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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subgenres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subgenres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Documentary fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fictional biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gothic fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_mysteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_mysteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Historical mysteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_mysteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_romance_and_family_sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_romance_and_family_sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Historical romance and family sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_romance_and_family_sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nautical_and_pirate_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nautical_and_pirate_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nautical and pirate fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nautical_and_pirate_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_history_and_historical_fantasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_history_and_historical_fantasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Alternative history and historical fantasy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_history_and_historical_fantasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiographic_metafiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographic_metafiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Historiographic metafiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographic_metafiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_historical_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_historical_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Children's historical fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_historical_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics_and_graphic_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics_and_graphic_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Comics and graphic novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics_and_graphic_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Period_drama_films_and_television_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_drama_films_and_television_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Period drama films and television series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_drama_films_and_television_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>History plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reenactment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reenactment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Historical reenactment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reenactment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theory and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical fiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="خيال تاريخي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيال تاريخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="ঐতিহাসিক কাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঐতিহাসিক কাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk_fiktion" title="Historisk fiktion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Historisk fiktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica" title="Ficción histórica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ficción histórica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="داستان تاریخی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داستان تاریخی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_historique" title="Fiction historique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fiction historique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica" title="Ficción histórica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ficción histórica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%BC" title="역사물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksi_sejarah" title="Fiksi sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fiksi sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6gulegur_sk%C3%A1ldskapur" title="Sögulegur skáldskapur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sögulegur skáldskapur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה בדיונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה בדיונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95" title="ചരിത്രാഖ്യായിക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചരിത്രാഖ്യായിക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%89" title="خيال تاريخى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خيال تاريخى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historische_fictie" title="Historische fictie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Historische fictie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk_fiksjon" title="Historisk fiksjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Historisk fiksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarixiy_janr" title="Tarixiy janr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tarixiy janr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_hist%C3%B3rica" title="Ficção histórica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ficção histórica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خەیاڵی مێژوویی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەیاڵی مێژوویی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk_fiktion" title="Historisk fiktion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historisk fiktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fiction that is set in the past</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">Counterfactual history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Non-fiction novel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a>.</div> <link 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Historical fiction</b> is a literary genre in which a fictional plot takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> of particular real <a href="/wiki/Past_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Past events">historical events</a>. Although the term is commonly used as a synonym for historical fiction <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, it can also be applied to other types of narrative, including <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a>. It often makes many use of symbolism in allegory using figurative and metaphorical elements to picture a story. </p><p>An essential element of historical fiction is that it is set in the past and pays attention to the manners, social conditions and other details of the depicted period.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors also frequently choose to explore notable historical figures in these settings, allowing readers to better understand how these individuals might have responded to their environments. The <a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">historical romance</a> usually seeks to romanticize eras of the past. Some subgenres such as <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a> insert intentionally ahistorical or <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative</a> elements into a novel. </p><p>Works of historical fiction are sometimes criticized for lack of authenticity because of <a href="/wiki/Reader-response_criticism" title="Reader-response criticism">readerly criticism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre expectations</a> for accurate period details. This tension between <a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">historical authenticity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> frequently becomes a point of comment for readers and popular critics, while <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">scholarly criticism</a> frequently goes beyond this commentary, investigating the genre for its other thematic and critical interests. </p><p>Historical fiction as a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literary</a> genre has its foundations in the early-19th-century works of Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> and his contemporaries in other <a href="/wiki/Literature_by_country" title="Literature by country">national literatures</a> such as the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>, and later the Russian <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>. However, the melding of historical and fictional elements in individual works of literature has a long tradition in many cultures; both western traditions (as early as <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Ancient Greek and Latin literature</a>) as well as Eastern, in the form of oral and folk traditions (see <a href="/wiki/Myth#Mythology" title="Myth">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>), which produced <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a>, novels, plays and other fictional works describing history for contemporary audiences. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definitions differ as to what constitutes a historical novel. On the one hand the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Novel_Society" title="Historical Novel Society">Historical Novel Society</a> defines the genre as works "written at least fifty years after the events described",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while critic Sarah Johnson delineates such novels as "set before the middle of the last [20th] century ... in which the author is writing from research rather than personal experience."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then again Lynda Adamson, in her preface to the bibliographic reference work <i>World Historical Fiction</i>, states that while a "generally accepted definition" for the historical novel is a novel "about a time period at least 25 years before it was written", she also suggests that some people read novels written in the past, like those of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> (1775–1817), as if they were historical novels.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical fiction sometimes encouraged movements of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>. Walter Scott's <a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)">Waverley</a> novels created interest in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> history and still illuminate it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A series of novels by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a> on the history of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> popularized the country's history after it had lost its independence in the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> wrote several immensely popular novels set in conflicts between the Poles and predatory <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, rebelling <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a> and invading <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedes</a>. He won the 1905 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in literature">Nobel Prize in literature</a>. He also wrote the popular novel <i><a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(novel)" title="Quo Vadis (novel)">Quo Vadis</a></i>, which was about <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> and has been adapted several times for film, in <a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1913_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1913 film)">1913</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1924_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1924 film)">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(2001_film)" title="Quo Vadis (2001 film)">2001</a> to only name the most prominent. <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Lavransdatter" title="Kristin Lavransdatter">Kristin Lavransdatter</a></i> fulfilled a similar function for <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian history</a>; Undset later won a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> (1928). </p><p>Many early historical novels played an important role in the rise of European popular interest in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">history of the Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> often receives credit for fueling the movement to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, leading to the establishment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Monuments_historiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments historiques">Monuments historiques</a></i>, the French governmental authority for <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rita_Monaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rita Monaldi">Rita Monaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sorti" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sorti">Francesco Sorti</a>'s historical mystery saga <i>Imprimateur Secretum Veritas Mysterium</i> has increased interest in European history<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and features famous castrato opera singer <a href="/wiki/Atto_Melani" title="Atto Melani">Atto Melani</a> as a detective and spy. Although the story itself is fiction, many of the persona and events are not. The book is based on research by Monaldi and Sorti, who researched information from 17th-century manuscripts and published works concerning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">siege of Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">the plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genre of the historical novel has also permitted some authors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> novelist <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus" title="Bolesław Prus">Bolesław Prus</a> in his sole historical novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Faraon" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraon">Pharaoh</a></i>, to distance themselves from their own time and place to gain <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (cognitive)">perspective</a> on <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>, or to escape the depredations of the <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some historical novels, major historic events take place mostly off-stage, while the fictional characters inhabit the world where those events occur. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnapped (book)">Kidnapped</a></i> recounts mostly private adventures set against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> troubles in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rudge" title="Barnaby Rudge">Barnaby Rudge</a></i> is set amid the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>In some works, the accuracy of the historical elements has been questioned, as in <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas</a>' 1845 novel <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)" title="La Reine Margot (novel)">Queen Margot</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">Postmodern</a> novelists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> operate with even more freedom, mixing historical characters and settings with invented history and fantasy, as in the novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sot-Weed_Factor_(1960_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sot-Weed Factor (1960 novel)">The Sot-Weed Factor</a></i> (1960) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a></i> (1997) respectively. A few writers create historical fiction without fictional characters. One example is the series <i><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Rome" title="Masters of Rome">Masters of Rome</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_up_to_17th_century">History up to 17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History up to 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IOC.UTokyo-009910_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC_%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IOC.UTokyo-009910_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC_%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96.pdf/page1-220px-IOC.UTokyo-009910_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC_%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IOC.UTokyo-009910_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC_%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96.pdf/page1-330px-IOC.UTokyo-009910_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC_%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IOC.UTokyo-009910_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC_%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96.pdf/page1-440px-IOC.UTokyo-009910_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%9B%9E%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%AC_%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A page from a printed copy of the Chinese historical novel <i>Sui Tang yanyi</i> (<i>Romance of the Sui and Tang dynasties</i>) by Chu Renhuo, collection of the University of Tokyo</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical prose fiction has a long tradition in world literature. Three of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Classics">Four Classics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese novels</a> were set in the distant past: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Nai%27an" title="Shi Nai'an">Shi Nai'an</a>'s 14th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i> concerns 12th-century outlaws; <a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a>'s 14th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> concerns 3rd-century wars which ended the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>'s 16th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> concerns the 7th-century Buddhist pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to those, there was a wealth of historical novels that became popular in the literary circles during the Ming and Qing periods in Chinese history; they include <a href="/wiki/Feng_Menglong" title="Feng Menglong">Feng Menglong</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dongzhou_Lieguo_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongzhou Lieguo Zhi">Dongzhou Lieguo Zhi</a></i> (<i>Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms</i>), <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E7%A9%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:褚人穫">Chu Renhuo</a>'s <i><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="zh:隋唐演義">Sui Tang yanyi</a></i> (<i>Romance of the Sui and Tang dynasties</i>), <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:熊大木">Xiong Damu</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Generals_of_the_Yang_Family#Ming/Qing_Dynasty_novels:_16th_to_19th_centuries" title="The Generals of the Yang Family">Liang Song Nanbei Zhizhuan</a></i> (<i>Records of the Two Songs, South and North</i>) and <i><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%BF%97%E5%82%B3" class="extiw" title="zh:全漢志傳">Quan han zhi zhuan</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:楊爾曾">Yang Erzeng</a>'s <i><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%89%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="zh:東西晉演義">Dong Xi Jin yan yi</a></i> (<i>Romance of the Eastern and Western Jin dynasties</i>), and Qian Cai's <i><a href="/wiki/General_Yue_Fei" title="General Yue Fei">The General Yue Fei</a></i>, etc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a> novelists were also "very fond of writing novels about people and places of the past".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad">The Iliad</a></i> has been described as historic fiction, since it treats historic events, although its genre is generally considered <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BrayfieldSprott2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrayfieldSprott2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Pierre Vidal-Naquet</a> has suggested that <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> laid the foundations for the historical novel through the myth of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> contained in his dialogues <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i> (written before 1021) is a fictionalized account of Japanese court life about a century prior and its author asserted that her work could present a "fuller and therefore 'truer<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" version of history.<sup id="cite_ref-Starrs2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starrs2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the early examples of the historical novel in Europe is <i><a href="/wiki/La_Princesse_de_Cl%C3%A8ves" title="La Princesse de Clèves">La Princesse de Clèves</a></i>, a French novel published anonymously in March 1678. It is regarded by many as the beginning of the modern tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">psychological novel</a> and as a great work. Its author generally is held to be <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_La_Fayette" title="Madame de La Fayette">Madame de La Fayette</a>. The action takes place between October 1558 and November 1559 at the royal court of Henry II of France. The novel recreates that era with remarkable precision. Nearly every character – except the heroine – is a historical figure. Events and intrigues unfold with great faithfulness to documentary records. In the United Kingdom, the historical novel "appears to have developed" from <i>La Princesse de Clèves</i>, "and then via the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early example is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unfortunate_Traveller" title="The Unfortunate Traveller">The Unfortunate Traveller</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nashe" title="Thomas Nashe">Thomas Nashe</a>, published in 1594 and set during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_and_Peace_book.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/War_and_Peace_book.JPG/220px-War_and_Peace_book.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/War_and_Peace_book.JPG/330px-War_and_Peace_book.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/War_and_Peace_book.JPG/440px-War_and_Peace_book.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a> by Leo Tolstoy, published 1869 and set 60 years before</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical fiction rose to prominence in Europe during the early 19th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> reaction to the <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, especially through the influence of the Scottish writer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, whose works were immensely popular throughout Europe. Among his early European followers we can find <a href="/wiki/Willibald_Alexis" title="Willibald Alexis">Willibald Alexis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_J%C3%B3sika" title="Miklós Jósika">Miklós Jósika</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3r_J%C3%B3kai" title="Mór Jókai">Mór Jókai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Lennep" title="Jacob van Lennep">Jakob van Lennep</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demetrius_Bikelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demetrius Bikelos (page does not exist)">Demetrius Bikelos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Gil_y_Carrasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Gil y Carrasco (page does not exist)">Enrique Gil y Carrasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jonas_Love_Almqvist" title="Carl Jonas Love Almqvist">Carl Jonas Love Almqvist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rydberg" title="Viktor Rydberg">Victor Rydberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Munch" title="Andreas Munch">Andreas Munch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Alfred de Vigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Porter" title="Jane Porter">Jane Porter</a>'s 1803 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Warsaw" title="Thaddeus of Warsaw">Thaddeus of Warsaw</a></i> is one of the earliest examples of the historical novel in English and went through at least 84 editions,<sup id="cite_ref-loooser_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loooser-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including translation into French and German.<sup id="cite_ref-lasko_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lasko-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first true historical novel in English was in fact <a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_Rackrent" title="Castle Rackrent">Castle Rackrent</a></i> (1800).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> argued that Scott was the first fiction writer who saw history not just as a convenient frame in which to stage a contemporary narrative, but rather as a distinct social and cultural setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukcas15-29_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukcas15-29-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scottish</a> novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)">Waverley</a></i> (1814) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(novel)" title="Rob Roy (novel)">Rob Roy</a></i> (1817) focused upon a middling character who sits at the intersection of various social groups in order to explore the development of society through conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukacs31-38_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukacs31-38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> (1820) gained credit for renewing interest in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>Many well-known writers from the United Kingdom published historical novels in the mid 19th century, the most notable include <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)" title="Vanity Fair (novel)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Romola" title="Romola">Romola</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho!_(novel)" title="Westward Ho! (novel)">Westward Ho!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hereward_the_Wake_(novel)" title="Hereward the Wake (novel)">Hereward the Wake</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet-Major" title="The Trumpet-Major">The Trumpet-Major</a></i> (1880) is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s only historical novel, and is set in <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_xx_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_xx-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the town was then anxious about the possibility of invasion by Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-dorsetlife_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorsetlife-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the first historical novelist was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Woodworth" title="Samuel Woodworth">Samuel Woodworth</a>, who wrote <i>The Champions of American Freedom</i> in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a> was better known for his historical novels and was influenced by Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukacs69-72_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukacs69-72-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most famous novel is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans:_A_Narrative_of_1757" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757">The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757</a></i> (1826), the second book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Leatherstocking_Tales" title="Leatherstocking Tales">Leatherstocking Tales</a></i> pentalogy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Last of the Mohicans</i> is set in 1757, during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>), when France and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> battled for control of North America. Cooper's chief rival,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a>, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Dyer" title="Rachel Dyer">Rachel Dyer</a></i> (1828), the first bound novel about the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rachel Dyer</i> also influenced future American fiction set in this period, like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Letter" title="The Scarlet Letter">The Scarlet Letter</a></i> (1850) by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is one of the most famous 19th-century American historical novels.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Set in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> Boston, Massachusetts during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Hester_Prynne" title="Hester Prynne">Hester Prynne</a>, who conceives a daughter through an affair and struggles to create a new life of <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> and dignity. In French literature, the most prominent inheritor of Scott's style of the historical novel was <a href="/wiki/Balzac" class="mw-redirect" title="Balzac">Balzac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1829 Balzac published <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Chouans" title="Les Chouans">Les Chouans</a></i>, a historical work in the manner of Sir Walter Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was subsequently incorporated into <i><a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_Humaine" class="mw-redirect" title="La Comédie Humaine">La Comédie Humaine</a></i>. The bulk of <i>La Comédie Humaine</i>, however, takes place during the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a>, though there are several novels which take place during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and others which take place of in the Middle Ages or the Renaissance, including <i>About Catherine de Medici</i> and <i>The Elixir of Long Life</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gosselin_Hugo_1831_Johannot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gosselin_Hugo_1831_Johannot.jpg/220px-Gosselin_Hugo_1831_Johannot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gosselin_Hugo_1831_Johannot.jpg/330px-Gosselin_Hugo_1831_Johannot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gosselin_Hugo_1831_Johannot.jpg/440px-Gosselin_Hugo_1831_Johannot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>Notre-Dame de Paris. 1482, Victor Hugo (1831)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> (1831) furnishes another 19th-century example of the romantic-historical novel. Victor Hugo began writing <i>The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</i> in 1829, largely to make his contemporaries more aware of the value of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, which was neglected and often destroyed to be replaced by new buildings, or defaced by replacement of parts of buildings in a newer style.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action takes place in 1482 and the title refers to the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a> in Paris, on which the story is centered. <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> also wrote several popular historical fiction novels, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">George Saintsbury</a> stated: "<i>Monte Cristo</i> is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This popularity has extended into modern times as well. The book was "translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them. There have been at least twenty-nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series, and many movies [have] worked the name 'Monte Cristo' into their titles."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolstoy's <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i> offers an example of 19th-century historical fiction used to critique contemporary history. Tolstoy read the standard histories available in Russian and French about the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and used the novel to challenge those historical approaches. At the start of the novel's third volume, he describes his work as blurring the line between fiction and history, in order to get closer to the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-Pevear_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pevear-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel is set 60 years before it was composed, and alongside researching the war through primary and secondary sources, he spoke with people who had lived through war during the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812; thus, the book is also, in part, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a> fictionalized.<sup id="cite_ref-Pevear_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pevear-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Marie-Henri Beyle (Stendhal)</a> is an epic retelling of the story of an Italian nobleman who lives through the Napoleonic period in Italian history. It includes a description of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> by the principal character. Stendhal fought with Napoleon and participated in the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">The Betrothed</a></i> (1827) by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a> has been called the most famous and widely read novel of the Italian language.<sup id="cite_ref-Archibald_Colquhoun_1954_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archibald_Colquhoun_1954-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Betrothed</i> was inspired by Walter Scott's <i>Ivanhoe</i> but, compared to its model, shows some innovations (two members of the lower class as principal characters, the past described without romantic idealization, an explicitly Christian message), somehow forerunning the realistic novel of the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Set in northern Italy in 1628, during the oppressive years under Spanish rule, it is sometimes seen as a veiled attack on Austria, which controlled the region at the time the novel was written. </p><p>The critical and popular success of <i>The Betrothed</i> gave rise to a crowd of imitations and, in the age of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unification</a>, almost every Italian writer tried his hand at the genre; novels now almost forgotten, like <i><a href="/wiki/Marco_Visconti_(novel)" title="Marco Visconti (novel)">Marco Visconti</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Grossi" title="Tommaso Grossi">Tommaso Grossi</a> (Manzoni's best friend) or <i><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Fieramosca_(novel)" title="Ettore Fieramosca (novel)">Ettore Fieramosca</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Azeglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Massimo D'Azeglio">Massimo D'Azeglio</a> (Manzoni's son-in-law), were the best-sellers of their time. Many of these authors (like <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Tommaseo" title="Niccolò Tommaseo">Niccolò Tommaseo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a> and D'Azeglio himself) were patriots and politicians too, and in their novels, the veiled politic message of Manzoni became explicit (the hero of <i>Ettore Fieramosca</i> fights to defend the honor of the Italian soldiers, mocked by some arrogant Frenchmen). In them, the narrative talent not equaled the patriotic passion, and their novels, full of rhetoric and melodramatic excesses, are today barely readable as historical documents. A significant exception is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Confessions_of_an_Italian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Confessions of an Italian (page does not exist)">The Confessions of an Italian</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a>, an epic about the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian republic</a>'s fall and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic age</a>, told with satiric irony and youthful brio (Nievo wrote it when he was 26 years old). </p><p>In Arabic literature, the Lebanese writer <a href="/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan" title="Jurji Zaydan">Jurji Zaydan</a> (1861–1914) was the most prolific novelist of this genre. He wrote 23 historical novels between 1889 and 1914. His novels played an important in shaping the collective consciousness of modern Arabs during the <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda period</a> and educated them about their history. <i>The Fleeing Mamluk</i> (1891), <i>The Captive of the Mahdi Pretender</i> (1892), and <i>Virgin of Quraish</i> (1899) are some of his nineteenth-century historical novels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major 20th-century example of this genre is the German author <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Buddenbrooks" title="Buddenbrooks">Buddenbrooks</a></i> (1901). This chronicles the decline of a wealthy north German merchant family over the course of four generations, incidentally portraying the manner of life and mores of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> in the years from 1835 to 1877. Mann drew deeply from the history of his own family, the <a href="/wiki/Mann_family" title="Mann family">Mann family</a> of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, and their milieu. This was Mann's first novel, and with the publication of the 2nd edition in 1903, <i>Buddenbrooks</i> became a major literary success. The work led to a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> for Mann in 1929; although the Nobel award generally recognizes an author's body of work, the Swedish Academy's citation for Mann identified "his great novel <i>Buddenbrooks</i>" as the principal reason for his prize.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann also wrote, between 1926 and 1943, a four-part novel <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_His_Brothers" title="Joseph and His Brothers">Joseph and His Brothers</a></i>. In it Mann retells the familiar biblical stories of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (Hebrew Bible)">Joseph</a> (chapters 27–50), setting it in the historical context of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (1353–1336 BC) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. </p><p>In the same era, <a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a> was one of the most popular and accomplished writers of historical novels, with publications between the 1920s and 1950s. His reputation began with the bestselling work, <i><a href="/wiki/Jud_S%C3%BC%C3%9F_(Feuchtwanger_novel)" title="Jud Süß (Feuchtwanger novel)">Jud Süß</a></i> (1925), set in the eighteenth century, as well as historical novels written primarily in exile in France and California, including most prominently the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephus_trilogy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josephus trilogy (page does not exist)">Josephus trilogy</a></i> set in Ancient Rome (1932 / 1935 / 1942), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goya_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goya (novel) (page does not exist)">Goya</a></i> (1951), and his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Die_J%C3%BCdin_von_Toledo" title="Die Jüdin von Toledo">Raquel: The Jewess of Toledo</a></i> - set in Medieval Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> of Britain wrote several popular historical novels, including <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/King_Jesus_(novel)" title="King Jesus (novel)">King Jesus</a></i>, <i>The Golden Fleece</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Count_Belisarius" title="Count Belisarius">Count Belisarius</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a> wrote two historical novels set in Wales, <i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Glendower_(novel)" title="Owen Glendower (novel)">Owen Glendower</a></i> (1941)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Porius_(A_Romance_of_the_Dark_Ages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porius (A Romance of the Dark Ages)">Porius</a></i> (1951). The first deals with the rebellion of the Welsh Prince <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> (AD 1400–16), while <i>Porius</i> takes place during the Dark Ages, in AD 499, just before the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion</a> of Britain. Powys suggests parallels with these historical periods and Britain in the late 1930s and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other significant British novelists include <a href="/wiki/Georgette_Heyer" title="Georgette Heyer">Georgette Heyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Renault" title="Mary Renault">Mary Renault</a>. Heyer essentially established the <a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">historical romance</a> genre and its subgenre <a href="/wiki/Regency_romance" title="Regency romance">Regency romance</a>, which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>. To ensure accuracy, Heyer collected reference works and kept detailed notes on all aspects of Regency life. While some critics thought the novels were too detailed, others considered the level of detail to be Heyer's greatest asset; Heyer even recreated <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>'s crossing into England for her novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_(novel)" title="The Conqueror (novel)">The Conqueror</a></i>. Naomi Mitchison's finest novel, <i>The Corn King and the Spring Queen</i> (1931), is regarded by some as the best historical novel of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-elizabeth_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elizabeth-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Renault is best known for her historical novels set in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. In addition to fictional portrayals of <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides of Ceos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, she wrote a non-fiction biography of Alexander. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Krishnapur" title="The Siege of Krishnapur">The Siege of Krishnapur</a></i> (1973) by <a href="/wiki/J._G._Farrell" title="J. G. Farrell">J. G. Farrell</a> has been described as an "outstanding novel".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by events such as the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">Cawnpore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, the book details the siege of a fictional Indian town, Krishnapur, during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> from the perspective of the town's <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">British residents</a>. The main characters find themselves subject to the increasing strictures and deprivation of the siege, and the absurdity of maintaining the British class system in a town no one can leave becomes a source of comic invention, though the text is serious in intent and tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Prusse_2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prusse_2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Welsh literature, the major contributor to the genre in Welsh is <a href="/wiki/William_Owen_Roberts" title="William Owen Roberts">William Owen Roberts</a> (b. 1960). His historical novels include <i>Y Pla</i> (1987), set at the time of the Black Death; <i>Paradwys</i> (2001), 18th century, concerning the slave trade; and <i>Petrograd</i> (2008) and <i>Paris</i> (2013), concerning the Russian revolution and its aftermath. <i>Y Pla</i> has been much translated, appearing in English as <i>Pestilence</i>, and <i>Petrograd</i> and <i>Paris</i> have also appeared in English. A contemporary of Roberts' working in English is <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Meredith" title="Christopher Meredith">Christopher Meredith</a> (b. 1954), whose <i>Griffri</i> (1991) is set in the 12th century and has the poet of a minor Welsh prince as narrator. </p><p>Nobel Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a> wrote a number of historical novels. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Inheritors_(William_Golding)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inheritors (William Golding)">The Inheritors</a></i> (1955) is set in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times, and shows "new people" (generally identified with <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens sapiens">Homo sapiens sapiens</a></i>) triumphing over a gentler race (generally identified with <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a>) by deceit and violence. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spire" title="The Spire">The Spire</a></i> (1964) follows the building (and near collapse) of a huge spire onto a medieval cathedral (generally assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>); the spire symbolizing both spiritual aspiration and worldly vanity. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scorpion_God" title="The Scorpion God">The Scorpion God</a></i> (1971) consists of three novellas, the first set in a prehistoric African hunter-gatherer band (<i>Clonk, Clonk</i>), the second in an ancient Egyptian court (<i>The Scorpion God</i>) and the third in the court of a Roman emperor (<i>Envoy Extraordinary</i>). The trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Ends_of_the_Earth" title="To the Ends of the Earth">To the Ends of the Earth</a></i>, which includes the <i>Rites of Passage</i> (1980), <i>Close Quarters</i> (1987), and <i>Fire Down Below</i> (1989), describes sea voyages in the early 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> also wrote several historical novels; his last novel, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dead_Man_in_Deptford" title="A Dead Man in Deptford">A Dead Man in Deptford</a></i>, is about the murder of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> in the 16th century. </p><p>Though the genre has evolved since its inception, the historical novel remains popular with authors and readers to this day and bestsellers include <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aubrey%E2%80%93Maturin_series" title="Aubrey–Maturin series">Aubrey–Maturin series</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of the Earth">Pillars of the Earth</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dunnett" title="Dorothy Dunnett">Dorothy Dunnett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lymond_Chronicles" title="Lymond Chronicles">Lymond Chronicles</a></i>. A development in British and Irish writing in the past 25 years has been a renewed interest in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. Works include <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_(writer)" title="William Boyd (writer)">William Boyd</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/An_Ice-Cream_War" title="An Ice-Cream War">An Ice-Cream War</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Faulks" title="Sebastian Faulks">Sebastian Faulks</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Birdsong_(novel)" title="Birdsong (novel)">Birdsong</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_at_the_Lion_d%27Or" title="The Girl at the Lion d'Or">The Girl at the Lion d'Or</a></i> (concerned with the War's consequences); <a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Pat Barker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_Trilogy" title="Regeneration Trilogy">Regeneration Trilogy</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Barry" title="Sebastian Barry">Sebastian Barry</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Long_Long_Way" title="A Long Long Way">A Long Long Way</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FifthQueen-cvr_archive-org_(PD).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FifthQueen-cvr_archive-org_%28PD%29.jpg/220px-FifthQueen-cvr_archive-org_%28PD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FifthQueen-cvr_archive-org_%28PD%29.jpg/330px-FifthQueen-cvr_archive-org_%28PD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/FifthQueen-cvr_archive-org_%28PD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Queen" title="The Fifth Queen">The Fifth Queen</a>, 1906–1908 by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a>, is written about the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>American Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Absalom,_Absalom!" title="Absalom, Absalom!">Absalom, Absalom!</a></i> (1936) is set before, during and after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Roberts_(author)" title="Kenneth Roberts (author)">Kenneth Roberts</a> wrote several books set around the events of the American Revolution, of which <i>Northwest Passage</i> (1937), <i>Oliver Wiswell</i> (1940) and <i>Lydia Bailey</i> (1947) all became best-sellers in the <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly_list_of_bestselling_novels_in_the_United_States_in_the_1930s" title="Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1930s">1930s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly_list_of_bestselling_novels_in_the_United_States_in_the_1940s" title="Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1940s">1940s</a>. The following American authors have also written historical novels in the 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>'s historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Mason_%26_Dixon" title="Mason & Dixon">Mason & Dixon</a></i> (1997) tells the story of the two English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, who were charged with marking the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently there have been works such as <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Cycle">Baroque Cycle</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the tradition of historical fiction has flourished in the modern age, the nineteenth century in particular having caught writers’ interests. Southern Italian novelists like <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tomasi_di_Lampedusa" title="Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa">Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Leopard" title="The Leopard">The Leopard</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Iovine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Iovine (page does not exist)">Francesco Iovine</a> (<i>Lady Ava</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Alianello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Alianello (page does not exist)">Carlo Alianello</a> (<i>The Heritage of the Prioress</i>) and more recently <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Camilleri" title="Andrea Camilleri">Andrea Camilleri</a> (<i>The Preston Brewer</i>) retold the events of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Italian Unification</a>, at times overturning its traditionally heroic and progressive image. The conservative <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Bacchelli" title="Riccardo Bacchelli">Riccardo Bacchelli</a> in <i>The Devil at the Long Point</i> and the communist <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Pratolini" title="Vasco Pratolini">Vasco Pratolini</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Metello" title="Metello">Metello</a></i> described, from ideologically opposite points of view, the birth of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italian Socialism</a>. Bacchelli also wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mill_on_the_Po" title="The Mill on the Po">The Mill on the Po</a></i>, a patchwork <a href="/wiki/Family_saga" title="Family saga">saga of a family</a> of millers from the time of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, one of the most epic novels of the last century. </p><p>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> achieved international success with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i>, a novel set in an Italian abbey in 1327 readable as a historical mystery, as an allegory of Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a>, and as an erudite joke. Eco's work, like Manzoni's preceding it, relaunched Italian interest in historical fiction. Many novelists who till then had preferred the contemporary novel tried their hand at stories set in previous centuries. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Tomizza" title="Fulvio Tomizza">Fulvio Tomizza</a> (<i>The Evil Coming from North</i>, about the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Maraini" title="Dacia Maraini">Dacia Maraini</a> (<i>The Silent Duchess</i>, about the female condition in the eighteenth century), <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Vassalli" title="Sebastiano Vassalli">Sebastiano Vassalli</a> (<i>The Chimera</i>, about a <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">witch hunt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ferrero" title="Ernesto Ferrero">Ernesto Ferrero</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">N</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Manfredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerio Manfredi">Valerio Manfredi</a> (<i>The Last Legion</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fani_Popova%E2%80%93Mutafova" class="mw-redirect" title="Fani Popova–Mutafova">Fani Popova–Mutafova</a> (1902–1977) was a Bulgarian author who is considered by many to have been the best-selling Bulgarian historical fiction author ever.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance2005_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her books sold in record numbers in the 1930s and the early 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-Chance2005_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chance2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she was eventually sentenced to seven years of imprisonment by the Bulgarian communist regime because of some of her writings celebrating <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, and though released after only eleven months for health reasons, was forbidden to publish anything between 1943 and 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Segel2012_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segel2012-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Zagorchinov" title="Stoyan Zagorchinov">Stoyan Zagorchinov</a> (1889–1969) also a Bulgarian writer, author of "Last Day, God's Day" trilogy and "<a href="/wiki/Ivaylo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivaylo">Ivaylo</a>", continuing the tradition in the Bulgarian historical novel, led by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov" title="Ivan Vazov">Ivan Vazov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yana_Yazova" title="Yana Yazova">Yana Yazova</a> (1912–1974) also has several novels that can be considered historical as "<i>Alexander of Macedon</i>", her only novel on non-Bulgarian thematic, as well as her trilogy "<i>Balkani</i>". <a href="/wiki/Vera_Mutafchieva" title="Vera Mutafchieva">Vera Mutafchieva</a> (1929–2009) is the author of historical novels which were translated into 11 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_site_of_Vera_Mutafchieva_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_site_of_Vera_Mutafchieva-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Donchev" title="Anton Donchev">Anton Donchev</a> (1930–) is an old living author, whose first independent novel, <i>Samuel's Testimony</i>, was published in 1961. His second book, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_of_Parting" title="Time of Parting">Time of Parting</a></i>, which dealt with the Islamization of the population in the Rhodopes during the XVII century was written in 1964. The novel was adapted in the serial movie "<a href="/wiki/Time_of_Violence" title="Time of Violence">Time of Violence</a>", divided into two parts with the subtitles ("The Threat" and "The Violence") by 1987 by the director Lyudmil Staykov. In June 2015, "<a href="/wiki/Time_of_Violence" title="Time of Violence">Time of Violence</a>" was chosen as the most beloved film of Bulgarian viewers in "Laced Shoes of Bulgarian Cinema", a large-scale consultation with the audience of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the best known Scandinavian historical novels is <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Lavransdatter" title="Kristin Lavransdatter">Kristin Lavransdatter</a></i> (1920–1922) set in medieval Norway. For this trilogy Undset was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a>'s trilogy <i>Kongens fald</i> (1900–1901, "The Fall of the King"), set in 16th century Denmark, has been called "the finest historical novel in Danish literature".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epic historical novel series <i>Den lange rejse</i> (1908–1921, "The Long Journey") is generally regarded as Jensen's masterpiece and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944 partly on the strength of it.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finnish writer <a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a> is known for the historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Egyptian" title="The Egyptian">The Egyptian</a></i> (1945).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faroes–Danish writer <a href="/wiki/William_Heinesen" title="William Heinesen">William Heinesen</a> wrote several historical novels, most notably <i>Det gode håb</i> (1964, "Fair Hope") set in the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> in 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical fiction has long been a popular genre in Sweden, especially since the 1960s a huge number of historical novels has been written. Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a> wrote acclaimed historical novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Ithaca_(novel)" title="Return to Ithaca (novel)">Return to Ithaca</a></i> (1946) and <i><a href="/wiki/Barabbas_(novel)" title="Barabbas (novel)">Barabbas</a></i> (1950). <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Moberg" title="Vilhelm Moberg">Vilhelm Moberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ride_This_Night" title="Ride This Night">Ride This Night</a></i> (1941) is set in 16th century <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a> and his widely read novel series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emigrants_(novel_series)" title="The Emigrants (novel series)">The Emigrants</a></i> tells the story of Småland emigrants to the United States in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Per_Anders_Fogelstr%C3%B6m" title="Per Anders Fogelström">Per Anders Fogelström</a> wrote a hugely popular series of five historical novels set in his native Stockholm beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_My_Dreams" title="City of My Dreams">City of My Dreams</a></i> (1960). Other writers of historical fiction in Swedish literature include <a href="/wiki/Sara_Lidman" title="Sara Lidman">Sara Lidman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birgitta_Trotzig" title="Birgitta Trotzig">Birgitta Trotzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Per_Olov_Enquist" title="Per Olov Enquist">Per Olov Enquist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artur_Lundkvist" title="Artur Lundkvist">Artur Lundkvist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical novel was quite popular in 20th century <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a>, including works such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_This_World" title="The Kingdom of This World">The Kingdom of This World</a></i> (1949) by <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/I,_the_Supreme" title="I, the Supreme">I, the Supreme</a></i> (1974) by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nostra_(novel)" title="Terra Nostra (novel)">Terra Nostra</a></i> (1975) by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>, <i>News from the Empire</i> (1987) by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_del_Paso" title="Fernando del Paso">Fernando del Paso</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_of_August" title="The Lightning of August">The Lightning of August</a></i> (1964) by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ibarg%C3%BCengoitia" title="Jorge Ibargüengoitia">Jorge Ibargüengoitia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_End_of_the_World" title="The War of the End of the World">The War of the End of the World</a></i> (1981) by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Patriarch" title="The Autumn of the Patriarch">The Autumn of the Patriarch</a></i> (1975) by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Marquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel García Marquez">Gabriel García Marquez</a>. Other writers of historical fiction include <a href="/wiki/Abel_Posse" title="Abel Posse">Abel Posse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Benitez_Rojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Benitez Rojo">Antonio Benitez Rojo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ubaldo_Ribeiro" title="João Ubaldo Ribeiro">João Ubaldo Ribeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homero_Aridjis" title="Homero Aridjis">Homero Aridjis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first decades of the 21st century, an increased interest for historical fiction has been noted. One of the most successful writers of historical novels is <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a>. Other writers of historical fiction include <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Gregory" title="Philippa Gregory">Philippa Gregory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Waters" title="Sarah Waters">Sarah Waters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Saunders" title="George Saunders">George Saunders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hazzard" title="Shirley Hazzard">Shirley Hazzard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Orringer" title="Julie Orringer">Julie Orringer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Jacob" title="The Books of Jacob">The Books of Jacob</a></i> set in 18th century Poland has been praised as the <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018 Nobel Prize laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_fiction">Documentary fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Documentary fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 20th-century variant of the historical novel is documentary fiction, which incorporates "not only historical characters and events, but also reports of everyday events" found in contemporary newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-abrams_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrams-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this variant form of historical novel include <i><a href="/wiki/U.S.A._(trilogy)" title="U.S.A. (trilogy)">U.S.A.</a></i> (1938), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ragtime_(novel)" title="Ragtime (novel)">Ragtime</a></i> (1975) by <a href="/wiki/E.L._Doctorow" class="mw-redirect" title="E.L. Doctorow">E.L. Doctorow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abrams_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abrams-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_biographies">Fictional biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fictional biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_Hadrian" title="Memoirs of Hadrian">Memoirs of Hadrian</a></i> by the Belgian-born French writer <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar" title="Marguerite Yourcenar">Marguerite Yourcenar</a> is about the life and death of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. First published in France in French in 1951 as <i>Mémoires d'Hadrien</i>, the book was an immediate success, meeting with enormous critical acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_George" title="Margaret George">Margaret George</a> has written fictional biographies about historical persons in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Memoirs_of_Cleopatra" title="The Memoirs of Cleopatra">The Memoirs of Cleopatra</a></i> (1997) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mary,_called_Magdalene" title="Mary, called Magdalene">Mary, called Magdalene</a></i> (2002). An earlier example is <i>Peter I</i> (1929–34) by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i> (1934) and <i><a href="/wiki/King_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Jesus">King Jesus</a></i> (1946) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>. Other recent <a href="/wiki/Biographical_novel" title="Biographical novel">biographical novel</a> series, include <i><a href="/wiki/Conqueror_(book_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conqueror (book series)">Conqueror</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_(novel_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor (novel series)">Emperor</a></i> by Conn Iggulden and <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)#Cicero_trilogy" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Cicero Trilogy</a></i> by Robert Harris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic_fiction">Gothic fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gothic fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></div> <p>The gothic novel was popular in the late eighteenth century. Set in the historical past it has an interest in the mysterious, terrifying and haunting. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>'s 1764 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a></i> is considered to be an influential work.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_mysteries">Historical mysteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical mysteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">Historical mystery</a></div> <p>Historical mysteries or "historical <a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">whodunits</a>" are set by their authors in the distant past, with a plot that which involves the solving of a mystery or crime (usually murder). Though works combining these genres have existed since at least the early 1900s, many credit <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Peters">Ellis Peters</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cadfael_Chronicles" title="The Cadfael Chronicles">Cadfael Chronicles</a></i> (1977–1994) with popularizing them. These are set between 1137 and 1145 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-PW_Picker_2010_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW_Picker_2010-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_2010_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2010-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing popularity of this type of fiction in subsequent decades has created a distinct subgenre recognized by both publishers and libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_2010_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2010-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WS_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PPL_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPL-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akron_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akron-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_romance_and_family_sagas">Historical romance and family sagas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historical romance and family sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">Historical romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_saga" title="Family saga">Family saga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regency_romance" title="Regency romance">Regency romance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">Romantic themes</a> have also been portrayed, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)" title="Doctor Zhivago (novel)">Doctor Zhivago</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a>. One of the first popular historical romances appeared in 1921, when <a href="/wiki/Georgette_Heyer" title="Georgette Heyer">Georgette Heyer</a> published <i>The Black Moth</i>, which is set in 1751. It was not until 1935 that she wrote the first of her signature <a href="/wiki/Regency_romance" title="Regency romance">Regency</a> novels, set around the <a href="/wiki/English_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="English Regency">English Regency</a> period (1811–1820), when the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince Regent</a> ruled England in place of his ill father, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. Heyer's Regency novels were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s novels of the late 18th and early 19th century. Because Heyer's writing was set in the midst of events that had occurred over 100 years previously, she included <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentic</a> period detail in order for her readers to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where Heyer referred to historical events, it was as background detail to set the period, and did not usually play a key role in the narrative. Heyer's characters often contained more modern-day sensibilities, and more conventional characters in the novels would point out the heroine's eccentricities, such as wanting to marry for love.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nautical_and_pirate_fiction">Nautical and pirate fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nautical and pirate fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in the arts and popular culture</a></div> <p>Some historical novels explore life at sea, including <a href="/wiki/C._S._Forester" title="C. S. Forester">C. S. Forester</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Hornblower" title="Horatio Hornblower">Hornblower series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aubrey%E2%80%93Maturin_series" title="Aubrey–Maturin series">Aubrey–Maturin series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Reeman" title="Douglas Reeman">Alexander Kent</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Bolitho_novels" title="The Bolitho novels">The Bolitho novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pope" title="Dudley Pope">Dudley Pope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ramage" title="Lord Ramage">Lord Ramage</a>'s series, all of which all deal with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. There are also adventure novels with pirate characters like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i> (1883), <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a> (1895–1913) and <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></i> (1922) by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sabatini" title="Rafael Sabatini">Rafael Sabatini</a>. Recent examples of historical novels about pirates are <i>The Adventures of Hector Lynch</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Severin" title="Tim Severin">Tim Severin</a>, <i>The White Devil (Белият Дявол)</i> by Hristo Kalchev and <i>The Pirate Devlin</i> novels by Mark Keating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_history_and_historical_fantasy">Alternative history and historical fantasy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alternative history and historical fantasy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></div> <p>A number of work take place in variants of known history, in which events had occurred differently. This can involve <a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">time travel</a>. There are also works of <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a>, which add <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction">fantastical</a> elements to known (or alternative) history or which take place in <a href="/wiki/Second_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Second world">second worlds</a> with a close resemblance to our own world at various points in history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiographic_metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historiographic metafiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">Historiographic metafiction</a></div> <p>Historiographic metafiction combines historical fiction with <a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">metafiction</a>. The term is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern literature</a> including writers such as <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>. </p><p>Several novels by Nobel Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a> are set in historical times including <i><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_and_Blimunda" title="Baltasar and Blimunda">Baltasar and Blimunda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_Jesus_Christ" title="The Gospel According to Jesus Christ">The Gospel According to Jesus Christ</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Siege_of_Lisbon" title="The History of the Siege of Lisbon">The History of the Siege of Lisbon</a></i>. In a parallel plot set in the 12th and 20th century where history and fiction are constantly overlapping, the latter novel questions the reliability of historical sources and deals with the difference of writing history and fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_historical_fiction"><span id="Children.27s_historical_fiction"></span>Children's historical fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Children's historical fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Children%27s_historical_novels" title="Category:Children's historical novels">Category:Children's historical novels</a></div> <p>A prominent subgenre within historical fiction is the children's historical novel. Often following a pedagogical bent, children's historical fiction may follow the conventions of many of the other subgenres of historical fiction. A number of such works include elements of <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> to facilitate the transition between the contemporary world and the past in the tradition of children's portal fiction. Sometimes publishers will commission series of historical novels that explore different periods and times. Among the most popular contemporary series include the <a href="/wiki/American_Girl" title="American Girl">American Girl</a> novels and the <a href="/wiki/Magic_Tree_House_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Tree House series">Magic Tree House series</a>. A prominent award within children's historical fiction is the <a href="/wiki/Scott_O%27Dell_Award_for_Historical_Fiction" title="Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction">Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics_and_graphic_novels">Comics and graphic novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comics and graphic novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_comics" title="Category:Historical comics">Category:Historical comics</a></div> <p>Historical narratives have also found their way in comics and graphic novels. There are <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistorical</a> elements in <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle comics</a> like <a href="/wiki/Akim_(comics)" title="Akim (comics)">Akim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahan_(comics)" title="Rahan (comics)">Rahan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a> are <i><a href="/wiki/300_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="300 (comic)">300</a></i> created by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>, centered around <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Bronze_(comics)" title="Age of Bronze (comics)">Age of Bronze series</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Shanower" title="Eric Shanower">Eric Shanower</a>, that retells <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. Historical subjects can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a> comics like <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_(manhua)" title="Three Kingdoms (manhua)">Three Kingdoms</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Zi%27s_Tactics" title="Sun Zi's Tactics">Sun Zi's Tactics</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Chi_Ching" title="Lee Chi Ching">Lee Chi Ching</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Gods_(comics)" title="Weapons of the Gods (comics)">Weapons of the Gods</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wong_Yuk_Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Yuk Long">Wong Yuk Long</a> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ravages_of_Time" title="The Ravages of Time">The Ravages of Time</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Chan_Mou" title="Chan Mou">Chan Mou</a>. There are also straight <a href="/wiki/Category:Samurai_in_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Samurai in anime and manga">Samurai manga</a> series like <i><a href="/wiki/Path_of_the_Assassin" title="Path of the Assassin">Path of the Assassin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vagabond_(manga)" title="Vagabond (manga)">Vagabond</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin" title="Rurouni Kenshin">Rurouni Kenshin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Azumi" title="Azumi">Azumi</a></i>. Several comics and graphic novels have been produced into anime series or a movie adaptations like <i><a href="/wiki/Azumi_(film)" title="Azumi (film)">Azumi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/300_(film)" title="300 (film)">300</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_performing_arts">The performing arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Period_drama_films_and_television_series">Period drama films and television series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Period drama films and television series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical drama</a></div> <p>Historical drama film stories are based upon historical events and famous people. Some <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">historical dramas</a> are <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudramas</a>, which attempt an accurate portrayal of a historical event or <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, to the degree that the available historical research will allow. Other historical dramas are fictionalized tales that are based on an actual person and their deeds, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Braveheart" title="Braveheart">Braveheart</a></i>, which is loosely based on the 13th-century knight <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a>'s fight for <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>'s independence. For films pertaining to the history of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">historical drama films set in Asia</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_films" title="Category:Wuxia films">Wuxia films</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Power_of_the_Dragon_Sabre" title="The Hidden Power of the Dragon Sabre">The Hidden Power of the Dragon Sabre</a></i> (1984) and <i><a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a></i> (2000), based on novels by <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dulu" title="Wang Dulu">Wang Dulu</a>, have also been produced. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yimou" title="Zhang Yimou">Zhang Yimou</a> has directed several acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a> films like <i><a href="/wiki/Hero_(2002_film)" title="Hero (2002 film)">Hero</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Flying_Daggers" title="House of Flying Daggers">House of Flying Daggers</a></i> (2004) and <i><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_Golden_Flower" title="Curse of the Golden Flower">Curse of the Golden Flower</a></i> (2006). Although largely fictional some wuxia films are considered historical drama. <a href="/wiki/Samurai_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Samurai film">Samurai films</a> like <a href="/wiki/Zatoichi" title="Zatoichi">Zatoichi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lone_Wolf_and_Cub" title="Lone Wolf and Cub">Lone Wolf and Cub</a> series also fall under historical drama umbrella. <a href="/wiki/Peplum_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum films">Peplum films</a> also known as sword-and-sandal, is a genre of largely Italian-made historical or biblical epics (costume dramas) that dominated the Italian film industry from 1958 to 1965. Most pepla featured a superhumanly strong man as the protagonist, such as <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursus_(film_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (film character)">Ursus</a> or Italy's own popular folk hero <a href="/wiki/Maciste" title="Maciste">Maciste</a>. These supermen often rescued captive princesses from tyrannical despots and fought mythological creatures. Not all the films were fantasy-based, however. Many featured actual historical personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, although great liberties were taken with the storylines. Gladiators, pirates, knights, Vikings, and slaves rebelling against tyrannical kings were also popular subjects. There are also <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_film" title="Middle Ages in film">films based on Medieval narratives</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s historical epics <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2010_film)" title="Robin Hood (2010 film)">Robin Hood</a></i> (2010) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(film)" title="Kingdom of Heaven (film)">Kingdom of Heaven</a></i> (2005) and the subgenred <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films based on Arthurian legend">films based on the Arthurian legend</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pendragon:_Sword_of_His_Father" title="Pendragon: Sword of His Father">Pendragon: Sword of His Father</a></i> (2008) and <i><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_(2004_film)" title="King Arthur (2004 film)">King Arthur</a></i> (2004). </p><p>Many historical narratives have been expanded into television series. Notable <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> inspired TV series include: <i><a href="/wiki/Rome_(TV_series)" title="Rome (TV series)">Rome</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(TV_series)" title="Spartacus (TV series)">Spartacus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(TV_series)" title="Egypt (TV series)">Egypt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Kingdom_(TV_series)" title="The Last Kingdom (TV series)">The Last Kingdom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)" title="I, Claudius (TV series)">I Claudius</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tudor_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor England">Tudor England</a> is also a very prominent subject in television series like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tudors" title="The Tudors">The Tudors</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Queen_(TV_serial)" title="The Virgin Queen (TV serial)">The Virgin Queen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I (TV miniseries)">Elizabeth I</a></i>. Programs about the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> have also been produced, like <i><a href="/wiki/Sharpe_(TV_series)" title="Sharpe (TV series)">Sharpe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hornblower_(TV_series)" title="Hornblower (TV series)">Hornblower</a></i>. Historical <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> have also been popular, including the Turkish TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Muhte%C5%9Fem_Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="Muhteşem Yüzyıl">The Magnificent Century</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bir_Zamanlar_Osmanl%C4%B1:_K%C4%B1yam" title="Bir Zamanlar Osmanlı: Kıyam">Once Upon A Time In The Ottoman Empire: Rebellion</a></i>. Chinese studios have also produced television series like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_and_the_Hero" title="The Legend and the Hero">The Legend and the Hero</a></i>, its <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_and_the_Hero_2" title="The Legend and the Hero 2">sequel series</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/King%27s_War" title="King's War">King's War</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Qin_Empire_(TV_series)" title="The Qin Empire (TV series)">The Qin Empire</a></i>. There have also been produced pure <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_television_series" title="Category:Wuxia television series">Wuxia television series</a>, many based on works by <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Condor_Trilogy" title="Condor Trilogy">Condor Trilogy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Swordsman_(TV_series)" title="Swordsman (TV series)">Swordsman</a></i>, also <i><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiaofeng#Television" title="Lu Xiaofeng">Lu Xiaofeng</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chu_Liuxiang#Films" title="Chu Liuxiang">Chu Liuxiang</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gu_Long" title="Gu Long">Gu Long</a>. They have been very popular in China, but largely unnoticed in Western media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_theatre">The theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_plays">History plays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">History (theatrical genre)</a></div> <p>History is one of the three main genres in Western <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, although it originated, in its modern form, thousands of years later than the other primary genres.<sup id="cite_ref-howard_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howard-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, it is often treated as a subset of tragedy.<sup id="cite_ref-moarribner_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moarribner-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A play in this genre is known as a <a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">history play</a> and is based on a <a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">historical narrative</a>, often set in the medieval or early modern past. History emerged as a distinct genre from tragedy in <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">Renaissance England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ribner_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ribner-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known examples of the genre are the <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">history plays</a> written by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, whose plays still serve to define the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-degroot12_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degroot12-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakespeare wrote numerous history plays, some included in the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> as histories, and other listed as <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">tragedies</a>, or Roman plays. Among the most famous histories are <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">Henry IV, Part 1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">Henry IV, Part 2</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i>. Other plays that feature historical characters, are the tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i>, set in the mid-11th century during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, and the Roman plays <i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i>. Another tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>, is based on British <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, as is the <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romances" title="Shakespeare's late romances">romanc</a> <i>Cymbeline, King of Britain</i>, which is set in Ancient Britain. </p><p>Other playwrights contemporary to Shakespeare, such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, also dramatized historical topics.<sup id="cite_ref-degroot12_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degroot12-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marlowe wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_(play)" title="Edward II (play)">Edward the Second</a></i> which deals with the deposition of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> by his barons and the Queen, who resent the undue influence the king's favourites have in court and state affairs, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Paris" title="The Massacre at Paris">The Massacre at Paris</a></i>, which dramatizes the events of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bartholomew%27s_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre">Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre</a> in France in 1572.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marlowe's <i><a href="/wiki/Tamburlaine_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamburlaine the Great">Tamburlaine the Great</a></i> (1587 or 1588) is a play in two parts, loosely based on the life of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> emperor, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> "the lame". </p><p>History plays also appear elsewhere in other western literature. The German authors <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiller">Schiller</a> wrote a number of historical plays, including Goethe's <i><a href="/wiki/Egmont_(play)" title="Egmont (play)">Egmont</a></i> (1788), which is set in the 16th century, and is heavily influenced by Shakespearean tragedy, and Schiller's <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Mary Stuart</a></i>, which depicts the last days of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (1800). This play formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Stuarda" title="Maria Stuarda">Maria Stuarda</a></i> (1834). Beethoven <a href="/wiki/Egmont_(Beethoven)" title="Egmont (Beethoven)">wrote incidental music</a> for <i>Egmont</i>. </p><p>Later Irish author <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> wrote several histories, including <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_and_Cleopatra_(play)" title="Caesar and Cleopatra (play)">Caesar and Cleopatra</a></i> (1898) and <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_(play)" title="Saint Joan (play)">Saint Joan</a></i>, which based on the life and trial of <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>. Published in 1924, not long after the canonization of Joan of Arc by the Roman Catholic Church, the play dramatises what is known of her life based on the substantial records of her trial. One of the most famous 20th-century history plays is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Life of Galileo">The Life of Galileo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> which dramatises the latter period of the life of <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, the great <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural philosopher">natural philosopher</a>, who was persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> for the promulgation of his scientific discoveries; for details, see <a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">Galileo affair</a>. The play embraces such themes as the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">dogmatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific evidence</a>, as well as interrogating the values of constancy in the face of oppression. </p><p>More recently British dramatist <a href="/wiki/Howard_Brenton" title="Howard Brenton">Howard Brenton</a> has written several histories. He gained notoriety for his play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Romans_in_Britain" title="The Romans in Britain">The Romans in Britain</a></i>, first staged at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a> in October 1980, which drew parallels between the Roman invasion of Britain in 54BC and the contemporary British military presence in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. Its concerns with politics were, however, overshadowed by controversy surrounding a rape scene. Brenton also wrote <i>Anne Boleyn</i> a play on the life of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, which premiered at <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> in 2010. Anne Boleyn is portrayed as a significant force in the political and religious in-fighting at court and a furtherer of the cause of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in her enthusiasm for the <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opera">Opera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a></div> <p>One of the first operas to use historical events and people is <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea" title="L'incoronazione di Poppea">L'incoronazione di Poppea</a>, which was first performed in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> during the 1643 carnival season. it describes how Poppaea, mistress of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nero" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Nero">emperor Nero</a>, is able to achieve her ambition and be crowned empress. The opera was revived in Naples in 1651, but was then neglected until the rediscovery of the score in 1888, after which it became the subject of scholarly attention in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s, the opera has been performed and recorded many times. <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frederick Handel">George Frederick Handel</a> also wrote several operas based on historical characters, including <i><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare" title="Giulio Cesare">Giulio Cesare</a></i> (1724), <i><a href="/wiki/Tamerlano" title="Tamerlano">Tamerlano</a></i> (1724) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rodelinda_(opera)" title="Rodelinda (opera)">Rodelinda</a></i> (1725). </p><p>Historical subjects for operas also developed during the 19th century. Usually with 4 or 5 acts, they are large-scale casts and orchestras, and spectacular staging. Several operas by <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Gaspare Spontini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> can be regarded as precursors to French <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>. These include Spontini's <i><a href="/wiki/La_vestale" class="mw-redirect" title="La vestale">La vestale</a></i> (1807) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Cortez" title="Fernand Cortez">Fernand Cortez</a></i> (1809, revised 1817), Cherubini's <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Abenc%C3%A9rages" title="Les Abencérages">Les Abencérages</a></i> (1813), and Rossini's <i><a href="/wiki/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Corinthe" title="Le siège de Corinthe">Le siège de Corinthe</a></i> (1827) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mos%C3%A8_in_Egitto" title="Mosè in Egitto">Moïse et Pharaon</a></i> (1828). All of these have some of the characteristics of size and spectacle that are normally associated with French grand opera. Another important forerunner was <i><a href="/wiki/Il_crociato_in_Egitto" title="Il crociato in Egitto">Il crociato in Egitto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>, who eventually became the acknowledged king of the grand opera genre. Amongst the most important opera composers on historical topics are <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. </p><p>Russian composers also wrote operas based on historical figures, including <i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a> (1839–1881), which was composed between 1868 and 1873, and is considered his masterpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its subjects are the Russian ruler <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a>, who reigned as <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> (1598 to 1605). Equally famous is <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></i>, the libretto for which the composer developed from the Ancient Russian <a href="/wiki/Epic_(genre)" title="Epic (genre)">epic</a> <i>The Lay of Igor's Host</i>, which recounts the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (people)">Rus</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Igor_Svyatoslavich" title="Igor Svyatoslavich">Igor Svyatoslavich</a> against the invading <a href="/wiki/Cuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman">Cuman</a> ("Polovtsian") tribes in 1185.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reenactment">Historical reenactment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historical reenactment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></div> <p>Historical reenactment is an educational or entertainment activity in which people follow a plan to recreate aspects of a historical event or period. This may be as narrow as a specific moment from a battle, such as the reenactment of <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a> presented during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reunion_of_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reunion of 1913">Great Reunion of 1913</a>, or as broad as an entire period, such as <a href="/wiki/Regency_reenactment" title="Regency reenactment">Regency reenactment</a> or The 1920s Berlin Project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_and_criticism">Theory and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Theory and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> literary critic, essayist, and social theorist <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> wrote extensively on the aesthetic and political significance of the historical novel. In 1937's <i>Der historische Roman</i>, published originally in Russian, Lukács developed critical readings of several historical novels by various authors, including <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>. He interprets the advent of the "genuinely" historical novel at the beginning of the 19th century in terms of two developments, or processes. The first is the development of a specific genre in a specific medium—the historical novel's unique stylistic and narrative elements. The second is the development of a representative, organic artwork that can capture the fractures, contradictions, and problems of the particular productive mode of its time (i.e., developing, early, entrenched <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_fiction_awards" title="Category:Historical fiction awards">Historical fiction awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_novelists" title="List of historical novelists">List of historical novelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_fiction_by_time_period" title="List of historical fiction by time period">List of historical fiction by time period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott_Prize" title="Walter Scott Prize">Walter Scott Prize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Bayhaqi" title="Tarikh-i Bayhaqi">Bayhaqi's History</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/search?query=historical+fiction&ct=">"Search - Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Search+-+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3Dhistorical%2Bfiction%26ct%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalnovelsociety.org/guides/defining-the-genre/">"Defining the Genre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711120201/https://historicalnovelsociety.org/guides/defining-the-genre">Archived</a> 2018-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Historical Novel Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah L. Johnson. <i>Historical Fiction: A Guide to the Genre</i>. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2005, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson1999" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Lynda G. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistoricalf00adam/page/"><i>World Historical Fiction</i></a></span>. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistoricalf00adam/page/">xi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573560665" title="Special:BookSources/9781573560665"><bdi>9781573560665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Historical+Fiction&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781573560665&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Lynda+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistoricalf00adam%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106202434/http://www.mappinggothic.org/person/440">"Hugo, Victor"</a>. <i>Mapping Gothic France</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mappinggothic.org/person/440">the original</a> on 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mapping+Gothic+France&rft.atitle=Hugo%2C+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mappinggothic.org%2Fperson%2F440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Imprimatur</i>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Czesław Miłosz, <i>The History of Polish Literature</i>, pp. 299–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew H. Plaks, <i>Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel</i> (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Anne Doody, <i>The True Story of the Novel</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrayfieldSprott2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrayfieldSprott2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelia_BrayfieldDuncan_Sprott2013" class="citation book cs1">Celia Brayfield; Duncan Sprott (5 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGmJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>Writing Historical Fiction: A Writers' and Artists' Companion</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-838-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-838-7"><bdi>978-1-78093-838-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Historical+Fiction%3A+A+Writers%27+and+Artists%27+Companion&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78093-838-7&rft.au=Celia+Brayfield&rft.au=Duncan+Sprott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGmJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal-Naquet1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Vidal-Naquet, Pierre</a> (Winter 1992). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40339581">Nobody's Argument: Jane Porter and the Historical Novel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507223649/http://www.jstor.org/stable/40339581">Archived</a> 2016-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies</i>, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Fall–Winter, 2007), pp. 88–103. University of Pennsylvania Press. Accessed 26 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anessi, Thomas. 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In: <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature</i>. Merriam-Webster, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877790426" title="Special:BookSources/0877790426">0877790426</a>, p.661</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLease1972" class="citation book cs1">Lease, Benjamin (1972). <i>That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46969-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46969-7"><bdi>0-226-46969-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Wild+Fellow+John+Neal+and+the+American+Literary+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-226-46969-7&rft.aulast=Lease&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1978" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Donald A. (1978). <i>John Neal</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080-5-7723-08" title="Special:BookSources/080-5-7723-08"><bdi>080-5-7723-08</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Neal&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=080-5-7723-08&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayorie2019" class="citation book cs1">Kayorie, James Stephen Merritt (2019). "John Neal (1793-1876)". In Baumgartner, Jody C. (ed.). <i>American Political Humor: Masters of Satire and Their Impact on U.S. Policy and Culture</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440854866" title="Special:BookSources/9781440854866"><bdi>9781440854866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Neal+%281793-1876%29&rft.btitle=American+Political+Humor%3A+Masters+of+Satire+and+Their+Impact+on+U.S.+Policy+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440854866&rft.aulast=Kayorie&rft.aufirst=James+Stephen+Merritt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87805369">"Sinner, Victim, Object, Winner | ANCHORS: JACKI LYDEN"</a>. <i>Weekend All Things Considered</i>. National Public Radio (NPR). March 2, 2008. <q>masterwork</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekend+All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=Sinner%2C+Victim%2C+Object%2C+Winner+%26%23124%3B+ANCHORS%3A+JACKI+LYDEN&rft.date=2008-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D87805369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukacs 92-96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924072443/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/balzac.htm">"Honoré de Balzac"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/balzac.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers&rft.atitle=Honor%C3%A9+de+Balzac&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fbalzac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reims-cathedral.culture.fr/restoration-in-france.html">"Notre-Dame Cathedral of Reims"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227152601/http://www.reims-cathedral.culture.fr/restoration-in-france.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notre-Dame+Cathedral+of+Reims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reims-cathedral.culture.fr%2Frestoration-in-france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Dumas, <i>The Count of Monte Cristo</i> 2004, Barnes & Noble Books, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59308-151-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59308-151-5">978-1-59308-151-5</a>, p. 601</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Dumas, <i>The Count of Monte Cristo</i>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pevear-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pevear_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevear_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pevear, Richard. "Introduction". War and Peace. Trans. Pevear; Volokhonsky, Larissa. New York City, New York: Vintage Books, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archibald_Colquhoun_1954-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archibald_Colquhoun_1954_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archibald Colquhoun. <i>Manzoni and his Times.</i> J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Georg Lukàcs, "The Historical Novel" (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1929/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929"</a>. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1929&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1929%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Issued 24 January 1941. Dante Thomas <i>A Bibliography of the Principal Writings of John Cowper Powys</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Argument" to <i>Owen Glendower</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, [1941], p.x; "Historic Background to the Year of Grace A.D. 499", <i>Porius</i>. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elizabeth-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elizabeth_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (13 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-naomi-mitchison-1046691.html">"Obituary: Naomi Mitchison"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Naomi+Mitchison&rft.date=1999-01-13&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-naomi-mitchison-1046691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms</i>, p.384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prusse_2003-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prusse_2003_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrusse2003" class="citation book cs1">Prusse, Michael C. (2003). <i>British and Irish Novelists Since 1960</i>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>: Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6015-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6015-4"><bdi>978-0-7876-6015-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+and+Irish+Novelists+Since+1960&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-6015-4&rft.aulast=Prusse&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Harmon and C. Hugh Holman <i>A Handbook to Literature</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996, p.251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Mars-Jones <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/1997/jun/15/fiction.thomaspynchon">How a Quaker gets his oats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608170648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1997/jun/15/fiction.thomaspynchon">Archived</a> 2020-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Guardian 15 June 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chance2005-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chance2005_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chance2005_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Chance2005" class="citation book cs1">Jane Chance (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QrnjT2NT5MC&pg=PA501"><i>Women Medievalists and the Academy</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 501–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20750-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20750-2"><bdi>978-0-299-20750-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Medievalists+and+the+Academy&rft.pages=501-&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-299-20750-2&rft.au=Jane+Chance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5QrnjT2NT5MC%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segel2012-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Segel2012_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_B._Segel2012" class="citation book cs1">Harold B. Segel (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJ8rN0qlOa0C&pg=PA11"><i>The Walls Behind the Curtain: East European Prison Literature, 1945-1990</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7802-2"><bdi>978-0-8229-7802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Walls+Behind+the+Curtain%3A+East+European+Prison+Literature%2C+1945-1990&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7802-2&rft.au=Harold+B.+Segel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJ8rN0qlOa0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Official_site_of_Vera_Mutafchieva-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Official_site_of_Vera_Mutafchieva_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veramutafchieva.net/">"Official site of Vera Mutafchieva"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Official+site+of+Vera+Mutafchieva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveramutafchieva.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnt.bg/bg/a/lachenite-obuvki-na-ba-lgarskoto-kino-35583">"Time of Parting" is the favorite film of Bulgarian viewers "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021073812/https://bnt.bg/bg/a/lachenite-obuvki-na-ba-lgarskoto-kino-35583">Archived</a> 2022-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BNT, 7 June 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kristin-Lavransdatter">Kristin Lavransdatter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611053637/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kristin-Lavransdatter">Archived</a> 2020-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopedia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sven Hakon Rossel, <i>A History of Danish Literature</i>, University of Nebraska press 1992, p.305 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Schellinger <i>Encyclopedia of the Novel</i>, Routledge 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/mwaltari.htm">"Mika Waltari"</a>. <i>Authors Calendar</i>. Finland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Authors+Calendar&rft.atitle=Mika+Waltari&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthorscalendar.info%2Fmwaltari.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sven Hakon Rossel, <i>A History of Danish Literature</i>, University of Nebraska press 1992, p.565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Brantly <i>The Historical Novel, Transnationalism, and the Postmodern Era: Presenting the Past</i>, Routledge 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour Menton <i>Latin America's New Historical Novel</i>, University of Texas Press 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megan O'Grady <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/t-magazine/historical-fiction-books.html">Why Are We Living in a Golden Age of Historical Fiction?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724104345/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/t-magazine/historical-fiction-books.html">Archived</a> 2020-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The New York Times 7 May 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Groot, Jerome <i>The Historical Novel</i> Introduction, Routledge 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/26/olga-tokarczuk-the-books-of-jacob-english-translation-polish-nobel-prize">"Olga Tokarczuk's 'magnum opus' finally gets English release – after seven years of translation"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 26 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Olga+Tokarczuk%27s+%27magnum+opus%27+finally+gets+English+release+%E2%80%93+after+seven+years+of+translation&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F26%2Folga-tokarczuk-the-books-of-jacob-english-translation-polish-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abrams-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abrams_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abrams_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Abrams <i>A Glossary of Literary Terms</i>. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1999, p.194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Becoming the Emperor: How Marguerite Yourcenar reinvented the past". Books, <i>The New Yorker</i>, February 14, 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/02/14/becoming-the-emperor">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402093250/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/02/14/050214crbo_books?currentPage=6">Archived</a> 2014-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Groot, Jerome <i>The Historical Novel</i> Chapter 2: Origins, early manifestations and some definitions, Routledge 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW_Picker_2010-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PW_Picker_2010_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicker2010" class="citation web cs1">Picker, Lenny (3 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/43024-mysteries-of-history.html">"Mysteries of History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jr. (27 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204114320/http://m.us.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704804204575069371115999474?mobile=y">"Five Best Historical Mystery Novels"</a>. <i>WSJ.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.us.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704804204575069371115999474?mobile=y">the original</a> on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WritersStore.com&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+Defined&rft.aulast=Magar&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writersstore.com%2Fthe-mystery-defined%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPL-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPL_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provlib.org/node/505">"A Guide for Historical Fiction Lovers"</a>. <i>ProvLib.org</i>. Providence Public Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProvLib.org&rft.atitle=A+Guide+for+Historical+Fiction+Lovers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provlib.org%2Fnode%2F505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akron-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akron_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607155739/http://ascplpop.akronlibrary.org/favorite-fiction-booklists/mysteries/">"Popular Culture: Mysteries"</a>. <i>ASCPLpop.AkronLibrary.org</i>. Akron-Summit County Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ascplpop.akronlibrary.org/favorite-fiction-booklists/mysteries/">the original</a> on 7 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASCPLpop.AkronLibrary.org&rft.atitle=Popular+Culture%3A+Mysteries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fascplpop.akronlibrary.org%2Ffavorite-fiction-booklists%2Fmysteries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regis (2003), pp. 125-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regis (2003), p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Collected Novels of José Saramago</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547581002" title="Special:BookSources/9780547581002"><bdi>9780547581002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Novels+of+Jos%C3%A9+Saramago&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780547581002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howard-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howard_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstovichSilcoxRoebuck1999" class="citation book cs1">Ostovich, Helen; Silcox, Mary V; Roebuck, Graham (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkDccFRob5IC&pg=PA135"><i>Other Voices, Other Views: Expanding the Canon in English Renaissance Studies</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Voices%2C+Other+Views%3A+Expanding+the+Canon+in+English+Renaissance+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780874136807&rft.aulast=Ostovich&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Silcox%2C+Mary+V&rft.au=Roebuck%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkDccFRob5IC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moarribner-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moarribner_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibner1955" class="citation journal cs1">Ribner, Irving (December 1955). "Marlowe's Edward II and the Tudor History Play". <i>ELH</i>. <b>22</b> (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 243–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2871887">10.2307/2871887</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2871887">2871887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELH&rft.atitle=Marlowe%27s+Edward+II+and+the+Tudor+History+Play&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=243-253&rft.date=1955-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2871887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2871887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ribner&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ribner-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ribner_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Ribner1965" class="citation book cs1">Irving Ribner (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0LHz_Eki_IC&pg=PR9"><i>The English History Play in the Age of Shakespeare</i></a>. 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"Tragedy, Patronage and Power". in Cheney, Patrick, 2007, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/anne-boleyn-shakespeares-globe-london-2315856.html">"Michael Coveney, The Independent, 19 July 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 18 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723023113/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/anne-boleyn-shakespeares-globe-london-2315856.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Michael+Coveney%2C+The+Independent%2C+19+July+2011&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftheatre-dance%2Freviews%2Fanne-boleyn-shakespeares-globe-london-2315856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvocoressi, Abraham (1974: pp. 98, 138)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (1986: p 31)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham, G. and Lloyd-Jones, D. (1986) "Alexander Borodin" in Brown, D. (ed.) The New Grove: Russian Masters 1, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., pp. 45–76.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Groot2009" class="citation book cs1">de Groot, Jerome (2009-09-23). <i>The Historical Novel</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203868966" title="Special:BookSources/9780203868966"><bdi>9780203868966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Novel&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft.isbn=9780203868966&rft.aulast=de+Groot&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukacs, Georg</a> (1969). <i>The Historical Novel</i>. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Novel&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cole, Richard. "Breaking the frame in historical fiction". <i>Rethinking History</i> (2020) 24#3/4, pp 368–387. Frame breaking, or metalepsis, is authors placing themselves in their work, or characters engaging with their author.</li> <li>Fisher, Janet. "Historical fiction". in <i>International Companion Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature</i> (2004) pp: 368–376.</li> <li>Freeman, Evelyn B., and Linda Levstik. "Recreating the past: Historical fiction in the social studies curriculum". <i>The elementary school journal</i> 88.4 (1988): 329–337.</li> <li>Grindon, Leger. <i>Shadows on the past: Studies in the historical fiction film</i> (Temple University Press, 2010).</li> <li>McEwan, Neil. <i>Perspective in British historical fiction today</i> (Springer, 1987).</li> <li>Rousselot, Elodie, ed. <i>Exoticising the Past in Contemporary Neo-Historical Fiction</i> (2014)</li> <li>Rycik, Mary Taylor, and Brenda Rosler. "The return of historical fiction". <i>The Reading Teacher</i> 63.2 (2009): 163–166; it now dominates the book awards in children's literature</li> <li>Shaw, Harry E. <i>The Forms of Historical Fiction: Sir Walter Scott and His Successors</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.</li> <li>White, Hayden. "Introduction: Historical fiction, fictional history, and historical reality". <i>Rethinking History</i> 9.2-3 (2005): 147–157.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/historical_fiction" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:historical fiction">historical fiction</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herstorynovels.com/">Historical fiction by women, about women</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328191322/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/historical-fiction-masters-past/sarah-l-johnson">Historical Fiction recommended reading</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwls.org/category/podcasts/?select=2009">Audio Archives from "Historical Fiction and The Search for Truth"</a>- 2009 <a href="/wiki/Key_West_Literary_Seminar" title="Key West Literary Seminar">Key West Literary Seminar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicfictionfest.com/">Historical Fiction Festival</a> Annual event in Summerhall, Edinburgh, for writers and audiences to discuss historical fiction.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalnovelsociety.org/guides/defining-the-genre/defining-the-genre-what-are-the-rules-for-historical-fiction/">Defining the Genre: What are the rules for historical fiction?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122150213/https://historicalnovelsociety.org/guides/defining-the-genre/defining-the-genre-what-are-the-rules-for-historical-fiction/">Archived</a> 2016-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Historical Novel Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/When-Fictionalized-Facts/131759/?sid=cr">When Fictionalized Facts Matter</a> - <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i> article on the fictionalization of history</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_fiction_by_time_period" title="List of historical fiction by time period">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">Historical mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">Historical romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_saga" title="Family saga">Family saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate novel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical drama</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">films</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_film" title="Middle Ages in film">Middle Ages in film</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films based on Arthurian legend">Arthurian films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplum_film_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum film genre">Peplum film genre</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">Asian films</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia#Samurai_cinema_and_jidaigeki_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_films" title="Category:Wuxia films">Wuxia films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_television_series" title="Category:Wuxia television series">wuxia tv series</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_comics" title="Category:Historical comics">Historical comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">History play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Historical grand opera</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_opera_characters" title="List of historical opera characters">by historical figures</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&oldid=1256481299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_fiction&oldid=1256481299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_fiction" title="Category:Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_genres" title="Category:Science fiction genres">Science 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