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<li id="toc-Mesopotamian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mesopotamian art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbasid_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Abbasid art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Art groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Pioneers_(Al-Ruwad)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pioneers_(Al-Ruwad)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>The Pioneers <i>(</i>Al-Ruwad<i>)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pioneers_(Al-Ruwad)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Avantgarde_Group_and_later_known_as_the_Primitive_Group_(Jum'at_al_Ruwwad)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Avantgarde_Group_and_later_known_as_the_Primitive_Group_(Jum'at_al_Ruwwad)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>The Avantgarde Group and later known as the Primitive Group <i>(</i>Jum'at al Ruwwad)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Avantgarde_Group_and_later_known_as_the_Primitive_Group_(Jum'at_al_Ruwwad)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Baghdad_Modern_Art_Group_(Jama’et_Baghdad_lil_Fen_al-Hadith)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Baghdad_Modern_Art_Group_(Jama’et_Baghdad_lil_Fen_al-Hadith)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>The Baghdad Modern Art Group (<i>Jama’et Baghdad lil Fen al-Hadith</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Baghdad_Modern_Art_Group_(Jama’et_Baghdad_lil_Fen_al-Hadith)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Impressionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Impressionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>The Impressionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Impressionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Innovationists_(Al_Mujadidin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Innovationists_(Al_Mujadidin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.5</span> <span>The Innovationists (Al Mujadidin)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Innovationists_(Al_Mujadidin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Corners_Group_(Majmueat_Al-Zawiya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Corners_Group_(Majmueat_Al-Zawiya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.6</span> <span>The Corners Group (Majmueat Al-Zawiya<i>)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Corners_Group_(Majmueat_Al-Zawiya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Vision_(Al-Ru’yah_al-Jadida)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Vision_(Al-Ru’yah_al-Jadida)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.7</span> <span>The New Vision (Al-Ru’yah al-Jadida)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Vision_(Al-Ru’yah_al-Jadida)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_Dimension_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Dimension_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.8</span> <span>One Dimension Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Dimension_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_20th-century_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_20th-century_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.9</span> <span>Other 20th-century groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_20th-century_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Wall_Group_(Jamaat_el-Jidaar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Wall_Group_(Jamaat_el-Jidaar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.10</span> <span>The Wall Group (Jamaat el-Jidaar)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Wall_Group_(Jamaat_el-Jidaar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Iraqi_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Iraqi_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Notable Iraqi artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Iraqi_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_Museums_and_Galleries_in_Baghdad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Museums_and_Galleries_in_Baghdad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art Museums and Galleries in Baghdad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Museums_and_Galleries_in_Baghdad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri,_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri,_1237_CE,_probably_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg/220px-Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg/330px-Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg/440px-Possible_depiction_of_al-Hariri%2C_in_the_Maqamat_of_al-Hariri%2C_1237_CE%2C_probably_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Possible depiction of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">al-Hariri</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqamat</a> of al-Hariri, 1237 CE, probably <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iraqi art</b> is one of the richest art heritages in world and refers to all works of <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> originating from the geographical region of what is present day Iraq since ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> periods. For centuries, the capital, Baghdad was the Medieval centre of the literary and artistic Arab world during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, in which Baghdad was the capital, but its artistic traditions suffered at the hands of the Mongol invaders in the 13th century. During other periods it has flourished, such as during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pir_Budaq" title="Pir Budaq">Pir Budaq</a>, or under Ottoman rule in the 16th century when Baghdad was known for its <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a> painting.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, an art revival, which combined both tradition and modern techniques, produced many notable poets, painters and sculptors who contributed to the inventory of public artworks, especially in Baghdad. These artists are highly regarded in the Middle East, and some have earned international recognition. The Iraqi modern art movement had a profound influence on pan-Arab art generally.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture of Iraq</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylon_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Babylon_relief.jpg/150px-Babylon_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Babylon_relief.jpg/225px-Babylon_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Babylon_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Iraq">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iraq">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Iraq">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Iraq">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iraq" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" title="Coat of arms of Iraq">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Iraq">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Iraq" title="Template:Culture of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Culture of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/220px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/330px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg/440px-Al-Wasiti-Discussion_near_a_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti" title="Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti">Wasiti</a>'s illustrations served as an inspiration for the modern Baghdad art movement in the 20th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art of Mesopotamia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamian_art">Mesopotamian art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mesopotamian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq's art has a deep heritage that extends back in time to ancient <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian art</a>. Iraq has one of the longest written traditions in the world. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Maqam</a> traditions in music and calligraphy have survived into the modern day.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the continuity of Iraq's arts culture has been subject to the vicissitudes of invading armies for centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasion</a> of the 13th century devastated much traditional art and craft and is generally seen as a break in the tradition of Iraqi art.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although British archaeologists excavated a number of Iraqi sites, including <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a> in Iraq in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they sent many of the artefacts and statues to museums around the world. It was not until the early 20th century, when a small group of Iraqi artists were awarded scholarships to study abroad, that they became aware of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian art">Sumerian art</a> by visiting prestigious museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, enabling them to reconnect with their cultural and intellectual heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, figurines, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, found at the Palace of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a> and elsewhere, attest to Iraq's ancient artistic heritage. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanids</a> ruled the region that is now Iraq and Iran between the 3rd and 7th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_art" title="Sasanian art">Sasanian art</a> is best represented in metalwork, jewellery, architecture and wall-reliefs. Few paintings from this period have survived, but an understanding of jewellery ornamentation can be inferred from pictorial and sculptural representations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art historian, Nada Shabout, points out that Iraqi art remains largely undocumented. The West has very little idea about Iraqi art. Problems associated with documenting a complete picture of Iraqi art have been compounded by the fact that many 20th-century artists, art historians and philosophers have been forced into exile, where they are isolated from their heritage and current practices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, much of Iraq's art heritage has been looted or destroyed during periods of revolution, war and political unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early Islamic period, writing was transformed into an "iconophoric message...a carrier of meaning independent of its form [and] into a subject worthy of the most elaborate ornamentation."<sup id="cite_ref-Ettinghausen,_E._1250,_p._79_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ettinghausen,_E._1250,_p._79-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another development during this period was the use of repeating patterns or motifs on scrolls and wall-reliefs. Inherited from the Muslims, this highly stylised system of ornamentation was subsequently given the label of <i><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ettinghausen,_E._1250,_p._79_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ettinghausen,_E._1250,_p._79-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/220px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/330px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/440px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, showing use of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbasid_art">Abbasid art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abbasid art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_School" title="Baghdad School">Baghdad School</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Dynasty developed in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> between 750 and 945, primarily in its heartland of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The Abbasids were influenced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian architectural traditions</a> and later influenced neighbouring styles such as <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Persian</a> as well as Central Asian styles. </p><p>Between the 8th and 13th-centuries. During the Abbasid period, pottery achieved a high level of sophistication, calligraphy began to be used to decorate the surface of decorative objects and illuminated manuscripts, particularly <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'anic</a> texts became more complex and stylised.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq's first art school was established during this period, allowing artisans and crafts to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the height of the Abbasid period, in the late 12th century, a stylistic movement of manuscript illustration and calligraphy emerged. Now known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_School" title="Baghdad School">Baghdad School</a></i>, this movement of Islamic art was characterised by representations of everyday life and the use of highly expressive faces rather than the stereotypical characters that had been used in the past. The school consisted of calligraphers, illustrators, transcribers and translators, who collaborated to produce illuminated manuscripts derived from non-Arabic sources. The works were primarily scientific, philosophical, social commentary or humorous entertainments. This movement continued for at least four decades, and dominated art in the first half of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poetry also flourished during the Abbasid period, producing notable poets including: the 9th-century Sufi poets <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Al-Hallaj">Mansur Al-Hallaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī</a>. </p><p>The Abbasid artist, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti" title="Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti">Yahya Al-Wasiti</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in the late Abbasid era (12th to 13th-centuries) was the pre-eminent artist of the Baghdad school. His most well-known works include the illustrations for the book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Maqamat_Badi%27_az-Zaman_al-Hamadhani" title="Maqamat Badi' az-Zaman al-Hamadhani">Maqamat</a></i> (Assemblies) in 1237, a series of anecdotes of social satire written by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">al-Hariri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Waiti's illustrations served as an inspiration for the 20th-century modern Baghdad art movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Wijdan,_A._1989,_p.166_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijdan,_A._1989,_p.166-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of works in the style of the Baghdad School include the illustrations in <i>Rasa'il al-Ikhwan al-Safa</i> (<i>The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren</i>), (1287); an Arabic translation of <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a>’ medical text, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i> (1224)<sup id="cite_ref-Online_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the illustrated <i>Kalila wa Dimna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Fables of Bidpai</a>), (1222); a collection of fables by the Hindu, Bidpai translated into Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_Of_Baghdad_(Diez_Albums).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/260px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/390px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg/520px-Fall_Of_Baghdad_%28Diez_Albums%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9472" data-file-height="5963" /></a><figcaption><i>Fall of Baghdad,</i> illustration by Rashid-ad-Din's Gami' at-tawarih, early 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>For centuries, Baghdad was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a>; its library was unrivalled and a magnet for intellectuals around the known world. However, in 1258, Baghdad fell to the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> invaders, who pillaged the city, decimating mosques, libraries and palaces, thereby destroying most of the city's literary, religious and artistic assets. The Mongols also killed between 200,000 and one million people, leaving the population totally demoralised and the city barely habitable.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi art historians view this period as a time when the "chain of pictorial art" was broken.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the years 1400-1411 Iraq was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalayirid dynasty">Jalayirid dynasty</a>. During this time, Iraqi art and culture flourished. Between 1411 and 1469, during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Quyunlu_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qara Quyunlu dynasty">Qara Quyunlu dynasty</a> artists from different parts of the eastern Islamic world were invited to Iraq. Under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Pir_Budaq" title="Pir Budaq">Pir Budaq</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Qara Quyunlu</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a> (r. 1439–67), Iranian styles from <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> and even the styles of <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> Central Asia were all brought together in Iraq. Baghdad's importance as a centre of the arts declined after Pir Budaq's death in 1466. The Qara Quyunlu period ended with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Quyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Aq Quyunlu">Aq Quyunlu</a>. Though noted patrons of the arts, the Aq Quyunlu mostly focus on areas outside Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-met_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1508 and 1534, Iraq came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, which shifted the focus of arts to Iran. Baghdad experienced a revival in the arts during this period, and was also a centre for literary works. The poet Fuzûlî (ca. 1495–1556) wrote during the period. He wrote in the three dominant languages of his time: Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Iraq was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1534, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman the Magnificent">Suleyman the Magnificent</a>. The Iraqi poet <a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a> wrote in Arabic, Persian and Turkish during this time, and continued writing poetry after Ottoman rule was established in 1534.<sup id="cite_ref-met_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 16th century, Baghdad underwent another period of artistic revival; Iraqi painting from this time is called the “Baghdad school” of Ottoman miniature painting.<sup id="cite_ref-met_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi experienced a cultural shift between the years 1400 and 1600 CE, which is also reflected in its arts. In the 16th century, political rule in Iraq transitioned from the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Turco-Mongol dynasties</a> to the Ottoman Empire. In its past Iraq had been a centre of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated manuscripts">illuminated manuscripts</a> but this art form experienced a general decline during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-met_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Statuary, wall paintings and jewellery from ancient sites in Iraq</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashur_god.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian relief of Ashur as a feather. This is one of the best-known symbols used by the people of ancient Mesopotamia."><img alt="The Assyrian relief of Ashur as a feather. This is one of the best-known symbols used by the people of ancient Mesopotamia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ashur_god.jpg/120px-Ashur_god.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ashur_god.jpg/180px-Ashur_god.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ashur_god.jpg/240px-Ashur_god.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Assyrian relief of <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Feather_robed_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather robed archer">feather</a>. This is one of the best-known symbols used by the people of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian Headgear and Necklaces British Museum. This artifact was found in the tomb of Puabi in the "Royal tombs" of Ur."><img alt="Sumerian Headgear and Necklaces British Museum. This artifact was found in the tomb of Puabi in the "Royal tombs" of Ur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/68px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/102px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/136px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sumerian Headgear and Necklaces British Museum. This artifact was found in the tomb of Puabi in the "Royal tombs" of Ur.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalmaneser_III_(relief_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shalmaneser III, on the Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum."><img alt="Shalmaneser III, on the Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III at the Iraq Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shalmaneser_III_%28relief_detail%29.jpg/62px-Shalmaneser_III_%28relief_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shalmaneser_III_%28relief_detail%29.jpg/93px-Shalmaneser_III_%28relief_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shalmaneser_III_%28relief_detail%29.jpg/124px-Shalmaneser_III_%28relief_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shalmaneser III, on the <i>Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail,_Nebuchadnezzar_II%27s_Building_Inscription_plaque_of_the_Ishtar_Gate,_from_Babylon,_Iraq._6th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Nebuchadnezzar II's Building Inscription plaque of the Ishtar Gate, from Babylon"><img alt="Detail of Nebuchadnezzar II's Building Inscription plaque of the Ishtar Gate, from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Detail%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_II%27s_Building_Inscription_plaque_of_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_from_Babylon%2C_Iraq._6th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/120px-Detail%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_II%27s_Building_Inscription_plaque_of_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_from_Babylon%2C_Iraq._6th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Detail%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_II%27s_Building_Inscription_plaque_of_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_from_Babylon%2C_Iraq._6th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/180px-Detail%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_II%27s_Building_Inscription_plaque_of_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_from_Babylon%2C_Iraq._6th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Detail%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_II%27s_Building_Inscription_plaque_of_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_from_Babylon%2C_Iraq._6th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/240px-Detail%2C_Nebuchadnezzar_II%27s_Building_Inscription_plaque_of_the_Ishtar_Gate%2C_from_Babylon%2C_Iraq._6th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>'s Building Inscription plaque of the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimrud_stele.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele with carved relief from Nimrud"><img alt="Stele with carved relief from Nimrud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nimrud_stele.jpg/78px-Nimrud_stele.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nimrud_stele.jpg/118px-Nimrud_stele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nimrud_stele.jpg/157px-Nimrud_stele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele with carved relief from <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor_(background_removed).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian account of silver for the governor from Shuruppak, c. 2,500 BCE"><img alt="Sumerian account of silver for the governor from Shuruppak, c. 2,500 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor_%28background_removed%29.png/120px-Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor_%28background_removed%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor_%28background_removed%29.png/180px-Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor_%28background_removed%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor_%28background_removed%29.png/240px-Sumerian_account_of_silver_for_the_govenor_%28background_removed%29.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sumerian account of silver for the governor from <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>, c. 2,500 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamonmuseum_Ishtartor_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade of the Throne Room. Babylon"><img alt="Facade of the Throne Room. Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pergamonmuseum_Ishtartor_07.jpg/90px-Pergamonmuseum_Ishtartor_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pergamonmuseum_Ishtartor_07.jpg/135px-Pergamonmuseum_Ishtartor_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pergamonmuseum_Ishtartor_07.jpg/181px-Pergamonmuseum_Ishtartor_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="2510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade of the Throne Room. <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_soldier,_using_a_dagger,_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib,_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh,_Iraq,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wall relief from Ninevah featuring an Assyrian soldier, about to behead a prisoner from the city of Lachish. 700-692 BCE. Currently housed in the British Museum"><img alt="Wall relief from Ninevah featuring an Assyrian soldier, about to behead a prisoner from the city of Lachish. 700-692 BCE. Currently housed in the British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Assyrian_soldier%2C_using_a_dagger%2C_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Assyrian_soldier%2C_using_a_dagger%2C_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Assyrian_soldier%2C_using_a_dagger%2C_about_to_behead_a_prisoner_from_the_city_of_Lachish._Detail_of_a_wall_relief_dating_back_to_the_reign_of_Sennacherib%2C_700-692_BCE._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq%2C_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wall relief from Ninevah featuring an Assyrian soldier, about to behead a prisoner from the city of Lachish. 700-692 BCE. Currently housed in the British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Lion Hunt, Nineveh (north palace), 645-635BCE"><img alt="The Royal Lion Hunt, Nineveh (north palace), 645-635BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg/120px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg/180px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg/240px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Royal Lion Hunt, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> (north palace), 645-635BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_of_babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion of Babylon, date uncertain, possibly of Hittite origin"><img alt="Lion of Babylon, date uncertain, possibly of Hittite origin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lion_of_babylon.jpg/120px-Lion_of_babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lion_of_babylon.jpg/180px-Lion_of_babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lion_of_babylon.jpg/240px-Lion_of_babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(statue)" title="Lion of Babylon (statue)">Lion of Babylon</a>, date uncertain, possibly of Hittite origin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ishtar Gate"><img alt="The Ishtar Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian Gallery at Iraq Museum"><img alt="The Assyrian Gallery at Iraq Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg/120px-The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg/180px-The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg/240px-The_Assyrian_gallery_at_the_Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> Gallery at <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Akkadian_Head_from_Nineveh_(inv.nr._IM_11331).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Akkadian head from Nineveh"><img alt="Royal Akkadian head from Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_Akkadian_Head_from_Nineveh_%28inv.nr._IM_11331%29.jpg/120px-Royal_Akkadian_Head_from_Nineveh_%28inv.nr._IM_11331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_Akkadian_Head_from_Nineveh_%28inv.nr._IM_11331%29.jpg/180px-Royal_Akkadian_Head_from_Nineveh_%28inv.nr._IM_11331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_Akkadian_Head_from_Nineveh_%28inv.nr._IM_11331%29.jpg/240px-Royal_Akkadian_Head_from_Nineveh_%28inv.nr._IM_11331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal <a href="/wiki/Akkadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadians">Akkadian</a> head from <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of Ur - Peace Panel - Sumer"><img alt="Standard of Ur - Peace Panel - Sumer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg/120px-Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg/180px-Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg/240px-Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standard of Ur - Peace Panel - Sumer</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Selected artwork and handcrafts from post-Islamic structures and sites in Iraq</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Incantation_bowl_demon_Met_L1999.83.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Incantation bowl, Mesopotamia, Sassanid period, 6th or 7th century"><img alt="Incantation bowl, Mesopotamia, Sassanid period, 6th or 7th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Incantation_bowl_demon_Met_L1999.83.3.jpg/120px-Incantation_bowl_demon_Met_L1999.83.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Incantation_bowl_demon_Met_L1999.83.3.jpg/180px-Incantation_bowl_demon_Met_L1999.83.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Incantation_bowl_demon_Met_L1999.83.3.jpg/240px-Incantation_bowl_demon_Met_L1999.83.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="2755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Incantation bowl, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, Sassanid period, 6th or 7th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MIK_-_Sassaniden_Eber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaster with boar relief, Ctesiphon, Iraq, Sassanid period, 6th or 7th century"><img alt="Plaster with boar relief, Ctesiphon, Iraq, Sassanid period, 6th or 7th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Eber.jpg/120px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Eber.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Eber.jpg/180px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Eber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Eber.jpg/240px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Eber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaster with boar relief, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, Iraq, Sassanid period, 6th or 7th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armlet_LACMA_M.2002.1.546.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver bracelet, Iraq, 9th or 10th century"><img alt="Silver bracelet, Iraq, 9th or 10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Armlet_LACMA_M.2002.1.546.jpg/120px-Armlet_LACMA_M.2002.1.546.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Armlet_LACMA_M.2002.1.546.jpg/180px-Armlet_LACMA_M.2002.1.546.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Armlet_LACMA_M.2002.1.546.jpg/240px-Armlet_LACMA_M.2002.1.546.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver bracelet, Iraq, 9th or 10th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphic_plate,_Iraq,_Abbasid_period,_10th_century_AD,_earthenware_with_black_and_green_painting_over_opaque_white_glaze_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphic plate, Iraq, Abbasid period, 10th century AD"><img alt="Calligraphic plate, Iraq, Abbasid period, 10th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Calligraphic_plate%2C_Iraq%2C_Abbasid_period%2C_10th_century_AD%2C_earthenware_with_black_and_green_painting_over_opaque_white_glaze_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Calligraphic_plate%2C_Iraq%2C_Abbasid_period%2C_10th_century_AD%2C_earthenware_with_black_and_green_painting_over_opaque_white_glaze_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Calligraphic_plate%2C_Iraq%2C_Abbasid_period%2C_10th_century_AD%2C_earthenware_with_black_and_green_painting_over_opaque_white_glaze_-_Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC04201.JPG/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="3575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphic plate, Iraq, Abbasid period, 10th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244"><img alt="Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG/118px-Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG/177px-Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG/236px-Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, 1244</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Materia_Medica_(Arabic_translation,_leaf).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Text and illustration from an Arabic translation of De Materia Medica in the style of the Baghdad School, 13th century"><img alt="Text and illustration from an Arabic translation of De Materia Medica in the style of the Baghdad School, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Materia_Medica_%28Arabic_translation%2C_leaf%29.jpg/90px-Materia_Medica_%28Arabic_translation%2C_leaf%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Materia_Medica_%28Arabic_translation%2C_leaf%29.jpg/135px-Materia_Medica_%28Arabic_translation%2C_leaf%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Materia_Medica_%28Arabic_translation%2C_leaf%29.jpg/179px-Materia_Medica_%28Arabic_translation%2C_leaf%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="2387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Text and illustration from an Arabic translation of <i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i> in the style of the Baghdad School, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration from Maqamat in the style of the Baghdad School, 13th century"><img alt="Illustration from Maqamat in the style of the Baghdad School, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg/88px-Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg/133px-Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg/177px-Arabischer_Maler_des_Kr%C3%A4uterbuchs_des_Dioskurides_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration from <i><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqamat</a></i> in the style of the Baghdad School, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq._(Mesopotamia)._Baghdad._Views,_street_scenes,_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Mandaean silversmith at work in his Baghdad store, 1932"><img alt="A Mandaean silversmith at work in his Baghdad store, 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iraq._%28Mesopotamia%29._Baghdad._Views%2C_street_scenes%2C_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg/88px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iraq._%28Mesopotamia%29._Baghdad._Views%2C_street_scenes%2C_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg/132px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iraq._%28Mesopotamia%29._Baghdad._Views%2C_street_scenes%2C_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg/176px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3469" data-file-height="4734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaean</a> silversmith at work in his Baghdad store, 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khan_Murjan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khan Murjan, Baghdad"><img alt="Khan Murjan, Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khan_Murjan.jpg/120px-Khan_Murjan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khan_Murjan.jpg/180px-Khan_Murjan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khan_Murjan.jpg/240px-Khan_Murjan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Murjan" title="Khan Murjan">Khan Murjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabesque decoration, Karbala"><img alt="Arabesque decoration, Karbala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/120px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/180px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg/240px-Shrine_in_Karbala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arabesque decoration, <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Samarra_-_Dec_27,_2017_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Mosque of Samarra"><img alt="Great Mosque of Samarra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra_-_Dec_27%2C_2017_01.jpg/120px-Great_Mosque_of_Samarra_-_Dec_27%2C_2017_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra_-_Dec_27%2C_2017_01.jpg/180px-Great_Mosque_of_Samarra_-_Dec_27%2C_2017_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra_-_Dec_27%2C_2017_01.jpg/240px-Great_Mosque_of_Samarra_-_Dec_27%2C_2017_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Harem_wall_painting_fragments_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragments of stucco from Samarra, including paintings, carvings and abstract patterns"><img alt="Fragments of stucco from Samarra, including paintings, carvings and abstract patterns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/British_Museum_Harem_wall_painting_fragments_1.jpg/84px-British_Museum_Harem_wall_painting_fragments_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/British_Museum_Harem_wall_painting_fragments_1.jpg/125px-British_Museum_Harem_wall_painting_fragments_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/British_Museum_Harem_wall_painting_fragments_1.jpg/167px-British_Museum_Harem_wall_painting_fragments_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragments of stucco from <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, including paintings, carvings and abstract patterns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carved_stucco_panel_from_Samarra,_3rd_century_AH,_Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved stucco panel from the city of Samarra. Floral pattern with Abbasid geometric designs, grapes, vines, and ears of pine cones. third Islamic century AH (9th century)"><img alt="Carved stucco panel from the city of Samarra. Floral pattern with Abbasid geometric designs, grapes, vines, and ears of pine cones. third Islamic century AH (9th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Carved_stucco_panel_from_Samarra%2C_3rd_century_AH%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg/120px-Carved_stucco_panel_from_Samarra%2C_3rd_century_AH%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Carved_stucco_panel_from_Samarra%2C_3rd_century_AH%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg/180px-Carved_stucco_panel_from_Samarra%2C_3rd_century_AH%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Carved_stucco_panel_from_Samarra%2C_3rd_century_AH%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg/240px-Carved_stucco_panel_from_Samarra%2C_3rd_century_AH%2C_Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5966" data-file-height="3982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved stucco panel from the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">city of Samarra</a>. Floral pattern with Abbasid geometric designs, grapes, vines, and ears of pine cones. third Islamic century AH (9th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egyptian,_Assyrian,_and_Persian_costumes_and_decorations_(1920)_(14741970056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ancient_Egyptian%2C_Assyrian%2C_and_Persian_costumes_and_decorations_%281920%29_%2814741970056%29.jpg/220px-Ancient_Egyptian%2C_Assyrian%2C_and_Persian_costumes_and_decorations_%281920%29_%2814741970056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ancient_Egyptian%2C_Assyrian%2C_and_Persian_costumes_and_decorations_%281920%29_%2814741970056%29.jpg/330px-Ancient_Egyptian%2C_Assyrian%2C_and_Persian_costumes_and_decorations_%281920%29_%2814741970056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ancient_Egyptian%2C_Assyrian%2C_and_Persian_costumes_and_decorations_%281920%29_%2814741970056%29.jpg/440px-Ancient_Egyptian%2C_Assyrian%2C_and_Persian_costumes_and_decorations_%281920%29_%2814741970056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2522" /></a><figcaption>Assyrian ornaments and patterns, illustrated in a book from 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 20th century, Iraq had no tradition of easel painting. Traditional art, which included metal-work, rug-making and weaving, glass-blowing, ceramic tiles, calligraphy and wall murals were widely practised during the 19th century. Some traditional practices traced their origins back to the 9th-century Assyrians. However, in the 19th century, mural painters were generally seen as artisans rather than artists - although in traditional Islamic society, the distinction between artists and artists was not well defined. </p><p>A few named individuals are known, including the painter, Abbud 'the Jewish' Naqqash and the calligrapher, painter and decorator; <a href="/wiki/Hashem_Muhammad_al-Baghdadi" title="Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi">Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi</a> ("Hashim the Calligrapher", early 20th century) (died 1973) and <a href="/wiki/Niazi_Mawlawi_Baghdadi" title="Niazi Mawlawi Baghdadi">Niazi Mawlawi Baghdadi</a> (19th century), but relatively few details of their lives and careers are known.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p._45_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p._45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the rise of nationalistic and intellectual movements across the Arab world led to calls for an Arab-Islamic cultural revival. Artists and intellectuals felt that the growth in Western influences was a threat to Arab cultural identity. </p><p>At the same time as local artists began to adopt Western practices such as easel painting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they also searched consciously for a distinct national style.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Qadir_al-Rassam_-_Title_Unknown_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Abdul_Qadir_al-Rassam_-_Title_Unknown_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Abdul_Qadir_al-Rassam_-_Title_Unknown_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Abdul_Qadir_al-Rassam_-_Title_Unknown_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Abdul_Qadir_al-Rassam_-_Title_Unknown_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Abdul_Qadir_al-Rassam_-_Title_Unknown_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Abdul_Qadir_al-Rassam_-_Title_Unknown_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="3811" /></a><figcaption>Market in Baghdad by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Al_Rassam" title="Abdul Qadir Al Rassam">Abdul Qadir Al Rassam</a>, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 19th century and early 20th century are known as <i>Nahda</i> in Arabic. This term loosely translates as a "revival" or "renaissance." Nahda became an important cultural movement which influenced all art forms - architecture, literature, poetry and the visual arts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the 20th century, a small group of Iraqis were sent to Istanbul for military training, where painting and drawing was included as part of the curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group, which became known as the <i>Ottoman artists,</i> included <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Al_Rassam" title="Abdul Qadir Al Rassam">Abdul Qadir Al Rassam</a> (1882–1952); Mohammed Salim Moussali (1886-?); Hassan Sami, <a href="/wiki/Asim_Hafidh" title="Asim Hafidh">Asim Hafidh</a> (1886–1978); <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Saleh_Zaki" title="Mohammed Saleh Zaki">Mohammed Saleh Zaki</a> (1888–1974) and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hajji_Selim" title="Mohammed Hajji Selim">Hajji Mohammed Salim</a> (1883–1941).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were exposed to European painting techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p._47_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p._47-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their style of painting was realism, impressionism or romanticism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their return to Baghdad, they set up studios and began to offer painting lessons to talented, local artists. </p><p>Many of the next generation of artists began by studying with the artists from the Ottoman group.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their public works, which included murals, public monuments and artworks in the foyers of institutions or commercial buildings, exposed Iraqi people to Western art and contributed to art appreciation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p._47_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p._47-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Middle-Eastern nations began to emerge from colonial rule, a nationalist sentiment developed. Artists consciously sought out ways to combine Western art techniques with traditional art and local subject matter. In Iraq, 20th century artists were at the forefront of developing a national style, and provided a model for other Arab nations who wanted to forge their own national identities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraqi literature</a></div> <p>Poetry and verse remains a major art form in modern Iraq and Iraqi poets were inspired by the literature of the 15th and 16th-centuries when Iraq was the centre of Arabic world. Notable 20th-century poets include <a href="/wiki/Nazik_Al-Malaika" title="Nazik Al-Malaika">Nazik Al-Malaika</a> (1923–2007), one of the best known woman poets in the Arab world and who wrote the poem <i>My Brother Jafaar</i> for her brother, who was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a> in 1948; <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri">Muḥammad Mahdī al-Jawāhirī</a> (1899–1997); <a href="/wiki/Badr_Shakir_al-Sayyab" title="Badr Shakir al-Sayyab">Badr Shakir al-Sayyab</a> (1926–1964); <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahhab_Al-Bayati" title="Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati">Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati</a> (1926–1999)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma'rif al-Rasafi (1875–1845); Abdulraziq Abdulwahed (b. 1930); the revolutionary poet, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Al-Nawab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffar Al-Nawab">Muzaffar Al-Nawab</a> (b. 1934); Buland Al Haidari (b. 1926) and Janil Sidiq al-Zahaiwi (1863–1936). In post-war Iraq, poetry was very much influenced by the political and social upheavals that Iraqis had experienced throughout the 20th century and with many poets living in exile, themes of 'strangeness' and 'being a stranger' often dominated contemporary poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi poets, including Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, often turned to Iraqi folklore which they often integrated with Western mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered one of the most influential Arab poets because he was the first to develop the free form style of poetry, and therefore a prime mover in the development of modernist poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Iraqi poetry is considerably freer than traditional verse, and is imbued with social and political awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Longrigg,_S_p._78_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longrigg,_S_p._78-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murad-Net_Casting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Murad-Net_Casting.jpg/220px-Murad-Net_Casting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Murad-Net_Casting.jpg/330px-Murad-Net_Casting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Murad-Net_Casting.jpg/440px-Murad-Net_Casting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Casting the Net</i>, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Murad_al-Daghistani" title="Murad al-Daghistani">Murad al-Daghistani</a>, whose work captured the life and work of every-day people in 1930s' Mosul</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars point out that very little is known about photography in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq was relatively slow to adopt photography as an industry and art form, due to the religious and social prohibitions on making figurative images. The first camera entered Iraq as late as 1895 when an Iraqi photographer, Abdul-Karim Tabouni, from Basra, returned to Iraq following a trip to India where he had studied the art of photography. He founded a photographic studio and practiced this profession for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, demand for photography came from three main sources: archaeological expeditions who needed to document sites as well as artefacts that were too cumbersome or too fragile to transport; religious missions who documented religious sites and tourists travelling through the Middle East as part of a grand tour. In the first decades of the 20th century, the military also became an important source of business as officers sought photographs and photographic equipment. <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first decades of the 20th century, several factors contributed to the spread of photography. Firstly, British and European archaeologists began using photography to document ancient sites in the second half of the 19th century. Religious missionaries were also using the camera to document historic religious sites. These activities exposed local Iraqis to the technology, and provided young men with employment opportunities as photographers and camera-men assisting archaeological teams. For instance, throughout the 1920s and early 1930s, the American anthropologist, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Field_(anthropologist)" title="Henry Field (anthropologist)">Professor Henry Field</a> was involved in several expeditions to ancient Mesopotamian sites and in his publications, he acknowledged the assistance of Iraqi photographer by the name of Shauqat (who was a nephew of the photographer, Abdul-Karim Tiouti). The writer, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a> also reports training a young boy in the process of developing photographs in Baghdad in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second factor was that, in the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">King Faisal I</a> arranged for a photographic portrait of his wife, thereby popularising photographic portraiture.<sup id="cite_ref-iraqnla-iq.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraqnla-iq.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following the First World War, a number of photographers arrived in Iraq. Some of these were displaced Armenians, who had prior experience working with precision equipment, including cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early photographers were mostly concerned with photographing military scenes and personnel. Around this time, a photographer named Tartaran, set up a studio at the entrance to the Mosul Elementary School.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, local school children could observe the photographer at work. The influential Mosul photographer, <a href="/wiki/Murad_al-Daghistani" title="Murad al-Daghistani">Murad al-Daghistani</a>, who specialised in capturing the life and work of every-day people in Mosul, may have developed his passion for photography after watching Tartaran developing photographs in his dark-room. By the 1940s, the number of photographic studios had proliferated, especially in Mosul, Basra and Baghdad. Important 20th-century Iraqi photographers include: Amri Salim, Hazem Bak, Murad Daghistani, Covadis Makarian, Sami Nasrawi, Ahmed Al-Qabbani, Jassem Al-Zubaidi, Fouad Shaker and Rashad Ghazi amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-iraqnla-iq.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraqnla-iq.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest photographers used the medium to record an Iraqi way of life that was in danger of being lost as the country 'modernised'. The photographer, <a href="/wiki/Latif_al-Ani" title="Latif al-Ani">Latif al-Ani</a>, who is often described as the "father of Iraqi photography", was very much concerned with documenting cosmopolitan Iraqi life in the 1950s, as he saw it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-20th century, photography had become a popular medium for expressing social and political concerns. The artist, <a href="/wiki/Jananne_Al-Ani" title="Jananne Al-Ani">Jananne al-Ani</a> has explored the dichotomy of Orient/ Occident in her work, and has also used photography to question the wearing of the veil while Halim Alkarim uses blurred images to suggest the political instability of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture of Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modhif_neserya_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Modhif_neserya_1.jpg/220px-Modhif_neserya_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Modhif_neserya_1.jpg/330px-Modhif_neserya_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Modhif_neserya_1.jpg/440px-Modhif_neserya_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mudhif" title="Mudhif">Mudhif</a>, traditional, ceremonial reed dwelling used by the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> of southern Iraq</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg/220px-Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg/330px-Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg/440px-Old_city_of_Basra_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Basra streetscape, 1954, showing prevalence of shanashol window treatment prior to the period of ‘modernisation’</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern architecture presented contemporary architects with a major challenge. A continuous tradition of both domestic and public architecture was evident, but failed to conform with modern materials and methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Longrigg,_S_p._78_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longrigg,_S_p._78-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early 20th century, architecture employed new styles and new materials and public taste became progressively modern. The period was characterised by original designs produced by local architects, who had been trained in Europe, including: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Makiya" title="Mohamed Makiya">Mohamed Makiya</a>, Makkiyya al-Jadiri, Mazlum, Qatan Adani and <a href="/wiki/Rifat_Chadirji" title="Rifat Chadirji">Rifat Chadirji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like visual artists, Iraqi architects searched for a distinctly national style of architecture and this became a priority in the 20th century. Mohammed Makkiyya and Rifat Chadirji were the two most influential architects in terms of defining modern Iraqi architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architect, Chadirji, who wrote a seminal book on Iraqi architecture, called this approach <i>international regionalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explains: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"From the very outset of my practice, I thought it imperative that, sooner or later, Iraq create for itself an architecture regional in character yet simultaneously modern, part of the current international avant-garde style."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Architects sought an architectural language that would remind visitors of ancient Iraqi architectural history.<sup id="cite_ref-archinform_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archinform-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To that end, architects used Iraqi motifs in their designs<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incorporated traditional design practices, such as temperature control, natural ventilation, courtyards, screen walls and reflected light within their work.<sup id="cite_ref-archinform_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archinform-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architects also became designers who designed furniture and lighting with reference to the peculiarities of Iraqi climate, culture and material availability.<sup id="cite_ref-Longrigg,_S_p._78_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longrigg,_S_p._78-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As cities underwent a period of "modernisation" in the early decades of the 20th century, traditional structures came under threat and subject to demolition.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mudhif" title="Mudhif">mudhif</a> (or reed dwelling) or the <i>bayt</i> (houses) with features such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">shanashol</a></i> (the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Oriel_window" title="Oriel window">oriel window</a> with timber lattice-work) and <i>bad girs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">wind-catchers</a>) were being lost with alarming haste.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architect, Rifat Chadirji along with his father, Kamil Chadirji, feared the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> and ancient monuments would be lost to the new development associated with the oil boom in the mid-century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They documented the region photographically and in 1995, published a book entitled, <i>The Photographs of Kamil Chadirji: Social Life in the Middle East, 1920-1940,</i> which recorded the buildings and lifestyles of the Iraqi people.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artist, <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Selim" title="Lorna Selim">Lorna Selim</a>, who taught drawing at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad University">Baghdad University</a>'s Department of Architecture, in the 1960s took her students to sketch traditional buildings along the Tigris and was especially interested in exposing young architects to Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>, alley-ways and historical monuments. The work of Selim and Chadirji inspired a new generation of architects to consider including traditional design features - such as Iraqi practices of temperature control, natural ventilation, courtyards, screen walls and reflected light - in their designs.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first three decades of the 20th century, there was little progress in art. Following World War One, a group of Polish officers, who had been part of the Foreign Legion,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived in Baghdad and introduced local artists to a European style of painting, which in turn fostered a public appreciation of art. The Institute of Fine Arts and the Fine Arts Society were established in 1940-41<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Iraqi Artists' Society was founded in 1956, after which many exhibitions were mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, British rule was overthrown and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Qasim">Abdul Karim Qasim</a> assumed power. This led to triumphant demonstrations and expressions of national pride. In early 1959, Qasim commissioned <a href="/wiki/Jawad_Saleem" title="Jawad Saleem">Jawad Saleem</a> to create <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Monument_(Baghdad)" title="Freedom Monument (Baghdad)">Nasb al-Hurriyah</a></i> (<i>Monument to Freedom,</i>) to commemorate Iraq's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists began to look to their history for inspiration and employed arabesque geometry and calligraphy as visual elements in their compositions, and referred to folk tales and scenes drawn from everyday life for artistic inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, the Ba'ath Party mounted a program to beautify the city of Baghdad which led to numerous public art works being commissioned. Designed to instil a sense of national pride within the population, and to immortalise the leader, Saddam Hussein, these works provided work opportunities to the nation's architects, engineers and sculptors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, artists showed a distinct preference for abstract works, which allowed them to evade censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baghdad is now dotted with monuments, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Monument_to_the_Unknown_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monument to the Unknown Soldier">The Monument to the Unknown Soldier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Arch" title="Victory Arch">Victory Arch</a>, along with many smaller statues, fountains and sculptures; all constructed in the second half of the 20th century, and showing increasing levels of abstraction over time.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable feature of the Iraqi visual arts scene lies in artists' desires to link tradition and modernity in artworks. For a number of artists, the use of calligraphy or script has become an important part of integrating traditional artistic elements into an abstract artwork. In this way, the use of letters connects Iraqi artists with the broader <a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement" title="Hurufiyya movement">hurufiyya movement</a> (also known as the <i>North African Lettrist Movement).</i> The Iraqi artist, <a href="/wiki/Madiha_Omar" title="Madiha Omar">Madiha Omar</a>, who was active from the mid-1940s, was one of the pioneers of the hurufiyya movement, since she was the first to explore the use of Arabic script in a contemporary art context and exhibited hurufiyya-inspired works in Washington as early as 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clay cylinder from Girsu, c. 2400 BCE"><img alt="Clay cylinder from Girsu, c. 2400 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg/250px-Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg/375px-Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg/500px-Foundation_nail_Entemena_Louvre_AO22934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clay cylinder from <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>, c. 2400 BCE</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_groups">Art groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artists’ desire to tap into Iraq’s art heritage within the context of contemporary artworks stimulated the formation of art groups, many of which codified their aims and objectives in manifestos that were published, often in the local press. <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments contributed to a unique aesthetic in the contemporary Iraqi art movement. Art historians have commented: <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, the 20th-century Iraqi arts scene is notable for the number of different art groups or art movements that emerged in the post-colonial period. Each of these groups sought to forge a national art aesthetic that acknowledged Iraq's deep art heritage and incorporated it in contemporary artworks. Although there were tensions in the different visions of these groups,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collectively, they actively searched for new national vision which would enable the country to develop internally, as well as take its place on a world stage.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Pioneers_(Al-Ruwad)"><span id="The_Pioneers_.28Al-Ruwad.29"></span>The Pioneers <i>(</i>Al-Ruwad<i>)</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Pioneers (Al-Ruwad)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>The Pioneers, Iraq's first modern art group, was formed by painter, <a href="/wiki/Faeq_Hassan" title="Faeq Hassan">Faiq Hassan</a> in the 1930s. This group was stimulated by the contact between Iraqi artists and European artists who had resided in Iraq during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group consciously developed a distinct Iraqi style by incorporating local phenomena and traditional village life into artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rejected the artificial atmosphere of the artist’s studio and encouraged artists to engage with nature and traditional Iraqi life. They held their first exhibition in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabrah,S.A_2010,_pp_7-9_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabrah,S.A_2010,_pp_7-9-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>This group was responsible for taking the first steps towards bridging the gap between modernity and heritage. Artists active in the group had been educated abroad, returned with a European aesthetic, yet wanted to paint local scenes and landscapes. Members included: <a href="/wiki/Faeq_Hassan" title="Faeq Hassan">Faeq Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawad_Saleem" title="Jawad Saleem">Jawad Saleem</a>, Ismail al Sheikhli, Nadhim Ramzi and the architect-painter, Kamil Chadirji.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group continued to meet into the 1970s, although some of its high profile members withdrew from the group at different times. For instance, Faeq Hassan left the group in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p.51_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p.51-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jawad_Saleem" title="Jawad Saleem">Jawad Saleem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said" title="Shakir Hassan Al Said">Shakir Hassan Al Said</a> also broke away from the Pioneers and formed a different group in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-universes.art_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universes.art-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Avantgarde_Group_and_later_known_as_the_Primitive_Group_(Jum'at_al_Ruwwad)"><span id="The_Avantgarde_Group_and_later_known_as_the_Primitive_Group_.28Jum.27at_al_Ruwwad.29"></span>The Avantgarde Group and later known as the Primitive Group <i>(</i>Jum'at al Ruwwad)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Avantgarde Group and later known as the Primitive Group (Jum'at al Ruwwad)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Formed in 1950, the <i>Jum'at al Ruwwad</i> (Avantgarde Group) was inspired by Mespotamian art and Iraqi folklore. It later changed its name to the <i>Primitive Group.</i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was initially led by <a href="/wiki/Faeq_Hassan" title="Faeq Hassan">Faeq Hassan</a> (Baghdad 1914-1992) and later by Isma'il al-Shaykhali (Turkey b. 1927). Artists in this group were inspired by ancient art of the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_School" title="Baghdad School">Baghdad School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wijdan,_A._1989,_p.166_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijdan,_A._1989,_p.166-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of this group included: Ismail Al-Sheikhly, <a href="/wiki/Issa_Hanna_Dabish" title="Issa Hanna Dabish">Issa Hanna Dabish</a>, Zeid Salih, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Sabri" title="Mahmoud Sabri">Mahmoud Sabri</a>, Khalid Al Qassab, Dr Qutaiba Al Sheikh Nouri, Dr Nouri Mutafa Bahjat, Kadhem Hayder, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Rawi" title="Nuri al-Rawi">Nuri al-Rawi</a>, Ghazi Al Saudi, Mahmoud Ahmed, Mohammed Ali Shakir, Sami Haqqi, Hassan Abid Alwan, <a href="/wiki/Jawad_Saleem" title="Jawad Saleem">Jawad Saleem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Selim" title="Lorna Selim">Lorna Saleem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Under B'ath rule, the group grew in prestige, and its members were frequently offered lucrative posts at the Ministry of Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group was one of the more enduring, and continued meeting throughout the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Baghdad_Modern_Art_Group_(Jama’et_Baghdad_lil_Fen_al-Hadith)"><span id="The_Baghdad_Modern_Art_Group_.28Jama.E2.80.99et_Baghdad_lil_Fen_al-Hadith.29"></span>The Baghdad Modern Art Group (<i>Jama’et Baghdad lil Fen al-Hadith</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Baghdad Modern Art Group (Jama’et Baghdad lil Fen al-Hadith)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur_excavations_(1900)_(14580924750).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814580924750%29.jpg/220px-Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814580924750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814580924750%29.jpg/330px-Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814580924750%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814580924750%29.jpg/440px-Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814580924750%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>The original bust of the Sumerian Queen, Shuba'ad, displayed at the Iraq Museum, for which al-Kahal made a replica</figcaption></figure>Established in 1951, by <a href="/wiki/Jawad_Saleem" title="Jawad Saleem">Jawad Saleem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said" title="Shakir Hassan Al Said">Shakir Hassan Al Said</a>, after they broke away from the Pioneers group,<sup id="cite_ref-universes.art_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universes.art-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its aims were to reassert a national identity and use art to build a distinctive Iraqi identity which referenced its ancient heritage and tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hassan, the group's leader promoted the idea of <i>istilham al-turath</i> – "seeking inspiration from tradition" and wrote a manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The co-founder, Hassan, wrote that, after the 1958 independence, artists were no longer responsible for preserving art and culture, instead the state was responsible for "turath" - safeguarding public taste; all that remained was for artists to absorb turath, free from historical responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hassan, and others, believed that earlier artists, such as Jawad Saleem, had shouldered too great a burden of historical responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group is credited with being the first Islamic art group to develop a local style.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p._45_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p._45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>While the Modern Art Group sought to connect with Islamic tradition, the group was distinguished from earlier art groups in that it sought to express modern life, while keeping tradition and heritage in perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key members of this group included: Nuri al-Rawi (b. 1925) who became the Minister for Culture; <a href="/wiki/Jabra_Ibrahim_Jabra" title="Jabra Ibrahim Jabra">Jabra Ibrahim Jabra</a> (1920-1994); <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ghani_Hikmat" title="Mohammed Ghani Hikmat">Mohammed Ghani Hikmat</a> (1929-2011); <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Rahal" title="Khaled al-Rahal">Khaled al-Rahal</a> (1926-1987) and 'Atta Sabri (1913-1987), all of whom had been members from the group's foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Mahmud Sabri (1927-2012); Tariq Mazlum (b.1933), <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Rawi" title="Nuri al-Rawi">Nuri al-Rawi</a> (b. 1925), Mahmoud Sabri (b. 1927), Ata Sabri (b.1913), and <a href="/wiki/Kadhim_Hayder" title="Kadhim Hayder">Kadhim Hayder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baghdad Modern Art Group was moribund within a decade of its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Salīm,_N._1977,_p._7_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salīm,_N._1977,_p._7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its co-founders, Jawad Saleem died in 1961, while the other co-founder, Shakir Hassan Al Said, suffered a mental and spiritual crisis as a result of the continuing turbulence and political instability following the 1958 revolution and the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Impressionists">The Impressionists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Impressionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>The Impressionists emerged in 1953, and organised around the artist, <a href="/wiki/Hafidh_al-Droubi" title="Hafidh al-Droubi">Hafidh al-Droubi</a> (1914-1991), who had trained in London and had turned to impressionism and cubism.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 20th century, a trend towards abstraction was evident amongst Iraqi artists, who wanted to embrace a more modern aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, al-Droubi pointed out that the Iraqi landscape, with its endless horizons, bright colours and open fields, was quite different to European landscapes and required different techniques. Unlike the art groups that preceded it, the Impressionists published no manifesto, and lacked the philosophical underpinnings evident in the Baghdad Modern Art Group or the New Vision.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Innovationists_(Al_Mujadidin)"><span id="The_Innovationists_.28Al_Mujadidin.29"></span>The Innovationists (Al Mujadidin)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Innovationists (Al Mujadidin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Established in 1965, the <i>Al Mujadidin</i> was formed by a group of younger artists including: <a href="/wiki/Salim_al-Dabbagh" title="Salim al-Dabbagh">Salim al-Dabbagh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faik_Husein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faik Husein (page does not exist)">Faik Husein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Jumai%27e" title="Saleh al-Jumai'e">Saleh al-Jumai'e</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Talib_(artist)" title="Ali Talib (artist)">Ali Talib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Group members were united along intellectual, rather than stylistic grounds. This group, which lasted only four years,<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p.51_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p.51-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rebelled against traditional art styles and explored the use of new materials such as collage, aluminum and mono-type.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These artists exhibited distinct individual styles, but often chose war and conflict for their themes, especially the 1967 war.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Corners_Group_(Majmueat_Al-Zawiya)"><span id="The_Corners_Group_.28Majmueat_Al-Zawiya.29"></span>The Corners Group (Majmueat Al-Zawiya<i>)</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Corners Group (Majmueat Al-Zawiya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Simply known as the al-Zawiya group, it was founded in 1967 by <a href="/wiki/Faeq_Hassan" title="Faeq Hassan">Faeq Hassan</a>, against a highly political backdrop. This group wanted to use art to focus on social and political issues and to serve national causes. The group held just one exhibition in its inaugural year.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_New_Vision_(Al-Ru’yah_al-Jadida)"><span id="The_New_Vision_.28Al-Ru.E2.80.99yah_al-Jadida.29"></span>The New Vision (Al-Ru’yah al-Jadida)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The New Vision (Al-Ru’yah al-Jadida)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Following decades of war and conflict, culminating in the July Revolution of 1958, artists began to feel free to find inspiration in a variety of sources.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demise of the Baghdad Modern Art Group contributed to an environment where many artists worked individually, developing their own style, while still maintaining the broad trends of the Modern Baghdad Art group. Founded in 1968, by artists <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fatah_Al_Turk" title="Ismail Fatah Al Turk">Ismail Fatah Al Turk</a>; Muhammed Muhr al-Din, Hashimi al-Samarchi, Salih Jumai'e, Rafa al-Nasiri and <a href="/wiki/Dia_Azzawi" title="Dia Azzawi">Dia Azzawi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghareeb,_E.A_2004,_p._174_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghareeb,_E.A_2004,_p._174-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Al-Ru’yah al-Jadida</i>, represented a free art style where many artists believed that they needed to be true to their own era.<sup id="cite_ref-Salīm,_N._1977,_p._7_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salīm,_N._1977,_p._7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group promoted the idea of freedom of creativity within a framework of heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabrah,S.A_2010,_pp_7-9_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabrah,S.A_2010,_pp_7-9-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The group's manifesto articulated the need for new and daring ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghareeb,_E.A_2004,_p._174_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghareeb,_E.A_2004,_p._174-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and read in part:</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We believe that heritage is not a prison, a static phenomenon or a force capable of repressing creativity so long as we have the freedom to accept or challenge its norms... We are the new generation. We demand change, progression and creativity. Art stands in opposition to stasis. Art is continually creative. It is a mirror to the present moment and it’s the soul of the future."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="One_Dimension_Group"><a href="/wiki/One_Dimension_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="One Dimension Group">One Dimension Group</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: One Dimension Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Founded in around 1971 by the Iraqi artist and intellectual, <a href="/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said" title="Shakir Hassan Al Said">Shakir Hassan Al Said</a>, this group sought a new artistic identity, drawn from within Iraqi culture and heritage. The group's founder, Al Said, published a manifesto for the group in the Iraqi newspaper, <i>al-Jamhuriyyah,</i> in which he outlined his vision for a national art aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objectives of the One Dimension Group were multi-dimensional and complex. For al-Said, the one dimension was "eternity' - the relationship between the past and the present - the linking of Iraq's artistic heritage with modern abstract art.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group held their first exhibition in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>In practice, this group blended Arabic motifs, especially calligraphy, albeit in a deconstructed form, and geometric shapes into their contemporary and abstract artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of this group was significant for the Calligraphic School of Art, which was based on the principles set out by Al-Said.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p._52_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p._52-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Vision had a lasting impact on the pan-Arab region, through the art movement known as <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">hurufiyya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Founding members of the One Dimension group include: <a href="/wiki/Rafa_al-Nasiri" title="Rafa al-Nasiri">Rafa al-Nasiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ghani_Hikmat" title="Mohammed Ghani Hikmat">Mohammed Ghani Hikmat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Rawi" title="Nuri al-Rawi">Nuri al-Rawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dia_Azzawi" title="Dia Azzawi">Dia Azzawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamil_Hamoudi" title="Jamil Hamoudi">Jamil Hamoudi</a>, Hashem Samarchi (b. 1939), <a href="/wiki/Hashem_Muhammad_al-Baghdadi" title="Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi">Hashem al-Baghdadi</a> (1917-1973) and Saad Shaker (1935-2005).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_20th-century_groups">Other 20th-century groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other 20th-century groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other art groups, including the <i>Triangle Group</i>, the <i>Shadows</i> (formed by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Talib_(artist)" title="Ali Talib (artist)">Ali Talib</a>) and the <i>Academics</i> formed throughout the 1970s, but few lasted for more than a year or two.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali,_W._1997,_p._52_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali,_W._1997,_p._52-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Wall_Group_(Jamaat_el-Jidaar)"><span id="The_Wall_Group_.28Jamaat_el-Jidaar.29"></span>The Wall Group (Jamaat el-Jidaar)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Wall Group (Jamaat el-Jidaar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Established in 2007, this group of artists, many students at the Institute of Fine Arts, work on public projects in order to beautify the city of Baghdad. Paid a very modest stipend by the Ministry of Works, these artists have painted concrete slabs along the Tigris River, thereby transforming ruins left over from the revolution into modern works of art. The slabs had previously served as protection from bombardment. Although this group did little to develop a new aesthetic, it was able to provide employment and encouragement for young artists, who at that time were operating in a void since most of the artists of the preceding generation were living in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists active in <i>Jamaat el-Jidaar</i> include Ali Saleem Badran and Gyan Shrosbree.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1190278_Pergamonmuseum_vase_Uruk_detail_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Uruk Vase, 3200–3000 BCE"><img alt="Detail of Uruk Vase, 3200–3000 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/P1190278_Pergamonmuseum_vase_Uruk_detail_rwk.jpg/135px-P1190278_Pergamonmuseum_vase_Uruk_detail_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/P1190278_Pergamonmuseum_vase_Uruk_detail_rwk.jpg/202px-P1190278_Pergamonmuseum_vase_Uruk_detail_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/P1190278_Pergamonmuseum_vase_Uruk_detail_rwk.jpg/269px-P1190278_Pergamonmuseum_vase_Uruk_detail_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of <a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Uruk Vase</a>, 3200–3000 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Untitled_by_Khaled_al-Rahal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Untitled wall relief by Khaled al-Rahal, c. 1960 CE"><img alt="Untitled wall relief by Khaled al-Rahal, c. 1960 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Untitled_by_Khaled_al-Rahal.jpg/250px-Untitled_by_Khaled_al-Rahal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/36/Untitled_by_Khaled_al-Rahal.jpg/375px-Untitled_by_Khaled_al-Rahal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/36/Untitled_by_Khaled_al-Rahal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Untitled wall relief</i> by <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Rahal" title="Khaled al-Rahal">Khaled al-Rahal</a>, c. 1960 CE</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Iraqi_artists">Notable Iraqi artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable Iraqi artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_artists" title="List of Iraqi artists">List of Iraqi artists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dia-Al-Azzawi-Portrait-Picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dia-Al-Azzawi-Portrait-Picture.jpg/220px-Dia-Al-Azzawi-Portrait-Picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dia-Al-Azzawi-Portrait-Picture.jpg/330px-Dia-Al-Azzawi-Portrait-Picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dia-Al-Azzawi-Portrait-Picture.jpg/440px-Dia-Al-Azzawi-Portrait-Picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Artist, <a href="/wiki/Dia_Azzawi" title="Dia Azzawi">Dia Azzawi</a>, in front of one of his paintings</figcaption></figure> <p>Iraq has produced a number of world-class painters and sculptors including <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fatah_Al_Turk" title="Ismail Fatah Al Turk">Ismail Fatah Al Turk</a> (1934–2008), Khalid Al-Jadir (1924–1990), and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ghani_Hikmat" title="Mohammed Ghani Hikmat">Mohammed Ghani Hikmat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Faeq_Hassan" title="Faeq Hassan">Faeq Hassan</a> (1914–1992), considered the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic art</a> in Iraq, was among several Iraqi artists who were selected to study art at the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole des Beaux-Arts">Ecole des Beaux-Arts</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Hassan and the art group he founded formed the foundation of Iraq's strong 20th-century artistic tradition. Hassan founded the Institute of Fine Arts in Baghdad; many of Iraq's best known artists studied at this institution.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jawad_Saleem" title="Jawad Saleem">Jawad Saleem</a> (b. 1919) is a painter and sculptor from Baghdad who (together with <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ghani_Hikmat" title="Mohammed Ghani Hikmat">Mohammed Ghani</a> (1929–2011) and <a href="/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said" title="Shakir Hassan Al Said">Hassan Shakir</a>) (1925–2004), founded the influential Baghdad Modern Art Group in 1951. Saleem was commissioned to create the <i>Monument of Freedom</i> in Baghdad's city centre overlooking Liberation Square.<sup id="cite_ref-kember_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kember-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saleem, and his student, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Rahal" title="Khaled al-Rahal">Khaled al-Rahal</a> have been described as "the two pillars of modern Iraqi art."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dia_Azzawi" title="Dia Azzawi">Dia Azzawi</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s (b. 1939) work, described as contemporary art, includes references to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> art.<sup id="cite_ref-kember_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kember-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azzawi has been the inspiration for many contemporary <a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">calligraffiti</a> artists. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Hamoudi" title="Jamil Hamoudi">Jamil Hamoudi</a> (1924–2003) is both a painter and sculptor. Like Azzawi, Hamoudi also studied at the Baghdad School of Fine Art. He was interested in the <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">cubist</a> movement and in 1947, he self-identified with the <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">surrealist</a> movement, only to later distance himself citing "A dark, saturnine atmosphere emanated from [their canvases] the effect of which was to arouse a feeling of despair in human beings." His paintings are brightly coloured and make use of shapes like circles, triangles and arches. For sculpture he frequently uses plaster, stone, wood, metal, copper, glass, marble, Plexiglas and ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-kember_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kember-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 he was appointed to the directorship of the Fine Arts at the Ministry of Culture. </p><p>Other notable artists include: <a href="/wiki/Madiha_Omar" title="Madiha Omar">Madiha Omar</a> (1908–2005) who is regarded as a pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement" title="Hurufiyya movement">Hurufiyya movement</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shakir_Hassan_Al_Said" title="Shakir Hassan Al Said">Shakir Hassan Al Said</a> (1925–2004); <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Massoudy" title="Hassan Massoudy">Hassan Massoudy</a> (b. 1944); <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Rahal" title="Khaled al-Rahal">Khaled al-Rahal</a> (1926–1987); Saadi Al Kaabi (b 1937); Ismael Al Khaid (b. abt 1900) and <a href="/wiki/Rafa_al-Nasiri" title="Rafa al-Nasiri">Rafa al-Nasiri</a> (b. 1940). </p><p><b>Contemporary painting and sculpture by Iraqi artists</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_baghdad_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Shaheed Monument Monument in Baghdad, sculpture designed by Ismail Fatah al-Turk, 1983"><img alt="Al-Shaheed Monument Monument in Baghdad, sculpture designed by Ismail Fatah al-Turk, 1983" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iraq_baghdad_04.JPG/120px-Iraq_baghdad_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iraq_baghdad_04.JPG/180px-Iraq_baghdad_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iraq_baghdad_04.JPG/240px-Iraq_baghdad_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a></i> Monument in Baghdad, sculpture designed by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fatah_Al_Turk" title="Ismail Fatah Al Turk">Ismail Fatah al-Turk</a>, 1983</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Motherhood (also known as Mother and Child) statue by Khaled al-Rahal, 1961"><img alt="Motherhood (also known as Mother and Child) statue by Khaled al-Rahal, 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mother_statue.jpg/120px-Mother_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mother_statue.jpg/180px-Mother_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mother_statue.jpg/240px-Mother_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Motherhood</i> (also known as <i>Mother and Child</i>) statue by Khaled al-Rahal, 1961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Ethnology,_Osaka_-_Islamic_calligraphy_%22Ecstasy%22_(Al-Wajd)_-_Paris_in_France_-_Made_by_Hassan_Massoudy_in_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ecstasy (Al-Wajd) by Hassan Massoudy, 2001"><img alt="Ecstasy (Al-Wajd) by Hassan Massoudy, 2001" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Islamic_calligraphy_%22Ecstasy%22_%28Al-Wajd%29_-_Paris_in_France_-_Made_by_Hassan_Massoudy_in_2001.jpg/90px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Islamic_calligraphy_%22Ecstasy%22_%28Al-Wajd%29_-_Paris_in_France_-_Made_by_Hassan_Massoudy_in_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Islamic_calligraphy_%22Ecstasy%22_%28Al-Wajd%29_-_Paris_in_France_-_Made_by_Hassan_Massoudy_in_2001.jpg/135px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Islamic_calligraphy_%22Ecstasy%22_%28Al-Wajd%29_-_Paris_in_France_-_Made_by_Hassan_Massoudy_in_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Islamic_calligraphy_%22Ecstasy%22_%28Al-Wajd%29_-_Paris_in_France_-_Made_by_Hassan_Massoudy_in_2001.jpg/180px-National_Museum_of_Ethnology%2C_Osaka_-_Islamic_calligraphy_%22Ecstasy%22_%28Al-Wajd%29_-_Paris_in_France_-_Made_by_Hassan_Massoudy_in_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ecstasy</i> (Al-Wajd) by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Massoudy" title="Hassan Massoudy">Hassan Massoudy</a>, 2001</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab nationalist">Arab nationalist</a> political agenda of the <a href="/wiki/Baath_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Baath party">Ba'ath Party</a> encouraged Iraqi artists to create work that would explain Iraq's new national identity in terms of its historical roots. The Iraqi Ministry of Culture is involved in efforts to preserve tradition Iraqi crafts like leather-working, copper-working, and carpet-making.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaddamStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/220px-SaddamStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/330px-SaddamStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SaddamStatue.jpg/440px-SaddamStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>The toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue in <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square" title="Firdos Square">Firdos Square</a>, Baghdad shortly after the Iraq War invasion. The removal of statues was part of a de-Ba'athification process</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, during the overthrow of the Ba'ath government, key institutions, including the Pioneers Museum and the Museum of Modern Art, were looted and vandalised. Approximately 8,500 paintings and sculptures, especially were stolen or vandalised. The occupying forces insisted on a voluntary return of stolen artworks, a position which resulted in very few works being returned. A few independent galleries purchased artworks with a view to returning them once a suitable national museum could be established.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A committee, headed by the respected artist and sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ghani_Hikmat" title="Mohammed Ghani Hikmat">Mohammed Ghani Hikmat</a>, was formed with the objective of recovering stolen artworks and proved somewhat more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, some 1,500 artworks had been recovered, including important works, such as the statue, <i>Motherhood</i> by Jawad Saleem.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2003, attempts at <a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">de-Ba'athification</a> have been evident, with the announcement of plans to rid Baghdad's cityscape of monuments constructed during Saddam Hussein's rule. However, due to public pressure, plans have been made to store such monuments rather than arrange for their total destruction as had occurred in previous regimes. In addition, efforts are underway to erect new monuments which display significant figures from Iraq's history and culture. Recent developments also include plans to conserve and convert the former homes of Iraqi artists and intellectuals, including the artist Jawad Saleem, the poet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri">Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Iraq was again involved in violence as coalition forces entered the country. Many artists fled Iraq. The Ministry of Culture has estimated that more than 80 percent of all Iraqi artists are now living in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of artists living abroad has created opportunities for new galleries in London and other major centres to mount exhibitions featuring the work of exiled artists from Iraqi and Middle Eastern. One such gallery is Soho's Pomegranate gallery established in the 1970s by the modernist Iraqi sculptor, Oded Halahmy, which not only mounts exhibitions, but also holds permanent collections of notable Iraqi artists.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortages of art materials were commonplace in the aftermath of war.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, visual artists such as <a href="/wiki/Hanaa_Malallah" title="Hanaa Malallah">Hanaa Malallah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadik_Kwaish_Alfraji" title="Sadik Kwaish Alfraji">Sadik Kwaish Alfraji</a> turned to "found objects" and incorporated these into their artworks. Malallah consciously included shrapnel and bullets in her paintings and called this the <i>Ruins Technique</i> which allows her to not only make statements about war, but also to explore how objects become ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literature, art and architecture are cultural assets in Iraq. However, certain archaeological sites, and museums have been ransacked by Islamic terrorists, notably the ancient city of Nimrud, near Mosul;<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Adad and Mashqi gates at Nineveh; the ancient city of Hatra<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations has described acts of cultural vandalism as <i>war crimes.</i><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Islamic militants invaded the city of Mosul, destroying ancient monuments and statues, which they perceived to be blasphemous, and ransacked the History Museum. Mostafa Taei, a resident of <a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Alil" title="Hamam al-Alil">Hamam al-Alil</a> was jailed by <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> when the terrorists took over his town in 2014. ISIL banned any images or artworks of the human form, and Taei says he was beaten when the group learned that he was still painting. During this period, Taei's art "took a subversive turn, becoming a gruesome record of atrocities: decapitations, hangings, injured children and sobbing widows, all painted in an unschooled Naive art style." He also started to paint "martyr posters" that depict the soldiers and police officers who have died during the military operations to liberate <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The art historian, Nada Shabout, notes that the destruction of Iraqi art in the period after 2003, assumed both tangible and intangible forms. Not only were the artworks and art institutions looted or destroyed, but art production also suffered from the lack of availability of art materials and the loss of many intellectuals, including artists, who were forced into exile. This contributed to an environment that failed to nurture artists, and saw young, upcoming artists operating in a void.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraqi monumental artworks, both ancient and modern, feature prominently on banknotes of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a>. </p><p><b>Selected bank-notes featuring monumental artwork</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_Museums_and_Galleries_in_Baghdad">Art Museums and Galleries in Baghdad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art Museums and Galleries in Baghdad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal venues include: </p> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_around_the_Mosul_Museum_in_the_old_city_of_Mosul_in_2019_during_the_summer,_following_war_with_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Views_around_the_Mosul_Museum_in_the_old_city_of_Mosul_in_2019_during_the_summer%2C_following_war_with_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg/220px-Views_around_the_Mosul_Museum_in_the_old_city_of_Mosul_in_2019_during_the_summer%2C_following_war_with_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Views_around_the_Mosul_Museum_in_the_old_city_of_Mosul_in_2019_during_the_summer%2C_following_war_with_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg/330px-Views_around_the_Mosul_Museum_in_the_old_city_of_Mosul_in_2019_during_the_summer%2C_following_war_with_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Views_around_the_Mosul_Museum_in_the_old_city_of_Mosul_in_2019_during_the_summer%2C_following_war_with_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg/440px-Views_around_the_Mosul_Museum_in_the_old_city_of_Mosul_in_2019_during_the_summer%2C_following_war_with_the_Islamic_State_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="6240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Museum" title="Mosul Museum">Mosul Museum</a> is the second largest museum in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> after the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. It containins ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> artifacts, mainly <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>.</figcaption></figure>National Museum of Modern Art (formerly the Iraqi Museum of Modern Art) - established in 1962, it was badly damaged by vandals with many important artworks looted in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Pioneers Museum, Baghdad - established in 1979 by the Ministry of Information and Culture, to house works by first generation native artists, it was also damaged with works looted in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hewar Art Gallery<sup id="cite_ref-Naef,_S._2003,_p._479_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naef,_S._2003,_p._479-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/161px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/242px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iraqi_Museum.jpg/322px-Iraqi_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Museum" title="Iraq Museum">Iraq Museum</a>, Baghdad</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/123px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/185px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg/246px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4668" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Museum" title="Baghdadi Museum">Baghdadi Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li>Athar Art Gallery - opened in 1996 by Muhammed Znad<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dijla Art Gallery -opened in 1997 by Zainab Mahdi with the aim of encouraging young, upcoming artists<sup id="cite_ref-Naef,_S._2003,_p._479_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naef,_S._2003,_p._479-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Madarat Gallery - opened in 2006 and hosts exhibitions, lectures, concerts and cultural sessions<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ruya Shop - opened in 2018 by Ruya Foundation on <a href="/wiki/Mutanabbi_Street" title="Mutanabbi Street">Mutanabbi Street</a> and hosts exhibitions, film screenings, and a library.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">Al-Hariri of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_College_of_Fine_Arts" title="Baghdad College of Fine Arts">Baghdad College of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgence_Fresnel" title="Fulgence Fresnel">Fulgence Fresnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement" title="Hurufiyya movement">Hurufiyya movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_artists" title="List of Iraqi artists">List of Iraqi artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_women_artists" title="List of Iraqi women artists">List of Iraqi women artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Oppert" title="Julius Oppert">Julius Oppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Thomas" title="Felix Thomas">Felix Thomas</a></li></ul> <p><b>Major Iraqi public monument/ statues and public buildings</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Iraq" title="List of cathedrals in Iraq">List of cathedrals in Iraq</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a>. Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abu_Ja%27far_al-Mansur" title="Statue of Abu Ja'far al-Mansur">Statue of Abu Ja'far al-Mansur</a>, Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Baghdad" title="List of mosques in Baghdad">List of mosques in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monument_to_the_Unknown_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monument to the Unknown Soldier">The Monument to the Unknown Soldier</a>, Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Arch" title="Victory Arch">Victory Arch</a>, Baghdad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timthal_Baghdad" title="Timthal Baghdad">Timthal Baghdad</a> (Baghdad's Statue) Baghdad</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roxburgh, D.J., “Many a Wish Had Turned to Dust: Pir Budaq and the Formation of the Turkmen Arts of the Book,” Chapter 9 in: David J. Roxburgh (ed.)., <i>Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod</i>, Brill, 2014, pp 175-222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijdan, A. (ed.), <i>Contemporary Art From The Islamic World,</i> p.166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohde, A., <i>State-Society Relations in Ba'thist Iraq: Facing Dictatorship,</i> Routledge, 2010, Chapter 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, B., "The Iraqi Century of Art," <i>Artnet Magazine</i>, July 2008, Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis7-14-08.asp">http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis7-14-08.asp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potts, D.T. (ed), <i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East,</i> Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons, 2012, p. 51-52; Pouillon, F., <i>Dictionnaire des Orientalistes de Langue Française,</i> KARTHALA, 2008, p. 924</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabout, N., "Jewad Selim: On Abstraction and Symbolism," in <i>Mathaf Encyclopedia of Modern Art and the Arab World,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa/en/essays/Pages/Jewad-Selim,-On-Abstraction-and-Symbolism.aspx">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ettinghausen, E., Grabar, O. and Jenkins, M., <i>Islamic Art and Architecture: 650-1250,</i> Yale University Press, 2001, pp 66-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabout, N., "Ghosts of Futures Past: Iraqi Culture in a State of Suspension," in Denise Robinson, <i>Through the Roadbloacks: Realities in Raw Motion,</i> [Conference Reader], School of Fine Arts, Cyprus University, November 23–25, p. 94: it may be worth noting that the Ministry of Culture estimates that 80 percent of Iraqi artists are now living in exile, See: <i>Art AsiaPacific Almanac,</i> Volume 4, Art AsiaPacific, 2009, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, E.A. and Levi, G., <i>Ethics and the Visual Arts,</i> Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2010, pp 105-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ettinghausen,_E._1250,_p._79-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ettinghausen,_E._1250,_p._79_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ettinghausen,_E._1250,_p._79_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ettinghausen, E., Grabar, O. and Jenkins, M., <i>Islamic Art and Architecture: 650-1250,</i> Yale University Press, 2001, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillenbrand, R., <i>Islamic Art and Architecture,</i> Thames & Hudson, [World of Art series], 1999, London, p. 59 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20305-7">978-0-500-20305-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dabrowska, K. and Hann, G., <i>Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People,</i> Bradt Travel Guides, 2008, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Online_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Baghdad school," in: <i>Encyclopædia Britannica,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Baghdad-school">Online:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Baghdad school," in: <i>Encyclopædia Britannica,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Baghdad-school">Online:</a>; Esanu, O., <i>Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East: The Arab Nude,</i> Routledge, 2017, [E-book edition], n.p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wijdan,_A._1989,_p.166-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wijdan,_A._1989,_p.166_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wijdan,_A._1989,_p.166_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijdan, A. 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Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benezit+Dictionary+of+Asian+Artists&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kember&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahalid al-Kishtyan in 1981, cited in: Baram, A., "Culture in the Service of Wataniyya: The Treatment of Mesopotamian Art," <i>Asian and African Studies,</i> Vol. 17, Nos. 1-3, 1983, pp 265-309 and in Baram, A., <i>Culture, History and Ideology in the Formation of Ba'thist Iraq,1968-89,</i> Springer, 1991, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabout, N., "The Preservation of Iraq's Modern Heritage in the Aftermath of the US Invasion of 2003," in: Elaine A. King and Gail Levin (eds), <i>Ethics And the Visual Arts,</i> New York, Allworth, 2006, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabout, N., "The Preservation of Iraq's Modern Heritage in the Aftermath of the US Invasion of 2003," in: Elaine A. King and Gail Levin (eds), <i>Ethics And the Visual Arts,</i> New York, Allworth, 2006, pp 105 -120; Sabrah, S.A. and Ali, M., "Iraqi Artwork Red List: A Partial List of the Artworks Missing from the National Museum of Modern Art", Baghdad, Iraq, 2010, pp 4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabout, N., "The Preservation of Iraq's Modern Heritage in the Aftermath of the US Invasion of 2003," in: Elaine A. King and Gail Levin (eds), <i>Ethics And the Visual Arts,</i> New York, Allworth, 2006, pp 109-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabout, N., "Ghosts of Future Pasts: Iraq in a State of Suspension," in: <i>Through the roadblocks: Realities in Raw Motion: Conference Reader,</i> School of Fine and Applied Arts, Cyprus University, November 23–25, 2012, pp 89-102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Art AsiaPacific Almanac,</i> Volume 4, Art AsiaPacific, 2009, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hope, B., "Iraqi Art - in New York," <i>New York Sun,</i> March 3, 2006; Riccardo, B., Hamit, B. and Sluglett, P., <i>Writing the Modern History Of Iraq: Historiographical And Political Challenges,</i>World Scientific, 2012 pp 490-93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rellstab, F.H. and Schlote, C., <i>Representations of War, Migration, and Refugeehood: Interdisciplinary Perspectives,</i> Routledge, 2014, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asfahani, R., "Interview With Hanaa Malallah: Iraq’s Pioneering Female Artist," <i>Culturetrip,</i> 29 November 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iraq/articles/interview-with-hanaa-malallah-iraq-s-pioneering-female-artist/">Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaheen, K., "Outcry over ISIS destruction of Ancient Assyrian site of Nimrud," <i>The Guardian,</i> March 7, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/06/isis-destroys-ancient-assyrian-site-of-nimrud">Online:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, A., "Photos of Ancient Landmarks and World Heritage Sites Destroyed by Terrorist Groups," <i>International Business Times,</i> August 23, 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/photos-ancient-landmarks-world-heritage-sites-destroyed-by-terrorist-groups-1577633">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullinane, S., Alkhshali, H. and Tawfee, M., "Tracking a Trail of Historical Obliteration: ISIS Trumpets Destruction of Nimrud," <i>CNN News,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/09/world/iraq-isis-heritage/index.html">Online:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDiarmid" class="citation web cs1">MacDiarmid, Campbell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/05/iraqi-artist-depicts-life-isil-170502162738617.html">"Iraqi artist depicts life under ISIL"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+artist+depicts+life+under+ISIL&rft.aulast=MacDiarmid&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2017%2F05%2Firaqi-artist-depicts-life-isil-170502162738617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shabout, N., "Ghosts of Futures Past: Iraqi Culture in a State of Suspension," in Denise Robinson, <i>Through the Roadbloacks: Realities in Raw Motion,</i> [Conference Reader], School of Fine Arts, Cyprus University, November 23–25, pp 94-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, E.A. and Levi, G., <i>Ethics and the Visual Arts,</i> Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2010, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, E.A. and Levi, G., <i>Ethics and the Visual Arts,</i> Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2010, pp 107-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naef,_S._2003,_p._479-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naef,_S._2003,_p._479_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naef,_S._2003,_p._479_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Naef, S., "Not Just for Art's Sake: Exhibiting Iraqi Art in the West after 2003," in: Bocco Riccardo, Bozarslan Hamit and Sluglett Peter (eds), <i>Writing The Modern History Of Iraq: Historiographical And Political Challenges</i>, World Scientific, 2012, p. 479; Hann, G., Dabrowska, K., Greaves, T.T., <i>Iraq: The Ancient Sites and Iraqi Kurdistan,</i> Bradt Travel Guides, 2015, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naef, S., "Not Just for Art's Sake: Exhibiting Iraqi Art in the West after 2003," in: Bocco Riccardo, Bozarslan Hamit and Sluglett Peter (eds), <i>Writing The Modern History Of Iraq: Historiographical And Political Challenges</i>, World Scientific, 2012, p. 479</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hann, G., Dabrowska, K., Greaves, T.T., <i>Iraq: The Ancient Sites and Iraqi Kurdistan,</i> Bradt Travel Guides, 2015, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruya Foundation, <i>Ruya Shop: A Contemporary Art Space and Library in Baghdad</i>, March 2, 2018 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ruyafoundation.org/en/project/ruya-shop/">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualmuseumiraq.cnr.it/">Virtual Museum of Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611204952/http://www.virtualmuseumiraq.cnr.it/">Archived</a> June 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> available in English, Arabic and Italian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ali, W., <i>Modern Islamic Art: Development and Continuity,</i> University of Florida Press, 1997</li> <li>Bahrani, Z. and Shabout, N.M., <i>Modernism and Iraq,</i> Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery and Columbia University, 2009</li> <li>Bloom J. and Blair, S., <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture,</i> Oxford University Press, 2009 Vols 1-3</li> <li>Boullata, I. <i>Modern Arabic Poets</i>, London, Heinemann, 1976</li> <li>Faraj, M., <i>Strokes Of Genius: Contemporary Art from Iraq,</i> London, Saqi Books, 2001</li> <li>"Iraq: Arts" <i>Encyclopædia Britannica,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/The-arts">Online:</a></li> <li>Jabra, I.J., <i>The Grass Roots of Art in Iraq</i>, Waisit Graphic and Publishing, 1983, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artiraq.org/maia/archive/files/1983-jabra-grass-roots_1ba63885c8.pdf">Online:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817004926/http://artiraq.org/maia/archive/files/1983-jabra-grass-roots_1ba63885c8.pdf">Archived</a> August 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i>Mathaf Encyclopedia of Modern Art and the Islamic World,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.mathaf.org.qa">Online:</a></li> <li>Reynolds, D.F. (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2015 ( Or Khoury, N.N.N. "Art" in Dwight, F. Reynolds (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2015, pp 191–208</li> <li>Sabrah, S.A. and Ali, M., <i>Iraqi Artwork Red List: A Partial List of the Artworks Missing from the National Museum of Modern Art,</i> Baghdad, Iraq, 2010</li> <li>Salīm, N., <i>Iraq: Contemporary Art,</i> Volume 1, Sartec, 1977</li> <li>Shabout, N., "The Preservation of Iraq's Modern Heritage in the Aftermath of the US Invasion of 2003," in: Elaine A. King and Gail Levin (eds), <i>Ethics And the Visual Arts,</i> New York, Allworth, 2006, pp 105 –120</li> <li>Schroth, M-A. (ed.), <i>Longing for Eternity: One Century of Modern and Contemporary Iraqi Art,</i> Skira, 2014</li> <li>Saad, Q., "Contemporary Iraqi Art: Origins and Development," <i>Scope,</i> [Special Issue: Iraqi Art] Vol. 3, November 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thescopes.org/assets/Uploads/03-050-Saad-11-08.pdf">Online:</a></li> <li>Shabout, N.M., <i>Modern Arab Art: Formation of Arab Aesthetics,</i> University of Florida Press, 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives <span style="font-size:85%;">(legislative)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Art_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Art_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Asia">Art of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kuwait" title="Art of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian art">Asian art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_art" title="Afghan art">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_art" title="Bahraini art">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese art">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot art">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timorese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Timorese art (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian art">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian art">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli art">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_art" title="Jordanian art">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_art" title="Kazakh art">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean art">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean art">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti art">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz art (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian art">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese art">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldivian art (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian art">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese art">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani art">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_art" title="Pakistani art">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine art">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_art" title="Qatari art">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian art">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean art">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan art">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian art (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajik_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajik art (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen art (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirati_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emirati art (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek art (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni art (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhaz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhaz art (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot art (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_art" title="Palestinian art">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Ossetian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Ossetian art (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory art (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas Island art (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands art (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong art">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macanese art (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&oldid=1254808432">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_art&oldid=1254808432</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi_art" title="Category:Iraqi art">Iraqi art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_history" title="Category:Art history">Art history</a></li><li><a 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