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id="toc-As_an_independent_guild_of_professionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_independent_guild_of_professionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>As an independent guild of professionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_independent_guild_of_professionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_classical_to_early-medieval_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_classical_to_early-medieval_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>From classical to early-medieval India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_classical_to_early-medieval_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Brahmanical_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Brahmanical_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>In Brahmanical literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Brahmanical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_medieval_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_medieval_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Late medieval India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_medieval_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sub-groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sub-groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chitraguptavanshi_Kayasthas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chitraguptavanshi_Kayasthas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chitraguptavanshi_Kayasthas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali_Kayasthas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali_Kayasthas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bengali Kayasthas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali_Kayasthas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandraseniya_Prabhu_Kayasthas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandraseniya_Prabhu_Kayasthas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chandraseniya Prabhu Kayasthas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandraseniya_Prabhu_Kayasthas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Karanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varna_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varna_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varna status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varna_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Socio-economic condition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kayasthas_in_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kayasthas_in_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kayasthas in Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kayasthas_in_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>President of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Prime Minister of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Chief Ministers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="কায়স্থ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কায়স্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kayastha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kayastha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="कायस्थ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कायस्थ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kayastha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81yastha" title="Kāyastha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kāyastha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5" title="ಕಾಯಸ್ಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಯಸ್ಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="कायस्थ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कायस्थ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="कायस्थ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कायस्थ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="कायस्थ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कायस्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Каястха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каястха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kayastha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kayastha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="காயஸ்தர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காயஸ்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Каястха – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каястха" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="کائستھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کائستھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94" title="卡雅斯塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡雅斯塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3243684#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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font-size: 88%; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Kayastha</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcuttakayasth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Calcuttakayasth.jpg/160px-Calcuttakayasth.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Calcuttakayasth.jpg/240px-Calcuttakayasth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Calcuttakayasth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Calcutta Kayastha", a late 18th-century depiction by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Balthazar_Solvyns" title="Frans Balthazar Solvyns">Frans Balthazar Solvyns</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Religions</th><td class="infobox-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br /> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Bengali Kayastha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitraguptavanshi_Kayastha" title="Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha">Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karan_Kayastha" title="Karan Kayastha">Karan Kayastha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kayastha</b> (or <b>Kayasth</b>) denotes a cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in which they were traditionally located—the <a href="/wiki/Chitraguptavanshi_Kayastha" title="Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha">Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Bengali Kayasthas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karan_(caste)" title="Karan (caste)">Karanas</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. All of them were traditionally considered "writing <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>", who had historically served the ruling powers as administrators, ministers and record-keepers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known reference to the term <i>Kayastha</i> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visvanat_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it evolved into a common name for a writer or <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:162_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:162-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literature and <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a>, it was used to denote the holders of a particular category of offices in the government service.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, the term possibly derived from <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">kaya-</i></span> ('principal, capital, treasury') and -<span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">stha</i></span> ('to stay') and perhaps originally stood for an officer of the royal treasury, or revenue department.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visvanat_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, the occupational histories of Kayastha communities largely revolved around <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribal</a> services. However, these scribes did not simply take dictation but acted in the range of capacities better indicated by the term "secretary". They used their training in law, literature, court language, accounting, litigation and many other areas to fulfill responsibilities in all these venues.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kayasthas, along with <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, had access to formal education as well as their own system of teaching administration, including accountancy, in the early-medieval India.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Punjabi Khatris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Pandit">Kashmiri Pandits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Brahmin" title="Nagar Brahmin">Nagar Brahmins</a> of Gujarat, <a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bengali Bhadraloks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitpawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpawan">Chitpawans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus</a> (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South-Indian Brahmins including <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmins</a> from Southern parts of India and upper echelons of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> communities that made up the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian independence</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, the word <i>Kāyastha</i> is probably formed from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>kāya</i> (body), and the suffix <i>-stha</i> (standing, being in).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_class_of_administrators">As a class of administrators</h3></div> <p>As evidenced by literary and epigraphical texts, Kayasthas had emerged as a 'class of administrators' between late-ancient and early-mediaeval period of Indian history. Their emergence is explained by modern scholars as a result of growth of state machinery, complication of taxation system and the "rapid expansion of land-grant practice that required professional documenting fixation".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visvanat_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also finds mention in an inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a>, dated to 442 <small>CE</small>, in which <i>prathama-kāyastha</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'chief officer'</span>) is used as an administrative designation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a>, also from the Gupta era, and the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Smriti" title="Vishnu Smriti">Vishnu Smriti</a> describe <i>kayasthas</i> as record-keepers and accountants, but not as <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">jāti</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> or clan).<sup id="cite_ref-bellenoit_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellenoit-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the term <i>Kayastha</i> is used in the works of <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalhana" title="Kalhana">Kalhana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilhana" title="Bilhana">Bilhana</a> to refer to members of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> varying from <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">Gṛhakṛtyamahattama</i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'the chief secretary in the charge of home affairs'</span>) to the <span title="undetermined-language text"><i lang="und">Aśvaghāsa-kāyastha</i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'officer in charge of the fodder for horses'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>, the offices that demanded formal education including that of a <i>kayastha</i> were generally occupied by the "<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a></i>, revenue collectors, <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">treasurers</a> and those concerned with legal matters".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Buddhist_association">In Buddhist association</h3></div> <p>According to Chitrarekha Gupta, it is possible that <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, in their effort to create an educated non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> class, strove to popularize the utility of education and fostered those vocations that required a knowledge of writing. This is corroborated in <a href="/wiki/Ud%C4%81na" title="Udāna">Udāna</a>, where the <i>lekha-sippa</i> ('craft of writing'), was regarded as the highest of all the crafts. It is also backed by the fact that the earliest epigraphical records mentioning <i>lekhaka</i> ('writer') or <i>kayastha</i> have been made in association with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_independent_guild_of_professionals">As an independent guild of professionals</h3></div> <p>It is possible that <i>kayasthas</i> may have started out as a separate profession, similar to <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bankers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>. As suggested in certain epigraphs, they had a representative in the district-level administration, along with those of bankers and merchants. This is also implied in <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i></span>, where a <i>kayastha</i> would work for any man who paid his wages on time. Possibly secular knowledge, like writing, administration, and jurisprudence, was monopolised by a non-Brahmin professional elite that later came be referred as <i>kayasthas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_classical_to_early-medieval_India">From classical to early-medieval India</h3></div> <p>The Kayasthas, at least as an office, played an important role in administering the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Northern India</a> from the Gupta period.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence comes from a <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> inscription of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a>, composed by a Kayastha <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visvanat_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point we find, the term <i>kayastha</i> occurring in the inscription of the Gupta Emperor <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a> as <i>prathama-kāyastha,<sup id="cite_ref-:23_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> as <i>karaṇa-kāyastha</i> in <a href="/wiki/Vainyagupta" title="Vainyagupta">Vainayagupta</a>’s inscription,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <i>gauḍa-kāyastha</i> in an Apshadha inscription dated 672 <small>CE</small>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazumdar_1960_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar_1960-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> The occasional references to individuals of the <i>Karaṇa</i> caste occupying high government offices are made in inscriptions and literary works too.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Razia Banu has suggested that Brahmin and Kayastha migrants were brought to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> to help manage the state affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Banu_1992_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banu_1992-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> According to a legend, a <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> King named <i>Adisur</i> had invited Brahmins accompanied by Kayasthas from <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> who became an elite sub-group described as <a href="/wiki/Kulin_Kayastha" title="Kulin Kayastha">Kulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such claims are disputable and even rejected by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazumdar_1960_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazumdar_1960-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p> From the ninth-century and perhaps even earlier, Kayasthas had started to consolidate into a distinct caste.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kayastha</i> appears as a figure in Act IX of the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bcchakatika" title="Mṛcchakatika">Mṛcchakatika</a></i></span>, <i>a kāyastha</i> is shown accompanying a judge (<i>adhikaraṇika</i>) and assisting him. In Act V there is mention that:<sup id="cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visvanat_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Moreover, O friend, a courtesan, an elephant, a Kayastha, a mendicant, a spy and a donkey—where these dwell, there not even villains can flourish.</p></blockquote> <p>In <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i></span>, a Kayastha named <i>Śakaṭadāsa</i> is a crucial character and one of the trusted men of the Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a> King. According to Chitrarekha Gupta, the title <i>Ārya</i> added to the name of <i>Śakaṭadāsa</i> implies that he was a member of the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Kayastha called <i>Acala</i> is the scribe of <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early-mediaeval Kashmir too, the term <i>kayastha</i> denoted an occupational class whose principal duty, besides carrying on the general administration of the state, consisted in the collection of revenue and taxes. <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra’s</a> <i>Narmamālā</i> composed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ananta_(king)" title="Ananta (king)">Ananta</a> (1028-1063 <small>CE</small>) gives a list of contemporary Kayastha officers that included <i>Gṛhakṛtyadhipati,</i> <i>Paripālaka</i>, <i>Mārgapati</i>, <i>Gañja-divira</i>, <i>Āsthāna-divira</i>, <i>Nagara-divira</i>, <i>Lekhakopādhya</i> and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">Niyogi</i></span>. Kalhana’s <a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rājataraṃgiṇī</a> ('The River of Kings') and <a href="/wiki/Bilhana" title="Bilhana">Bilhana</a>'s <i>Vikramāṅkadevacarita</i> ('Life of King Vikramaditya') also mention Kayasthas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also mentioned that father of <a href="/wiki/Lalitaditya_Muktapida" title="Lalitaditya Muktapida">Lalitaditya Muktapida</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Karkota_dynasty" title="Karkota dynasty">Karkota Dynasty</a>, Durlabhavardhan, had held the post of <i>Aśvaghāsa-kāyastha.</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kayasthas have been authors of several <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts too. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table 1. Some important Sanskrit works authored by the <i>Kayasthas</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Work(s) </th> <th>Genre(s) </th> <th>Author </th> <th>Author's lineage </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitam" title="Ramacharitam"><i>Rāmacarita</i></a> </td> <td>Biography </td> <td>Sandhyākaranandin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karan_Kayastha" title="Karan Kayastha">Karana</a><sup id="cite_ref-:21_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12th c. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Udayasundarī Kathā</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a></i> </td> <td>Soḍḍhala </td> <td>Vālabhya<sup id="cite_ref-:25_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>11th c. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rasa Saṅketa Kalikā, Varṇanighaṇṭu</i> </td> <td>Medicine, <i><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></i> </td> <td>Kāyastha Cāmuṇḍa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigam" title="Nigam">Naigama</a><sup id="cite_ref-:20_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>15th c. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kṛtyakalpataru</i> </td> <td>Administration </td> <td>Lakṣmīdhara </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivastava" title="Srivastava">Vāstavya</a><sup id="cite_ref-:22_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12th c. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Brahmanical_literature">In Brahmanical literature</h4></div> <p>Kayasthas have been recorded as a separate caste responsible for writing secular documents and maintaining records in <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmanical</a> religious writings dating back to the seventh-century.<sup id="cite_ref-IT20112_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT20112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these texts, some described Kayasthas as <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>, while others often described them as a 'mixed-origin' caste with <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> components. This was probably an attempt by the Brahmins to rationalize their rank in the traditional caste hierarchy and perhaps a later invention rather than a historical fact.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_medieval_India">Late medieval India</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquest of India</a>, they mastered <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, which became the official language of the Mughal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and formed the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kayasths" title="Muslim Kayasths">Muslim Kayasth</a> community in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>. </p><p>Bengali Kayasthas had been the dominant landholding caste prior to the Muslim conquest, and continued this role under Muslim rule. Indeed, Muslim rulers had from a very early time confirmed the Kayasthas in their ancient role as landholders and political intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-RiseofIslam_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiseofIslam-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengali Kayasthas served as treasury officials and <i><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">wazirs</a></i> (government ministers) under Mughal rule. Political scientist U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu writes that, partly because of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Muslim_rule" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Muslim sultans</a>' satisfaction with them as technocrats, many Bengali Kayasthas in the administration became <i><a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdars</a></i>. According to Abu al-Fazl, most of the Hindu <i>zamindars</i> in Bengal were Kayasthas.<sup id="cite_ref-Banu_1992_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banu_1992-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Maharaja Pratapaditya</a>, the king of Jessore who declared independence from Mughal rule in the early 17th century, was a Bengali Kayastha.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_India">British India</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramanand_Kayastha_in_1901_at_Govindgarh,_Rewa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ramanand_Kayastha_in_1901_at_Govindgarh%2C_Rewa.jpg/250px-Ramanand_Kayastha_in_1901_at_Govindgarh%2C_Rewa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ramanand_Kayastha_in_1901_at_Govindgarh%2C_Rewa.jpg/330px-Ramanand_Kayastha_in_1901_at_Govindgarh%2C_Rewa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ramanand_Kayastha_in_1901_at_Govindgarh%2C_Rewa.jpg/399px-Ramanand_Kayastha_in_1901_at_Govindgarh%2C_Rewa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Kayastha employee of the political agent of the <a href="/wiki/Bagelkhand_Agency" title="Bagelkhand Agency">Bagelkhand Agency</a> 1901. </figcaption></figure> <p>During the British Raj, Kayasthas continued to proliferate in public administration, qualifying for the highest executive and judicial offices open to Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bengali Kayasthas took on the role occupied by merchant castes in other parts of India and profited from business contacts with the British. In 1911, for example, Bengali Kayasthas and Bengali Brahmins owned 40% of all the Indian-owned mills, mines and factories in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_India">Modern India</h3></div> <p>The Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas, Bengali Kayasthas and CKPs were among the Indian communities in 1947, at the time of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">Indian independence</a>, that constituted the middle class and were traditionally "urban and professional" (following professions like doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) According to P. K. Varma, "education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite" and almost all the members of these communities could read and write English and were educated beyond school.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kayasthas today mostly inhabit central, eastern, northern India, and particularly Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are considered a <a href="/wiki/Forward_Caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Caste">Forward Caste</a>, as they do not qualify for any of the <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reservation benefits</a> allotted to <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Classes</a> that are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classification has increasingly led to feelings of unease and resentment among the Kayasthas, who believe that the communities that benefit from reservation are gaining political power and employment opportunities at their expense. Thus, particularly since the 1990 report of the <a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission" title="Mandal Commission">Mandal Commission</a> on reservation, Kayastha organisations have been active in areas such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Bengal and Orissa. These groups are aligning themselves with various political parties to gain political and economic advantages; by 2009 they were demanding 33 percent reservation in government jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-IT2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-groups">Sub-groups</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chitraguptavanshi_Kayasthas">Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chitraguptavanshi_Kayastha" title="Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha">Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha</a></div> <p>The Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of Northern India are named thus because they have a <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth of origin">myth of origin</a> that says they descend from the 12 sons of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Chitragupta" title="Chitragupta">Chitragupta</a>, the product of his marriages to Devi Shobhavati and Devi Nandini.<sup id="cite_ref-bellenoit_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellenoit-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffix <i>-vanshi</i> is <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and translates as <i>belonging to a particular family dynasty</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least some Chitraguptavanshi subcastes seem to have formed by the 11th or 12th century, evidenced by various names being used to describe them in inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although at that time, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a>, they were generally outnumbered by <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> in the Hindu royal courts of northern India, some among these Kayasthas wrote eulogies for the kings. Of the various regional Kayastha communities it was those of north India who remained most aligned to their role of scribes, whereas in other areas there became more emphasis on commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group of <a href="/wiki/Bhatnagar" title="Bhatnagar">Bhatnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivastava" title="Srivastava">Srivastava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambashtha" title="Ambashtha">Ambashtha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxena" title="Saxena">Saxena</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a> were classified by various <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> and missionary observers to be the most learned and dominant of the "service castes".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengali_Kayasthas">Bengali Kayasthas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Bengali Kayastha</a></div><p> In eastern India, Bengali Kayasthas are believed to have evolved from a class of officials into a caste between the 5th-6th centuries and 11th-12th centuries, its component elements being putative Kshatriyas and mostly Brahmins. They most likely gained the characteristics of a caste under the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlHind_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlHind-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian, the Kayasthas of Bengal had not yet developed into a distinct caste during the reign of the Gupta Empire, although the office of the Kayastha (scribe) had been instituted before the beginning of the period, as evidenced from the contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smritis</a></i>. Sharma further states:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Noticing brahmanic names with a large number of modern Bengali Kayastha cognomens in several early epigraphs discovered in Bengal, some scholars have suggested that there is a considerable brahmana element in the present day Kayastha community of Bengal. Originally the professions of Kayastha (scribe) and Vaidya (physician) were not restricted and could be followed by people of different varnas including the brahmanas. So there is every probability that a number of brahmana families were mixed up with members of other varnas in forming the present Kayastha and Vaidya communities of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandraseniya_Prabhu_Kayasthas">Chandraseniya Prabhu Kayasthas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu</a></div> <p>In Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus</a> (CKP) claim descent from the warrior Chandrasen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebalkar2001_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebalkar2001-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically they produced prominent warriors and also held positions such as <a href="/wiki/Deshpande" title="Deshpande">Deshpandes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadkari" title="Gadkari">Gadkaris</a> (fort holder, an office similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CKPs have the <a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">upanayana</a> (thread ceremony) and have been granted the rights to study the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">vedas</a> and perform <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">vedic</a> rituals along with the Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-MiltonWagle_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiltonWagle-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karanas">Karanas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karan_(caste)" title="Karan (caste)">Karan (caste)</a></div> <p>Karana is a community found predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhrapradesh</a>. They are a prosperous and influential caste in Odisha and rank next to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and diwans.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karanas owned most <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindaris</a> in Odisha and were extremely rich.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of <a href="/wiki/Khurda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurda kingdom">Khurda Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represent around 5% of Odia people. The Karanas are a forward caste of Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-MatthiesNärhi2016_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatthiesNärhi2016-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varna_status">Varna status</h2></div> <p>As the Kayasthas are a non-cohesive group with regional differences rather than a single caste, their position in the Hindu varna system of ritual classification has not been uniform. </p><p> This was reflected in Raj era court rulings. Hayden Bellenoit gives details of various Raj era law cases and concludes the varna Kayastha was resolved in those cases by taking into account regional differences and customs followed by the specific community under consideration. Bellenoit disagrees with Rowe, showing that Risley's theories were in fact used ultimately to classify them as Kshatriyas by the British courts. The first case began in 1860 in <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> with a property dispute where the <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> was considered an "illegitimate child" by the defendants, a north-Indian Kayastha family. The British court denied inheritance to the child, citing that Kayasthas are Dvija, "twice-born" or "upper-caste" and that the illegitimate children of Dwijas have no rights to inheritance. In the next case in 1875 in the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a>, a north Indian Kayastha widow was denied adoption rights as she was an upper-caste i.e. Dwija woman. However, the aforementioned 1884 adoption case and the 1916 property dispute saw the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a> rule that the Bengali Kayasthas were shudras. The Allahabad High Court ruled in 1890 that Kayasthas were Kshatriyas.<sup id="cite_ref-bellenoit174_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellenoit174-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashwani_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashwani-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayden Bellenoit concludes from an analysis of those that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>in the suits originating in the Bihari and Doabi heartlands rulings that Kayasthas were of <a href="/wiki/Twice-born" class="mw-redirect" title="Twice-born">twice-born</a> status were more likely. Closer to Bengal country, though, the legal rulings tended to assign a <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudra</a> status.</p></blockquote><p> Even where the shudra designation was adjudged, the Raj courts appear to have sometimes recognised that the Bengali Kayasthas were degraded from an earlier <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> status due to intermarrying with both shudras and slaves ('dasa') which resulted in the common Bengali Kayastha surname of 'Das'.<sup id="cite_ref-bellenoit174_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellenoit174-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last completed <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India_prior_to_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Census of India prior to independence">census of the British Raj</a> (1931) classified them as an "upper caste", i.e. <a href="/wiki/Dwija" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwija">Dwija</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ashwani_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashwani-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final British Raj law case involving their varna in 1926 determined them to be Kshatriya.<sup id="cite_ref-bellenoit174_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellenoit174-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other than literature by Europeans such as <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> and others, several Hindu religious scriptures and Hindu scholars' opinions were also used by the courts to decide the varna as well as make decisions in the specific cases. The Hindu texts referenced were <i><a href="/wiki/Mit%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%81" title="Mitākṣarā">Mitākṣarā</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana"><i>Padmapurāṇa</i></a>, “original <i>Vyavashta</i> of the Pundits of Kashmir”, <a href="/wiki/Vishvanath_Narayan_Mandlik" title="Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik">Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik</a>'s books, (8th to 5th century BC authored) <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABramitrodaya" title="Vīramitrodaya">Vīramitrodaya</a></i> (17th century), <a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana"><i>Bhaviṣyapurāṇa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skandapurāṇa</a>, <i>Vivādacintāmaṇi</i> of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a>, Sanskrit Professor Sarvadhikari's literature, <i>Dattakamīmāṃsā</i>, Shyamcharan Sarkar’s <i>Vyavasthādarpaṇa</i>, etc. Some contemporary Hindu scholars referenced (as witnesses in person or indirectly by their writings) were two Benaras Pandits(Nityananda and Bast Ram Dube), Raja Ram Shastra( a Benares Sanskrit College professor, well versed in Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stras" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmaśāstras">Dharmaśāstras</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vishvanath_Narayan_Mandlik" title="Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik">Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bellenoit2023_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellenoit2023-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier, in Bihar, in 1811–1812, botanist and zoologist <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan</a> had recorded the Kayastha of that region as "pure shudra" and accordingly kept them at the par with other producer caste groups like goldsmiths, <a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koeris</a>. William Pinch, in his study of <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a> in the north describes the emergence of the concept of "pure Shudra" in growing need of physical contact with some of the low caste groups who were producer and seller of essential commodities or were the provider of services without which the self sufficiency of rural society couldn't persist. However, many of these adopted Vaishnavism in the aim to become Kshatriya. In 1901 Bihar census, Kayasthas of the area were classified along with Brahmins and Rajputs in Bihar as "other castes of twice-born rank"<sup id="cite_ref-William_Pinch_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Pinch-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Arun Sinha, there was a strong current since the end of the 19th century among <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a> of Bihar to change their status in caste hierarchy and break the monopoly of bipolar elite of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> of having "dvija" status. The education and economic advancement made by some of the former Shudra castes enabled them to seek the higher prestige and <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a></i> status. Sinha further mentions that the Kayasthas of Bihar along with the <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihars</a> were first among the shudras to attain the recognition as "upper caste" leaving the other aspirational castes to aspire for the same.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Raj era rulings were based largely upon the theories of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hope_Risley" title="Herbert Hope Risley">Herbert Hope Risley</a>, who had conducted extensive studies on castes and tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>. According to William Rowe, the Kayasthas of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a> repeatedly challenged this classification by producing a flood of books, pamphlets, family histories and journals to pressurise the government to recognise them as kshatriya and to reform the caste practices in the directions of <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">sanskritisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">westernisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="I find it hard to believe they pressurised the govt to reform their caste practises - surely the caste do that, not the govt (April 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rowe's opinion has been challenged, with arguments that it is based on "factual and interpretative errors", and criticised for making "unquestioned assumptions" about the Kayastha Sanskritisation and westernisation movement.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In post-Raj assessments, the Bengali Kayasthas, alongside <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Brahmins">Bengali Brahmins</a>, have been described as the "highest Hindu castes".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Muslim conquest of India, they absorbed remnants of Bengal's old Hindu ruling dynasties—including the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candra" class="mw-redirect" title="Candra">Chandra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman</a>—and, in this way, became the region's surrogate kshatriya or "warrior" class. During British rule, the Bengali Kayasthas, the Bengali Brahmins and the <a href="/wiki/Baidya" title="Baidya">Baidyas</a> considered themselves to be <i>Bhadralok</i>, a term coined in Bengal for the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> or respectable people. This was based on their perceived refined culture, prestige and education.<sup id="cite_ref-RiseofIslam_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiseofIslam-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholars like <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hutton" title="John Henry Hutton">John Henry Hutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Ronald Inden</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider the present varna status of Bengali Kayasthas as 'twice-born',<sup id="cite_ref-RudolphRudolph1984_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RudolphRudolph1984-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutton1961_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton1961-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a> considers their varna as disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipner2009_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipner2009-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Christian Novetzke, in medieval India, Kayastha in certain parts were considered either as Brahmins or equal to Brahmins.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several religious councils and institutions have subsequently stated the varna status of CKPs as Kshatriya.<sup id="cite_ref-chib161_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chib161-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-economic_condition">Socio-economic condition</h2></div> <p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government of Bihar</a> published the data of <a href="/wiki/2022_Bihar_caste-based_survey" title="2022 Bihar caste-based survey">2022 Bihar caste-based survey</a>. It showed that amongst the <a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">Forward castes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, Kayastha was the most prosperous one with lowest poverty. Out of total families of Kayasthas residing in the state, only 13.38% were poor. The community totally numbered 1,70,985 families, out of which 23,639 families were poor.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kayasthas_in_Nepal">Kayasthas in Nepal</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Nepal)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> of Nepal classifies the Kayastha as a subgroup within the broader social group of <a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madheshi</a> Brahmin/Chhetri (together with Terai <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Nepal_census" title="2011 Nepal census">2011 Nepal census</a>, 44,304 people (0.2% of the population of Nepal) were Kayastha. The frequency of Kayasthas by province was as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhesh_Province" title="Madhesh Province">Madhesh Province</a> (0.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Province" title="Lumbini Province">Lumbini Province</a> (0.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a> (0.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Province" title="Koshi Province">Koshi Province</a> (0.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a> (0.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> (0.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpashchim Province</a> (0.0%)</li></ul> <p>The frequency of Kayasthas was higher than national average (0.2%) in the following districts:<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsa_District" title="Parsa District">Parsa</a> (1.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanusha_District" title="Dhanusha District">Dhanusha</a> (0.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a> (0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahottari_District" title="Mahottari District">Mahottari</a> (0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a> (0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rautahat_District" title="Rautahat District">Rautahat</a> (0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarlahi_District" title="Sarlahi District">Sarlahi</a> (0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a> (0.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptari_District" title="Saptari District">Saptari</a> (0.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraha_District" title="Siraha District">Siraha</a> (0.3%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kayastha" title="Special:EditPage/Kayastha">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is a list of notable people from all the subgroups of Kayasthas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_India"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_India" title="List of presidents of India">President of India</a></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Minister_of_India"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime Minister of India</a></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Ministers"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Ballabh_Sahay" title="Krishna Ballabh Sahay">Krishna Ballabh Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamaya_Prasad_Sinha" title="Mahamaya Prasad Sinha">Mahamaya Prasad Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Charan_Mathur" title="Shiv Charan Mathur">Shiv Charan Mathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddhav_Thackeray" title="Uddhav Thackeray">Uddhav Thackeray</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabakrushna_Choudhuri" title="Nabakrushna Choudhuri">Nabakrushna Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biju_Patnaik" title="Biju Patnaik">Biju Patnaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biren_Mitra" title="Biren Mitra">Biren Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Ballabh_Patnaik" title="Janaki Ballabh Patnaik">Janaki Ballabh Patnaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naveen_Patnaik" title="Naveen Patnaik">Naveen Patnaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampurnanand" title="Sampurnanand">Sampurnanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>, Indian philosopher, yogi and nationalist<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandipat_Sahay" title="Chandipat Sahay">Chandipat Sahay</a>, Indian nobleman and politician<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagendranath_Basu" title="Nagendranath Basu">Nagendranath Basu</a>, historian and editor<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Abaji_Bhise" title="Shankar Abaji Bhise">Shankar Abaji Bhise</a> (1867–1935), scientist and inventor with 200 inventions and 40 patents. The American scientific community referred to him as the "Indian Edison".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a>, Indian scientist<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, for developing the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose statistics</a> and the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose condensate</a>. The class of particles that obey Bose statistics, <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>, was named after Bose by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sean2013_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sean2013-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Bhaskar_Chaubal" title="Mahadev Bhaskar Chaubal">Mahadev Bhaskar Chaubal</a> (1857–1933), Indian origin British era Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. Member of Executive Council of Governor of Bombay in 1912 and Member of Royal Commission on Public Services in India.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a>, Indian revolutionary and intellectual of the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar party">Ghadar party</a> in the USA<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a> (1896–1982), first recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Sankarseth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Sankarseth">Jagannath Shankarseth Sanskrit Scholarship</a>, topper of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Civil Service (British India)">ICS Examination</a>, first Indian Governor of <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a>, first finance Minister of independent India and tenth vice chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Delhi">University of Delhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_Prabhu_Deshpande" title="Baji Prabhu Deshpande">Baji Prabhu Deshpande</a> (1615–1660), commander of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaji Maharaj">Shivaji Maharaj</a>'s forces who along with his brother died defending <a href="/wiki/Vishalgad" title="Vishalgad">Vishalgad</a> in 1660<sup id="cite_ref-kantak_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantak-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murarbaji" title="Murarbaji">Murarbaji Deshpande</a> (?–1665), commander of Shivaji Maharaj's forces who died defending the fort of <a href="/wiki/Purandar_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandar fort">Purandar</a> against the Mughals in 1665<sup id="cite_ref-kantak_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kantak-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayadhara" title="Gayadhara">Gayadhara</a> (11th century), 11th century <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhist</a> master and scholar from <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stearns2002_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns2002-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> (1902 -1979) - freedom fighter, social reformer and anti-corruption campaigner<sup id="cite_ref-Das2005_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das2005-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a>, Indian nationalist, writer, orator, social reformer and Indian independence movement activist of <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bal_Pal" title="Lal Bal Pal">Lal Bal Pal</a> triumvirate<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aba_Parasnis" title="Aba Parasnis">Vithal Sakharam Parasnis</a> (17xx-18xx)- Sanskrit, Vedic and Persian scholar; consultant to British Historian <a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Duff" title="James Grant Duff">James Grant Duff</a>; author of the Sanskrit "karma kalpadrum"(manual for Hindu rituals); first head of the school opened by Pratapsimha to teach Sanskrit to the boys of the Maratha caste<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Devdutt Pattanaik</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premchand" title="Premchand">Premchand</a> (1880–1936) – author in Hindi language<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachchidananda_Sinha" title="Sachchidananda Sinha">Sachchidananda Sinha</a>, lawyer prominent in the movement for establishing the state of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwati_Charan_Verma" title="Bhagwati Charan Verma">Bhagwati Charan Verma</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>, author of <i>Autobiography of a Yogi</i><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kayasths" title="Muslim Kayasths">Muslim Kayasths</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJahanara2005" class="citation book cs1">Jahanara (2005). <i>Muslim kayasthas of India</i>. Allahabad, India: K.K. Publications. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255708448">255708448</a>. Monographic study of an anthropological investigation of the Muslim Kayasthas with special reference to Uttar Pradesh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+kayasthas+of+India&rft.place=Allahabad%2C+India&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255708448&rft.au=Jahanara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas1980" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Biswarup (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141924">"KAYASTHAS AND KARANAS IN ORISSA—A STUDY ON INSCRIPTIONS—"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">940–</span>944. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141924">44141924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=KAYASTHAS+AND+KARANAS+IN+ORISSA%E2%80%94A+STUDY+ON+INSCRIPTIONS%E2%80%94&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E940-%3C%2Fspan%3E944&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Biswarup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaut2004" class="citation journal cs1">Raut, L.N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144743">"Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>65</b>: <span class="nowrap">304–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144743">44144743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Jati+Formation+in+Early+Medieval+Orissa%3A+Reflection+on+Karana+%28Kayastha+Caste%29&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44144743%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Raut&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44144743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImam2011" class="citation book cs1">Imam, Faitma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/755414244"><i>India today : An encyclopedia of life in the republic. Vol. 1, A–K</i></a>. Arnold P. Kaminsky, Roger D. Long. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">403–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37463-0"><bdi>978-0-313-37463-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/755414244">755414244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+today+%3A+An+encyclopedia+of+life+in+the+republic.+Vol.+1%2C+A%E2%80%93K&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F755414244&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37463-0&rft.aulast=Imam&rft.aufirst=Faitma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F755414244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2006" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Karen (2006). Wolpert, Stanley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60856154"><i>Encyclopedia of India</i></a>. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31349-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31349-9"><bdi>0-684-31349-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60856154">60856154</a>. <q>All three were "writing castes", traditionally serving the ruling powers as administrators and record keepers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+India&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60856154&rft.isbn=0-684-31349-9&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F60856154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visvanat_2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visvanat_2014_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVisvanathan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Visvanathan, Meera (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158358">"From the 'lekhaka' to the Kāyastha: Scribes in Early Historic Court and Society (200 BCE–200 CE)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>75</b>: <span class="nowrap">34–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158358">44158358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=From+the+%27lekhaka%27+to+the+K%C4%81yastha%3A+Scribes+in+Early+Historic+Court+and+Society+%28200+BCE%E2%80%93200+CE%29&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44158358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Visvanathan&rft.aufirst=Meera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44158358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:162-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:162_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Chitrarekha (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946468302000203">"The writers' class of ancient India—a case study in social mobility"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946468302000203">10.1177/001946468302000203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646">0019-4646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941948">144941948</a>. <q>The short inscriptions mentioned earlier indicate that from about the first century B.C. the scribes or writers played an important role in society and their profession was regarded as a respectable one ... the first mention of the term Kayastha, which later became the generic name of the writers, was during this phase of Indian history</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+writers%27+class+of+ancient+India%E2%80%94a+case+study+in+social+mobility&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144941948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-4646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Chitrarekha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStout1976" class="citation book cs1">Stout, Lucy Carol (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K15KAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Hindustani Kayasthas: The Kayastha Pathshala, and the Kayastha Conference, 1873–1914</i></a>. University of California, Berkeley. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <q>Such an argument is supported by the manner in which the term "Kayastha" is used in Sanskrit literature and inscriptions—i.e., as a term for the various state officials ... It seems appropriate to suppose that they were originally from one or more than one existing endogamous units and that the term "Kayastha" originally meant an office or the holder of a particular office in the state service.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindustani+Kayasthas%3A+The+Kayastha+Pathshala%2C+and+the+Kayastha+Conference%2C+1873%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Lucy+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK15KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStout1976" class="citation book cs1">Stout, Lucy Carol (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K15KAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Hindustani Kayasthas: The Kayastha Pathshala, and the Kayastha Conference, 1873–1914</i></a>. University of California, Berkeley. p. 20. <q>In this context, a possible derivation o the word "Kayastha" is "from ... <i>kaya</i> (principal, capital, treasury) and <i>stha</i>, to stay" and perhaps originally stood for an officer of royal treasury, or the revenue department.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindustani+Kayasthas%3A+The+Kayastha+Pathshala%2C+and+the+Kayastha+Conference%2C+1873%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Lucy+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK15KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2005" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ronald M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/808346313"><i>Tibetan renaissance : Tantric Buddhism in the rebirth of Tibetan culture</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50889-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50889-6"><bdi>978-0-231-50889-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/808346313">808346313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+renaissance+%3A+Tantric+Buddhism+in+the+rebirth+of+Tibetan+culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F808346313&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50889-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F808346313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1978" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Lucy (February 1978). "Colonial Perceptions of Indian Society and the Emergence of Caste(s) Associations". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054164">10.2307/2054164</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054164">2054164</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146635639">146635639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Colonial+Perceptions+of+Indian+Society+and+the+Emergence+of+Caste%28s%29+Associations&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=1978-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146635639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2054164%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2054164&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandra2007" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191849214"><i>History of medieval India : 800–1700</i></a>. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7"><bdi>978-81-250-3226-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191849214">191849214</a>. <q>There was no idea of mass education at that time. People learnt what they felt was needed for their livelihood. Reading and writing was confined to a small section, mostly Brahmans and some sections of the upper classes, especially Kayasthas ... The Kayasthas had their own system of teaching the system of administration, including accountancy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India+%3A+800%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191849214&rft.isbn=978-81-250-3226-7&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F191849214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPavan_K._Varma2007" class="citation book cs1">Pavan K. Varma (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbgMy8KfD74C&pg=PA28"><i>The Great Indian Middle class</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143103257" title="Special:BookSources/9780143103257"><bdi>9780143103257</bdi></a>. <q>its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified professionals such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists [etc] ... The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan-Indian elite ... But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Indian+Middle+class&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780143103257&rft.au=Pavan+K.+Varma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbgMy8KfD74C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_WallaceRichard_Leonard_Park1985" class="citation book cs1">Paul Wallace; Richard Leonard Park (1985). <i>Region and nation in India</i>. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. <q>During much of the 19th century, Maratha Brahman Desasthas had held a position of such strength throughout South India that their position can only be compared with that of the Kayasthas and Khatris of North India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Region+and+nation+in+India&rft.pub=Oxford+%26+IBH+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Paul+Wallace&rft.au=Richard+Leonard+Park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csds.in/d_l_sheth">"D. L. Sheth"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D.+L.+Sheth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csds.in%2Fd_l_sheth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kayasth">"Kayastha"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Kayastha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FKayasth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanina2012" class="citation book cs1">Vanina, Eugenia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794922930"><i>Medieval Indian mindscapes : space, time, society, man</i></a>. New Delhi: Primus Books. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1"><bdi>978-93-80607-19-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794922930">794922930</a>. <q>This group as demonstrated by epigraphical and literary texts, emerged in the period between the late ancient and early medieval times. Modern scholars explained this by the growth of state-machinery, complication of taxation system and fast spreading land-grant practice that required professional documenting fixation...Initially, these term referred only to the appointment of men from various castes, mainly Brahmans, into the Kayastha post. Gradually, the Kayasthas emerged as a caste-like community...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+mindscapes+%3A+space%2C+time%2C+society%2C+man&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794922930&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-19-1&rft.aulast=Vanina&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F794922930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShah1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, K. K. (1993). "Self Legitimation and Social Primacy: A Case Study of Some Kayastha Inscriptions From Central India". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>54</b>: 858. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143088">44143088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Self+Legitimation+and+Social+Primacy%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Some+Kayastha+Inscriptions+From+Central+India&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=858&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44143088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellenoit-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bellenoit_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellenoit_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellenoit2017" class="citation book cs1">Bellenoit, Hayden J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEMlDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134494361" title="Special:BookSources/9781134494361"><bdi>9781134494361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Colonial+State+in+India%3A+Scribes%2C+Paper+and+Taxes%2C+1760%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781134494361&rft.aulast=Bellenoit&rft.aufirst=Hayden+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEMlDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay1950" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Sunil Chandra (1950). "A Note on the Kāyasthas of Early-Mediaeval Kāśmīra". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">124–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140901">44140901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+K%C4%81yasthas+of+Early-Mediaeval+K%C4%81%C5%9Bm%C4%ABra&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44140901%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Chitrarekha (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468302000203">"The writers' class of ancient India— a case study in social mobility"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946468302000203">10.1177/001946468302000203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646">0019-4646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941948">144941948</a>. <q>According to Romila Thapar, the offices which required formal education were usually occupied by the Brahmins, revenue collectors, treasurers and those concerned with legal matters belonged to this category. She says that the same was probably true of the important but less exalted rank of scribes, recorders and accountants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+writers%27+class+of+ancient+India%E2%80%94+a+case+study+in+social+mobility&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144941948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-4646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Chitrarekha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Chitrarekha (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468302000203">"The writers' class of ancient India— a case study in social mobility"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946468302000203">10.1177/001946468302000203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941948">144941948</a> – via SAGE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+writers%27+class+of+ancient+India%E2%80%94+a+case+study+in+social+mobility&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144941948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Chitrarekha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Chitrarekha (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001946468302000203?journalCode=iera">"The writers' class of ancient India— a case study in social mobility"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946468302000203">10.1177/001946468302000203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646">0019-4646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941948">144941948</a>. <q>They seem to have had guilds of their own and the head of the guild, the prathama-kayastha, represented his class in the administration of the city. The profession of the kàyasthas, like those of the bankers, merchants and the artisans, was an independent one and was not necessarily associated with the king and his court....Thus it may be assumed that while the Brahmanas were engaged in studying religious literature, secular knowledge of document writing, etc., was the monopoly of a professional group, who came to be called Kayasthas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+writers%27+class+of+ancient+India%E2%80%94+a+case+study+in+social+mobility&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144941948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-4646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Chitrarekha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203%3FjournalCode%3Diera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSahu2021" class="citation cs2">Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-596">"Commerce and the Agrarian Empires: Northern India"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.596">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.596</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027772-7"><bdi>978-0-19-027772-7</bdi></a>, <q>The Gupta period witnessed the rise of the writers' class (Kayastha/Karana) with other symmetrical developments such as the spread of local state formation. Besides maintaining records, they also helped the administration of justice and commercial activities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commerce+and+the+Agrarian+Empires%3A+Northern+India&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.596&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027772-7&rft.aulast=Sahu&rft.aufirst=Bhairabi+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fasianhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277727-e-596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShah1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, K. K. (1993). "Self Legitimation and Social Primacy: A Case Study of Some Kayastha Inscriptions From Central India". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>54</b>: 858. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143088">44143088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Self+Legitimation+and+Social+Primacy%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Some+Kayastha+Inscriptions+From+Central+India&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=858&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44143088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1990" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R. C. (Ramesh Chandra), 1888-1980. Pusalker, A. D. Majumdar, A. K. Munshi, Kanaiyalal Maneklal (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/643663693"><i>The History and Culture of the Indian People</i></a>. Vol. 4. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643663693">643663693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643663693&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+%28Ramesh+Chandra%29%2C+1888-1980.+Pusalker%2C+A.+D.+Majumdar%2C+A.+K.+Munshi%2C+Kanaiyalal+Maneklal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F643663693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazumdar_1960-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_1960_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazumdar_1960_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazumdar1960" class="citation book cs1">Mazumdar, Bhakat Prasad (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFJKAAAAMAAJ"><i>Socio-economic history of northern India (1030-1194 A.D.)</i></a>. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 99, 104. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614029099">614029099</a>. <q>As we have got reference to the Gauda Kayasthas in the Apshad inscription, dated 672 AD...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socio-economic+history+of+northern+India+%281030-1194+A.D.%29&rft.pages=99%2C+104&rft.pub=Firma+K.+L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F614029099&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Bhakat+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFJKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1990" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, 1888-1980. Pusalker, A. D. Majumdar, A. K. Munshi, Kanaiyalal Maneklal (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/643663693"><i>The history and culture of the Indian people</i></a>. Vol. 4. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643663693">643663693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+and+culture+of+the+Indian+people&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643663693&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra%2C+1888-1980.+Pusalker%2C+A.+D.+Majumdar%2C+A.+K.+Munshi%2C+Kanaiyalal+Maneklal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F643663693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banu_1992-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banu_1992_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banu_1992_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanu1992" class="citation book cs1">Banu, U. A. B. Razia Akter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC"><i>Islam in Bangladesh</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09497-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09497-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09497-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09497-0&rft.aulast=Banu&rft.aufirst=U.+A.+B.+Razia+Akter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyzqATEDPSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucaBoseAyub2017" class="citation journal cs1">Luca, Pagani; Bose, Sarmila; Ayub, Qasim (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/47/special-articles/kayasthas-bengal.html">"Kayasthas of Bengal"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>52</b> (47): 44. <q>...which claimed that the Bengali King Adisur had invited five Brahmins from Kannauj, an ancient city in the northern Gangetic plains located in the present Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, to migrate to Bengal, in eastern India. According to legend, these five Brahmins from Kannauj were accompanied by five Kayasthas, who became an "elite" subgroup described as "kulin" among the Kayasthas of Bengal...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Kayasthas+of+Bengal&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Luca&rft.aufirst=Pagani&rft.au=Bose%2C+Sarmila&rft.au=Ayub%2C+Qasim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fjournal%2F2017%2F47%2Fspecial-articles%2Fkayasthas-bengal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2001" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R.C. (2001). Ramakrishnan, S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar"><i>History and Culture of the Indian People</i></a>. Vol. 5. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 477. <q>We have seen that the Kayasthas as a caste (as distinguished from the profession called by that name) can be traced back with the help of literary and epigraphic records to the latter half of the ninth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleforempir05bhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Chitrarekha (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468302000203">"The writers' class of ancient India— a case study in social mobility"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946468302000203">10.1177/001946468302000203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646">0019-4646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941948">144941948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+writers%27+class+of+ancient+India%E2%80%94+a+case+study+in+social+mobility&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144941948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-4646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Chitrarekha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F001946468302000203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande1948" class="citation book cs1">Deshpande, R. R. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8864"><i>Visakhadattaʼs Mudraraksasa</i></a>. Popular book Store, Surat. pp. ii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visakhadatta%CA%BCs+Mudraraksasa&rft.pages=ii&rft.pub=Popular+book+Store%2C+Surat&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.csl.8864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay1950" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Sunil Chandra (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140901">"A NOTE ON THE KĀYASTHAS OF EARLY-MEDIAEVAL KĀŚMĪRA"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">124–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140901">44140901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=A+NOTE+ON+THE+K%C4%80YASTHAS+OF+EARLY-MEDIAEVAL+K%C4%80%C5%9AM%C4%AARA&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44140901%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44140901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalhana1989" class="citation book cs1">Kalhana (1989). Stein, Sir Marc Aurel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC"><i>Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 8, 39, 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-20-80370-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-20-80370-1"><bdi>978-81-20-80370-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalhana%27s+Rajatarangini%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Kings+of+Kashmir&rft.pages=8%2C+39%2C+45&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-20-80370-1&rft.au=Kalhana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzxTkI9iAxkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay1957" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Sunil Chandra (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082819">"ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IN EARLY KĀŚMĪRA"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>38</b> (3/4): 176. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1143">0378-1143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082819">44082819</a>. <q>He also mentions the names of a few of the minor offices which had come into existence in the meantime. One of these was the office of the avaghasa-kayąstha, (fodderer for the horses) a position held for sometime by Durlabhavardhana.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=ADMINISTRATIVE+SYSTEM+IN+EARLY+K%C4%80%C5%9AM%C4%AARA&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=176&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0378-1143&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44082819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:21_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar2013" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859536567"><i>The past before us : historical traditions of early north India</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2"><bdi>978-0-674-72651-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859536567">859536567</a>. <q>He states that he comes from a family of scribes, his caste being karana (kāyastha).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+past+before+us+%3A+historical+traditions+of+early+north+India&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859536567&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72651-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F859536567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:25_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhoshGhosh1931" class="citation journal cs1">Ghosh, Jogendra Chandra; Ghosh, Jogesh Chandra (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688244">"GLEANINGS FROM THE UDAYASUNDARĪ-KATHĀ"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>13</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1143">0378-1143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688244">41688244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=GLEANINGS+FROM+THE+UDAYASUNDAR%C4%AA-KATH%C4%80&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41688244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0378-1143&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Jogendra+Chandra&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Jogesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41688244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:20_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO’Hanlon2010" class="citation journal cs1">O’Hanlon, Rosalind (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946461004700406">"The social worth of scribes"</a>. <i>The Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946461004700406">10.1177/001946461004700406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-4646">0019-4646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145071541">145071541</a>. <q>..Kayastha Camunda, a kayastha of the Naigama community, son of Kumbha and protégé of king Rajamalla of Mewad..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+social+worth+of+scribes&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=583&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145071541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-4646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946461004700406&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F001946461004700406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFH_T_Colebrooke1898" class="citation book cs1">H T Colebrooke (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142316"><i>A Digest Of Hindu Law On Contracts And Successions Vol-I</i></a>. pp. xvii. <q>Lachmidhara composed a treatise on administrative justice by command of Govindachandra a king of Casi, sprung from the Vastava race of Cayasthas...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Digest+Of+Hindu+Law+On+Contracts+And+Successions+Vol-I&rft.pages=xvii&rft.date=1898&rft.au=H+T+Colebrooke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.142316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT20112-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IT20112_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImam2011" class="citation book cs1">Imam, Fatima A. (2011). Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA405"><i>India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic : L-Z, Volume 2</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">404–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313374623" title="Special:BookSources/9780313374623"><bdi>9780313374623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Republic+%3A+L-Z%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E404-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313374623&rft.aulast=Imam&rft.aufirst=Fatima+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWDnTWrz4O8C%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India">"India - The Rajputs"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>A number of new castes, such as the Kayasthas...According to the Brahmanic sources, they originated from intercaste marriages, but this is clearly an attempt at rationalizing their rank in the hierarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=India+-+The+Rajputs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar1998" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/753563817"><i>A History of India</i></a>. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194976-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-194976-5"><bdi>978-0-14-194976-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/753563817">753563817</a>. <q>Some described them as kshatriyas , others ascribed their origin to a brahman-shudra combination. The mixed-caste origin ascribed to them may well have been a later invention of those who had to fit them into a caste hierarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F753563817&rft.isbn=978-0-14-194976-5&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F753563817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallbanlilar2012" class="citation book cs1">Ballbanlilar, Lisa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC&pg=PA59"><i>Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia</i></a>. I.B. Taurus & Co., Ltd. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-726-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Identity+in+Mughal+Empire%3A+Memory+and+Dynastic+Politics+in+Early+Modern+Central+Asia&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=I.B.+Taurus+%26+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-726-1&rft.aulast=Ballbanlilar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PS6PrH3rtkC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiseofIslam-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RiseofIslam_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RiseofIslam_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52020-507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52020-507-9"><bdi>978-0-52020-507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-52020-507-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2015" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMEECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA139"><i>The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10045-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10045-6"><bdi>978-0-226-10045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calling+of+History%3A+Sir+Jadunath+Sarkar+and+His+Empire+of+Truth&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10045-6&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Dipesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMEECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1998" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Kamal Shankar (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HEQwAQAAIAAJ&q=kayastha+under+british+raj"><i>Origin and development of class and caste in India</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+development+of+class+and+caste+in+India&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Kamal+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHEQwAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkayastha%2Bunder%2Bbritish%2Braj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwensNandy1978" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Raymond Lee; Nandy, Ashis (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CqUcAAAAMAAJ"><i>The New Vaisyas</i></a>. Carolina Academic Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-057-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89089-057-8"><bdi>978-0-89089-057-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Vaisyas&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-89089-057-8&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Lee&rft.au=Nandy%2C+Ashis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCqUcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarma2007" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Pavan K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbgMy8KfD74C&pg=PA28"><i>The Great Indian Middle class</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143103257" title="Special:BookSources/9780143103257"><bdi>9780143103257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Indian+Middle+class&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780143103257&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Pavan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbgMy8KfD74C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhardwaj1983" class="citation book cs1">Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC&pg=PA231"><i>Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04951-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04951-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04951-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Places+of+Pilgrimage+in+India%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+Geography&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04951-2&rft.aulast=Bhardwaj&rft.aufirst=Surinder+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6XJFokSJzEC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasanKumar1999" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, K.; Kumar, Sanjay (16–23 October 1999). "Economic and Caste Criteria in Definition of Backwardness". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>34</b> (42/43): 3052. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408536">4408536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Economic+and+Caste+Criteria+in+Definition+of+Backwardness&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=42%2F43&rft.pages=3052&rft.date=1999-10-16%2F1999-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4408536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT2011-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IT2011_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImam2011" class="citation book cs1">Imam, Fatima A. (2011). Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA405"><i>India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic : L-Z, Volume 2</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">404–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313374623" title="Special:BookSources/9780313374623"><bdi>9780313374623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Republic+%3A+L-Z%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E404-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313374623&rft.aulast=Imam&rft.aufirst=Fatima+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWDnTWrz4O8C%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=vaMza&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3">"vaMza"</a>. <i>Spokensanskrit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spokensanskrit.org&rft.atitle=vaMza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.org%2Findex.php%3Ftran_input%3DvaMza%26direct%3Dse%26script%3Dhk%26link%3Dyes%26mode%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShah1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, K. K. (1993). "Self Legitimation and Social Primacy: A Case Study of Some Kayastha Inscriptions From Central India". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>54</b>: 859. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143088">44143088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Self+Legitimation+and+Social+Primacy%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Some+Kayastha+Inscriptions+From+Central+India&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=859&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44143088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellenoit2017" class="citation book cs1">Bellenoit, Hayden J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49429-3"><bdi>978-1-134-49429-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Colonial+State+in+India%3A+Scribes%2C+Paper+and+Taxes%2C+1760%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-134-49429-3&rft.aulast=Bellenoit&rft.aufirst=Hayden+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TElDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Saurabh (2015). "Rural Society and Rural Economy in the Ganga Valley during the Gahadavalas". <i>Social Scientist</i>. <b>43</b> (5/6): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24642345">24642345</a>. <q>One thing is clear that by this time, Kayasthas had come to acquire prominent places in the court and officialdom and some were financially well-off to commission the construction of temples, while others were well-versed in the requisite fields of Vedic lore to earn the title of pandita for themselves. In our study, the epigraphic sources do not indicate the oppressive nature of Kayastha officials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Rural+Society+and+Rural+Economy+in+the+Ganga+Valley+during+the+Gahadavalas&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24642345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Saurabh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellenoit2017" class="citation book cs1">Bellenoit, Hayden J. (2017). "Kayasthas, 'caste' and administration under the Raj, c. 1860–1900". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/973222959"><i>The formation of the colonial state in India: Scribes, paper and taxes, 1760–1860</i></a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, UK. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49429-3"><bdi>978-1-134-49429-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973222959">973222959</a>. <q>And while these Bhatnagar, Ambastha, Srivastava and Saxena families were important for the colonial state by the 1860s, they were also beneficiaries of British success and power in India. They shaped the materiality of administration and populated the ranks of the Raj's intermediary enforcement.....by 1900 they were broadly considered by various Indian , British and missionary observers to the most educated and influential of the service castes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kayasthas%2C+%27caste%27+and+administration+under+the+Raj%2C+c.+1860%E2%80%931900&rft.btitle=The+formation+of+the+colonial+state+in+India%3A+Scribes%2C+paper+and+taxes%2C+1760%E2%80%931860&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973222959&rft.isbn=978-1-134-49429-3&rft.aulast=Bellenoit&rft.aufirst=Hayden+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F973222959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlHind-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlHind_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndre_Wink1991" class="citation book cs1">Andre Wink (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC"><i>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09509-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09509-0&rft.au=Andre+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1978" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC"><i>Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Empire</i></a>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+and+Geographical+Names+in+the+Gupta+Empire&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Tej+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcnnB-Lx2MAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebalkar2001-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hebalkar2001_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharad_Hebalkar2001" class="citation book cs1">Sharad Hebalkar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ontAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient Indian Ports: With Special Reference to Maharashtra</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0858-2"><bdi>978-81-215-0858-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Ports%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Maharashtra&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0858-2&rft.au=Sharad+Hebalkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ontAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunthankar1988" class="citation book cs1">Sunthankar, B. R. (1988). <i>Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra: 1818–1857</i>. p. 121. <q>The [Chandraseniya] Kayastha Prabhus, though small in number, were another caste of importance in Maharashtra. They formed one of the elite castes of Maharashtra. They also held the position of Deshpandes and Gadkaris and produced some of the best warriors in the Maratha history</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+Century+History+of+Maharashtra%3A+1818%E2%80%931857&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Sunthankar&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiltonWagle-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiltonWagle_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilton_Israel_and_N._K._Wagle1987" class="citation book cs1">Milton Israel and N. K. Wagle, ed. (1987). <i>Religion and Society in Maharashtra</i>. Center for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Society+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Center+for+South+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPati2008" class="citation book cs1">Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&dq=karan+rank+next+to+brahmin&pg=PA116"><i>Family Planning</i></a>. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0352-8"><bdi>978-81-313-0352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Planning&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0352-8&rft.aulast=Pati&rft.aufirst=Rabindra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5seKkk3GkIC%26dq%3Dkaran%2Brank%2Bnext%2Bto%2Bbrahmin%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/118750/12/12_chapter%25205.pdf">Archeological remains of Dhenkanal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohanty2007" class="citation book cs1">Mohanty, Pramod Kumar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GzaAAAAMAAJ&q=srikarana"><i>Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947</i></a>. R.N. Bhattacharya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87661-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87661-52-8"><bdi>978-81-87661-52-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+South+Asia%3A+Cuttack%2C+1803-1947&rft.pub=R.N.+Bhattacharya&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-87661-52-8&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Pramod+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GzaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsrikarana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohantyBiswal2007" class="citation book cs1">Mohanty, Ramesh P.; Biswal, Durgesh Nandini (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl66OPnClpoC&pg=PA40"><i>Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-199-1"><bdi>978-81-8324-199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Gender+and+Gender+Discrimination%3A+Caste+Hindu+and+Tribal&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-199-1&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+P.&rft.au=Biswal%2C+Durgesh+Nandini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl66OPnClpoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSircar2017" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, D. C. (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceDuDwAAQBAJ&dq=srikarana&pg=PA375"><i>Indian Epigraphy</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-4103-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-4103-1"><bdi>978-81-208-4103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-4103-1&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DceDuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsrikarana%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ&q=Sri+Karana++Mahasenapati"><i>Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak</i></a>. State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-902761-5-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-902761-5-3"><bdi>978-81-902761-5-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage+of+%5BOrissa%5D%3A+pts.+1-2.+Katak&rft.pub=State+Level+Vyasakabi+Fakir+Mohan+Smruti+Samsad&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-902761-5-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYhKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DSri%2BKarana%2B%2BMahasenapati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=22wCxbKAdmkC&dq=The+Two-headed+Deer:+Illustrations+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+in+Orissa&pg=PA90"><i>The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08065-2"><bdi>978-0-520-08065-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two-headed+Deer%3A+Illustrations+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+in+Orissa&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08065-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joanna+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D22wCxbKAdmkC%26dq%3DThe%2BTwo-headed%2BDeer%3A%2BIllustrations%2Bof%2Bthe%2BR%25C4%2581m%25C4%2581ya%25E1%25B9%2587a%2Bin%2BOrissa%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas1996" class="citation book cs1">Das, Bishnupada (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+zamindar"><i>Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism</i></a>. Firma KLM Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7102-049-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7102-049-2"><bdi>978-81-7102-049-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Aspects+of+Socio-economic+Changes+in+South+Western+Frontier+Bengal+Since+Introduction+of+Neo-Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism&rft.pub=Firma+KLM+Private+Limited&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7102-049-2&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Bishnupada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuLZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkaran%2Bzamindar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCongress1995" class="citation book cs1">Congress, South Indian History (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+caste+zamindar+extremely+rich"><i>Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ...</i></a> The Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+...+Annual+Conference+...&rft.pub=The+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=South+Indian+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcw9uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkaran%2Bcaste%2Bzamindar%2Bextremely%2Brich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/189767/11/11_chapter%25204.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanabe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tanabe, Akio (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-asian-studies/article/genealogies-of-the-paika-rebellion-heterogeneities-and-linkages/4F1D10668F4ED9EE67FA01845047B201#">"Genealogies of the "Paika Rebellion": Heterogeneities and Linkages"</a>. <i>International Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1479591420000157">10.1017/S1479591420000157</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-5914">1479-5914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Genealogies+of+the+%22Paika+Rebellion%22%3A+Heterogeneities+and+Linkages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1479591420000157&rft.issn=1479-5914&rft.aulast=Tanabe&rft.aufirst=Akio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fgenealogies-of-the-paika-rebellion-heterogeneities-and-linkages%2F4F1D10668F4ED9EE67FA01845047B201%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatthiesNärhi2016-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MatthiesNärhi2016_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAila-Leena_MatthiesKati_Närhi2016" class="citation book cs1">Aila-Leena Matthies; Kati Närhi (4 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiolDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>The Ecosocial Transition of Societies: The contribution of social work and social policy</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 110–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03460-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-03460-5"><bdi>978-1-317-03460-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecosocial+Transition+of+Societies%3A+The+contribution+of+social+work+and+social+policy&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-317-03460-5&rft.au=Aila-Leena+Matthies&rft.au=Kati+N%C3%A4rhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiolDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellenoit174-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bellenoit174_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellenoit174_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellenoit174_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellenoit2017" class="citation book cs1">Bellenoit, Hayden J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49429-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49429-3"><bdi>978-1-134-49429-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Colonial+State+in+India%3A+Scribes%2C+Paper+and+Taxes%2C+1760%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-134-49429-3&rft.aulast=Bellenoit&rft.aufirst=Hayden+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TElDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashwani-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashwani_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashwani_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (2008). <i>Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar</i>. Anthem Press. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Warriors%3A+State%2C+Peasants+and+Caste+Armies+in+Bihar&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellenoit2023-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bellenoit2023_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellenoit_H.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bellenoit H. (9 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0738248023000056">"Legal Limbo and Caste Consternation: Determining Kayasthas' Varna Rank in Indian Law Courts, 1860–1930"</a>. <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>41</b>. Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0738248023000056">10.1017/S0738248023000056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257448600">257448600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Legal+Limbo+and+Caste+Consternation%3A+Determining+Kayasthas%27+Varna+Rank+in+Indian+Law+Courts%2C+1860%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0738248023000056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257448600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bellenoit+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0738248023000056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Pinch-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_Pinch_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinch1996" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, William R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7cwDwAAQBAJ&q=pesant+and+monk"><i>Peasants and monks in British India</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>75, <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20061-6"><bdi>978-0-520-20061-6</bdi></a>. <q>(index)108. Buchanan, Bihar and Patna, 1811–1812, 1:329–39; (pg)Bhagvan Prasad's ministrations reflected his own personal interpretation of the social mandate implicit in the religious message of Ramanand. However, Ramanandi ambivalence toward caste emerged in discussions about the prescribed stages of a sadhu's entry into the sampraday. In his biography of Bhagvan Prasad, Sahay expressed the view that originally anyone (including untouchables) could have become Ramanandi sadhus, but that by his time (the early 1900s), "Ramanandis bring disciples from only those jatis from whom water can be taken."[107] For those designated shudra by the elite, this phrase, "from whom water can be taken," was a common enough euphemism for a person of "pure shudra" status, with whom restricted physical contact could be made. From the elite perspective, such physical contact would have occurred in the course of consuming goods and services common in everyday life; the designation "pure shudra" implied a substantial body of "impure"—hence untouchable—people with whom physical contact was both unnecessary and improper. Buchanan, in the early nineteenth century, had included in the term "pure shudra" the well-known designations of Kayasth, Koiri, Kurmi, Kahar, Goala, Dhanuk (archers, cultivators, palanquin bearers), Halwai (sweet vendors), Mali (flower gardener), Barai (cultivator and vendor of betel leaves), Sonar (goldsmith), Kandu (grain parchers), and Gareri (blanket weavers and shepherds). As a result of their very public campaign for kshatriya status in the last quarter of the century, not to mention their substantial economic and political clout, Kayasths were classified along with "Babhans" and Rajputs as "other castes of twice-born rank" in the 1901 census hierarchy for Bihar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants+and+monks+in+British+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E75%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20061-6&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7cwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpesant%2Band%2Bmonk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinha2011" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA93"><i>Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar</i></a>. Viking. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08459-3"><bdi>978-0-670-08459-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nitish+Kumar+and+the+Rise+of+Bihar&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08459-3&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrT2xWp_iTCYC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, William L. (2007) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA202">"Mobility in the Nineteenth-century Caste System"</a>. In Singer, Milton; Cohn, Bernard S. (eds.). <i>Structure and Change in India Society</i> (Reprinted ed.). Transaction Publishers. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36138-3"><bdi>978-0-202-36138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mobility+in+the+Nineteenth-century+Caste+System&rft.btitle=Structure+and+Change+in+India+Society&rft.pages=202&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36138-3&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g-_r-9Oa_sC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1982" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Michael (1982). "Casteism in South Asian politics during British times: Emergent cultural typifications or elite fictions?". <i>Caste conflict and elite formation: The rise of a Karāva elite in Sri Lanka, 1500-1931</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521052856" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521052856"><bdi>978-0521052856</bdi></a>. [Chapter 7: pp. 180-224]. <q>Lucy Carroll has revealed how one cannot identify a temporal evolution from Sanskritist sacred goals to Westernised secular aims because the strategies of caste associations were mixed [...] She indicates that several of the apparently Sanskritist ascetic reforms advocated by caste associations derived from the influence of Victorian puritanism and other Western values [...] In three articles: 1975, 1977 and 1978. In these essays she also pinpoints factual and interpretative errors in William L. Rowe's presentation of the Kayastha movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Casteism+in+South+Asian+politics+during+British+times%3A+Emergent+cultural+typifications+or+elite+fictions%3F&rft.btitle=Caste+conflict+and+elite+formation%3A+The+rise+of+a+Kar%C4%81va+elite+in+Sri+Lanka%2C+1500-1931&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0521052856&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStout1976" class="citation book cs1">Stout, Lucy Carol (1976). <i>The Hindustani Kayasthas: The Kayastha Pathshala, and the Kayastha Conference, 1873–1914</i>. University of California, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindustani+Kayasthas%3A+The+Kayastha+Pathshala%2C+and+the+Kayastha+Conference%2C+1873%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Lucy+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInden1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Inden, Ronald B.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P8b9A7J_v-UC&pg=PA1"><i>Marriage and Rank in Bengali Culture: A History of Caste and Clan in Middle Period Bengal</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02569-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02569-1"><bdi>978-0-520-02569-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+Rank+in+Bengali+Culture%3A+A+History+of+Caste+and+Clan+in+Middle+Period+Bengal&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02569-1&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP8b9A7J_v-UC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFullerNarasimhan2014" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, C. J.; Narasimhan, Haripriya (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>Tamil Brahmans: The making of a middle caste</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226152882" title="Special:BookSources/9780226152882"><bdi>9780226152882</bdi></a>. <q>In Bengal, the new middle class emergent under the British rule styled itself 'bhadralok', the gentry or "respectable people", and its principal constituents were the three Bengali high castes, Brahmans, Baidyas, and Kayasthas. Moreover, for the Bhadralok, a prestigious, refined culture based on education literacy and artistic skills, and the mastery of the Bengali language, counted for more than caste status itself for their social dominance in Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Brahmans%3A+The+making+of+a+middle+caste&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780226152882&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Narasimhan%2C+Haripriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr7KjBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RudolphRudolph1984-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RudolphRudolph1984_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_I._RudolphSusanne_Hoeber_Rudolph1984" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd I. Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (15 July 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&pg=PA124"><i>The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73137-7"><bdi>978-0-226-73137-7</bdi></a>. <q>And Ronald Inden confirms, after spending 1964 and part of 1965 in Bengal preparing a dissertation on Kayasthas, that intermarriage is becoming increasingly frequent among the urban sections of the Kayasthas, Brahmans, and Vaidyas, that is, among those Westernized and educated twice-born castes dominating the modern, better-paying, and more prestigious occupations of metropolitan Calcutta and constituting perhaps half of the city's population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modernity+of+Tradition%3A+Political+Development+in+India&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73137-7&rft.au=Lloyd+I.+Rudolph&rft.au=Susanne+Hoeber+Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7guY1ut-0lwC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton1961-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton1961_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutton1961" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, John Henry (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuHUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22twice%2Bborn%22"><i>Caste in India: Its Nature, Function, and Origins</i></a>. Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+in+India%3A+Its+Nature%2C+Function%2C+and+Origins&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Indian+Branch%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuHUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522twice%252Bborn%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipner2009-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipner2009_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipner2009" class="citation book cs1">Lipner, Julius J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Y6QkumxEgC&pg=PA172"><i>Debi Chaudhurani, or The Wife Who Came Home</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973824-3"><bdi>978-0-19-973824-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debi+Chaudhurani%2C+or+The+Wife+Who+Came+Home&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973824-3&rft.aulast=Lipner&rft.aufirst=Julius+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-Y6QkumxEgC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovetzke2016" class="citation book cs1">Novetzke, Christian Lee (2016). <i>The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231175807" title="Special:BookSources/9780231175807"><bdi>9780231175807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quotidian+Revolution%3A+Vernacularization%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Premodern+Public+Sphere+in+India&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780231175807&rft.aulast=Novetzke&rft.aufirst=Christian+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chib161-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chib161_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFK._P._Bahadur,_Sukhdev_Singh_Chib1981" class="citation book cs1">K. P. Bahadur, Sukhdev Singh Chib (1981). <i>The Castes, Tribes and Culture of India</i>. ESS Publications. p. 161. <q>The [Chandraseniya] Kayastha Prabhus ... They performed three of the vedic duties or karmas, studying the Vedas adhyayan, sacrificing yajna and giving alms or dana ... The creed mostly accepted by them is that of the advaita school of Shankaracharya, though they also worship Vishnu, Ganapati and other gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castes%2C+Tribes+and+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=ESS+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.au=K.+P.+Bahadur%2C+Sukhdev+Singh+Chib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Robert_Isaacs1970" class="citation book cs1">Harold Robert Isaacs (1970). Harry M. Lindquist (ed.). <i>Education: readings in the processes of cultural transmission</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%3A+readings+in+the+processes+of+cultural+transmission&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Harold+Robert+Isaacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Béteille1992" class="citation book cs1">André Béteille (1992). <i>Society and Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195630661" title="Special:BookSources/0195630661"><bdi>0195630661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Politics+in+India%3A+Essays+in+a+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0195630661&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+B%C3%A9teille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhelari2023" class="citation news cs1">Bhelari, Amit (7 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs/article67509087.ece">"Bihar caste-based survey report | Poverty highest among Scheduled Castes, lowest among Kayasths"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Bihar+caste-based+survey+report+%7C+Poverty+highest+among+Scheduled+Castes%2C+lowest+among+Kayasths&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Bhelari&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbihars-caste-based-survey-report-shows-yadavs-hold-most-govt-jobs-among-obcs%2Farticle67509087.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf">Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf">"2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Book Trust, India. p. 12. <q>Satyendra Nath was born in Calcutta on the first of January, 1894, in a high caste Kayastha family with two generations of English education behind him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Santimay+Chatterjee&rft.au=Enakshi+Chatterjee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarmelo" class="citation cs2">Farmelo, Graham, "The Strangest Man", <i>Notes on Dirac's lecture </i>Developments in Atomic Theory<i> at Le Palais de la Découverte, 6 December 1945</i>, UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers, p. 331, note 64, BW83/2/257889</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Strangest+Man&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Dirac%27s+lecture+Developments+in+Atomic+Theory+at+Le+Palais+de+la+D%C3%A9couverte%2C+6+December+1945&rft.series=UKNATARCHI+Dirac+Papers&rft.pages=p.+331%2C+note+64&rft.aulast=Farmelo&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sean2013-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sean2013_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Sean2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Sean (18 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXTcSoXEZNUC&pg=PA63"><i>Strung Together: The Cultural Currency of String Theory as a Scientific Imaginary</i></a>. 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Mounto Publishing House. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Documents+on+the+Ghadr+Party&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Mounto+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sareen&rft.aufirst=Tilakraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalik1981" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Yogendra K. (1981). <i>South Asian intellectuals and social change: a study of the role of vernacular-speaking intelligentsia</i>. Heritage. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+intellectuals+and+social+change%3A+a+study+of+the+role+of+vernacular-speaking+intelligentsia&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Heritage&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Yogendra+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kantak-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kantak_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantak_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKantak1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kantak, M. R. (1978). "The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of the Shivaji Maharaj's Swarajya". <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931051">42931051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Political+Role+of+Different+Hindu+Castes+and+Communities+in+Maharashtra+in+the+Foundation+of+the+Shivaji+Maharaj%27s+Swarajya&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42931051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kantak&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearns2002-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stearns2002_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStearns2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stearns, Cyrus (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDT7EQUMCx0C&q=luminous+lives">"The Mystery of Lord Gayadhara"</a>. <i>Luminous Lives: The Story of the Early Masters of the Lam 'bras in Tibet</i>: <span class="nowrap">47–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-307-3"><bdi>978-0-86171-307-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Luminous+Lives%3A+The+Story+of+the+Early+Masters+of+the+Lam+%27bras+in+Tibet&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+Lord+Gayadhara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-307-3&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDT7EQUMCx0C%26q%3Dluminous%2Blives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das2005-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Das2005_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sandip (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U9U0LiT3dtMC&pg=PA109"><i>Jayaprakash Narayan: A Centenary Volume</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-001-7"><bdi>978-81-8324-001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jayaprakash+Narayan%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-001-7&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sandip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU9U0LiT3dtMC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, M. K. (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Indian War of Independence (1857–1947)</i>. Anmol Publications. p. 130. <q>Bipin Chandra Pal (1858–1932) a patriot, nationalist politician, renowned orator, journalist, and writer. Bipin Chandra Pal was born on 7 November 1858 in Sylhet in a wealthy Hindu Kayastha family</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+War+of+Independence+%281857%E2%80%931947%29&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsraelWagle1987" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Milton; Wagle, N. K., eds. (1987). <i>Religion and Society in Maharashtra</i>. Center for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Society+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Center+for+South+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-descendants-of-chitragupta/19083152">"Devdutt Pattanaik: Descendants of Chitragupta"</a>. <i>mid-day</i>. 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mid-day&rft.atitle=Devdutt+Pattanaik%3A+Descendants+of+Chitragupta&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Farticles%2Fdevdutt-pattanaik-descendants-of-chitragupta%2F19083152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1998" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Prakash Chandra (1998). <i>Makers of Indian Literature: Prem Chand</i>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0428-7"><bdi>978-81-260-0428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Prem+Chand&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0428-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Prakash+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA33"><i>Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8"><bdi>978-1-84331-709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Warriors%3A+State%2C+Peasants+and+Caste+Armies+in+Bihar&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-709-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnum2I4NFGqIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchomer1998" class="citation book cs1">Schomer, Karine (1998). <i>Mahadevi Varma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564450-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564450-6"><bdi>0-19-564450-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahadevi+Varma+and+the+Chhayavad+Age+of+Modern+Hindi+Poetry&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-564450-6&rft.aulast=Schomer&rft.aufirst=Karine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBachchan1998" class="citation book cs1">Bachchan, Harivansh Rai (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0140276637"><i>In the Afternoon of Time: An Autobiography</i></a>. India: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670881581" title="Special:BookSources/9780670881581"><bdi>9780670881581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Afternoon+of+Time%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780670881581&rft.aulast=Bachchan&rft.aufirst=Harivansh+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0140276637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanhatti1995" class="citation book cs1">Banhatti, G. S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jK5862eV7_EC"><i>Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-291-6"><bdi>978-81-7156-291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Philosophy+of+Swami+Vivekananda&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-291-6&rft.aulast=Banhatti&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjK5862eV7_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sananda Lal Ghosh,(1980), Mejda, Self-Realization Fellowship, p. 3</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Rudolph" title="Lloyd Rudolph">Lloyd Rudolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Rudolph" title="Susanne Rudolph">Susanne Rudolph</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitra_(Indian_Civil_Service,_Superintendent_of_Census_Operations)1953" class="citation book cs1">Mitra (Indian Civil Service, Superintendent of Census Operations), Asok (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bTUAAAAMAAJ"><i>The tribes and castes of West Bengal</i></a>. Superintendent, Govt. Print. West Bengal Govt. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tribes+and+castes+of+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+Govt.+Print.+West+Bengal+Govt.+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Mitra+%28Indian+Civil+Service%2C+Superintendent+of+Census+Operations%29&rft.aufirst=Asok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bTUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1994" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Karen Isaksen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32aMey7k-IYC"><i>Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad</i></a>. Orient BlackSwan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0032-7"><bdi>978-81-250-0032-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+an+Indian+Caste%3A+The+Kayasths+of+Hyderabad&rft.pub=Orient+BlackSwan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0032-7&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Karen+Isaksen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32aMey7k-IYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKayastha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kayastha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kayastha">Kayastha</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template talk:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengali_Hindus58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguri_(caste)" title="Aguri (caste)">Aguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdi_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdi caste">Bagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidya" title="Baidya">Baidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Kapali" title="Baishya Kapali">Baishya Kapali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Saha" title="Baishya Saha">Baishya Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barujibi" title="Barujibi">Barujibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauris">Bauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Brahmins">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunaru" title="Chunaru">Chunaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doms">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhabanik" title="Gandhabanik">Gandhabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarna_Banik" title="Suvarna Banik">Suvarna Banik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_caste" title="Hari caste">Hari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta"> Kaibartya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansabanik" title="Kansabanik">Kansabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmakar" title="Karmakar">Karmakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Kayastha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulin_Kayastha" title="Kulin Kayastha">Kulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulika_Kayastha" title="Maulika Kayastha">Maulika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishya" title="Mahishya">Mahishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_(caste)" title="Mal (caste)">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namasudra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namassej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Avarna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadgop" title="Sadgop">Sadgop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunri" title="Shunri">Shunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Nath" title="Yogi Nath">Yogi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/120px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/250px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Chandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)">Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namassejsantokotha" title="Namassejsantokotha">Matuasmritokotha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo">Brahmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartabhaja" title="Kartabhaja">Kartabhaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Brahmo_Samaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Brahmo Samaj">Adi Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sevashram_Sangha" title="Bharat Sevashram Sangha">Bharat Sevashram Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Conference_Organisation" title="Brahmo Conference Organisation">Brahmo Conference Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Order" title="Ramakrishna Order">Ramakrishna Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga Society of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poila_Baisakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Poila Baisakh">Poila Baisakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti" title="Rabindra Jayanti">Rabindra Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddho Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi#Worship" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Brata" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitri Brata">Savitri Brata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamrai_Jagannath_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamrai Jagannath Roth">Dhamrai Jagannath Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Jhulan Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojagari_Lakshmi_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojagari Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Phonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Phonta">Bhai Phonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Rash" title="Shakta Rash">Shakta Rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpataru_Day" title="Kalpataru Day">Kalpataru Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Day_(India)" title="National Youth Day (India)">Swami Vivekananda's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghotsab_of_Brahma_Samaj" title="Maghotsab of Brahma Samaj">Maghotsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola Yatra">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_gharana" title="Bishnupur gharana">Bishnupur gharana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-Kavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal-Kavya">Mangal-Kavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)"> Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallol" title="Kallol">Kallol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Folk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholapith" title="Sholapith">Sholapith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raibenshe" title="Raibenshe">Raibenshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paika" title="Paika">Paika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamail" title="Dhamail">Dhamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_mythology_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu mythology and culture">Bengali Hindu mythology and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agricultural communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agri_(caste)" title="Agri (caste)">Agri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_(caste)" title="Bari (caste)">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari_(caste)" title="Bhandari (caste)">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabit" title="Gabit">Gabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharvi" title="Kharvi">Kharvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leva_Patel" title="Leva Patel">Leva Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchkalshi" title="Panchkalshi">Panchkalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahyavanshi" title="Mahyavanshi">Mahyavanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangela_Kolis" title="Mangela Kolis">Mangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powari_language" title="Powari language">Powar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercantile communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattegar" title="Pattegar">Khatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komati_(caste)" title="Komati (caste)">Komati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimpi" title="Shimpi">Shimpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya_Vani" title="Vaishya Vani">Vaishya Vani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artisan communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beldar" title="Beldar">Beldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoi" title="Bhoi">Bhoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burud_(caste)" title="Burud (caste)">Burud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaukalshi" title="Chaukalshi">Chaukalshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chambhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband" title="Chhaparband">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi (Parit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhor">Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavli" title="Gavli">Gavli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holar_caste" title="Holar caste">Holar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holeya" title="Holeya">Holeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjar" title="Kanjar">Kanjarbhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatik" title="Khatik">Khatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhati" title="Kolhati">Kolhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshta" title="Koshta">Koshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumbhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonaria" title="Lonaria">Lonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_(caste)" title="Mang (caste)">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_(caste)" title="Nai (caste)">Nhavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasali_(caste)" title="Padmasali (caste)">Padmasali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliya" title="Saliya">Sali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutar" title="Sutar">Sutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twashta_Kasar" title="Twashta Kasar">Twashta Kasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddera" title="Vaddera">Vadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Chitpavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrukhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Devrukhe">Devrukhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomantak_Maratha_Samaj" title="Gomantak Maratha Samaj">Gomantak Maratha Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosains" title="Gosains">Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurav" title="Gurav">Gurav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudaldeshkar_Gaud_Brahmin" title="Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin">Kudaldeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palshi" title="Palshi">Palshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Gaud Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamedi">Shamedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andh" title="Andh">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barda_(tribe)" title="Barda (tribe)">Barda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binjhal" title="Binjhal">Binjhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanka" title="Dhanka">Dhanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia" title="Dhodia">Dhodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhil_Mavchi" title="Bhil Mavchi">Gavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowari" title="Gowari">Gowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halba_(tribe)" title="Halba (tribe)">Halba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halpati" title="Halpati">Halpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_(tribe)" title="Kanwar (tribe)">Kanwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_people" title="Katkari people">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokna">Kokna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_people" title="Korku people">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakar_(tribe)" title="Thakar (tribe)">Thakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasava" title="Vasava">Vasava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warli" title="Warli">Warli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomadic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan" title="Charan">Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimar" title="Dhimar">Dhiwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gav-Paradhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gav-Paradhi">Gav-Paradhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Nath Jogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahar" title="Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikadi_people" title="Kaikadi people">Kaikadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_Pardhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase Pardhi">Phase Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoshi" title="Ramoshi">Ramoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagri" title="Vagri">Waghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Marathi Jains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagherwal" title="Bagherwal">Bagherwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturtha" title="Chaturtha">Chaturtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhakad">Dhakad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Panchama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitwal" title="Saitwal">Saitwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upajjhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Upajjhaya">Upajjhaya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Immigrant_Jain_communities26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant Jain communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrawal" title="Agrawal">Agrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humad" title="Humad">Humad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiswal_Jain" title="Jaiswal Jain">Jaiswal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswal" title="Oswal">Oswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliwal" title="Paliwal">Paliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Porwad">Porwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawagi" title="Sarawagi">Sarawagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimali">Shrimali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Muslim communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Maharashtrian Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Muslim Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Buddhists" title="Marathi Buddhists">Marathi Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_Christians" title="Koli Christians">Koli Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculturalists/cultivators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agharia" title="Agharia">Agharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasa_(caste)" title="Chasa (caste)">Chasa (caste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khandayat">Khandayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuilta" title="Kuilta">Kuilta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisan_people" title="Kisan people">Kisan people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Tribe">Scheduled Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahali">Mahali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_people" title="Sora people">Sauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodha_people" title="Lodha people">Lodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdha_(tribe)" title="Mirdha (tribe)">Mirdha (tribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_people" title="Bonda people">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juang_people" title="Juang people">Juang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_people" title="Ho people">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia" title="Bhunjia">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_(tribe)" title="Kanwar (tribe)">Kanwar (tribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Odisha" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha">List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Muslims" title="Odia Muslims">Odia Muslims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayastha&oldid=1284440230">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayastha&oldid=1284440230</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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