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<b>Anishinaabemowin</b>) varies from <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialect</a> to dialect, but all varieties share common features. Ojibwe is an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> language family spoken in Canada and the United States in the areas surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and westward onto the northern plains in both countries, as well as in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. The article on <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_dialects" title="Ojibwe dialects">Ojibwe dialects</a> discusses linguistic variation in more detail, and contains links to separate articles on each dialect. There is no standard language and no dialect that is accepted as representing a standard. Ojibwe words in this article are written in the practical orthography commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Double_vowel_system" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Double vowel system</a>. </p><p>Ojibwe dialects have the same phonological inventory of <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> with minor variations, but some dialects differ considerably along a number of phonological parameters. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ojibwa_language" title="Eastern Ojibwa language">Eastern Ojibwe</a> dialects have changed relative to other dialects by adding a process of vowel <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a> that deletes short vowels in specified positions within a word. </p><p>This article primarily uses examples from the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_language" title="Chippewa language">Southwestern Ojibwe</a> dialect spoken in Minnesota and Wisconsin, sometimes also known as <i>Ojibwemowin</i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonemes">Phonemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ojibwe dialects tend to have 29 <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>: 11 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (seven <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a>) and 18 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All dialects of Ojibwe have seven <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">oral vowels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a> is phonologically <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_distribution" title="Contrastive distribution">contrastive</a>, hence <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>. Although the long and short vowels are phonetically distinguished by vowel quality, recognition of vowel length in phonological representations is required, as the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowels</a> is essential for the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Metrical_phonology" title="Metrical phonology">metrical</a> rule of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language#Vowel_syncope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">vowel syncope</a> that characterizes the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as well as for the rules that determine <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">word stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three short vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span>; and three corresponding long vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>aː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span>, in addition to a fourth long vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>, which lacks a corresponding short vowel. The short vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> typically has phonetic values centering on <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> typically has values centering on <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]~[ʌ]</span>; and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> typically has values centering on <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]~[ʊ]</span>. Long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> for many speakers, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> is for many <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>vowel</th> <th>stressed</th> <th>unstressed </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʌ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə~ʌ<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aa/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>aː</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː~ɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>æː</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ii/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪː</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o~ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o<span class="wrap"> </span>ɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oo/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː~uː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊː</span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>but more generally as </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Oral Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ojibwe has a series of three short oral vowels and four long ones. The two series are characterized by both <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a> and quality differences. The short vowels are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>ə/</span> (roughly the vowels in American English <i>bit</i>, <i>bot</i>, and <i>but</i>, respectively) and the long vowels are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː<span class="wrap"> </span>aː<span class="wrap"> </span>eː/</span> (roughly as in American English <i>beet</i>, <i>boat</i>, <i>ball</i>, and <i>bay</i> respectively). In the Minnesota variety of Southwestern Ojibwe language, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oo/</span> varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>]</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> also may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nasal Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">õː</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ojibwe has <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>; some arise predictably by rule in all analyses, and other long nasal vowels are of uncertain phonological status.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter have been analysed both as underlying <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also as predictable, that is derived by the operation of phonological rules from sequences of a long vowel followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and another segment, typically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long nasal vowels are <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">iinh</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ĩː]</span>), <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">enh</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ẽː]</span>), <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">aanh</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ãː]</span>), and <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">oonh</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[õː]</span>). They most commonly occur in the final syllable of nouns with <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffixes or words with a diminutive connotation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ottawa dialect long nasal <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">aanh</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ãː]</span>) occurs as well as in the suffix <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">(y)aanh</i></span> ([-<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(j)ãː]</span>) marking the first person (conjunct) animate intransitive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical examples from Southwestern Ojibwe include: <i>-iijikiwenh-</i> ('brother'), <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">-noshenh-</i></span> ('cross-aunt'), <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">-oozhishenh-</i></span> ('grandchild') <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">bineshiinh</i></span> ('bird'), <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">asabikeshiinh</i></span> ('spider'), and <span title="Ojibwe-language romanization"><i lang="oj-Latn">awesiinh</i></span> ('wild animal'). </p><p>Orthographically the long vowel is followed by word-final <span class="nowrap">⟨nh⟩</span> to indicate that the vowel is nasal; while <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> is a common indicator of nasality in many languages such as French, the use of <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is an orthographic convention and does not correspond to an independent sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine_2001_40_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine_2001_40-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One analysis of the Ottawa dialect treats the long nasal vowels as <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another treats them as derived from sequences of long vowel followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and underlying <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>; the latter sound is converted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> or deleted.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other discussions of the issue in Ottawa are silent on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Valentine_2001_40_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentine_2001_40-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of the Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialect spoken in Minnesota describes the status of the analogous vowels as unclear, noting that while the distribution of the long nasal vowels is restricted, there is a <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pair</a> distinguished only by the nasality of the vowel: <i>giiwe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡiːweː]</span> ('he goes home') and <i>giiwenh</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡiːwẽː]</span> ('so the story goes').<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nasalized allophones of the short vowels also exist. The nasal allophones of oral vowels are derived from a short vowel followed by a nasal+fricative cluster (for example, <i>imbanz</i>, 'I'm singed') is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪmbə̃z]</span>). For many speakers, the nasal allophones appear not only before nasal+fricative clusters, but also before all fricatives, particularly if the vowel is preceded by another nasal. E.g., for some speakers, <i>waabooz</i>, ('rabbit') is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[waːbõːz]</span>, and for many, <i>mooz</i>, ('moose') is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mõːz]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nlphon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlphon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasals</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosives</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> </th> <th><small>fortis</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨’⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>lenis</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>fortis</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">sʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>lenis</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximants</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced/voiceless</a>" <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> pairs of Ojibwe vary in their realization depending on the dialect. In many dialects, they are described as having a "<a href="/wiki/Lenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenis">lenis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a>" contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this analysis, all obstruents are considered voiceless. The <b>fortis</b> consonants are characterised by being pronounced more strongly and are longer in duration. They often are <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Preaspiration" title="Preaspiration">preaspirated</a>. The <b>lenis</b> consonants are often voiced, especially between vowels, although they often tend to be voiceless at the end of words. They are pronounced less strongly and are shorter in duration, compared to the fortis ones.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some communities, the lenis/fortis distinction has been replaced with a pure voiced/voiceless one. </p><p>In some dialects of Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe), the sounds of <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span> have merged with <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> respectively. This means that, for example, Southwestern Ojibwe <i>wazhashk</i>, ('muskrat') is pronounced the same as <i>wazask</i> in some dialects of Saulteaux. This merging creates additional consonant clusters of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sp/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/st/</span> in addition to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sk/</span> common in all Anishinaabe dialects. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> before velars becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> occurs infrequently in most dialects, only appearing in a handful of expressive words and <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a>, but in a few dialects it has taken the place of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ojibwe in general permits relatively few consonant clusters, and most are only found word-medially. The permissible ones are -<i>sk</i>-, -<i>shp</i>-, -<i>sht</i>-, -<i>shk</i>- (which can also appear word-finally), -<i>mb</i>-, -<i>nd</i>- (which can also appear word-finally), -<i>ng</i>- (also word-finally), -<i>nj</i>- (also word-finally), -<i>nz</i>-, -<i>nzh</i>- (also word-finally) and -<i>ns</i>- (also word-finally). Furthermore, any consonant (except <i>w</i>, <i>h</i>, or <i>y</i>) and some clusters can be followed by <i>w</i> (although not word-finally).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many dialects, however, permit far more clusters as a result of vowel <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phonological_processes">syncope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosody">Prosody</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ojibwe divides words into metrical "feet." Counting from the beginning of the word, each group of two syllables constitutes a foot; the first syllable in a foot is weak, the second strong. However, long vowels and vowels in the last syllable of a word are always strong, so if they occur in the weak slot of a foot, then they form a separate one-syllable foot, and counting resumes starting with the following vowel. The final syllable of a word is always strong as well.<sup id="cite_ref-nlphon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlphon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the word <i>bebezhigooganzhii</i> ('horse') is divided into feet as (be)(be)(zhi-goo)(gan-zhii). The strong syllables all receive at least secondary stress. The rules that determine which syllable receives the primary stress are quite complex and many words are irregular. In general, though, the strong syllable in the third foot from the end of a word receives the primary stress.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonological_processes">Phonological processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A defining characteristic of several of the more eastern dialects is that they exhibit a great deal of vowel <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>, the deletion of vowels in certain positions within a word. In some dialects (primarily Odawa and Eastern Ojibwe), all unstressed vowels are lost (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prosody">above</a> for a discussion of Ojibwe stress). In other dialects (such as some dialects of Central Ojibwe), short vowels in initial syllables are lost, but not in other unstressed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the word <i>oshkinawe</i> ('young man') of Algonquin and Southwestern Ojibwe (stress: <i>oshk<b>i</b>naw<b>e</b></i>) is <i>shkinawe</i> in some dialects of Central Ojibwe and <i>shkinwe</i> in Eastern Ojibwe and Odawa. Regular, pervasive syncope is a comparatively recent development, arising in the past eighty years or so<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common <a href="/wiki/Morphophonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophonemic">morphophonemic variation</a> occurs in some verbs whose roots end in -<i>n</i>. When the root is followed by certain suffixes beginning with <i>i</i> or when it is word-final, the root-final -<i>n</i> changes to -<i>zh</i> (e.g., -<i>miin</i>-, 'to give something to someone' but <i>gimiizhim</i>, 'you guys give it to me'). In Ojibwe linguistics, this is indicated when writing the root with the symbol <span class="nowrap">⟨N⟩</span> (so the root 'to give something to someone' would be written <span class="nowrap">⟨miiN⟩</span>). There are also some morphophonemic alternations where root-final -<i>s</i> changes to -<i>sh</i> (indicated with <span class="nowrap">⟨S⟩</span>) and where root-final -<i>n</i> changes to -<i>nzh</i> (indicated with <span class="nowrap">⟨nN⟩</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some dialects, obstruents become voiceless/fortis after the tense preverbs <i>gii-</i> (marking the past) and <i>wii-</i> (marking the future/desiderative). In such dialects, for example, <i>gii-baapi</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡiː<span class="wrap"> </span>baːpːɪ]</span>) ('s/he laughed') becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡiː<span class="wrap"> </span>pːaːpːɪ]</span> (often spelled <i>gii-paapi</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_phonology">Historical phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the evolution from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> to Ojibwe, the most sweeping change was the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voicing</a> of all Proto-Algonquian <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> except when they were in clusters with *h, *ʔ, *θ, or *s (which were subsequently lost). Proto-Algonquian *r and *θ became Ojibwe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>. </p><p>The relatively symmetrical Proto-Algonquian vowel system, *i, *i·, *e, *e·, *a, *a·, *o, *o· remained fairly intact in Ojibwe, although *e and *i merged as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, and the short vowels, as described above, underwent a quality change as well. </p><p>Some examples of the changes at work are presented in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Algonquian </th> <th>Ojibwe reflex<br />(Saulteaux) </th> <th>Ojibwe reflex<br />(Fiero) </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>*penkwi </td> <td><i>pinkwi</i> </td> <td><i>bingwi</i> </td> <td>'ashes' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mekiθe·wa </td> <td><i>mikiš</i> </td> <td><i>migizh</i> </td> <td>'to bark at' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ši·ʔši·pa </td> <td><i>šîhšîp</i> </td> <td><i>zhiishiib</i> </td> <td>'duck' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*askyi </td> <td><i>ahki</i> </td> <td><i>aki</i> </td> <td>'earth' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-te·h- </td> <td><i>-têh-</i> </td> <td><i>-de'-</i> </td> <td>'heart' (root) </td></tr> <tr> <td>*erenyiwa </td> <td><i>inini</i> </td> <td><i>inini</i> </td> <td>'man' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*wespwa·kana </td> <td><i>ohpwâkan</i> </td> <td><i>opwaagan</i> </td> <td>'pipe' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For illustrative purposes, chart of phonological variation between different <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree dialects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> *r have been reproduced here but for the Anishinaabe languages, with the inclusion of Swampy Cree and Atikamekw for illustrative purposes only, with corresponding Cree orthography in parentheses: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Dialect </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Reflex<br />of *<i>r</i> </th> <th>Word for "Native person(s)"<br />← *<i>erenyiwa(ki)</i> </th> <th>Word for "You"<br />← *<i>kīrawa</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a></td> <td>ON, MB, SK</td> <td style="text-align: center;">n</td> <td>ininiw/ininiwak ᐃᓂᓂᐤ/ᐃᓂᓂᐗᒃ</td> <td>kīna ᑮᓇ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></td> <td>QC</td> <td style="text-align: center;">r</td> <td>iriniw/iriniwak</td> <td>kīr </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></td> <td>QC, ON</td> <td style="text-align: center;">n</td> <td>irini/irinìk <br />inini/ininìk ᐃᓂᓂ/ᐃᓂᓃᒃ<br />(inini/ininīk)</td> <td>kìn ᑮᓐ<br />(kīn) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a></td> <td>ON, MB</td> <td style="text-align: center;">n</td> <td>inini/ininiwak ᐃᓂᓂ/ᐃᓂᓂᐗᒃ</td> <td>kīn ᑮᓐ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ojibwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa language">Ojibwe</a></td> <td>ON, MB, SK, AB, BC, MI, WI, MN, ND, SD, MT</td> <td style="text-align: center;">n</td> <td>inini/ininiwag ᐃᓂᓂ/ᐃᓂᓂᐗᒃ<br />(inini/ininiwak)</td> <td>giin ᑮᓐ<br />(kīn) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa language">Ottawa</a></td> <td>ON, MI, OK</td> <td style="text-align: center;">n</td> <td>nini/ninwag<br />(nini/ninwak)</td> <td>gii<br />(kī) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></td> <td>ON, WI, MI, IN, KS, OK</td> <td style="text-align: center;">n</td> <td>neni/nenwek<br />(nəni/nənwək)</td> <td>gin<br />(kīn) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabe language">Anishinaabe language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyne_Piggott" title="Glyne Piggott">Glyne Piggott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett phonology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:?)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFRhodes1985">Rhodes (1985)</a> for the Ottawa dialect and <a href="#CITEREFNicholsNyholm1995">Nichols & Nyholm (1995)</a> for the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1980">Nichols (1980</a>:6–7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="#CITEREFBloomfield1958">Bloomfield (1958)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="#CITEREFPiggott1980">Piggott (1980)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:185–188)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valentine_2001_40-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valentine_2001_40_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valentine_2001_40_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:40)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomfield1958">Bloomfield (1958</a>:7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiggott1980">Piggott (1980</a>:110–111). Piggott's transcription of words containing long nasal vowels differs from those of Rhodes, Bloomfield, and Valentine by allowing for an optional <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> after the long nasal vowel in phonetic forms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1985">Rhodes (1985</a>:xxiv)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1980">Nichols (1980</a>:6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholsNyholm1995">Nichols & Nyholm (1995</a>:xxv)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nlphon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nlphon_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlphon_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRedish,_Laura_and_Orrin_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Redish, Laura and Orrin Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/ojibwe_guide.htm">"Ojibwe Pronunciation and Spelling Guide"</a>. <i>Native-Languages.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Native-Languages.org&rft.atitle=Ojibwe+Pronunciation+and+Spelling+Guide&rft.au=Redish%2C+Laura+and+Orrin+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.native-languages.org%2Fojibwe_guide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine,_J._Randolph" class="citation web cs1">Valentine, J. Randolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/ais301/Grammar/Phonology/Phonol009.html">"Consonants: Strong and Weak"</a>. <i>Anishinaabemowin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anishinaabemowin&rft.atitle=Consonants%3A+Strong+and+Weak&rft.au=Valentine%2C+J.+Randolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimp.lss.wisc.edu%2F~jrvalent%2Fais301%2FGrammar%2FPhonology%2FPhonol009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:48–49)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholsNyholm1995">Nichols & Nyholm (1995</a>:xxvii)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholsNyholm1995">Nichols & Nyholm (1995</a>:xxvii-xxviii)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:51–55)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeshki-ayaad" class="citation web cs1">Weshki-ayaad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weshki.googlepages.com/oj_stress.html">"My own notes about stress in Ojibwe"</a>. <i>Anishinaabemowin: Ojibwe Language</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anishinaabemowin%3A+Ojibwe+Language&rft.atitle=My+own+notes+about+stress+in+Ojibwe&rft.au=Weshki-ayaad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweshki.googlepages.com%2Foj_stress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:55–57)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodesTodd1981">Rhodes & Todd (1981</a>:58)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2001">Valentine (2001</a>:3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholsNyholm1995">Nichols & Nyholm (1995</a>:xix)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1958" class="citation cs2">Bloomfield, Leonard (1958), <i>Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical sketch, texts and word list</i>, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Ojibwa%3A+Grammatical+sketch%2C+texts+and+word+list&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1980" class="citation thesis cs1">Nichols, John D. (1980). <i>Ojibwe morphology</i> (Thesis). Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ojibwe+morphology&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholsNyholm1995" class="citation cs2">Nichols, John D.; Nyholm, Earl (1995), <i>A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe</i>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2427-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2427-5"><bdi>0-8166-2427-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Minnesota+Ojibwe&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8166-2427-5&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.au=Nyholm%2C+Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggott1980" class="citation cs2">Piggott, Glyne L. (1980), <i>Aspects of Odawa morphophonemics (Published version of PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 1974)</i>, New York: Garland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4557-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4557-2"><bdi>0-8240-4557-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Odawa+morphophonemics+%28Published+version+of+PhD+dissertation%2C+University+of+Toronto%2C+1974%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8240-4557-2&rft.aulast=Piggott&rft.aufirst=Glyne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1985" class="citation cs2">Rhodes, Richard A. (1985), <i>Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary</i>, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013749-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-013749-6"><bdi>3-11-013749-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa+Dictionary&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-11-013749-6&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodesTodd1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rhodes, Richard; Todd, Evelyn (1981), "Subarctic Algonquian languages", in Helm, June (ed.), <i>The Handbook of North American Indians</i>, vol. 6: Subarctic, Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution, pp. 52–66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-004578-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-004578-9"><bdi>0-16-004578-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subarctic+Algonquian+languages&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=52-66&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-16-004578-9&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Todd%2C+Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2001" class="citation cs2">Valentine, J. Randolph (2001), <i>Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar</i>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4870-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4870-6"><bdi>0-8020-4870-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nishnaabemwin+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8020-4870-6&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=J.+Randolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOjibwe+phonology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Artuso, Christian. 1998. <i>Noogom gaa-izhi-anishinaabemonaaniwag: Generational Difference in Algonquin</i>. MA thesis, Department of Linguistics. University of Manitoba.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/ais301/index.html">Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weshki.atwebpages.com/index.html">Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.hetnet.nl/~cvkolmes/ojibwe/corrCrOj.htm">Correspondences of Ojibwe and Cree Sounds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html">Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary</a> – Freeware off-line dictionary, updated with additional entries every 6–10 weeks.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/ojibway/anishinaabemowin.html">Language Geek Page on Ojibwe</a> – Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230141427/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/saulteaux/saulteaux.html">Our Languages: Nakawē</a> (Saulteaux/Plains Ojibwe at the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Phonologies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" 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