CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Malleus Maleficarum - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fd0d9552-1713-4595-9d2a-8be7cdda127a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Malleus_Maleficarum","wgTitle":"Malleus Maleficarum","wgCurRevisionId":1277125917,"wgRevisionId":1277125917,"wgArticleId":20561,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","Articles to be expanded from September 2021","All articles to be expanded","Articles needing additional references from September 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Arabic-language text", "CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","CS1 maint: postscript","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Latin-language sources (la)","Articles with German-language sources (de)","1487 books","15th-century Christian texts","Catholicism-related controversies","Christian terminology","Witch hunter manuals","Witchcraft treatises","Witchcraft in folklore and mythology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Malleus_Maleficarum","wgRelevantArticleId":20561,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q208556","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles": "ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="963"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="642"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="513"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Malleus Maleficarum - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Malleus_Maleficarum rootpage-Malleus_Maleficarum skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Malleus+Maleficarum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Malleus+Maleficarum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Malleus+Maleficarum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Malleus+Maleficarum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Summary of contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summary_of_contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Summary of contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justification_(Apologia_auctoris)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification_(Apologia_auctoris)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Justification (<i>Apologia auctoris</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification_(Apologia_auctoris)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papal_bull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_bull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Papal bull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_bull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approbation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approbation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Approbation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approbation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preamble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preamble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Preamble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preamble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Main text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Section_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Section I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Section II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Section III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_foundations_and_major_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_foundations_and_major_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theological foundations and major themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_foundations_and_major_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theological foundations and major themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_foundations_and_major_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Torture_and_confessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture_and_confessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Torture and confessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torture_and_confessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elaborated_concept_of_witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elaborated_concept_of_witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Elaborated concept of witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elaborated_concept_of_witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Demonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approbation_and_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approbation_and_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Approbation and authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approbation_and_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors'_whereabouts_and_circumstances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors'_whereabouts_and_circumstances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Authors' whereabouts and circumstances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authors'_whereabouts_and_circumstances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authors' whereabouts and circumstances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authors'_whereabouts_and_circumstances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preceding_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preceding_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Preceding publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preceding_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Post-publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popularity and influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularity_and_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popularity and influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popularity_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors_stimulating_widespread_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_stimulating_widespread_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Factors stimulating widespread use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_stimulating_widespread_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_Secondary_Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_Secondary_Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Primary and Secondary Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_Secondary_Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Tertiary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مطرقة الساحرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطرقة الساحرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksehammeren" title="Heksehammeren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heksehammeren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexenhammer" title="Hexenhammer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hexenhammer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5iahaamer" title="Nõiahaamer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõiahaamer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پتک جادوگران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتک جادوگران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%85%80_%EC%9E%A1%EB%8A%94_%EB%A7%9D%EC%B9%98" title="마녀 잡는 망치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마녀 잡는 망치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B3" title="Վհուկների մուրճ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վհուկների մուրճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטיש המכשפות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטיש המכשפות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragan%C5%B3_k%C5%ABjis" title="Raganų kūjis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raganų kūjis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="मॅलेयस मालेफिकरम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅलेयस मालेफिकरम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksenhamer" title="Heksenhamer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heksenhamer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%AB%E4%B8%8E%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E9%89%84%E6%A7%8C" title="魔女に与える鉄槌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魔女に与える鉄槌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksehammeren" title="Heksehammeren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heksehammeren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Молот ведьм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молот ведьм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum" title="Malleus maleficarum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Malleus maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladivo_%C4%8Darovnic" title="Kladivo čarovnic – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kladivo čarovnic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noitavasara" title="Noitavasara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Noitavasara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4xhammaren" title="Häxhammaren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Häxhammaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Malleus Maleficarum" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%B7%AB%E4%B9%8B%E6%A7%8C" title="女巫之槌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="女巫之槌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Malleus_Maleficarum" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Malleus_Maleficarum" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&oldid=1277125917" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Malleus_Maleficarum&id=1277125917&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMalleus_Maleficarum"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMalleus_Maleficarum"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malleus_Maleficarum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208556" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Treatise on the prosecution of witches, 1486</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hammer of witches" and "Hexenhammer" redirect here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Hammer_of_the_Witches" title="Hammer of the Witches"><i>Hammer of the Witches</i></a>. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Burning_Witches" title="Burning Witches"><i>Burning Witches</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum_(album)" title="Malleus Maleficarum (album)"><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> (album)</a>. For the <i>Supernatural</i> episode, see <a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum_(Supernatural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleus Maleficarum (Supernatural)">Malleus Maleficarum (<i>Supernatural</i>)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent;" style="text-align:left; font-size: 88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn summary" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;"><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Hammer of Witches</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malleus_maleficarum,_K%C3%B6ln_1520,_Titelseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg/250px-Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg/375px-Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="365" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page of the seventh <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> edition of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>, 1520 (from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney_Library" title="University of Sydney Library">University of Sydney Library</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><i>Hammer of Witches</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">1486</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of issue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">1487</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Malleus Maleficarum</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually translated as the <i><b>Hammer of Witches</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the best known treatise about <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20091_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20091-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiIntroduction_to_1948_edition-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written by the German <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> clergyman <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a> (under his <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> name <i>Henricus Institor</i>) and first published in the German city of <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> in 1486. Some describe it as the compendium of literature in <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a> of the 15th century. Kramer presented his own views as the Roman Catholic Church's position. </p><p>The book was condemned by top theologians of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">Faculty of Cologne</a> for recommending illegal procedures, and for being inconsistent with Roman Catholic doctrines of demonology.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kramer was never removed and even enjoyed considerable prestige thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Malleus</i> calls sorcery <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">heresy</a>, which was a crime at the time, and recommends that secular courts prosecute it as such. The <i>Malleus</i> suggests torture to get confessions and death as the only certain way to end the "evils of witchcraft." When it was published, heretics were often sentenced to be <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burned alive</a> at the stake<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200928_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200928-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Malleus</i> suggested the same for "witches." Despite, or perhaps because of, being condemned by some members of the church, the <i>Malleus</i> was very popular. </p><p>In 1519, a new author was added, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sprenger" title="Jacob Sprenger">Jacob Sprenger</a>. Historians have questioned why, since this was 33 years after the book's first printing, and 24 years after Sprenger died. </p><p>The book was later revived by royal courts during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and contributed to the increasingly brutal prosecution of witchcraft during the 16th and 17th centuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Witch trials in the early modern period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonology#Christianity" title="Demonology">Demonology § Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></div> <p>Witchcraft had long been forbidden by the Church, whose viewpoint on the subject was explained in the <i><a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a></i> written in about AD 900. It stated that witchcraft and magic were delusions and that those who believed in such things "had been seduced by the Devil in dreams and visions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlac200929_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlac200929-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the same period supernatural intervention was accepted in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ordeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordeals">ordeals</a> that were later also used during witch trials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931'_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931'-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is an element of doctrine that demons may be cast out by appropriate sacramental <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">exorcisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Malleus</i>, exorcism is, for example, one of the five ways to overcome the attacks of <a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">incubi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> are traditionally excluded from the category of magical rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200930_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200930-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1484 clergyman <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a> made one of the <a href="/wiki/Die_Scheuberin" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Scheuberin">first attempts at prosecuting alleged witches</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyrol" title="History of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> region. It was not a success: he was expelled from the city of Innsbruck and dismissed by the local bishop as "senile and crazy".<sup id="cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, writing the book was Kramer's act of self-justification and revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ankarloo and Clark claim that Kramer's purpose in writing the book was to explain his own views on witchcraft, systematically refute arguments claiming that witchcraft did not exist, discredit those who expressed skepticism about its reality, claim that those who practised witchcraft were more often women than men, and to convince <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> to use Kramer's recommended procedures for finding and convicting witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002240_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have suggested that following the failed efforts in Tyrol, Kramer requested explicit authority from the Pope to prosecute witchcraft. Kramer received a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> in 1484. It gave full papal approval for the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> to prosecute what was deemed to be witchcraft in general and also gave individual authorizations to Kramer and Dominican Friar Jacob Sprenger specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell,_229_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell,_229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have disputed the idea that Sprenger was working with Kramer, arguing that the evidence shows that Sprenger was actually a persistent opponent of Kramer, even going so far as to ban him from Dominican convents within Sprenger's jurisdiction while also banning him from preaching. In the words of Wolfgang Behringer: </p> <blockquote><p>Sprenger had tried to suppress Kramer's activities in every possible way. He forbade the convents of his province to host him, he forbade Kramer to preach, and even tried to interfere directly in the affairs of Kramer's Séléstat convent... The same day Sprenger became successor to Jacob Strubach as provincial superior (October 19, 1487), he obtained permission from his general, Joaquino Turriani, to lash out <i>adversus m[agistrum] Henricum Institoris inquisitorem</i> (<i>English</i>: against Master Heinrich Kramer, inquisitor).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The preface also includes an alleged unanimous <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/approbation" class="extiw" title="wikt:approbation">approbation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>'s Faculty of Theology. Nevertheless, many historians have argued that it is well established by sources outside the <i>Malleus</i> that the university's theology faculty condemned the book for unethical procedures and for contradicting Catholic theology on a number of important points: "just for good measure Institoris forged a document granting their apparently unanimous approbation."<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly,_Karen_p._115_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolly,_Karen_p._115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book became the handbook for secular courts throughout <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Europe, but was not used by the Inquisition, which "denied any authority to the <i>Malleus</i>" in the words of historian Wolfgang Behringer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In modern times, the book has often been viewed as a typical inquisitorial manual, a perception that many historians have refuted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Jenny Gibbons:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>in the 1970s, when feminist and Neo-Pagan authors turned their attention to the witch trials, the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> (<i>Hammer of Witches</i>) was the only manual readily available in translation. Authors naively assumed that the book painted an accurate picture of how the Inquisition tried witches. Heinrich Kramer, the text's demented author, was held up as a typical inquisitor. His rather stunning sexual preoccupations were presented as the Church's "official" position on witchcraft. Actually the Inquisition immediately rejected the legal procedures Kramer recommended and censured the inquisitor himself just a few years after the Malleus was published. Secular courts, not inquisitorial ones, resorted to the <i>Malleus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbons,_Jenny_pp_2_-_16_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons,_Jenny_pp_2_-_16-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Before 1400 it was rare for anyone to be prosecuted for witchcraft, but the increasingly common prosecution of heresy and failure to fully defeat these heretics paved the way for later criminal prosecution of witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century belief in witches was widely accepted in European society. Previously, those convicted of witchcraft typically suffered penalties no more harsh than public penances such as a day in the <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">stocks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reform_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their prosecution became more brutal following the publication of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>, as witchcraft became widely accepted as a real and dangerous phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper1969102–105_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper1969102–105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most severe prosecutions took place between the years 1560 and 1630, largely ending in Europe around 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201374_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201374-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries an intense debate on the nature of witches preoccupied <a href="/wiki/Demonologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonologist">demonologists</a> across Europe and they published many printed sermons, books and tracts. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> played an important role in shaping of debate on demonology, but the discourse was not much affected by the Reformation. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> was also convinced about the reality and evil of witches, and facilitated development of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> demonology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201375–76_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201375–76-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic and Protestant demonologies were similar in their basic beliefs about witches<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201379_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201379-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most writers agreed on the severity of the crime of witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201377_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201377-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was accepted by both Catholic and Protestant legislatures<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and witch-hunting was undeniably sponsored by both Protestant and Catholic governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002b10_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002b10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witches became heretics to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and witchcraft became the greatest of crimes and sins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1971542–543_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1971542–543-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within continental and Roman Law witchcraft was the <i>crimen exceptum</i>, a crime so foul that all normal legal procedures were superseded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1959498_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1959498-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, belief in the powers of witches to harm began to die out in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>. For the post-Enlightenment Christians, the disbelief was based on a belief in <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1995339–354_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1995339–354-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_contents">Summary of contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary of contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> consists of the following parts:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200912_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200912-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Justification (introduction, Latin <i>Apologia auctoris</i>)</li> <li>Papal bull</li> <li>Approbation by professors of theology at University of Cologne</li> <li>Table of contents</li> <li>Main text in three sections<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200912_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200912-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justification_(Apologia_auctoris)"><span id="Justification_.28Apologia_auctoris.29"></span>Justification (<i>Apologia auctoris</i>) <span class="anchor" id="apologia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Justification (Apologia auctoris)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this part it is briefly explained that prevalence of sorcery which is a method of Satan's final assault motivated authors to write the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20098_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20098-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>[...] [ <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Lucifer</a> ] attacks through these heresies at that time in particular, when the evening of the world declines towards its setting and the evil of men swells up, since he knows in great anger, as John bears witness in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Apocalypse" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Apocalypse">Book of Apocalypse</a> [12:12], that he has little time remaining. Hence, he has also caused a certain unusual heretical perversity to grow up in the land of the Lord – a Heresy, I say, of Sorceresses, since it is to be designated by the particular sex over which he is known to have power. [...] In the midst of these evils, we Inquisitors, Jacobus Sprenger together with the very dear associate [Institoris] delegated by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Apostolic See</a> for the extermination of so destructive a heresy [...] we will bring everything to the desired conclusion. [...] naming the treatise the "Hammer for Sorceresses," we are undertaking the task of compiling the work for an associate [presumably, an ecclesiastic] [...]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200969_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200969-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_bull">Papal bull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Papal bull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copies of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> contain a reproduction of a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> that is addressed to Heinrich Institoris and Jakob Sprenger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20098_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20098-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to it, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> acknowledges that sorceresses are real and harmful through their involvement in the acts of Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20098'_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20098'-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the date on the document, the papal bull had been issued in 1484, two years before the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> was finished. Therefore, it is not an endorsement of a specific final text of the <i>Malleus</i>. Instead, its inclusion implicitly legitimizes the handbook by providing general confirmation of the reality of witchcraft and full authority to Sprenger and Institoris in their preachings and proceedings:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200910_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200910-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they shall also have full and entire liberty to propound and preach to the faithful Word of God, as often as it shall seem to them fitting and proper, in each and all of the parish churches in the said provinces, and to do all things necessary and suitable under the aforesaid circumstances, and likewise freely and fully to carry them out.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Summis desiderantes affectibus</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5,_1484_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5,_1484-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approbation">Approbation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Approbation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="approbation"></span> This part of the <i>Malleus</i> is titled "The Approbation of The Following Treatise and The Signatures Thereunto of The Doctors of The Illustrious University of Cologne Follows in The Form of A Public Document"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains unanimous approval of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> by all the Doctors of the Theological Faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012xxxviiIntroduction_to_1928_edition_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012xxxviiIntroduction_to_1928_edition-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed by them personally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200976–79_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200976–79-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proceedings are attested by <a href="/wiki/Notary_public" title="Notary public">notary public</a> Arnold Kolich of <a href="/wiki/Euskirchen" title="Euskirchen">Euskirchen</a>, a sworn cleric of Cologne with inclusion of confirmatory testimony by present witnesses Johannes Vorda of Mecheln a sworn <a href="/wiki/Beadle" title="Beadle">beadle</a>, Nicholas Cuper de Venrath the sworn notary of <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a> of Cologne and Christian Wintzen of Euskirchen a cleric of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Cologne">Diocese of Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200980_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200980-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Text of approbation mentions that during proceedings Institoris had a letter from <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian, the newly crowned King of the Romans and son of Emperor Frederick III</a>, which is summarized in the approbation: "[... Maximilian I] takes these Inquisitors under his complete protection, ordering and commanding each and every subject of the Roman Empire to render all favor and assistance to these Inquisitors and otherwise to act in the manner that is more fully contained and included in the letter."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200979_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200979-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently, in early December 1486, Kramer actually went to Brussels, the Burgundian capital, hoping to obtain a privilege from the future Emperor (Kramer did not dare to involve Frederick III, whom he had offended previously), but the answer must have been so unfavorable that it could not be inserted into the foreword.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The approbation consists of a <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a> and is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(law)" title="Resolution (law)">resolution</a> in two parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–79_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–79-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preamble">Preamble</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> It begins with a general statement about circumstances: </p><blockquote><p>IN THE NAME OF Our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen. Let all those who will read, see or hear the present public document know that in the year since the Birth of Our Lord 1487, in the fifth indiction, on Saturday, the nineteenth day of May, at five in the afternoon or thereabouts, in the third year of the Pontificate of Our Lord, the Most Holy Father in Christ, Lord Innocent VIII, by Divine Providence Pope, in the presence of my notary public and of the witnesses written below who had been specifically summoned and asked for this purpose, the venerable and religious Brother Henricus Institoris, Professor of Holy Theology and member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order of Preachers</a>, who was appointed as Inquisitor into Heretical Depravity by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> along with his colleague, the venerable and religious Brother Jacobus Sprenger, also a Professor of Holy Theology and <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a> of the Convent of Preachers in Cologne[...]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–75_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–75-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Then, signatories complain that "Some curates of souls and preachers of the Word of God feel no shame at claiming and affirming in their sermons to the congregation that sorceresses do not exist"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200975_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200975-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and notice that the intention of the authors of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> is not primarily to alleviate this ignorance but rather "toil to exterminate the sorceresses by explaining the appropriate methods of sentencing and punishing them in accordance with the text of the aforementioned Bull and the regulations of the Holy Canons, thereby achieving their extermination";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200975_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200975-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finally, signatories explain why they are providing their expertise: </p><blockquote><p>It is consonant with reason that those things that are done on behalf of the common good should also be confirmed through the common approval of the Doctors, and therefore, lest the aforementioned poorly educated curates and preachers think, in their ignorance of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Holy Scripture</a>, that the aforesaid treatise, which was composed in the manner mentioned above, is poorly supported by the determinations and pronouncements of the Doctors, they offered it for examination and comparison against Scripture to the illustrious University of Cologne or rather to certain Professors of Holy Theology, in order that if any things were found to be worthy of censure or incompatible with the Catholic Truth, they should be refuted by the judgment of those Professors, and that those things found to be compatible with the Catholic Truth should be approved. This was in fact done in the ways written below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200975–76_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200975–76-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolution">Resolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two signings, sometimes also referenced as two approbations. The difference is that four signatories of the first part testify that they have examined the treatises and endorse its text while in the second signing signatories do not assert that they have read the treatises but nonetheless express approval by explicitly restating some general propositions of the treatises and endorsing them instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–80_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–80-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the first part, the opinion of a "temporary Dean of the Faculty of Holy Theology at Cologne" namely <a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a> of <a href="/wiki/%27s-Heerenberg" title="'s-Heerenberg">'s-Heerenberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is expressed and then professors <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobus_Straelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobus Straelen (page does not exist)">Jacobus Straelen</a> of Noetlinck, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Schermer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Schermer (page does not exist)">Andreas Schermer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ochsenfurt" title="Ochsenfurt">Ochsenfurt</a> and Master Thoma de Scotia<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> testify that they agree with his opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200977_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200977-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is an excerpt from the opinion: </p><blockquote><p>[I proclaim] that this three part treatise, which has been examined by me and carefully compared against <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a> with regard to its first two parts, contains nothing, in my humble judgment at least, that is contrary to the pronouncements of the non-erroneous philosophers, or against the Truth of the Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Faith, or against the determinations of the Doctors approved or admitted by the Holy Church, and that the third part should certainly be upheld and approved in regard to the punishments of those heretics whom it treats, in that it does not contradict Holy Canons, and also because of the personal experiences described in this treatise, which are believed to be true because of the reputation of such great men, particularly since they are inquisitors. It should be ensured that this treatise will become known to learned and zealous men, who will then, on the basis of it, provide various healthy and appropriate advice for the extermination of sorceresses [...]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200976_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200976-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The second part is signed by those from the first signing and in addition by professors <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Kridweiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Kridweiss (page does not exist)">Ulrich Kridweiss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Vorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Vorn (page does not exist)">Konrad Vorn</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Pays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius Pays (page does not exist)">Cornelius Pays</a> of <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> and Dietrich of Balveren (Bummel).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200978_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200978-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signatories attest that: </p><blockquote><p>1) The Masters of Holy Theology written below commend the Inquisitors into Heretical Depravity appointed by the authority of the Apostolic See in conformity with the Canons, and urge that they think it right to carry out their office zealously.<br />2) The proposition that acts of sorcery can happen with God's permission through sorcerers or sorceresses when the Devil works with them is not contrary to the Catholic Faith, but consonant with the statements of Holy Scripture. Indeed, according to the pronouncements of the Holy Doctors it is necessary to admit that such acts can sometimes happen.<br />3) It is therefore erroneous to preach that acts of sorcery cannot happen, because in this way preachers impede, to the extent that they can, the pious work of the inquisitors, to the prejudice of the salvation of souls. Nonetheless, secrets that are heard at any time by inquisitors should not be revealed to everyone.<br />4) All princes and Catholics should be urged to think it right to assist such pious vows on the part of the Inquisitors in defense of the Holy Catholic Faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200977–78_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200977–78-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_text">Main text <span class="anchor" id="main"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Main text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._Sprenger_and_H._Institutoris,_Malleus_maleficarum._Wellcome_L0000980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._Sprenger_and_H._Institutoris%2C_Malleus_maleficarum._Wellcome_L0000980.jpg/220px-J._Sprenger_and_H._Institutoris%2C_Malleus_maleficarum._Wellcome_L0000980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._Sprenger_and_H._Institutoris%2C_Malleus_maleficarum._Wellcome_L0000980.jpg/330px-J._Sprenger_and_H._Institutoris%2C_Malleus_maleficarum._Wellcome_L0000980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._Sprenger_and_H._Institutoris%2C_Malleus_maleficarum._Wellcome_L0000980.jpg/440px-J._Sprenger_and_H._Institutoris%2C_Malleus_maleficarum._Wellcome_L0000980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Title page of an edition dated 1669</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> asserts that three elements are necessary for witchcraft: the evil intentions of the witch, the help of the Devil, and the permission of God.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatise is divided into three sections. The first section is aimed at clergy and tries to refute critics who deny the reality of witchcraft, thereby hindering its prosecution. </p><p>The second section describes the actual forms of witchcraft and its remedies. The third section is to assist judges confronting and combating witchcraft, and to aid the inquisitors by removing the burden from them. Each of the three sections has the prevailing themes of what is witchcraft and who is a witch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_I">Section I <span class="anchor" id="section1"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Section I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section I examines the concept of witchcraft theoretically, from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200320_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200320-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically it addresses the question of whether witchcraft is a real phenomenon or imaginary, perhaps "deluding phantasms of the devil, or simply the fantasies of overwrought human minds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200322_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200322-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conclusion drawn is that witchcraft must be real because the Devil is real. Witches entered into a pact with Satan to allow them the power to perform harmful magical acts, thus establishing an essential link between witches and the Devil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200322_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200322-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_II">Section II <span class="anchor" id="section2"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Section II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matters of practice and actual cases are discussed, and the powers of witches and their recruitment strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-Broedel,_30_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broedel,_30-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It states that it is mostly witches, as opposed to the Devil, who do the recruiting, by making something go wrong in the life of a respectable matron that makes her consult the knowledge of a witch, or by introducing young maidens to tempting young devils.<sup id="cite_ref-Broedel,_30_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broedel,_30-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It details how witches cast spells, and remedies that can be taken to prevent witchcraft, or help those who have been affected by it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2006214_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2006214-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_III">Section III <span class="anchor" id="section3"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Section III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section III is the legal part of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> that describes how to prosecute a witch. The arguments are clearly laid for the lay magistrates prosecuting witches. The section offers a step-by-step guide to the conduct of a witch trial, from the method of initiating the process and assembling accusations, to the interrogation (including torture) of witnesses, and the formal charging of the accused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200334_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200334-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who did not cry during their trial were automatically believed to be witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2006502_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2006502-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_foundations_and_major_themes">Theological foundations and major themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theological foundations and major themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a></div> <p>Jakob Sprenger was an appointed <a href="/wiki/Inquisitor" title="Inquisitor">inquisitor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, theology professor and a <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158'_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158'-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heinrich Kraemer (Institoris) was an appointed inquisitor of south Germany, a professor of theology at the University of Salzburg, the leading <a href="/wiki/Demonologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonologist">demonologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunter</a> in late medieval Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> refers to them both as "beloved sons" and "professors of theology";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_Desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484_(2)_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_Desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484_(2)-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also authorizes them to extirpate <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This text codified the folklore and beliefs of the Alpine peasants as ‘witchcraft’ and was conceptually dedicated to the implementation of Exodus 22:18: "You shall not permit a sorceress to live.”</p><blockquote><p>Kramer and Sprenger were the first to raise harmful sorcery to the criminal status of heresy. [...] If harmful sorcery is a crime on the order of heresy, Kramer and Sprenger argue, then the secular judges who prosecute it must do so with the same vigor as would the <i><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></i> in prosecuting a heretic. The <i>Malleus</i> urges them to adopt torture, leading questions, the admission of denunciation as valid evidence, and other Inquisitorial practices to achieve swift results. Moreover, the authors insist that the death penalty for convicted witches is the only sure remedy against witchcraft. They maintain that the lesser penalty of banishment prescribed by <i>Canon Episcopi</i> for those convicted of harmful sorcery does not apply to the new breed of witches, whose unprecedented evil justifies capital punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200133–34_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200133–34-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The first section of the book's <a href="#main">main text</a> is written using the scholastic methodology of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> characterized by a mode of <i>disputed questions</i> most notably used in his <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>. It was a standard mode of argumentation in scholastic discourse with a long tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200328_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200328-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200917–18_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200917–18-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the citations in the <i>Malleus</i> come from multiple works of Aquinas, a highly influential author in theology. Aquinas is a main source for <a href="#section1">Section I</a> but is cited in all sections; <i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Nider" title="Johannes Nider">Johannes Nider</a> is the important source for <a href="#section2">Section II</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> by Spanish inquisitor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Eymeric">Nicholas Eymeric</a> is a crucial source for <a href="#section3">Section III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200916–17_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200916–17-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Importantly, Kramer and Sprenger were convinced that God would never permit an innocent person to be convicted of witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008224_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008224-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003159_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003159-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture_and_confessions">Torture and confessions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Torture and confessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Strappado_(torture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strappado (torture)">Strappado (torture)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rack_(torture)" title="Rack (torture)">Rack (torture)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_instruments_of_torture" title="Category:Medieval instruments of torture">Category:Medieval instruments of torture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wickiana5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wickiana5.jpg/220px-Wickiana5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wickiana5.jpg/330px-Wickiana5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wickiana5.jpg/440px-Wickiana5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a> of three alleged witches in <a href="/wiki/Baden,_Switzerland" title="Baden, Switzerland">Baden</a>, Switzerland (1585), by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Wick" title="Johann Jakob Wick">Johann Jakob Wick</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Malleus</i> recommended not only torture but also deception in order to obtain confessions: "And when the implements of torture have been prepared, the judge, both in person and through other good men zealous in the faith, tries to persuade the prisoner to confess the truth freely; but, if he will not confess, he bid attendants make the prisoner fast to the <a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">strappado</a> or some other implement of torture. The attendants obey forthwith, yet with feigned agitation. Then, at the prayer of some of those present, the prisoner is loosed again and is taken aside and once more persuaded to confess, being led to believe that he will in that case not be put to death." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All confessions acquired with the use of torture had to be confirmed: "And note that, if he confesses under the torture, he must afterward be conducted to another place, that he may confirm it and certify that it was not due alone to the force of the torture." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However if there was no confirmation, torture could not be repeated, but it was allowed to continue at a specified day: "But, if the prisoner will not confess the truth satisfactorily, other sorts of tortures must be placed before him, with the statement that unless he will confess the truth, he must endure these also. But, if not even thus he can be brought into terror and to the truth, then the next day or the next but one is to be set for a continuation of the tortures – not a repetition, for it must not be repeated unless new evidences produced. The judge must then address to the prisoners the following sentence: We, the judge, etc., do assign to you, such and such a day for the continuation of the tortures, that from your own mouth the truth may be heard, and that the whole may be recorded by the notary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victims">Victims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatise describes how women and men become inclined to practice witchcraft. The text argues that women are more susceptible to demonic temptations through the manifold weaknesses of their sex. It was believed that they were weaker in faith and more carnal than men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey200349_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey200349-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Bailey claims that most of the women accused as witches had strong personalities and were known to defy convention by overstepping the lines of proper female decorum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey200351_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey200351-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the publication of the <i>Malleus</i>, it seems as though about three quarters of those individuals prosecuted as witches were women.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wickiana3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wickiana3.jpg/170px-Wickiana3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wickiana3.jpg/255px-Wickiana3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wickiana3.jpg/340px-Wickiana3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>The execution of alleged witches in Central Europe, 1587</figcaption></figure> <p>Witches were usually female. The reasons for this is the suggestion that women are "prone to believing and because the demon basically seeks to corrupt the faith, he assails them in particular."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have a "temperament towards flux" and "loose tongues".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They "are defective in all the powers of both soul and body"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are stated to be more lustful than men. </p><p>The major reason is that at the foundation of sorcery is denial of faith and "woman, therefore, is evil as a result of nature because she doubts more quickly in the faith."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009166_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009166-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men could be witches, but were considered rarer, and the reasons were also different. The most common form of male witch mentioned in the book is the sorcerer-archer. The book is rather unclear, but the impetus behind male witches seems to come more from desire for power than from disbelief or lust, as it claims is the case for female witches. </p><p>Indeed, the very title of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> is feminine, alluding to the idea that it was women who were the villains. Otherwise, it would be the <i>Malleus Malefic<u>o</u>rum</i> (the masculine form of the Latin noun <i>maleficus</i> or <i>malefica,</i> 'witch'). In Latin, the feminine <i>maleficarum</i> would only be used for women, while the masculine <i>maleficorum</i> could be used for men alone or for both sexes if together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stewart200130_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stewart200130-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> accuses witches of <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> and casting evil spells to harm their enemies as well as having the power to <a href="/wiki/Koro_(medicine)#U.S._and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koro (medicine)">steal a man's penis</a>. It goes on to give accounts of witches committing these crimes. </p><p> Arguments favoring <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">discrimination against women</a> are explicit in the handbook. Those arguments are not novel but constitute a selection from the long tradition of Western <a href="/wiki/Misogynist" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynist">misogynist</a> writings. However, according to Brauner, they are combined to produce new meanings and result in a comprehensive theory. It mixes elements borrowed from <i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1435), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preceptorium_divinae_legis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preceptorium divinae legis (page does not exist)">Preceptorium divinae legis</a></i> (1475) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lectiones_super_ecclesiastes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lectiones super ecclesiastes (page does not exist)">Lectiones super ecclesiastes</a></i> (1380).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200138_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200138-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Kramer and Sprenger develop a powerful sex-specific theory of witchcraft based on a hierarchical and dualistic view of the world. Everything exists in pairs of opposites: God and Satan, Mary and Eve, and men (or virgins) and women. Each positive principle in a pair is delineated by its negative pole. Perfection is defined not as the integration or preservation of opposites, but rather as the extermination of the negative element in a polar pair. Because women are the negative counterpart to men, they corrupt male perfection through witchcraft and must be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200138_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200138-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although authors give many examples of male witchery in the second part of the handbook, those witchcraft trials that are independently confirmed and that were led by Kramer himself are related to persecution of women almost exclusively. They took place in Ravensburg near Constance (1484) and Innsbruck (since 1485).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200145_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200145-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003143_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003143-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Brauner, trial records confirm that Kramer believed that women are by nature corrupt and evil. His position was in harmony with the scholastic theory at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200147_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200147-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In contrast, Sprenger never conducted a witch trial<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200144_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200144-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he was consulted in a few cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20093_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20093-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kramer and Sprenger use a metaphor of a world turned upside down by women of which concubines are the most wicked, followed by midwives and then by wives who dominate their husbands. Authors warn of imminent arrival of the apocalypse foretold in the Bible and that men risk bewitchment that leads to impotence and sensation of castration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200142–43_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200142–43-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brauner explains authors' prescription on how a woman can avoid becoming a witch: </p><blockquote><p>According to the <i>Malleus</i>, the only way a woman can avoid succumbing to her passions – and becoming a witch – is to embrace a life of devout chastity in a religious retreat. But the monastic life is reserved to the spiritually gifted few. Therefore, most women are doomed to become witches, who cannot be redeemed; and the only recourse open to the authorities is to ferret out and exterminate all witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200141_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200141-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elaborated_concept_of_witchcraft">Elaborated concept of witchcraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elaborated concept of witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_del_Prado_-_Goya_-_Caprichos_-_No._43_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_de_la_razon_produce_monstruos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Museo_del_Prado_-_Goya_-_Caprichos_-_No._43_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_de_la_razon_produce_monstruos.jpg/170px-Museo_del_Prado_-_Goya_-_Caprichos_-_No._43_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_de_la_razon_produce_monstruos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Museo_del_Prado_-_Goya_-_Caprichos_-_No._43_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_de_la_razon_produce_monstruos.jpg/255px-Museo_del_Prado_-_Goya_-_Caprichos_-_No._43_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_de_la_razon_produce_monstruos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Museo_del_Prado_-_Goya_-_Caprichos_-_No._43_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_de_la_razon_produce_monstruos.jpg/340px-Museo_del_Prado_-_Goya_-_Caprichos_-_No._43_-_El_sue%C3%B1o_de_la_razon_produce_monstruos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleep_of_Reason_Produces_Monsters" title="The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters">The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters</a></i>, c. 1797, 21.5 cm × 15 cm</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Strixology" title="Strixology">Strixology</a> in the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> is characterized by a very specific conception of what a witch is, one that differs dramatically from earlier times. The word used, malefica, carries an explicit condemnation absent in other words referring to women with supernatural powers. The conception of witches and of magic by extension is one of evil. It differs from earlier conceptions of witchcraft that were much more generalized.<sup id="cite_ref-d3q8dwaaqbaj233_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d3q8dwaaqbaj233-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is the point in history where "witchcraft constituted an independent antireligion". The witch lost her powerful position vis-a-vis the deities; the ability to force the deities to comply with her wishes was replaced by a total subordination to the devil. In short, "[t]he witch became Satan's puppet."<sup id="cite_ref-d3q8dwaaqbaj233_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d3q8dwaaqbaj233-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conception of witches was "part of a conception of magic that is termed by scholars as 'Satanism' or 'diabolism'". In this conception, a witch was a member of "a malevolent society presided over by Satan himself and dedicated to the infliction of malevolent acts of sorcery (<i>maleficia</i>) on others."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200919_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200919-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Mackay, this concept of sorcery is characterized by the conviction that those guilty engage in six activities:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200919_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200919-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote> <ol><li>A pact entered into with the Devil (and concomitant apostasy from Christianity),</li> <li>Sexual relations with the Devil,</li> <li>Aerial flight for the purpose of attending;</li> <li>An assembly presided over by Satan himself (at which initiates entered into the pact, and incest and promiscuous sex were engaged in by the attendees),</li> <li>The practice of maleficent magic,</li> <li>The slaughter of babies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200919_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200919-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonology">Demonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demon#Christianity" title="Demon">Demon § Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">Exorcism in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism in the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession § Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Sexuality in Christian demonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilith_(John_Collier_painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/170px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/255px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/340px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(painting)" title="Lilith (painting)">Lilith</a></i>, 1887 by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a>, portrays the female demon <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> with a snake cavorting within the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i>Malleus</i> demons are the ones who tempt humans to sorcery and are the main figures in the witches' vows. They interact with witches, usually sexually. The book claims that it is normal for all witches "to perform filthy carnal acts with demons."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009125_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009125-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a major part of human-demon interaction and demons do it "not for the sake of pleasure, but for the sake of corrupting."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009283_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009283-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is worth noting that not all demons do such things. The book claims that "the nobility of their nature causes certain demons to balk at committing certain actions and filthy deeds."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009309_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009309-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the work never gives a list of names or types of demons, like some demonological texts or spellbooks of the era, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Juratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Juratus">Liber Juratus</a></i>, it does indicate different types of demons. For example, it devotes large sections to <a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">incubi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">succubi</a> and questions regarding their roles in pregnancies, the submission of witches to incubi, and protections against them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approbation_and_authorship">Approbation and authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Approbation and authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, Joseph Hansen, a historian who was appalled by the witch-craze and those who carried it out, first proposed that coauthorship by Sprenger was a falsehood presented by Institoris (Kramer) and that approbation is <i>partially</i> a forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20095_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20095-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christopher Mackay, author of the modern academic translation of the <i>Malleus</i> into English offers rebuttals to arguments of proponents of this theory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2006128_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2006128-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20095_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20095-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in an interview gives an accessible summary: </p> <blockquote><p>The argument was made in the nineteenth century by a scholar hostile to what the Malleus stood for that the approbation was a forgery by Institoris and that Sprenger had nothing to do with the composition. The evidence for this is in my view very tenuous (and the main argument is clearly invalid). Nonetheless, once the argument was put forward, it took on a life of its own, and people continue to advance arguments in favor of the idea that Sprenger's involvement was a falsification perpetrated by Institoris, despite the fact that this argument was vitiated from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In addition, Mackay points out that allegations raised in support of this theory that supposedly two of the signatories had not in fact signed the approbation are unsubstantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20095_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20095-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar response is offered by the author of the first translation of the <i>Malleus</i> into English <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a>. In his introduction, he ignores completely the theory that joint authorship or approbation could be a mystification. Nonetheless, he mentions briefly that it was questioned whether Kramer or Sprenger contributed more to the work. He comments that "in the case of such a close collaboration any such inquiry seems singularly superfluous and nugatory".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broedel, a historian who writes that it is likely that Sprenger's contribution was minimal, nonetheless says that "Sprenger certainly wrote the <a href="#apologia"><i>Apologia auctoris</i></a> which prefaces the <i>Malleus</i> and agreed to be a coauthor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200318_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200318-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> and <i>The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca</i> ignore completely Hansen's theory and list Sprenger and Kramer as co-authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223–224_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223–224-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolfgang Behringer argues that Sprenger's name was only added as an author beginning in 1519, thirty-three years after the book was first published and decades after Sprenger's own death.<sup id="cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Sprenger's friends who was still alive denounced the addition of Sprenger's name as a forgery, stating that Sprenger had nothing to do with the book.<sup id="cite_ref-Klose,_Hans-Christian_pp._197_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klose,_Hans-Christian_pp._197-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many historians have also pointed out that Sprenger's actual views in his confirmed writings are often the opposite of the views in the <i>Malleus</i>, and Sprenger was unlikely to have been a colleague of Kramer since Sprenger in fact banned Kramer from preaching and entering Dominican convents within his jurisdiction, and spoke out against him on many occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._3_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._3-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alleged approval from the theologians at Cologne, which Kramer included in the <i>Malleus</i> with a list of names of theologians who he claimed approved the book, has also been questioned by many historians, since in 1490 the clergy at Cologne condemned the book and at least two of the clergy listed by Kramer, Thomas de Scotia and Johann von Wörde, publicly denied having approved the <i>Malleus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly,_Raudvere_page_241_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolly,_Raudvere_page_241-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sprenger" title="Jacob Sprenger">Jacob Sprenger</a>'s name was added as an author beginning in 1519, 33 years after the book's first publication and 24 years after Sprenger's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenny Gibbons, a Neo-Pagan and a historian, writes: "Actually the Inquisition immediately rejected the legal procedures Kramer recommended and censured the inquisitor himself just a few years after the <i>Malleus</i> was published. Secular courts, not inquisitorial ones, resorted to the <i>Malleus</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbons,_Jenny_pp_2_-_16_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons,_Jenny_pp_2_-_16-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preface also includes an allegedly unanimous approbation from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>'s Faculty of Theology. Nevertheless, many historians have argued that it is well established by sources outside the <i>Malleus</i> that the university's theology faculty condemned the book for unethical procedures and for contradicting Catholic theology on a number of important points: "just for good measure Institoris forged a document granting their apparently unanimous approbation."<sup id="cite_ref-Jolly,_Karen_p._115_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolly,_Karen_p._115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors'_whereabouts_and_circumstances"><span id="Authors.27_whereabouts_and_circumstances"></span>Authors' whereabouts and circumstances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Authors' whereabouts and circumstances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preceding_publication">Preceding publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Preceding publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1484 <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a> had made one of the first attempts at prosecuting alleged witches in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyrol" title="History of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> region. It was not a success and he was asked to leave the city of Innsbruck. According to <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, writing the book was Kramer's act of self-justification and revenge. Ankarloo and Clark claim that Kramer's purpose in writing the book was to explain his own views on witchcraft, systematically refute arguments claiming that witchcraft does not exist, discredit those who expressed skepticism about its reality, claim that those who practiced witchcraft were more often women than men, and to convince <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a> to use Kramer's recommended procedures for finding and convicting witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002240_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002240-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kramer wrote the <i>Malleus</i> following his expulsion from <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> by the local bishop, due to charges of illegal behavior against Kramer himself, and because of Kramer's obsession with the sexual habits of one of the accused, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Scheuberin" title="Helena Scheuberin">Helena Scheuberin</a>, which led the other tribunal members to suspend the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kramer received a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i>, in 1484. It directed <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Strasbourg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg">Bishop of Strasburg</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Palatinate-Mosbach" title="Albert of Palatinate-Mosbach">Albert of Palatinate-Mosbach</a>) to accept the authority of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a> as an Inquisitor, although the motivation of the papal bull was likely political.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> was finished in 1486 and the papal bull was included as part of its preface, implying papal approval for the work.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-publication">Post-publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post-publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kramer was intensely writing and preaching until his death in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was asked by <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> council to provide expert consultation on the procedure of witch trial in 1491.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160'_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160'-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His prestige was not fading. In 1495 he was summoned by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Order_of_Preachers" title="Master of the Order of Preachers">Master General of the Order</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioacchino_Torriani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioacchino Torriani (page does not exist)">Joaquin de Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">O.P.</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and gave very popular public lectures and disputations. They were worthy of presence and patronage of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also wrote treatises <i>Several Discourses and Various Sermons upon the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist</i> (Nuremberg, 1496); <i>A Tract Confuting the Errors of Master Antonio degli Roselli</i> (Venice, 1499); followed by <i>The Shield of Defence of the Holy Roman Church Against the Picards and Waldenses</i> which were quoted by many authors. He was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncio</a> and his assignment as inquisitor was changed to <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> in 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sprenger continued his work as Inquisitor Extraordinary for the Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trèves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. Later, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Superior">Provincial Superior</a> of the whole German Province (in 1488). He had enormous responsibilities. He received a letter from the pope praising his enthusiasm and energy in 1495.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012ix'Introduction_to_1948_edition_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012ix'Introduction_to_1948_edition-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summers observes that 17th-century "<a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> chroniclers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Qu%C3%A9tif" title="Jacques Quétif">Quétif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a>, number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity_and_influence">Popularity and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Popularity and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sex-specific theory developed in the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> laid the foundations for widespread consensus in early modern Germany on the evil nature of witches as women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200149_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200149-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later works on witchcraft have not agreed entirely with the <i>Malleus</i> but none of them challenged the view that women were more inclined to be witches than men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200148_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200148-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was accepted so that very few authors saw the need to explain why witches are women. Those who did, attributed female witchery to the weakness of body and mind (the old medieval explanation) and a few to female sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200148_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200148-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors argue that the book's publication was not as influential as earlier authors believed.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJollyPetersRaudvere2001241_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJollyPetersRaudvere2001241-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to MacCulloch, the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> was one of several key factors contributing to the witch craze, along with popular <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>, and tensions created by the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i>Malleus</i> went through 28 editions between 1486 and 1600 and was accepted by Roman Catholics and Protestants alike as an authoritative source of information concerning Satanism and as a guide to Christian defence [against acts of Satan].</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_stimulating_widespread_use">Factors stimulating widespread use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Factors stimulating widespread use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> was able to spread throughout Europe rapidly in the late 15th and at the beginning of the 16th century due to the innovation of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the middle of the 15th century by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>. The invention of printing some thirty years before the first publication of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> instigated the fervor of witch hunting, and, in the words of Russell, "the swift propagation of the witch hysteria by the press was the first evidence that Gutenberg had not liberated man from <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 15th century was also a period of religious turmoil. The <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> and the witch craze that ensued took advantage of the increasing intolerance of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> in Europe, where the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and Catholic camps respectively, pitted against one another, each zealously strove to maintain what they each deemed to be the purity of faith. The Catholic Counter-Reformation would eventually even out this religious turmoil, but until then both the Catholics and Protestants constantly battled for what they believed was right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningsen198015_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningsen198015-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moira_Smith_(scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moira Smith (scholar) (page does not exist)">Moira Smith</a> writes that the book has been seen as "one of the most infamous and despised of books".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Special:EditPage/Malleus Maleficarum">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Latin book was firstly translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schmidt_(Indologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Schmidt (Indologist) (page does not exist)">J. W. R. Schmidt</a> into German in 1906; an expanded edition of three volumes was published in 1923. <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a> was responsible for the first English translation in 1928. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Target language</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>Arabic</td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مطرقة الساحرات</span></span> trans. by Ahmed Khalid Mustafa </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>English</td> <td><i>The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum</i>, trans. by Christopher S. Mackay (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>English</td> <td><i>The Malleus Maleficarum</i>, ed. and trans. by P.G. Maxwell-Stuart (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007) (partial translation, this work excludes or summarizes crucial sections<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20091_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20091-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>English</td> <td>Henricus Institoris and Jacobus Sprenger, <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>, ed. and trans. by Christopher S. Mackay, 2 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) (edition in vol. 1 and translation in vol. 2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>German</td> <td><i>Der Hexenhammer: Malleus Maleficarum</i>, trans. by Günter Jerouschek, Wolfgang Behringer, Werner Tschacher </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>English</td> <td><i>Malleus Maleficarum - The Witch Hammer, J. Sprenger, H. Kramer</i>, trans. by <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>German</td> <td><i>Der Hexenhammer von Jakob Sprenger und Heinrich Institoris</i>, trans. by Johann Wilhelm Richard Schmidt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeblergerhard.de/Fontes/HexenhammerSprenger1923.pdf">(available online 1923 edition)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_of_witches" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture of witches">Torture of witches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoverie of Witchcraft">Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spee" title="Friedrich Spee">Friedrich Spee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a>, a witchcraft-related tract written by King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a> (who subsequently became in addition, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translator <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a> consistently uses "the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>" (or simply "the <i>Malleus</i>") in his 1928 and 1948 introductions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare English "mallet" and English "malevolence". Alternative translations include <i>The Witch Hammer</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223'_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223'-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hammer for Sorceresses</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hammer Against Witches</i>, <i>Hammer for Witches</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">not a sacrament, but sacramental</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Summers, the <i>Malleus</i> "lay on the bench of every judge, on the desk of every magistrate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additional note: "Such thinking was also mirrored in the groundbreaking work of the German scholars Wilhelm Gottfried Soldan (1803-1869) and Joseph Hansen (1862-1943) both of whom blamed witchhunts on the overweening power of the Roman Catholic Church and saw the demise of witch trials as a natural corollary of the progress of reason and science."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack2013550_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack2013550-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additional note: "But although Catholics have been fed comforting errors by overeager apologists about the Church's part in prosecuting witches, we must face our own tragic past. Fellow Catholics, to whom we are forever bound in the communion of saints, did sin grievously against people accused of witchcraft. If our historical memory can be truly purified, then the smoke from the Burning Times can finally disperse."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel 2003</a>, p. 93: He was one of the advocates of Aristotelian thought and opponents of <i>via moderna</i>, he was "one of Sprenger's most distinguished colleagues at Cologne, and the man whose name appears first on the faculty endorsement of the <i>Malleus</i>, [he] even went so far as to lead an abortive drive to obtain beatification for Aristotle."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Summers, "It has been asked whether Kramer or Sprenger was principally responsible for the <i>Malleus</i>, but in the case of so close a collaboration any such inquiry seems singularly superfluous and nugatory."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">second version; first was published in 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">expanded edition; first was published in 1906</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Latin title is "<i>MALLEUS MALEFICARUM, Maleficas, & earum hæresim, ut phramea potentissima conterens.</i>" (generally translated into English as <i>The Hammer of Witches which destroys Witches and their heresy as with a two-edged sword</i>).The English translation is from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/notes/n192863.html">this note</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006103829/http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/notes/n192863.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00c7.html">Summers' 1928 introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225301/http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00c7.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718110138/http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00c.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00c.html">the original</a> on 2009-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malleusmaleficarum.org%2Fmm00c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607182655/http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00b.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00b.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malleusmaleficarum.org%2Fmm00b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his translation of the <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>, Christopher S. Mackay explains the terminology at length – <i>sorcerer</i> is used to preserve the relationship of the Latin terminology. '"Malefium" = act of sorcery (literally an act of 'evil-doing'), while "malefica" = female performers of sorcery (evil deeds) and "maleficus" = male performer of evil deeds; sorcery, sorceress, and sorcerer."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223'-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223'_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiley2008">Guiley (2008)</a>, p. 223'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20091-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20091_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20091_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiIntroduction_to_1948_edition-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, p. vii, Introduction to 1948 edition: "It is hardly disputed that in the whole vast literature of witchcraft, the most prominent, the most important, the most authoritative volume is the <i>Malleus Maleficarum" (</i>The Witch Hammer<i>) of Heinrich Kramer (Henricus Institioris) and James Sprenger."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergenheim2018" class="citation web cs1">Bergenheim, Åsa (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.progressiveconnexions.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Bergenheim_evil-and-speech-dpaper.pdf">"The Lecherous Witch: Evil, Witchcraft and Female Sexuality in Early Modern Sweden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Progressive Connexions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progressive+Connexions&rft.atitle=The+Lecherous+Witch%3A+Evil%2C+Witchcraft+and+Female+Sexuality+in+Early+Modern+Sweden&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bergenheim&rft.aufirst=%C3%85sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.progressiveconnexions.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F02%2FBergenheim_evil-and-speech-dpaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns (2003)</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSummers2000" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Montague (2000). <i>Witchcraft and Black Magic</i>. Dover Publications. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Black+Magic&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Montague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200928-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200928_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 28: "but it was understood by everyone that the heretic was to be executed (normally by being burned alive) in accordance with secular laws against heresy"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlac200929-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlac200929_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavlac2009">Pavlac (2009)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931'-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931'_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavlac2009">Pavlac (2009)</a>, p. 31': "Both compurgation and ordeal were believed to take place under the beneficent care of God, who would ensure that the guilty would be punished and the innocent freed. Such trials accepted a degree of the miraculous. Quite common until the 12th century, they went into decline after improved legal procedures reestablished themselves in western Europe at that time. The cold water ordeal, however, would rise again during the witch hunts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohr, M. D., & Royal, K. D. (2012). "Investigating the Practice of Christian Exorcism and the Methods Used to Cast out Demons", Journal of Christian Ministry, 4, p. 35. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journalofchristianministry.org/article/view/10287/7073">http://journalofchristianministry.org/article/view/10287/7073</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111110535/http://journalofchristianministry.org/article/view/10287/7073">Archived</a> 2019-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator – 1928), <i>The Malleus Maleficarum</i>, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/mm02b01a.htm">Chapter 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426065656/http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/mm02b01a.htm">Archived</a> 2017-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Remedies prescribed by the Holy Church against Incubus and Succubus Devils</i>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com">sacred-texts.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020115406/https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/rph/rph16.htm">Archived</a> 2019-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200930-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200930_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 30: "First, we have to be specific about the concept that is understood by the terms "witchcraft" and "magic." For present purposes, we will take it to mean the manipulation of the physical world through the use of special words and procedures. It could easily be argued that the practices of the medieval Church would fall under this definition, but since most contemporaries would have excluded such practices from the category, we will also ignore these here, and consider as "magical" only such practices as would not have been considered legitimate rites of the Church."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Behringer, Wolfgang. <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reform-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reform_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reform_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reform_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2004" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2004). <i>Reformation: Europe's House Divided</i>. Vintage Books, 2006. pp. <span class="nowrap">563–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028534-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028534-2"><bdi>0-14-028534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation%3A+Europe%27s+House+Divided&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E563-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Vintage+Books%2C+2006&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-14-028534-2&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002240-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002240_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002240_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnkarlooClark2002">Ankarloo & Clark (2002)</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell,_229-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell,_229_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behringer, Wolfgang. <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> pp 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolly,_Karen_p._115-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly,_Karen_p._115_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly,_Karen_p._115_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolly, Karen et al., <i>Witchcraft and Magic In Europe</i>, p. 115 (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behringer, Wolfgang. <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbons,_Jenny_pp_2_-_16-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons,_Jenny_pp_2_-_16_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons,_Jenny_pp_2_-_16_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbons1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Jenny (August 1998). "Recent Developments in the Study of The Great European Witch Hunt". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate" title="The Pomegranate">Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</a></i>. <b>5</b> (5). Sheffield, England: <a href="/wiki/Equinox_Publishing_(Sheffield)" title="Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)">Equinox Publishing</a>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v13i5.2">10.1558/pome.v13i5.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Recent+Developments+in+the+Study+of+The+Great+European+Witch+Hunt&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v13i5.2&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlac200931_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavlac2009">Pavlac (2009)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper1969102–105-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper1969102–105_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevor-Roper1969">Trevor-Roper (1969)</a>, pp. 102–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201374-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201374_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevack2013">Levack (2013)</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201375–76-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201375–76_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevack2013">Levack (2013)</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201379-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201379_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevack2013">Levack (2013)</a>, p. 79: "As noted, Catholic demonologists did not differ much from their Protestant counterparts in their basic beliefs concerning witches."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201377-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201377_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevack2013">Levack (2013)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viiiIntroduction_to_1948_edition_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, p. viii, Introduction to 1948 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002b10-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2002b10_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnkarlooClark2002b">Ankarloo & Clark (2002b)</a>, p. 10: "It is undeniable that both Protestant and Catholic governments sponsored witch-hunting. Sometimes, as in the Saarland, Catholic overlords (the Duke of Lorraine and the Archbishop of Trier) were more likely to sponsor <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts">witch-hunts</a> than Protestant sovereigns (in this case, the Lutheran Count of Nassau and the Calvinist Count of Zweibrucken). But in other regions, for example French-speaking western Switzerland, Protestant rulers were more severe than Catholic overlords in prosecuting witches (Monter 1976)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack2013550-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack2013550_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevack2013">Levack 2013</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/common-misconceptions/who-burned-the-witches.html">"Who Burned the Witches?"</a>. <i>www.catholiceducation.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002192525/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/common-misconceptions/who-burned-the-witches.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholiceducation.org&rft.atitle=Who+Burned+the+Witches%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fcontroversy%2Fcommon-misconceptions%2Fwho-burned-the-witches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1971542–543-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1971542–543_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1971">Thomas (1971)</a>, pp. 542–543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins1959498-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins1959498_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobbins1959">Robbins (1959)</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1995339–354-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1995339–354_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes1995">Hayes (1995)</a>, pp. 339–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200912-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200912_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200912_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20098-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20098_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20098_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200969-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200969_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 69: excerpts from translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20098'-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20098'_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 8': "the general harm that sorceresses are inflicting in Germany is first described at some length, and the connection of these activities with Satan is emphasized."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200910-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200910_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall1996">Halsall (1996)</a>, Innocent VIII: BULL <i>Summis desiderantes</i>, Dec. 5th, 1484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5,_1484-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_desiderantes'',_Dec._5,_1484_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall1996">Halsall (1996)</a>, Innocent VIII: BULL <i>Summis desiderantes</i>, Dec. 5, 1484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012xxxviiIntroduction_to_1928_edition-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012xxxviiIntroduction_to_1928_edition_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, p. xxxvii, Introduction to 1928 edition: "The <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> when submitted by the authors to the University of Cologne was officially approved by all the Doctors of the Theological Faculty on 9 May 1487."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200976–79-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200976–79_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 76–79: phrases like "with his own hands" are used</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200980-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200980_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200979-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200979_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurrantBailey2012" class="citation book cs1">Durrant, Jonathan Bryan; Bailey, Michael David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ri2whuu3ZjQC&pg=PA132"><i>Historical Dictionary of Witchcraft</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7245-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7245-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Witchcraft&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7245-5&rft.aulast=Durrant&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Bryan&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dri2whuu3ZjQC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBehringer2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Behringer, Wolfgang (2008). "Malleus Malificarum". In Golden, Richard M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbFWewAACAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition. K - P</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">717–</span>723<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malleus+Malificarum&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Witchcraft%3A+The+Western+Tradition.+K+-+P&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E723&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Behringer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXbFWewAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–79-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–79_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 74–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–75-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–75_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200975-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200975_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200975_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200975–76-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200975–76_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–80-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200974–80_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 74–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Liel de Scotia. In a book of supplementary sources (Quellen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QXXX48OyGjcC&pg=GBS.PA504">p.504</a>) Joseph Hansen lists two other trials involving this professor of theology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200977-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200977_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200976-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200976_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200978-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200978_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200977–78-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200977–78_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200320-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200320_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel (2003)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200322-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200322_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200322_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel (2003)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broedel,_30-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broedel,_30_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broedel,_30_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Broedel, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2006214-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2006214_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2006">Mackay (2006)</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200334-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200334_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel (2003)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2006502-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2006502_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2006">Mackay (2006)</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Britannica">Britannica</a></i>: "The <i>Malleus</i> was the work of two Dominicans: Johann Sprenger, dean of the University of Cologne in Germany, and Heinrich (Institoris) Kraemer, professor of theology at the University of Salzburg, Austria"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158'-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158'_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns (2003)</a>, p. 158': "Sprenger, a theology professor at Cologne, had already been appointed inquisitor for the Rhineland in 1470."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003158_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns (2003)</a>, p. 158: "The fifteenth-century German Dominican inquisitor Heinrich Kramer, was a leading demonologist and witch-hunter in late medieval Germany."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_Desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484_(2)-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Innocent_VIII:_BULL_''Summis_Desiderantes'',_Dec._5th,_1484_(2)_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall1996">Halsall (1996)</a>, Innocent VIII: BULL <i>Summis Desiderantes</i>, Dec. 5th, 1484 (2): "And, although our beloved sons Henricus Institoris and Jacobus Sprenger, of the order of Friars Preachers, professors of theology, have been and still are deputed by our apostolic letters as inquisitors of heretical pravity, the former in the aforesaid parts of upper Germany, including the provinces, cities, territories, dioceses, and other places as above, and the latter throughout certain parts of the course of the Rhine;"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Britannica">Britannica</a></i>: "In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII issued the bull <i>Summis Desiderantes</i>, in which he deplored the spread of witchcraft in Germany and authorized Sprenger and Kraemer to extirpate it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200133–34-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200133–34_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200328-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200328_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel (2003)</a>, p. 28: for information that only the first part is written using scholastic methodology of disputed questions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200917–18-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200917–18_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200916–17-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200916–17_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008224-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008224_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiley2008">Guiley (2008)</a>, p. 224: "Kramer and Sprenger piously maintained that God would never permit an innocent person to be convicted of witchcraft"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003159-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003159_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns (2003)</a>, p. 159: "Kramer and Sprenger endorsed deception and torture to win confessions from accused witches, pointing out that God would never allow an innocent person to be convicted."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall1996Extracts_from_THE_HAMMER_OF_WITCHES_[''Malleus_maleficarum''],_1486_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall1996">Halsall (1996)</a>, Extracts from THE HAMMER OF WITCHES [<i>Malleus maleficarum</i>], 1486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey200349-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey200349_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2003">Bailey (2003)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey200351-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey200351_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2003">Bailey (2003)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009164_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009166-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009166_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stewart200130-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaxwell-Stewart200130_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell-Stewart2001">Maxwell-Stewart (2001)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200138-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200138_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200138_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200145-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200145_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003143-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003143_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns (2003)</a>, p. 143: "there were only 2 men among 50 accused" (Innsbruck)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200147-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200147_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200144-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200144_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20093-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20093_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200142–43-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200142–43_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200141-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200141_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d3q8dwaaqbaj233-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d3q8dwaaqbaj233_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d3q8dwaaqbaj233_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen_Yehuda1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ben Yehuda, Nachman (October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3Q8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">"Witchcraft and the Occult as Boundary Maintenance Devices"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; Frerichs, Ernest S.; McCracken Flesher, Paul Virgil (eds.). <i>Religion, Science, and Magic: In Concert and in Conflict</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507911-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507911-1"><bdi>978-0-19-507911-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witchcraft+and+the+Occult+as+Boundary+Maintenance+Devices&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Science%2C+and+Magic%3A+In+Concert+and+in+Conflict&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507911-1&rft.aulast=Ben+Yehuda&rft.aufirst=Nachman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3Q8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay200919-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200919_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200919_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay200919_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009125-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009125_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009283-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009283_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2009309-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2009309_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay20095-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20095_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20095_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay20095_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2009">Mackay (2009)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2006128-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2006128_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackay2006">Mackay (2006)</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview with Christopher Mackay by John W. Morehead, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroedel200318-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroedel200318_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroedel2003">Broedel (2003)</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="#Britannica">Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223–224-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2008223–224_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiley2008">Guiley (2008)</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klose,_Hans-Christian_pp._197-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klose,_Hans-Christian_pp._197_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Christian Klose, Die angebliche Mitarbeit des Dominikaners Jakob Sprenger am Hexenhammer nach einem alten Abdinghofer Brief 1972, pp. 197-205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._3-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behringer,_Wolfgang_p._3_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behringer, Wolfgang. <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolly,_Raudvere_page_241-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jolly,_Raudvere_page_241_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolly, Raudvere, & Peters(eds.), <i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Middle Ages</i>, page 241 (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Behringer, Wolfgang. <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, William. <i>Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia</i>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darst, 1979, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, pp. 229–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012viii–ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, pp. viii–ix, Introduction to 1948 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160'-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2003160'_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2003">Burns (2003)</a>, p. 160'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012ix'Introduction_to_1948_edition-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012ix'Introduction_to_1948_edition_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, p. ix', Introduction to 1948 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2012ixIntroduction_to_1948_edition_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers (2012)</a>, p. ix, Introduction to 1948 edition: "The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> chroniclers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Qu%C3%A9tif" title="Jacques Quétif">Quétif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a>, number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200149-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200149_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200148-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200148_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200148_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner (2001)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The effect that the book had on witch-hunting is difficult to determine. It did not open the door 'to almost indiscriminate prosecutions' or even bring about an immediate increase in the number of trials. In fact its publication in Italy was followed by a noticeable reduction in witchcraft cases", Levack, <i>The Witch-Hunt In Early Modern Europe</i>, p. 55 (2nd edition 1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJollyPetersRaudvere2001241-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJollyPetersRaudvere2001241_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJollyPetersRaudvere2001">Jolly, Peters & Raudvere (2001)</a>, p. 241: "Nor was the <i>Malleus</i> immediately regarded as a definitive work. Its appearance triggered no prosecutions in areas where there had been none earlier, and in some cases its claims encountered substantial scepticism (for Italy, Paton 1992: 264–306). In 1538 the Spanish Inquisition cautioned its members not to believe everything the <i>Malleus</i> said, even when it presented apparently firm evidence. Long before then, however, the <i>Malleus</i> was the subject of considerable debate among both clerics and lay thinkers (Caro Baroja 1990: 19–43). Indeed, the chief function of the work was to serve as a centerpiece in demonological theory whose arguments might be expanded and added to by such works as that of Grillandus, as well as a focus for arguments and debates concerning particular points it made, some of the latter reflecting traditional rivalry between religious orders and ecclesiastical schools of theology. For example, an attack on some of the central arguments of the <i>Malleus</i> was made by the Franciscan Samuel de Cassini in 1505 and answered in favour of the <i>Malleus</i> by the Dominican Vincente Dodo in 1507 (Max 1990: 55–62; Lea 1957: 366–8; Hansen 1901: 262–84; <i>Bibliotheca Lamiarum</i> 1994: 114–15; Clark 1997: 486–7, 538). A similar criticism by Gianfrancesco Ponzinibio of Florence in 1520 was countered by the support of the <i>Malleus</i> position by the Dominican Bartolommeo de Spina in 1523 (Caro Boja 1990: 32; Max 1993: 55–62; Lea 1957: 385–95; Hansen 1901: 326–7; <i>Bibliotheca Lamiarum</i> 1994: 120–2). The cautionary advice of the Spanish Inquisition in 1538 was merely another instance of the kinds of interests, and objections, that <i>Malleus</i> raised."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In its own day it was never accorded the unquestioned authority that modern scholars have sometimes given it. Theologians and jurists respected it as one among many informative books; its particular savage misogyny and its obsession with impotence were never fully accepted", Monter, <i>The Sociology of Jura Witchcraft</i>, in <i>The Witchcraft Reader</i>, p. 116 (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1972" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1972). <i>Witchcraft in the Middle Ages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801406973" title="Special:BookSources/9780801406973"><bdi>9780801406973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780801406973&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningsen198015-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningsen198015_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenningsen1980">Henningsen (1980)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Moira (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814832">"The Flying Phallus and the Laughing Inquisitor: Penis Theft in the "Malleus Maleficarum"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Folklore Research</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-7037">0737-7037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814832">3814832</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625023406/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814832">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=The+Flying+Phallus+and+the+Laughing+Inquisitor%3A+Penis+Theft+in+the+%22Malleus+Maleficarum%22&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3814832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0737-7037&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Moira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3814832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_and_Secondary_Sources">Primary and Secondary Sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary and Secondary Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroedel2003" class="citation book cs1">Broedel, Hans Peter (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malleusmaleficar00broe_0"><i>The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft: Theology and Popular Belief</i></a></span>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719064418" title="Special:BookSources/9780719064418"><bdi>9780719064418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malleus+Maleficarum+and+the+Construction+of+Witchcraft%3A+Theology+and+Popular+Belief&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780719064418&rft.aulast=Broedel&rft.aufirst=Hans+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalleusmaleficar00broe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Halsall, Paul, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/witches1.html">"Witchcraft Documents [15th Century]"</a>. <i>Internet Medieval Sourcebook</i>. Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019223553/http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/witches1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witchcraft+Documents+%5B15th+Century%5D&rft.btitle=Internet+Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Center+for+Medieval+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fwitches1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackay2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mackay, Christopher S. (2006). <i>Malleus Maleficarum (2 volumes)</i> (in Latin and English). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85977-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85977-8"><bdi>0-521-85977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malleus+Maleficarum+%282+volumes%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-85977-8&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackay2009" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Christopher S. (2009). <i>The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum (1 volume)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-53982-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-53982-4"><bdi>978-0-511-53982-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hammer+of+Witches%3A+A+Complete+Translation+of+the+Malleus+Maleficarum+%281+volume%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-511-53982-4&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSummers2012" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Montague (2012). <i>The Malleus Maleficarum of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger</i>. Courier Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malleus+Maleficarum+of+Heinrich+Kramer+and+James+Sprenger&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Montague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span> CITEREFHalsall1996</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tertiary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnkarlooClark2002b" class="citation book cs1">Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart, eds. (2002). <i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe Volume 4. The Period of the Witch Trials</i>. The Athlone Press London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-485-89104-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-485-89104-2"><bdi>0-485-89104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe+Volume+4.+The+Period+of+the+Witch+Trials&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press+London&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-485-89104-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnkarlooClark2002" class="citation book cs1">Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart, eds. (2002). <i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 3: The Middle Ages</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1786-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1786-1"><bdi>0-8122-1786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8122-1786-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Michael D. (2003). <i>Battling Demons: Witchcraft, Heresy, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02226-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02226-4"><bdi>0-271-02226-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battling+Demons%3A+Witchcraft%2C+Heresy%2C+and+Reform+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-271-02226-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrauner2001" class="citation book cs1">Brauner, Sigrid (2001). <i>Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews: The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany</i>. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5584-9297-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-5584-9297-6"><bdi>1-5584-9297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fearless+Wives+and+Frightened+Shrews%3A+The+Construction+of+the+Witch+in+Early+Modern+Germany&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-5584-9297-6&rft.aulast=Brauner&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns2003" class="citation book cs1">Burns, William (2003). <i>Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3133-2142-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-3133-2142-6"><bdi>0-3133-2142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch+Hunts+in+Europe+and+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-3133-2142-6&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Britannica" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Malleus-maleficarum">"Malleus maleficarum"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924230442/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Malleus-maleficarum">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malleus+maleficarum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMalleus-maleficarum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="BritannicaW" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/witchcraft#ref414830">"Witchcraft"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108180339/https://www.britannica.com/topic/witchcraft#ref414830">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witchcraft&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fwitchcraft%23ref414830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuiley2008" class="citation book cs1">Guiley, Rosemary (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca</i>. Checkmark Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Witches%2C+Witchcraft+and+Wicca&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Guiley&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Stephen (1995). "Christian responses to witchcraft and sorcery". <i>Missionalia</i>. <b>23</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missionalia&rft.atitle=Christian+responses+to+witchcraft+and+sorcery&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenningsen1980" class="citation book cs1">Henningsen, Gustav (1980). <i>The Witches' Advocate: Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition</i>. University of Nevada Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Advocate%3A+Basque+Witchcraft+and+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Henningsen&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKieckhefer2000" class="citation book cs1">Kieckhefer, Richard (2000). <i>Magic in the Middle Ages</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kieckhefer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevack2013" class="citation book cs1">Levack, Brian P. (2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Witchcraft+in+Early+Modern+Europe+and+Colonial+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Levack&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevack2006" class="citation book cs1">Levack, Brian P. (2006). <i>The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe</i>. Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5824-1901-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-5824-1901-8"><bdi>0-5824-1901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witch-hunt+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-5824-1901-8&rft.aulast=Levack&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell-Stewart2001" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell-Stewart, P. G. (2001). <i>Witchcraft in Europe and the New World</i>. Palgrave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+in+Europe+and+the+New+World&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Maxwell-Stewart&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPavlac2009" class="citation book cs1">Pavlac, Brian (2009). <i>Witch Hunts in the Western World: Persecution and Punishment from the Inquisition through the Salem Trials: Persecution and Punishment from the Inquisition through the Salem Trials</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313348747" title="Special:BookSources/9780313348747"><bdi>9780313348747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch+Hunts+in+the+Western+World%3A+Persecution+and+Punishment+from+the+Inquisition+through+the+Salem+Trials%3A+Persecution+and+Punishment+from+the+Inquisition+through+the+Salem+Trials&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780313348747&rft.aulast=Pavlac&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1959" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Rossell Hope (1959). <i>The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology</i>. Peter Nevill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Witchcraft+and+Demonology&rft.pub=Peter+Nevill&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Rossell+Hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Thomas, Keith</a> (1971). <i>Religion and the Decline of Magic – Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013744-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013744-6"><bdi>978-0-14-013744-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Decline+of+Magic+%E2%80%93+Studies+in+Popular+Beliefs+in+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Century+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013744-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper1969" class="citation book cs1">Trevor-Roper, H. R. (1969). <i>The European Witch-Craze: of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-131416-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-131416-1"><bdi>0-06-131416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Witch-Craze%3A+of+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-06-131416-1&rft.aulast=Trevor-Roper&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJollyPetersRaudvere2001" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Karen; Peters, Edward; Raudvere, Catharina (2001). <i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 3: The Middle Ages (History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe)</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4858-9103-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-4858-9103-4"><bdi>0-4858-9103-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Middle+Ages+%28History+of+Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%29&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-4858-9103-4&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Peters%2C+Edward&rft.au=Raudvere%2C+Catharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Flint" title="Valerie Flint">Flint, Valerie</a> (1991). <i>The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Alastair (May 2007). "Review of <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> edited and translated by Christopher S. Mackay and two other books". <i>Heythrop Journal</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2265.2007.00325_12.x">10.1111/j.1468-2265.2007.00325_12.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heythrop+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Malleus+Maleficarum+edited+and+translated+by+Christopher+S.+Mackay+and+two+other+books&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E479&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2265.2007.00325_12.x&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInstitorisJakob_Sprenger1520" class="citation book cs1">Institoris, Heinrich; Jakob Sprenger (1520). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205184847/http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b2119035"><i>Malleus maleficarum, maleficas, & earum haeresim, ut phramea potentissima conterens</i></a>. Excudebat Ioannes Gymnicus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.library.usyd.edu.au/record=b2119035">the original</a> on 2016-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-01</span></span>. This is the edition held by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney_Library" title="University of Sydney Library">University of Sydney Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malleus+maleficarum%2C+maleficas%2C+%26+earum+haeresim%2C+ut+phramea+potentissima+conterens&rft.pub=Excudebat+Ioannes+Gymnicus&rft.date=1520&rft.aulast=Institoris&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Jakob+Sprenger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.library.usyd.edu.au%2Frecord%3Db2119035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuickbie2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie" title="Leo Ruickbie">Ruickbie, Leo</a> (2004). <i>Witchcraft Out of the Shadows</i>. Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7090-7567-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7090-7567-7"><bdi>0-7090-7567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Out+of+the+Shadows&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7090-7567-7&rft.aulast=Ruickbie&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell" title="Jeffrey Burton Russell">Russell, Jeffrey Burton</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinmidd0000russ"><i>Witchcraft in the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9289-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9289-0"><bdi>0-8014-9289-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8014-9289-0&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitchcraftinmidd0000russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSummers1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Summers, Montague</a> (1948). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malleusmaleficar00inst"><i>The Malleus Maleficarum of Kramer and Sprenger</i></a></span>. ed. and trans. by Summers. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22802-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22802-9"><bdi>0-486-22802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malleus+Maleficarum+of+Kramer+and+Sprenger&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=0-486-22802-9&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Montague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalleusmaleficar00inst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThurston2006" class="citation journal cs1">Thurston, Robert W. (November 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/world-flesh-and-devil">"The world, the flesh and the devil"</a></span>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>56</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+world%2C+the+flesh+and+the+devil&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2006-11&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fworld-flesh-and-devil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalleus+Maleficarum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malleus_Maleficarum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Malleus_Maleficarum" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Malleus_Maleficarum" class="extiw" title="s:la:Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <p><b>Latin text</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9413083">U.S. National Library of Medicine, Digital Collections: <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i></a> – online scan of a Latin version presumably published in 1494.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=witch;cc=witch;view=toc;subview=short;idno=wit060"><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i></a> – Online version of Latin text and scanned pages of <i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> published in 1580.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diglib.hab.de/inkunabeln/151-quod-2f-1/start.htm"><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i></a> – Online and downloadable scan of original Latin edition of 1490.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derhexenhammer00spregoog"><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i> Online</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Latin and German)</span></li></ul> <p><b>English translation</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/index.htm">Malleus Maleficarum (1486)</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a> (1928) – English-language translation hosted on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/35002">Hans Peter Broedel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/35002/341393.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft: Theology and Popular Belief</a>, (2003), with English-language translations, hosted at <a href="/wiki/OAPEN" class="mw-redirect" title="OAPEN">OAPEN</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7765%2F9781526137814">10.7765/9781526137814</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526137814" title="Special:BookSources/9781526137814">9781526137814</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Witch_trials203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witch_trials" title="Template:Witch trials"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witch_trials" title="Template talk:Witch trials"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witch_trials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witch trials"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Witch_trials203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Witch trials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Witchcraft in early modern Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_Witch_Trials" title="Channel Islands Witch Trials">Channel Islands Witch Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">Witch trials in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Orkney" title="Witchcraft in Orkney">Witchcraft in Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Witch trials in early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">Witchcraft in early modern Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Witches" title="Windsor Witches">Windsor Witches</a> (1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Osyth_Witches" title="St Osyth Witches">St Osyth Witches</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Warboys" title="Witches of Warboys">Witches of Warboys</a> (1589–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">North Berwick witch trials</a> (1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_Witch_Hunt_of_1597" title="Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597">Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendle_witches" title="Pendle witches">Pendle witches</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_witch_trials" title="Northamptonshire witch trials">Northamptonshire witch trials</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samlesbury_witches" title="Samlesbury witches">Samlesbury witches</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Belvoir" title="Witches of Belvoir">Witches of Belvoir</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_witch_trials" title="Bury St Edmunds witch trials">Bury St Edmunds witch trials</a> (1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_witch_hunt_of_1649%E2%80%9350" title="Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50">Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloa_witches" title="Alloa witches">Alloa witch trials (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scottish_Witch_Hunt_of_1661%E2%80%9362" title="Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62">Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_witches" title="Bute witches">Bute witches</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bideford_witch_trial" title="Bideford witch trial">Bideford witch trial</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_witches" title="Paisley witches">Paisley witches</a> (1696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittenweem_witches" title="Pittenweem witches">Pittenweem witches</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandmagee_witch_trial" title="Islandmagee witch trial">Islandmagee witch trial</a> (1711)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Witch trials in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Witch trials in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasina_Wielka_witch_trial" title="Kasina Wielka witch trial">Kasina Wielka witch trial</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia witch trials</a> (1678)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_witch_trials" title="Szeged witch trials">Szeged witch trials</a> (1728–29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doruch%C3%B3w_witch_trial" title="Doruchów witch trial">Doruchowo witch trial</a> (1783)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">Witch trials in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd_witch-hunt_of_1609" title="Labourd witch-hunt of 1609">Labourd witch-hunt of 1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence_possessions" title="Aix-en-Provence possessions">Aix-en-Provence possessions</a> (1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudun_possessions" title="Loudun possessions">Loudun possessions</a> (1633–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louviers_possessions" title="Louviers possessions">Louviers possessions</a> (1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_witch_trials" title="Normandy witch trials">Normandy witch trials</a> (1669–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Poisons" title="Affair of the Poisons">Affair of the Poisons</a> (1679–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Wizards_of_Lyon" title="Trial of the Wizards of Lyon">Trial of the Wizards of Lyon</a> (1742–1745)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil_Witch_Trials" title="Rottweil Witch Trials">Rottweil Witch Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derenburg_witch_trials" title="Derenburg witch trials">Derenburg witch trials</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesensteig_witch_trial" title="Wiesensteig witch trial">Wiesensteig witch trial</a> (1562–1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottenburg_witch_trials" title="Rottenburg witch trials">Rottenburg witch trials</a> (1578–1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_witch_trials" title="Trier witch trials">Trier witch trials</a> (1581–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappenheimer_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappenheimer family">Pappenheimer family witch trial</a> (1600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulda_witch_trials" title="Fulda witch trials">Fulda witch trials</a> (1603–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellwangen_witch_trial" title="Ellwangen witch trial">Ellwangen witch trial</a> (1611–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt_witch_trials" title="Eichstätt witch trials">Eichstätt witch trials</a> (1617–1630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_witch_trials" title="Würzburg witch trials">Würzburg witch trials</a> (1626–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_witch_trials" title="Bamberg witch trials">Bamberg witch trials</a> (1626–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden_witch_trials" title="Baden-Baden witch trials">Baden-Baden witch trials</a> (1627–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergentheim_witch_trials" title="Mergentheim witch trials">Mergentheim witch trials</a> (1628–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_witch_trials" title="Esslingen witch trials">Esslingen witch trials</a> (1662–1666)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trial_of_Fuersteneck" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trial of Fuersteneck">Witch trial of Fuersteneck</a> (1703)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Witch trials in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Witch trials in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Witch trials in Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Witch trials in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Witch trials in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lula_witch_trials" title="Põlula witch trials">Põlula witch trials</a> (1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_witch_trials" title="Copenhagen witch trials">Copenhagen witch trials</a> (1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyldenstierne-sagen" title="Gyldenstierne-sagen">Gyldenstierne-sagen</a> (1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8ge_Huskors" title="Køge Huskors">Køge Huskors</a> (1608–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsp%C3%A5ng_witch_trial" title="Finspång witch trial">Finspång witch trial</a> (1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials_(1621)" title="Vardø witch trials (1621)">Vardø witch trials (1621)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akershus_witch_trials" title="Akershus witch trials">Akershus witch trials</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsele_witch_trial" title="Ramsele witch trial">Ramsele witch trial</a> (1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosborg_witch_trials" title="Rosborg witch trials">Rosborg witch trials</a> (1639–1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)">Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkjub%C3%B3l_witch_trial" title="Kirkjuból witch trial">Kirkjuból witch trial</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardø witch trials">Vardø witch trials</a> (1662–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastelholm_witch_trials" title="Kastelholm witch trials">Kastelholm witch trials</a> (1665–1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_witch_trial" title="Mora witch trial">Mora witch trial</a> (1669)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tors%C3%A5ker_witch_trials" title="Torsåker witch trials">Torsåker witch trials</a> (1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarina_witch_trials" title="Katarina witch trials">Katarina witch trials</a> (1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug%C3%A5rd_witch_trials" title="Rugård witch trials">Rugård witch trials</a> (1685–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thisted_witch_trial" title="Thisted witch trial">Thisted witch trial</a> (1696–1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Witch trials in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Catalonia" title="Witch trials in Catalonia">Witch trials in Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Portugal" title="Witch trials in Portugal">Witch trials in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Sicily">Witch trials in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Witch trials in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica_witch_trials" title="Val Camonica witch trials">Val Camonica witch trials</a> (1505, 1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandola_witch_trials" title="Mirandola witch trials">Mirandola witch trials</a> (1522–1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarre_witch_trials_(1525%E2%80%9326)" title="Navarre witch trials (1525–26)">Navarre witch trials (1525–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_witch_trial" title="Lisbon witch trial">Lisbon witch trial</a> (1559–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a> (1575–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Laspa%C3%BAles" title="Witches of Laspaúles">Witches of Laspaúles</a> (1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque witch trials</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrassa_witch_trials" title="Terrassa witch trials">Terrassa witch trials</a> (1615–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trial_of_Nogaredo" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trial of Nogaredo">Witch trial of Nogaredo</a> (1646–47)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere <br /> in Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Netherlands" title="Witch trials in the Netherlands">Witch trials in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Spanish_Netherlands" title="Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands">Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stedelen" title="Stedelen">Stedelen witch trial</a> (1397–1407)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais_witch_trials" title="Valais witch trials">Valais witch trials</a> (1428–1447)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva witch trials</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_and_Utrecht_witch_trials" title="Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials">Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials</a> (1591–1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredevoort_witch_trials" title="Bredevoort witch trials">Bredevoort witch trials</a> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roermond_witch_trial" title="Roermond witch trial">Roermond witch trial</a> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa_witch_trial" title="Spa witch trial">Spa witch trial</a> (1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukh_witch_trials" title="Lukh witch trials">Lukh witch trials</a> (1656–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Salzburg witch trials">Salzburg witch trials</a> (1675–1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_witch_trials" title="Liechtenstein witch trials">Liechtenstein witch trials</a> (1679–1682)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Witch trials in Virginia</a> (1626–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut Witch Trials">Connecticut Witch Trials</a> (1647–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland Witch Trials</a> (1654–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">Witch trials in New York</a> (1642–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> (1692–1693)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drudenhaus_(prison)" title="Drudenhaus (prison)">Drudenhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_witch_trials" title="Werewolf witch trials">Werewolf witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Acts" title="Witchcraft Acts">Witchcraft Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735" title="Witchcraft Act 1735">Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1077" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1077" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208556#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175261947">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4210558-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007072431">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048444x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048444x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2018978644&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007599624905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/140601856">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&oldid=1277125917">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&oldid=1277125917</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1487_books" title="Category:1487 books">1487 books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Christian_texts" title="Category:15th-century Christian texts">15th-century Christian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholicism-related_controversies" title="Category:Catholicism-related controversies">Catholicism-related controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witch_hunter_manuals" title="Category:Witch hunter manuals">Witch hunter manuals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witchcraft_treatises" title="Category:Witchcraft treatises">Witchcraft treatises</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witchcraft_in_folklore_and_mythology" title="Category:Witchcraft in folklore and mythology">Witchcraft in folklore and mythology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2021">Articles to be expanded from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2021">Articles needing additional references from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:Articles with Latin-language sources (la)">Articles with Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 20:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><i>Malleus Maleficarum</i></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>44 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-jrx8l","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.820","walltime":"2.040","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12357,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":205151,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15650,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":225167,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1769.702 1 -total"," 20.19% 357.223 88 Template:Sfnp"," 17.13% 303.077 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.52% 203.890 28 Template:Cite_book"," 7.80% 138.099 1 Template:Lang"," 7.79% 137.817 4 Template:Cite_web"," 6.27% 110.993 5 Template:Navbox"," 5.40% 95.503 1 Template:Witch_Hunt"," 5.12% 90.560 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.04% 89.128 10 Template:Efn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.127","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29436077,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"BritannicaW\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnkarlooClark2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnkarlooClark2002b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehringer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Yehuda1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergenheim2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrauner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroedel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurrantBailey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuiley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalsall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenningsen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitorisJakob_Sprenger1520\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJollyPetersRaudvere2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieckhefer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevack2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevack2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCulloch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell-Stewart2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlac2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuickbie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1972\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurston2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor-Roper1969\"] = 1,\n [\"apologia\"] = 1,\n [\"approbation\"] = 1,\n [\"main\"] = 1,\n [\"section1\"] = 1,\n [\"section2\"] = 1,\n [\"section3\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox medieval text\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnb\"] = 18,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 88,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n [\"Witch Hunt\"] = 1,\n [\"Witchcraft\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","26.3"],["?","160","14.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","12.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.3"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.5"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.5"],["(for generator)","40","3.5"],["[others]","200","17.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-mx7mp","timestamp":"20250302033152","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Malleus Maleficarum","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malleus_Maleficarum","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q208556","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q208556","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-19T13:05:30Z","dateModified":"2025-02-22T20:36:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Malleus_maleficarum%2C_K%C3%B6ln_1520%2C_Titelseite.jpg","headline":"treatise on the prosecution of witches"}</script> </body> </html>