" title="PR – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="PR" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="عامه اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عامه اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Public relations" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_p%C3%BAblicas" title="Relações públicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações públicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bii_publice" title="Relații publice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Relații publice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E" title="Связи с общественностью – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Связи с общественностью" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Public relations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1ca_s_verejnos%C5%A5ou" title="Práca s verejnosťou – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Práca s verejnosťou" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odnosi_z_javnostmi" title="Odnosi z javnostmi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odnosi z javnostmi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95_%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پەیوەندییە گشتییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیوەندییە گشتییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%9B%D1%83" title="Односи са јавношћу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Односи са јавношћу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odnosi_s_javno%C5%A1%C4%87u" title="Odnosi s javnošću – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odnosi s javnošću" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedotus-_ja_suhdetoiminta" title="Tiedotus- ja suhdetoiminta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedotus- ja suhdetoiminta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Public relations" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnayang_pampubliko" title="Ugnayang pampubliko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ugnayang pampubliko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பொதுத் தொடர்புகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொதுத் தொடர்புகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="การประชาสัมพันธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประชาสัมพันธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%B0" title="Робита бо ҷомеъа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Робита бо ҷомеъа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkla_ili%C5%9Fkiler" title="Halkla ilişkiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halkla ilişkiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E" title="Зв'язки з громадськістю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зв'язки з громадськістю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_c%C3%B4ng_ch%C3%BAng" title="Quan hệ công chúng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ công chúng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="公共關係 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="公共關係" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="公共关系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公共关系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="פארהאנדלונג באציאונגען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארהאנדלונג באציאונגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="公共關係 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公共關係" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="公共关系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公共关系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Management of public communication of organizations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Public Relations (disambiguation)">Public Relations (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/PR_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PR (disambiguation)">PR (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Public information" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Public_sector_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector information">Public sector information</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Media_relations" title="Media relations">Media relations</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Public_relations#Merge_from_Media_relations" title="Talk:Public relations">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since July 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">the English-speaking world</a> and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Public_relations" title="Talk:Public relations">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_42468_-_Participants_at_Joint_Field_Office_News_Media_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Media_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Media conference">Media conferences</a> are one approach used in public relations.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Public relations</b> (<b>PR</b>) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agency</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>) to the public in order to influence their perception. Public relations and <a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">publicity</a> differ in that PR is controlled internally, whereas publicity is not controlled and contributed by external parties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining <a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">exposure</a> to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exposure is mostly <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a>-based, and this differentiates it from <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">marketing communications</a>. Public relations often aims to create or obtain coverage for clients for free, also known as <a href="/wiki/Earned_media" title="Earned media">earned media</a>, rather than paying for <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> or advertising also known as paid media. However, advertising is also a part of broader PR activities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a PR firm's client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article. The aim of public relations is to inform the public, prospective customers, investors, partners, employees, and other <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>, and persuade them to maintain a positive or favorable view about the organization, its <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, products, or political decisions. Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms, businesses and <a href="/wiki/Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies">companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">public officials</a> as <a href="/wiki/Public_information_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Public information officer">public information officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organizations">nongovernmental organizations</a>, and nonprofit organizations. Jobs central to public relations include internal positions such as public relations coordinator, public relations specialist, and public relations manager, and outside agency positions such as account coordinator, <a href="/wiki/Account_executive" title="Account executive">account executive</a>, account supervisor, and media relations manager.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, the equivalent job titles are Account Executive, Account Manager, Account Director and Director. </p><p>Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organization's target <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audiences</a>, the media, relevant trade media, and other <a href="/wiki/Opinion_leadership" title="Opinion leadership">opinion leaders</a>. Common responsibilities include designing communications campaigns, writing <a href="/wiki/Press_releases" class="mw-redirect" title="Press releases">press releases</a> and other content for news, working with the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a>, arranging <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviews</a> for company spokespeople, writing <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speeches</a> for company leaders, acting as an organization's <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokesperson</a>, preparing clients for <a href="/wiki/Press_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Press conferences">press conferences</a>, media interviews and speeches, writing <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> content, managing company <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">reputation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis management</a>), managing <a href="/wiki/Internal_communications" title="Internal communications">internal communications</a>, and marketing activities like <a href="/wiki/Brand_awareness" title="Brand awareness">brand awareness</a> and event management.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Success in the field of public relations requires a deep understanding of the interests and concerns of each of the company's many stakeholders. The public relations professional must know how to effectively address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade, which is publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Lee" title="Ivy Lee">Ivy Lee</a>, the man who turned around the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller</a> name and image, and his friend, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Louis Bernays</a>, established the first definition of public relations in the early 20th century as: "a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission, he said "I have never been able to find a satisfactory phrase to describe what I do."<sup id="cite_ref-twoway_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twoway-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Goldman" title="Eric F. Goldman">Eric Goldman</a> noted that the definition of public relations in <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a></i> would be "disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field."<sup id="cite_ref-twoway_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twoway-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dr. Ren, the public relations counsel is the agent working with both modern media of communications and group formations of society in order to provide ideas to the public's consciousness. Furthermore, he is also concerned with ideologies and courses of actions as well as material goods and services and public utilities and industrial associations and large trade groups for which it secures popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In August 1978, the World Assembly of Public Relations Associations defined the field as </p><blockquote><p>"the art and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> of analyzing <a href="/wiki/Fad" title="Fad">trends</a>, predicting their consequences, counselling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action, which will serve both the organization and the <a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">public interest</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_Society_of_America" title="Public Relations Society of America">Public Relations Society of America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a professional trade association, defined public relations in 1982 as: </p><blockquote><p>"Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2011 and 2012, the PRSA solicited crowd-supplied definitions for the term and allowed the public to vote on one of three finalists. The winning definition stated that: </p> <blockquote><p>"Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The UK-based <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Public_Relations" title="Chartered Institute of Public Relations">Chartered Institute of Public Relations</a> focuses its definition on reputation: </p> <blockquote><p>"Public Relations is about reputation – the result of what you do, what you say and what others say about you. Public Relations is the discipline which looks after reputation, with the aim of earning understanding and support and influencing opinion and behaviour. It is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organisation and its publics."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> between an organization and its publics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Publics'"><span id=".27Publics.27"></span>'Publics'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 'Publics'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quentin Langley argues the use of the word "publics" in the plural is "central to the understanding" of public relations, writing "all organisations have a series of publics, or stakeholders, on whom their success depends".<sup id="cite_ref-Langley_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langley-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He follows Roger Hayward (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in dividing the publics into "customers (past, present, and future), staff (past, present, and future), investors (past, present, and future), politicians and regulators, neighbours, and business partners (suppliers, distributors, etc.)". Langley also contests the marketing perspective of seeing public relations as part of marketing, which he claims is too focused on just one of Hayward's six publics: customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Langley_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langley-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_public_relations" title="History of public relations">History of public relations</a></div> <p>Public relations has historical roots pre-dating the 20th century. Most textbooks regard the establishment of the "Publicity Bureau" in Boston in 1900 as marking the founding of a public relations <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics have found early forms of public <a href="/wiki/Influence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Influence (disambiguation)">influence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">communications management</a> in ancient civilizations. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)"><i>Rhetoric</i></a>, for example, explains core foundations for <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence shows that it continued to evolve during the settling of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and during the movement to abolish slavery in England.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basil_Clarke" title="Basil Clarke">Basil Clarke</a> is considered the founder of public relations in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> for his establishment of "Editorial Services" in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and others used the concept of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, which later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> evolved into public relations, to rally domestic support and to demonize enemies during the <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>). <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), which affected not only military but whole populations, is considered to be "modern propaganda's launching pad".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public-relations talent entered the private sector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (October 2021)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> historians believe modern-day public relations was first established in the US by <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Lee" title="Ivy Lee">Ivy Lee</a> (1877–1934) in 1903 when he started working as the image maker for and corporate advisor for Rockefeller. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a> (1891–1995), who handled the publicity of theatrical associations in 1913,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> then spread internationally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Meanwhile, in the nascent <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> of the 1920s, artists and poets (such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) engaged in public-relations campaigns for various state agencies and causes (note for example <a href="/wiki/Likbez" title="Likbez">Likbez</a>). </p><p>Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they set up European subsidiaries in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall plan</a> of 1948–1952.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 20th century, public relations entered an era of <a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">professional development</a>. Trade associations, PR news-magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. In the early 2000s, press-release services began offering social-media press releases. <a href="/wiki/The_Cluetrain_Manifesto" title="The Cluetrain Manifesto">The Cluetrain Manifesto</a>, which predicted the effect of social media in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was controversial in its time,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 2006 the effect of social media and new <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet technologies</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> became broadly accepted by the general public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual, usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. According to Jacquie L'Etang from Queen Margaret University, public relations professionals can be viewed as "discourse workers specializing in communication and the presentation of argument and employing <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical">rhetorical</a> strategies to achieve managerial aims."<sup id="cite_ref-L'Etang2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L'Etang2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific public relations disciplines include: </p> <ul><li>Financial public relations – communicating financial results and business strategy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">Consumer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> public relations – gaining publicity for a particular product or service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis communication</a> – responding in a crisis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_communications" title="Internal communications">Internal communications</a> – communicating within the company itself</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Government relations">Government relations</a> – engaging government departments to influence public policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_relations" title="Media relations">Media relations</a> – a public relations function that involves building and maintaining close relationships with the news media so that they can sell and promote a business.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">Social media/community marketing</a> – public relations professionals leverage social media marketing to distribute messages about their clients to desired target markets</li> <li>In-house public relations – a public relations professional hired to manage press and publicity campaigns for the company that hired them.</li> <li>'Black Hat PR' – manipulating public profiles under the guise of neutral commentators or voices or engaging to actively damage or undermine the reputations of the rival or targeted individuals or organizations.</li> <li>Executive Visibility – a strategy used to grow an executive's presence and exposure in order to impact a company's success.</li></ul> <p>Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual's audiences have a central role in doing public relations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations. </p><p>Within each discipline, typical activities include <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-event" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-event">publicity events</a>, speaking opportunities, <a href="/wiki/Press_releases" class="mw-redirect" title="Press releases">press releases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsletters" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsletters">newsletters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, press kits, and outbound communication to members of the press. Video and audio news releases (VNRs and ANRs) are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audience_targeting">Audience targeting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Audience targeting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fundamental technique used in public relations is to identify the <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a> and to tailor messages that are relevant to each audience.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audience targeting requires public relations professionals to have a deep understanding of the needs and desires of the audience they are trying to appeal to. Sometimes the interests of differing audiences and stakeholders common to a public relations effort necessitate the creation of several distinct but complementary messages. These messages however should be relevant to each other, thus creating consistency in the overall message and theme. Audience targeting tactics are important for public relations practitioners because they face all kinds of problems: low visibility, lack of public understanding, opposition from critics, and insufficient support from funding sources.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholder</a> theory identifies people who have a stake in a given institution or issue.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All audiences are stakeholders (or presumptive stakeholders), but not all stakeholders are members of a target audience. For example, if a charity commissions a public relations agency to create an advertising campaign to raise money to find a cure for a disease, the <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charity</a> and the people with the disease are stakeholders, but the audience is anyone who is likely to donate money. Public relations experts possess deep skills in media relations, market positioning, and branding. They are powerful agents that help clients deliver clear, unambiguous information to a target audience that matters to them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_public_in_public_relations">The public in public relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The public in public relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A public is any group whose members have a common interest or common values in a particular subject, such as a political party. Those members would then be considered stakeholders, which are people who have a stake or an interest in an organization or issue that potentially involves the organization or group they are interested in. The Publics in Public Relations are: </p> <ul><li><i><b>Traditional Publics</b></i>: Groups with which the individual has an ongoing and long-term relationship. These may include Employees, Media, Governments, Investors, and Customers<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Non-Traditional Publics</b></i>: Groups that are typically unfamiliar with the organization and the individual has not had a relationship with but may become traditional publics due to changes in the organization, in society or if a group changing event occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Latent Publics</b></i>: A group whose values have come into contact with the values of the organization but whose members have not yet realized it; the members of that public are not yet aware of the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Aware Publics</b></i>: A group of members who are aware of the existence of a commonality of values or interests with the organization but have not organized or attempted to respond to that commonality.</li> <li><i><b>Intervening Publics</b></i>: Any public that helps an individual send a message to another public, could be the media or someone with stature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Primary Publics:</b></i> If a public can directly affect an organization's pursuit of its values-driven goals. This publics would include media, employees, government, shareholder, financial institutions, and the immediate community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Secondary Publics</b></i>: Have high interest in the company such as the primary publics but will not be directly affected by decisions of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Internal Publics</b></i>: People within an organization<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>External Publics</b></i>: People outside of an organization<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Domestic Publics</b></i>: Those within the country<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>International Publics</b></i>: Those outsides of the country and when communicating with these publics individuals must be wary of that areas culture, beliefs, values, ethic, and other valuable cultural difference as to not offend anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Early literature authored by <a href="/wiki/James_E._Grunig" title="James E. Grunig">James Grunig</a> (1978) suggested that publics develop in stages determined by their levels of problem recognition, constraint recognition and involvement in addressing the issue. The theory posited that publics develop in the following stages: </p> <ul><li><i><b>Non-Publics</b>:</i> Share no issue with an organization.</li> <li><i><b>Latent Publics</b>:</i> Face an issue but do not recognize it.</li> <li><i><b>Apathetic Publics</b>:</i> Face an issue but do not care to address it.</li> <li><i><b>Aware Publics</b>:</i> Face an issue but are unorganized to mobilize against it.</li> <li><i><b>Active Publics</b>:</i> Face an issue and are organized to respond to it.<b><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messaging">Messaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Messaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Messaging is the process of creating a consistent story around: a product, person, company, or service. Messaging aims to prevent readers from receiving contradictory or confusing information that could instill doubt in their purchasing choices, or other decisions that affect the company. Brands aim to have the same problem statement, industry viewpoint, or brand perception shared across sources and media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media_marketing">Social media marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social media marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></div> <p>Digital marketing is the use of <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> tools and technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">search engines</a>, Web 2.0 social bookmarking, <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> relations, <a href="/wiki/Blogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogging">blogging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">social media marketing</a>. Interactive PR allows companies and organizations to disseminate information without relying solely on mainstream publications and to communicate directly with the public, customers and prospects. </p><p>PR practitioners have always relied on the media such as TV, radio, and magazines, to promote their ideas and messages tailored specifically to a target audience. Social media marketing is not only a new way to achieve that goal, but also a continuation of a strategy that existed for decades. Lister et al. said that "Digital media can be seen as a continuation and extension of a principal or technique that was already in place".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social media platforms enable users to connect with audiences to build brands, increase sales, and drive website traffic. This involves publishing content on social media profiles, engaging with followers, analyzing results, and running social media advertisements. The goal is to produce content that users will share with their social network to help a company increase brand exposure and broaden customer reach. Some of the major social media platforms currently include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, and Snapchat.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As digital technology has evolved, the methods for measuring the effectiveness of online public relations have improved. The Public Relations Society of America, which has been developing PR strategies since 1947, has identified five steps for measuring online public relations effectiveness. </p> <ol><li><i>Engagement</i>: Measure the number of people who engaged with an item (social shares, likes and comments).</li> <li><i>Impressions</i>: Measure the number of people who may have viewed an item.</li> <li><i>Items</i>: Measure any content (blog posts, articles, etc.) that originally appeared as digital media.</li> <li><i>Mentions</i>: Measure how many online items mention the brand, organization, or product.</li> <li><i>Reach</i>: Measure how far the PR campaign managed to penetrate overall and in terms of a particular audience.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_public_relations_arenas">Types of public relations arenas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types of public relations arenas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Publicists<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can work in a host of different types of business verticals such as entertainment, technology, music, travel, television, food, consumer electronics and more. Many publicists build their career in a specific business space to leverage relationships and contacts. There are different kinds of press strategies for such as B2B (business to business) or B2C (business to consumer). Business to business publicity highlights service providers who provide services and products to other businesses. Business to Consumer publicizes products and services for regular consumers, such as toys, travel, food, entertainment, personal electronics and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_techniques">Other techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Litigation_public_relations" title="Litigation public relations">Litigation public relations</a> is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its effect on the client's overall <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">reputation</a> (Haggerty, 2003). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_Management_in_Public_Relations"><b>Crisis Management in Public Relations</b></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crisis Management in Public Relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public relations plays a crucial role in crisis management by helping organizations prepare for, navigate, and recover from unexpected events that threaten their reputation, operations, or stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crisis can range from natural disasters and product recalls to scandals and cybersecurity breaches. Effective crisis communication is essential to mitigate negative impacts and maintain public trust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Public_Relations_in_Crisis_Management"><b>Role of Public Relations in Crisis Management</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Role of Public Relations in Crisis Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Preparation:</b> PR professionals develop crisis communication plans that outline strategies for potential scenarios. This includes identifying spokespersons, establishing communication protocols, and training staff.</li> <li><b>Response:</b> During a crisis, timely and transparent communication is vital. PR teams disseminate accurate information to the public, stakeholders, and the media, addressing concerns and correcting misinformation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Reputation Management:</b> Post-crisis, PR efforts focus on rebuilding the organization's image and learning from the event to improve future responses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_Crisis_Management"><b>Examples of Crisis Management</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples of Crisis Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Tylenol Murders (1982):</b> Johnson & Johnson's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tylenol_murders" title="Chicago Tylenol murders">Chicago Tylenol murders</a> is a seminal case in effective crisis PR. The company's prompt recall of products and transparent communication restored public confidence.</li> <li><b>BP Oil Spill (2010):</b> The <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a> highlighted the consequences of inadequate crisis communication, where BP faced criticism for its slow and ineffective PR response.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_Components"><b>Key Components</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Key Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Crisis Communication Plan:</b> A strategic blueprint outlining how to communicate during emergencies.</li> <li><b>Media Relations:</b> Managing interactions with the media to ensure accurate reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Stakeholder Engagement:</b> Keeping employees, investors, and other stakeholders informed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_Concepts"><b>Related Concepts</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis Communication</a>:</b> The specific subset of PR focused on protecting and defending an individual, company, or organization facing a public challenge to its reputation.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation Management</a>:</b> The practice of attempting to shape public perception of an organization by influencing online information.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk Management</a>:</b> The identification and mitigation of potential risks before they occur.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public relations professionals both serve the public's interest and private interests of businesses, associations, non-profit organizations, and governments. This dual obligation gave rise to heated debates among scholars of the discipline and practitioners over its fundamental values. This conflict represents the main ethical predicament of public relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Carolyn_Bronstein_2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carolyn_Bronstein_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_Society_of_America" title="Public Relations Society of America">Public Relations Society of America</a> (PRSA) responded to the controversy by acknowledging in its new code of ethics "advocacy" – for the first time – as a core value of the discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-Carolyn_Bronstein_2006_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carolyn_Bronstein_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of public relations is generally highly un-regulated, but many professionals voluntarily adhere to the code of conduct of one or more professional bodies to avoid exposure for ethical violations.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Public_Relations" title="Chartered Institute of Public Relations">Chartered Institute of Public Relations</a>, the Public Relations Society of America, and The Institute of Public Relations are a few organizations that publish an ethical code. Still, <a href="/wiki/Edelman_(firm)" title="Edelman (firm)">Edelman</a>'s 2003 semi-annual trust survey found that only 20 percent of survey respondents from the public believed paid communicators within a company were credible.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals in public relations are growing increasingly concerned with their company's marketing practices, questioning whether they agree with the company's social responsibility. They seek more influence over marketing and more of a counseling and policy-making role. On the other hand, individuals in marketing are increasingly interested in incorporating publicity as a tool within the realm marketing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Scott Cutlip, the social justification for public relations is the right for an organization to have a fair hearing of their point of view in the public forum, but to obtain such a hearing for their ideas requires a skilled advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marketing and communications strategist, Ira Gostin, believes there is a code of conduct when conducting business and using public relations. Public relations specialists have the ability to influence society. Fact-checking and presenting accurate information is necessary to maintain credibility with employers and clients.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Relation_Code_of_Ethics">Public Relation Code of Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public Relation Code of Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Public Relations Society of America has established a set of fundamental guidelines that people within the public relations professions should practice and use in their business atmosphere. These values are: </p> <ul><li><i><b>Advocacy</b></i>: Serving the public interest by acting as responsible advocates for the clientele. This can occur by displaying the marketplace of ideas, facts and viewpoints to aid informed public debate.</li> <li><i><b>Honesty</b></i>: Standing by the truth and accuracy of all facts in the case and advancing those statements to the public.</li> <li><i><b>Expertise</b></i>: To become and stay informed of the specialized knowledge needed in the field of Public Relations. Taking that knowledge and improving the field through development, research and education. Meanwhile, professionals also build their understanding, credibility, and relationships to understand various audiences and industries.</li> <li><i><b>Independence</b></i>: Provide unbiased work to those that are represented while being accountable for all actions.</li> <li><i><b>Loyalty</b></i>: Stay devoted to the client while remembering that there is a duty to still serve the public interest.</li> <li><i><b>Fairness</b></i>: Honorably conduct business with any and all clients, employers, competitors, peers, vendors, media and general public. Respecting all opinions and right of free expression.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Public_Relations_Code_of_Ethics">International Public Relations Code of Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International Public Relations Code of Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than the ethics put in place in the United States of America there are also International ethics set to ensure proper and, legal worldwide communication. Regarding these ethics, there are broad codes used specifically for international forms of public relations, and then there are more specific forms from different countries. For example, some countries have certain associations to create ethics and standards to communication across their country. </p><p>The International Association of Business Communication (founded in 1971),<sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or also known as IABC, has its own set of ethics in order to enforce a set of guidelines that ensure communication internationality is legal, ethical, and is in good taste. Some principles that members of the board of IABC follow include. </p> <ul><li>Having proper and legal communication</li> <li>Being understanding and open to other people's cultures, values, and beliefs</li> <li>Create communication that is accurate, trusting, to ensure mutual respect and understanding</li></ul> <p>The IABC members use the following list of ethics in order to work to improve values of communication throughout the world:<sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Being credible and honest</li> <li>Keeping up with information to ensure accuracy of communication</li> <li>Understanding free speech and respecting this right</li> <li>Having sensitivity towards other people's thoughts, beliefs, and way of life</li> <li>Not taking part in unethical behaviors</li> <li>Obeying policies and laws</li> <li>Giving proper credit to resources used for communication</li> <li>Ensuring private information is protected (not used for personal gain) and if publicized, guarantee proper legal measures will be put in place.</li> <li>Publishers of said communication do not accept gifts, benefits, payments etc.; for work, or their services</li> <li>Creating results and spreading results that are attainable and they can deliver.</li> <li>Being fully truthful to other people, and themselves.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg/220px-Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg/330px-Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg/440px-Three_sheets_of_newspaper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Media is a major resource in the public relations career especially in news networks. That is why as a public relations specialist, having proper information is very important, and crucial to the society as a whole.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin">Spin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (public relations)">Spin (public relations)</a></div> <p>Spin has been interpreted historically to mean overt deceit that is meant to manipulate the public, but since the 1950s has shifted to describing a "polishing of the truth."<sup id="cite_ref-Safire96_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safire96-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, spin refers to providing a certain interpretation of information meant to sway public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies may use spin to create the appearance of the company or other events are going in a slightly different direction than they actually are.<sup id="cite_ref-Safire96_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safire96-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the field of public relations, spin is seen as a derogatory term, interpreted by professionals as meaning blatant deceit and manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skilled practitioners of spin are sometimes called "spin doctors." </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ewen" title="Stuart Ewen">Stuart Ewen</a>'s <i>PR! A Social History of Spin</i>, he argues that public relations can be a real menace to democracy as it renders the public discourse powerless. Corporations are able to hire public relations professionals and transmit their messages through the media channels and exercise a huge amount of influence upon the individual who is defenseless against such a powerful force. He claims that public relations is a weapon for capitalist deception and the best way to resist is to become media literate and use critical thinking when interpreting the various mediated messages.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hoggan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Hoggan">Jim Hoggan</a>, "public relations is not by definition 'spin'. Public relations is the art of building good relationships. You do that most effectively by earning trust and goodwill among those who are important to you and your business... Spin is to public relations what manipulation is to interpersonal communications. It's a diversion whose primary effect is ultimately to undermine the central goal of building trust and nurturing a good relationship."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The techniques of spin include selectively presenting facts and quotes that support ideal positions (<a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking_(fallacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry picking (fallacy)">cherry picking</a>), the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Non-denial_denial" title="Non-denial denial">non-denial denial</a>", phrasing that in a way presumes unproven truths, <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemisms</a> for drawing attention away from items considered distasteful, and ambiguity in public statements. Another spin technique involves careful choice of timing in the release of certain news so it can take advantage of prominent events in the news. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative">Negative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Negative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative campaigning</a></div> <p>Negative public relations, also called dark public relations (DPR), 'black hat PR' and in some earlier writing "Black PR", is a process of destroying the target's reputation and/or <a href="/wiki/Corporate_identity" title="Corporate identity">corporate identity</a>. The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else, who may pose a threat to the client's business or be a political rival. DPR may rely on <a href="/wiki/IT_security" class="mw-redirect" title="IT security">IT security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">industrial espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">social engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competitive_intelligence" title="Competitive intelligence">competitive intelligence</a>. Common techniques include using dirty secrets from the target, producing misleading facts to fool a competitor.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In politics, a decision to use negative PR is also known as <a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">negative campaigning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T.A.R.E.S.">T.A.R.E.S.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: T.A.R.E.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The T.A.R.E.S. is a five-point test that evaluates ethical persuasion and provides boundaries in persuasive practices. </p> <ul><li><i><b>Truthfulness</b></i> (of the message) examples <ul><li>Is this communicating something factually true and accurate?</li> <li>Does this downplay or diminish evidence?</li> <li>Am I creating a false narrative or image?</li> <li>Does this influence people to believe something that I do not believe myself?</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>Authenticity</b></i> (of the persuader) examples <ul><li>Will people question my honesty or integrity from this?</li> <li>Do I truly believe that what is being presented will benefit those who are reading?</li> <li>Do I support or advocate in the statement, person, or product?</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>Respect</b></i> (for the persuadee) examples <ul><li>Am I presenting statements in self-interest, or do I genuinely care about the issue, person, or product?</li> <li>Is this presented to persuadees who are rational, self-thinking beings?</li> <li>What ethical responsibility do I hold by presenting this information?</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>Equity</b></i> (of the persuasive appeal) examples <ul><li>Is this appeal fair and nondiscriminatory?</li> <li>Have I target persuadees who are not capable of understanding the claims and the context?</li> <li>Are the statements I present sensitive to various interests, needs, or concerns of the persuadees?</li></ul></li> <li><i><b>Social Responsibility</b></i> (for the common good) examples <ul><li>Have I unfairly stereotyped groups of society in my statements or actions?</li> <li>Will my statements or actions cause harms to various groups of society?</li> <li>Will there be any negative consequences against a group in society based on my statements or actions?</li> <li>Have I fairly presented issues that concern groups who may have been underrepresented in society?</li> <li>Are the statements or actions that are being communicated responsible to various societal groups, public interest, and the public?<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_civil_society">Politics and civil society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Politics and civil society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" title="Propaganda (book)">Propaganda</a></i> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Bernays</a> argued that the manipulation of public opinion was a necessary part of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In public relations, <a href="/wiki/Lobby_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobby groups">lobby groups</a> are created to influence government policy, corporate policy or <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>, typically in a way that benefits the sponsoring organization. </p><p>In fact, Bernays stresses that we are in fact dominated in almost every aspect of our lives, by a relatively small number of persons who have mastered the 'mental processes and social patterns of the masses,' which include our behavior, political and economic spheres or our morals.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theory, each individual chooses his own opinion on behavior and public issues. However, in practice, it is impossible for one to study all variables and approaches of a particular question and come to a conclusion without any external influence. This is the reason why the society has agreed upon an 'invisible government' to interpret on our behalf information and narrow the choice field to a more practical scale.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a lobby group hides its true purpose and support base, it is known as a <a href="/wiki/Front_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Front group">front group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Front groups are a form of <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfing</a>, because they intend to sway the public or the government without disclosing their financial connection to corporate or political interests. They create a fake grass-roots movement by giving the appearance of a trusted organization that serves the public, when they actually serve their sponsors. </p><p>Politicians also employ public relations professionals to help project their views, policies and even personalities to their best advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_laundering">Reputation laundering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reputation laundering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reputation_laundering" title="Reputation laundering">Reputation laundering</a></div> <p>Some PR firms perform <a href="/wiki/Reputation_laundering" title="Reputation laundering">reputation laundering</a> services. In these situations, a client will hire a PR firm to conceal unethical, corrupt, or criminal behavior. The PR firm will supply services that improve the client's reputation and obscure the client's history, such as: arranging publication of positive press, coordinating donations to charities, arranging sponsorships and advertising (such as of sports teams), arranging attendance at major social events, and recommending prominent associations that the client can join.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GUARD2010_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUARD2010-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NED_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NED-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mechanisms employed by PR firms on behalf of the purportedly corrupt or criminal customers include fake social media accounts, blogs by fake personalities, or partisan op-eds.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable PR firms that have engaged in reputation laundering include British PR firm <a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a>, which employed reputation laundering in support of clients such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and the Pinochet Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-UKPR_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKPR-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PR firms <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publicis" title="Publicis">Publicis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qorvis" title="Qorvis">Qorvis</a> were hired by Saudi Arabia to perform reputation laundering after <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NED_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NED-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> government published reports stating that Russian oligarchs had been "extending patronage and building influence across a wide sphere of the British establishment" and had employed public relations firms that were "willing beneficiaries, contributing to a ‘reputation laundering' process".<sup id="cite_ref-FINTIM_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FINTIM-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKREP_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKREP-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_press_release_agencies" title="List of press release agencies">List of press release agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_relations_journals" title="List of public relations journals">List of public relations journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_intelligence" title="Media intelligence">Media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">Promotion (marketing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations_in_India" title="Public relations in India">Public relations in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">Publicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis Management">Crisis Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damage_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Damage Control">Damage Control</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneur&rft.atitle=%2310+Important+Trends+in+PR+that+You+Can%27t+Afford+to+Ignore&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Honey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneur.com%2Farticle%2F306758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929184702/https://www.wetfeet.com/articles/career-overview-public-relations">"Career Overview: Public Relations – Wetfeet.com"</a>. 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FT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132703970" title="Special:BookSources/9780132703970"><bdi>9780132703970</bdi></a>. <q>a management function, which tabulates public attitudes, defines the policies, procedures and interests of an organization... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PR+2.0%3A+New+Media%2C+New+Tools%2C+New+Audiences&rft.pub=FT+Press&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft.isbn=9780132703970&rft.aulast=Breakenridge&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780321510075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twoway-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twoway_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twoway_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1948" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Eric (1948). <i>Two-Way Street</i>. Bellman Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two-Way+Street&rft.pub=Bellman+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Bernays, "The New Propagandists", in Propaganda, (New York: H. Liveright, 1928), 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen Zhao. Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd. Ed. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713012953/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5209/is_1999/ai_n19125848/">findarticles.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prsa.org/prssa/about-prssa/learn-about-pr">"What Is Public Relations | Learn About PR | PRSSA"</a>. <i>prsa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prsa.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Public+Relations+%7C+Learn+About+PR+%7C+PRSSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prsa.org%2Fprssa%2Fabout-prssa%2Flearn-about-pr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrivitt" class="citation web cs1">Trivitt, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145356/http://www.prsa.org/AboutPRSA/PublicRelationsDefined/Old%20Definition">"PRSA's Old Definition of Public Relations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prsa.org/AboutPRSA/PublicRelationsDefined/Old%20Definition">the original</a> on 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRSA%27s+Old+Definition+of+Public+Relations&rft.aulast=Trivitt&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prsa.org%2FAboutPRSA%2FPublicRelationsDefined%2FOld%2520Definition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Elliot2012" class="citation news cs1">Stuart Elliot (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/business/media/public-relations-a-topic-that-is-tricky-to-define.html">"Public Relations Defined, After an Energetic Public Discussion"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417154657/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/business/media/public-relations-a-topic-that-is-tricky-to-define.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Public+Relations+Defined%2C+After+an+Energetic+Public+Discussion&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.au=Stuart+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F02%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fpublic-relations-a-topic-that-is-tricky-to-define.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cipr.co.uk/CIPR/About_Us/About_PR.aspx">"About PR"</a>. <i>Chartered Institute of Public Relations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chartered+Institute+of+Public+Relations&rft.atitle=About+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipr.co.uk%2FCIPR%2FAbout_Us%2FAbout_PR.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunig, James E. and Hunt, Todd. Managing Public Relations. (Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 6e. Public relations is what you do with what you know and what others think about what you say.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langley-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langley_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langley_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/books/key-concepts-in-public-relations/n124.xml">Public Relations</a>" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinHoganLangleyMosdell2023" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Bob; Hogan, Mike; Langley, Quentin; Mosdell, Nick; Pill, Elliott (18 January 2023). <i>Key Concepts in Public Relations</i>. Sage Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446269084" title="Special:BookSources/9781446269084"><bdi>9781446269084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Public+Relations&rft.pub=Sage+Publishing&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft.isbn=9781446269084&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Hogan%2C+Mike&rft.au=Langley%2C+Quentin&rft.au=Mosdell%2C+Nick&rft.au=Pill%2C+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, R, (1991), <i>All About Public Relations: how to build business success on good communications</i>. London: McGraw Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adonimedia.com.au/the-history-of-public-relations/">"The history of Public Relations | Adoni Media"</a>. 31 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Public+Relations+%7C+Adoni+Media&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adonimedia.com.au%2Fthe-history-of-public-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlim2020" class="citation book cs1">Alim, Shifta (29 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoreindia.org/blog/evolution-of-public-relations/"><i>Evolution of public relations</i></a>. School of Communication and Reputation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+public+relations&rft.pub=School+of+Communication+and+Reputation&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.aulast=Alim&rft.aufirst=Shifta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoreindia.org%2Fblog%2Fevolution-of-public-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlubanwo" class="citation journal cs1">Olubanwo, Dare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16997061">"The History of Public Relations in U.K"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Public+Relations+in+U.K&rft.aulast=Olubanwo&rft.aufirst=Dare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16997061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDare" class="citation journal cs1">Dare, Olubanwo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16997061">"The History of Public Relations in U.K"</a> (Academia.edu): 1 – via Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Public+Relations+in+U.K&rft.issue=Academia.edu&rft.pages=1&rft.aulast=Dare&rft.aufirst=Olubanwo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16997061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prstudies.com/2013/07/15/basil-clarke-past-and-present-of-pr/">"Basil Clarke: past and present of PR"</a>. <i>PR Studies</i>. 15 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120130002/https://prstudies.com/2013/07/15/basil-clarke-past-and-present-of-pr/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PR+Studies&rft.atitle=Basil+Clarke%3A+past+and+present+of+PR&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprstudies.com%2F2013%2F07%2F15%2Fbasil-clarke-past-and-present-of-pr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManningManningRomerstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Martin J.; Manning, Martin; Romerstein, Herbert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-JjwDPcOLQC"><i>Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29605-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29605-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205011432/https://books.google.com/books?id=1-JjwDPcOLQC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>World War I, the first total war involving not just the military but populations as a whole, should be considered propaganda's launching pad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+American+Propaganda&rft.pages=xxviii&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29605-5&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Manning%2C+Martin&rft.au=Romerstein%2C+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-JjwDPcOLQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Lachman" title="Gary Lachman">Lachman, Gary</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4faAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Dedalus Book of Literary Suicides: Dead Letters</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>[Authorities] granted Mayakovsky extraordinary liberties, and no doubt the Bolsheviks saw the advantages of sending their premiere poet on a public relations jaunt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dedalus+Book+of+Literary+Suicides%3A+Dead+Letters&rft.place=Sawtry%2C+Cambridgeshire&rft.series=Dedalus+Concept+Books&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Dedalus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903517-66-6&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh4faAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKippingTiratsoo2018" class="citation cs2">Kipping, Matthias; Tiratsoo, Nick (2 May 2018), Kipping, Mathias (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/irhis/1935">"The 'americanisation' of European companies, consumers and cultures: contents, processes and outcomes"</a>, <i>Americanisation in 20th Century Europe: business, culture, politics. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Cluetrain Manifesto predicted exactly what would happen. 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Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781544331959" title="Special:BookSources/9781544331959"><bdi>9781544331959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ongoing+Crisis+Communication%3A+Planning%2C+Managing%2C+and+Responding&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781544331959&rft.aulast=Coombs&rft.aufirst=W.+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFearn-Banks2016" class="citation book cs1">Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (2016). <i>Crisis Communications: A Casebook Approach</i> (5th ed.). 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Stephen Ansolabehere, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, Nicholas Valentino, 1994, <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a>, 88:829–838; Winning, But Losing, Ansolabehere and Iyenger, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerMartinson2001" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Sherry; Martinson, David L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=The+TARES+Test%3A+Five+Principles+for+Ethical+Persuasion&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft.au=Martinson%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233168773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EdwardLBernays-Propaganda">"Edward Bernays <i>Propaganda</i> (1928) p. 10"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Bernays+Propaganda+%281928%29+p.+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEdwardLBernays-Propaganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Bernays, "Organizing Chaos," in Propaganda, (New York: H. 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Institute of Political Science, University of Copenhagen (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakes2010" class="citation cs2">Oakes, Laurie (2010), <i>On the Record: Politics, Politicians and Power</i>, Hachette Australia, p. 191, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7336-2700-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7336-2700-2"><bdi>978-0-7336-2700-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Record%3A+Politics%2C+Politicians+and+Power&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Hachette+Australia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7336-2700-2&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Farmer, Yanick (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archipel.uqam.ca/12464/1/Ethical%20Decision%20Making%20and%20Reputation%20Management%20in%20Public%20Relations.pdf">"Ethical Decision Making and Reputation Management in Public Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Media Ethics</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 2–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23736992.2017.1401931">10.1080/23736992.2017.1401931</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-6992">2373-6992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158618395">158618395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620144748/https://archipel.uqam.ca/12464/1/Ethical%20Decision%20Making%20and%20Reputation%20Management%20in%20Public%20Relations.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Media+Ethics&rft.atitle=Ethical+Decision+Making+and+Reputation+Management+in+Public+Relations&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-13&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158618395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2373-6992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23736992.2017.1401931&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Yanick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchipel.uqam.ca%2F12464%2F1%2FEthical%2520Decision%2520Making%2520and%2520Reputation%2520Management%2520in%2520Public%2520Relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The United Nations and Transnational Organized Crime</i>, p. 166, Phil Williams, Ernesto Ugo Savona, Psychology Press, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUARD2010-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUARD2010_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/aug/03/london-public-relations-reputation-laundering">"PR firms make London world capital of reputation laundering"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=PR+firms+make+London+world+capital+of+reputation+laundering&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2010%2Faug%2F03%2Flondon-public-relations-reputation-laundering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NED-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NED_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NED_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Waking up to Reputation Laundering as a Mechanism for Transnational Kleptocracy" Melissa Aten, John Glenn (editors) March 2022, National Endowment for Democracy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Global-Insights-Waking-up-to-Reputation-Laundering-as-a-Mechanism-for-Transnational-Kleptocracy.pdf">https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Global-Insights-Waking-up-to-Reputation-Laundering-as-a-Mechanism-for-Transnational-Kleptocracy.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond</i> Allan Thompson, p 509, 2019, McGill-Queen's Press. "So-called 'black' public relations (PR) firms have also played an important role as hired proxies for state-sponsored trolling attacks, notably Bahrain. These firms offer 'reputation laundering' services, which take many forms, including..." </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKPR-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKPR_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/05/reputation-laundering-is-lucrative-business-for-london-pr-firms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Reputation laundering' is lucrative business for London PR firms"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Reputation+laundering%27+is+lucrative+business+for+London+PR+firms&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2017%2Fsep%2F05%2Freputation-laundering-is-lucrative-business-for-london-pr-firms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FINTIM-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FINTIM_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2022" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Daniel (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/f79e55e7-dd07-4fab-b7b8-fa2991a4c4d0">"British accountants and PR firms told to cut Russia ties"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=British+accountants+and+PR+firms+told+to+cut+Russia+ties&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ff79e55e7-dd07-4fab-b7b8-fa2991a4c4d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Economic crime in the UK: a multi-billion pound problem" Oliver Bennett MBE, Ali Shalchi 6 April 2022,<i> House of Commons Library</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9013/CBP-9013.pdf">https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9013/CBP-9013.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKREP-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKREP_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-response-to-intelligence-and-security-committee-russia-report">"Government response to Intelligence and Security Committee Russia Report"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. 21 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Government+response+to+Intelligence+and+Security+Committee+Russia+Report&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fgovernment-response-to-intelligence-and-security-committee-russia-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_relations" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Public relations">Public relations</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_relations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public relations">Public relations</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602072558/http://www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/MiniMe_HistoryOfPR.pdf"><i>A History of Public Relations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Institute for Public Relations, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/MiniMe_HistoryOfPR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 June 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Public+Relations&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Public+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforpr.org%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FMiniMe_HistoryOfPR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreakenridge2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Breakenridge" title="Deirdre Breakenridge">Breakenridge, Deirdre</a> (2012), <i>Social media and public relations: Eight new practices for the pr professional</i>, New jersey: FT Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+media+and+public+relations%3A+Eight+new+practices+for+the+pr+professional&rft.place=New+jersey&rft.pub=FT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Breakenridge&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutlip1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cutlip" title="Scott Cutlip">Cutlip, Scott</a> (1994), <i>The Unseen Power: Public Relations: A History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Erlbaum Associates">Lawrence Erlbaum Associates</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-1464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-1464-7"><bdi>0-8058-1464-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unseen+Power%3A+Public+Relations%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8058-1464-7&rft.aulast=Cutlip&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutlip1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cutlip" title="Scott Cutlip">Cutlip, Scott</a> (1995), <i>Public Relations History: from the 17th to the 20th Century</i>, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-1780-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-1780-8"><bdi>0-8058-1780-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Relations+History%3A+from+the+17th+to+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Lawrence+Earlbaum+Associates&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8058-1780-8&rft.aulast=Cutlip&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitmueller2012" class="citation cs2">Heitmueller, Lars M. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131008005103/http://i.lmh.info/ccm"><i>Corporate Communication Map: Outline of an interactive Overview of the fundamental Models and Theories of Public Relations</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.lmh.info/ccm">the original</a> on 8 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Communication+Map%3A+Outline+of+an+interactive+Overview+of+the+fundamental+Models+and+Theories+of+Public+Relations&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Heitmueller&rft.aufirst=Lars+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi.lmh.info%2Fccm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelleher, T. (2018). <i>Public Relations</i> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Stoykov, Lubomir (2016). <i>Public Relations Management</i> (2nd ed.). Sofia: Alma communication.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Biocommunication (science)">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. Tankard Jr.">Tankard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Tannen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Wertheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communication_studies" title="Category:Communication studies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Propaganda_techniques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Propaganda" title="Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Propaganda" title="Template talk:Propaganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Propaganda_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Propaganda techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_propaganda" title="Atrocity propaganda">Atrocity propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Beautiful people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">Buzzword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">Cartographic propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonizing_the_enemy" title="Demonizing the enemy">Demonizing the enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag-waving" title="Flag-waving">Flag-waving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_gallop" title="Gish gallop">Gish gallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glittering_generality" title="Glittering generality">Glittering generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideograph_(rhetoric)" title="Ideograph (rhetoric)">Ideograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_propaganda" title="Monumental propaganda">Monumental propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">Obscurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_paralysis" title="Analysis paralysis">Overcomplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversimplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversimplification">Oversimplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_folks" title="Plain folks">Plain folks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_and_crying" title="Shooting and crying">Shooting and crying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_propaganda" title="White propaganda">White propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_and_human_factors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template talk:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_and_human_factors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betteridge%27s_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_objectionable_program" title="Least objectionable program">Least objectionable program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">Hot take</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neophile" title="Neophile">Neophile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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