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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chicana scholar and activist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">María Guillermina Valdes Villalva</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maria Guillermina Valdes</div><br />15 December 1939<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">El Paso, Texas</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 11, 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-09-11)</span> (aged 51)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">University of Texas at El Paso, University of Michigan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Scholar and activist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Establishing organizations for workers in maquiladoras and for her pioneering scholarship in border studies.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Antonio Villalva Sosa 1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>María Guillermina (Guille) Valdes Villalva</b> (also known as <b>Guillermina Valdez de Villalva or Villalba</b>, December 15, 1939 – September 11, 1991) was a <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicana</a> scholar and activist born in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was considered an "authority"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "pioneer"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on researching United States-Mexico border issues and had a "lifelong commitment to social justice."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Guillermina_Valdes_Villalva&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Villalva was the daughter of a physician, Luis Valdes, and her mother was Ninfa Teobald.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She attended <a href="/wiki/Loretto_Academy_(El_Paso,_Texas)" title="Loretto Academy (El Paso, Texas)">Loretto Academy</a>, graduating in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, she received a B.A. in sociology from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" title="University of Texas at El Paso">University of Texas at El Paso</a> (UTEP).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, she earned a master's degree in psychology from UTEP. Her PhD in social psychology was from the University of Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the University of Michigan, she was influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paolo Freire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was married to Antonio Villalva Sosa in 1963 in the Sacred Heart Church in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her marriage, they honeymooned in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> and then settled in Juárez.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they had three children, a son and two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalva became very religious after a serious illness led to her being hospitalized in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, she had a <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a> after her recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Catholic charismatic renewal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Villava's research focused on "the <i><a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">maquiladoras</a></i> industry on the United States-Mexico border" and its impact on the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalva taught at UTEP and also at the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Chihuahua" title="Autonomous University of Chihuahua">University of Ciudad Juárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, Villava mentored many other scholars in her area of study.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Villalva saw that with a growing population of working women in Mexico (around 53 percent of women working in Juarez were the sole supporters of their families) that there was a need for places for them to meet and learn additional skills.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She mentions that at first, when the <i>maquiladoras</i> came to Juárez, there was an expectation that only men would be hired; instead mostly young women were given jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalva's research discovered that many of the women who were coming to work in <i>maquiladoras</i> or twin plants in El Paso and Juárez were from rural areas and learning to live in what was essentially a new culture was not easy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villava and others began to work towards creating an organization that would help young women adjust to a new life. She and others conducted the research necessary to lay the foundation for the creation of women's worker groups in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Villava helped organize and co-found several organizations, the first of which was the non-profit <i>Centro de Orientacion para la Mujer Obrera</i> (COMO and also known as Woman Worker Orientation Center).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first COMO was located in a public building in Colonia Exhipódromo in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalva had obtained the building by petitioning President <a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a> on his visit to Juárez.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalva helped initiate social change through COMO, including developing union-like worker cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COMO also helped support workers in their efforts to strike for better working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other times, COMO took complaints of hazardous working conditions to the press or even to court.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first COMO was considered a pilot program and was run by Villalva, an assistant director, Maria Elena Alvarado, a <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nurse</a>, Maria Elena Villegas, and Rosario Rosales and Delia Puga, both <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these employees, COMO also had a volunteer staff of about 27 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the first two years, about 300 women attended classes at the COMO each year.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The COMO's classes were designed to raise "working women's consciousness" which had been discontinued by <i>maquiladora</i> management because those who attended became "too critical of health and safety conditions."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the classes taught at COMO focused on self-improvement, such as learning English, dance, and sewing and also on community improvement, such as nutrition, psychology, family relations and responsible parenthood.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for the free classes, the women committed themselves to volunteering in the community and using the knowledge they'd learned to teach others.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalva was "exceptionally charismatic" and was able to act as a bridge between working women and corporate and official forms of power.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also able to obtain half a million dollars between 1978 and 1980 for COMO through the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Foundation" title="Inter-American Foundation">Inter-American Foundation</a> (IAF).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Villalva, it was important that working in a factory not become a "dehumanizing" experience for the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This first COMO also became a center for coordinating various co-op programs for the unemployed, both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also helped create jobs for the men in the area by helping to create a recycling cooperative in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-homepages.wmich.edu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepages.wmich.edu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalva and others had witnessed people living in shanty towns outside of the dump with no way to support themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recycling co-op had scavengers in the dump turning in items that could be recycled for money.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Items of need were provided for free outside the dump a small store called "The Lord's Store."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Villalva also educated the scavengers at the dump.<sup id="cite_ref-homepages.wmich.edu_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepages.wmich.edu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1980, COMO centers were set to be established in Puerto Rico and San Jose, California.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COMO became a center not just for workers in Juárez, but also around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COMO's impact can also be measured in the effect it had on the lives of many of the participants in the program, who were women with an average age of twenty-two.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who participated in the improving classes had a measurable and greater sense of personal empowerment that differed greatly from the "stereotype of the ideal Mexican female" in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the women involved in COMO became leaders in their communities and at work.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, Villalva was involved with bringing attention to the press about a dangerous contamination affecting workers in a metal foundry.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 193 workers suffered from various symptoms ranging from neurological disorders to sterility because they had been exposed to <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radioactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt 60</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 she also spoke as an expert in border studies in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> at a <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">congressional hearing</a> involving immigration changes, where she stated that the new immigration bill would cause many Mexicans to lose their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Villalva was the general director of external affairs for the <a href="/wiki/Colef" title="Colef">Colegio de la Frontera Norte</a> (Colef).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colef and Villava were supportive of the civil movement surrounding violence against women in Northern Mexico, especially in Juárez.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Villalva was awarded the Loretto Academy's Alumnae award for outstanding service.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Villalva received the Mary Rhodes Award for her accomplishments in working towards social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was a keynote speaker at the 1988 <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Chicana_and_Chicano_Studies" title="National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies">National Association for Chicano Studies</a> (NACS) conference where she spoke on the maturation of <a href="/wiki/Chicana/o_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicana/o studies">Chicana/o studies</a> as an academic field.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Villalva died in an airplane explosion on September 11, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was flying to Houston from Laredo on a commuter plane, <a href="/wiki/Flight_2574" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight 2574">Flight 2574</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to attend the graduation of her daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Guillermina_Valdes_Villalva&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSolorzano2010" class="citation web cs1">Solorzano, Rosalia (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fvacm">"Valdes Villalva, Maria Guillermina"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Valdes+Villalva%2C+Maria+Guillermina&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Solorzano&rft.aufirst=Rosalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffvacm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar%C3%ADa+Guillermina+Valdes+Villalva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugo2008" class="citation book cs1">Lugo, Alejandro (2008). "Four Maquiladoras, Gender, and Culture Change". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780292794207/9780292794207-10.pdf"><i>Fragmented Lives, Assembled Parts: Culture, Capitalism, and Conquest at the U.S.-Mexico Border</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Cornell University Press. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801435256" title="Special:BookSources/9780801435256"><bdi>9780801435256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Moves%3A+RCA%27s+Seventy-Year+Quest+for+Cheap+Labor&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780801435256&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar%C3%ADa+Guillermina+Valdes+Villalva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1980" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, John (February 25, 1980). 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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812209983" title="Special:BookSources/9780812209983"><bdi>9780812209983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Antiviolence+Civil+Society+Organizations+in+Ciudad+Juarez&rft.btitle=Binational+Human+Rights%3A+The+U.S.-Mexico+Experience&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780812209983&rft.aulast=Jusidman&rft.aufirst=Clara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar%C3%ADa+Guillermina+Valdes+Villalva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naccs.org/images/naccs/archives/1988-july.pdf">"Noticias de NACS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Association for Chicano and Chicana Studies</i>. 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September 12, 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2015</span> – via GenDisasters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galveston+Daily+News+Texas&rft.atitle=Eagle+Lake%2C+TX+Commuter+Plane+Crashes%2C+Sep+1991&rft.date=1991-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gendisasters.com%2Ftexas%2F18823%2Feagle-lake-tx-commuter-plane-crashes-sep-1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar%C3%ADa+Guillermina+Valdes+Villalva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=María_Guillermina_Valdes_Villalva&oldid=1258434049">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=María_Guillermina_Valdes_Villalva&oldid=1258434049</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1939_births" title="Category:1939 births">1939 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">1991 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chicano" title="Category:Chicano">Chicano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso_alumni" title="Category:University of Texas at El Paso alumni">University of Texas at El Paso alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan_alumni" title="Category:University of Michigan alumni">University of Michigan alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso_faculty" title="Category:University of Texas at El Paso faculty">University of Texas at El Paso faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_educators" title="Category:20th-century American educators">20th-century American educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Mexican_descent" title="Category:American people of Mexican descent">American people of Mexican descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_aviation_accidents_or_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States">Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Colef" title="Category:Academic staff of Colef">Academic staff of Colef</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Autonomous_University_of_Chihuahua" title="Category:Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua">Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_aviation_accidents_or_incidents_in_1991" title="Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1991">Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1991</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 18:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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