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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Torres Island historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torres_Island_historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_contact_with_westerners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_contact_with_westerners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of contact with westerners</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_contact_with_westerners-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of contact with westerners subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_contact_with_westerners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_century:_Fresh_water_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century:_Fresh_water_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>18th century: Fresh water source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century:_Fresh_water_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1869:_Sperwer_incident_and_reprisals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1869:_Sperwer_incident_and_reprisals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1869: <i>Sperwer</i> incident and reprisals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1869:_Sperwer_incident_and_reprisals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1880s–20th_century:_survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880s–20th_century:_survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1880s–20th century: survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880s–20th_century:_survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Traditional lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Identity and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Traditional practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaurareg&params=10.684_S_142.185_E_type:isle_region:AU-QLD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°41′02″S</span> <span class="longitude">142°11′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.684°S 142.185°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.684; 142.185</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Torres Strait Islander group of people</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFFF99">Kaurareg people</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size:85%;">aka: <i>Kauraraiga</i>, <i>Kaurarega</i>, <i>Kowrarega</i>, <i>Kauralaig</i>, <i>Kauraleg</i>, <i>Kororega</i>, <i>Korariga</i>, <i>Kauralaigna</i>, <i>Malulaig</i>, <i>Muralug</i> (name of part of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Prince of Wales Island</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Muralag_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Muralag Island">Muralag</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a>),</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>nd</i> (<a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDousset2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDousset2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/220px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/330px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/440px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="922" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, with the Kaurareg traditional country located in the middle band of islands</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFFF99"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language family:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language branch/group:</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Western and Central Torres Strait Language</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group dialect:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kauraraigau_Ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kauraraigau Ya (page does not exist)">Kauraraigau Ya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFFF99">Area</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregion</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Cape York Peninsula</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North</a> <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaurareg&params=10.684_S_142.185_E_type:isle_region:AU-QLD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°41′02″S</span> <span class="longitude">142°11′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.684°S 142.185°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.684; 142.185</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Islands:</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Prince of Wales Island</a> Archipelago</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kaurareg</b> (alt. <b>Kauraraiga</b>, plural <b>Kauraraigalai</b>, <b>Kauraregale</b>) is the name for one of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian and Papuan groups</a> collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander peoples</a>, although some identify as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>. They are the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a> (Waiben) as well as a number of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>. </p><p>The Kaurareg are lower Western Islanders, based on the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Muralag</a> group. In common with the other peoples of the Torres Strait Island, they commanded impressive sailing <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoe</a> technology, traded throughout the Straits, fishing and trading with other Torres Strait Island groups. Similarly, they also regularly visited the Australian mainland of <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, and retained ceremonial, marriage and trading alliances with several Aboriginal groups there. However they have been displaced many times since <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation of Australia">colonisation</a> in the late 1800s. Subject to reprisals after being blamed for an incident in which a Western <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> and its crew were destroyed in 1869, their numbers rapidly diminished with the onset of white colonisation and administration. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, descendants of the Kaurareg began to return to their traditional islands, and lay claim to native title over several of them. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kaurareg speak a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a>, an isolate in the <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama–Nyungan">Pama–Nyungan</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAUSLANG2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAUSLANG2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Torres_Island_historical_context">Torres Island historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Torres Island historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kaurareg lie in the lower Western island group among the 5 basic ethno-culturally distinct groups that constituted the traditional world of the Torres Strait Islanders, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibailgal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dauan_Island" title="Dauan Island">Dœwanalgal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boigu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Boigu Island">Bœigulgal</a> (Top West islanders), the Maluigal (Mid-West islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and <a href="/wiki/Meriam_language" title="Meriam language">Meriam Le</a> (Eastern Islanders).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200123–24_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200123–24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though internecine conflict was chronic in the region, it did not disrupt the dynamic interlocking family, clan and trading system that linked all in a far-flung exchange system, whose goods extended beyond the islands creating a flow of goods between New Guinea and Cape York Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kaurareg and the Mua traded <a href="/wiki/Charonia_tritonis" title="Charonia tritonis"><i>bu</i> (trumpet shells)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melo_melo" title="Melo melo"><i>alup</i> (bailer shells)</a> and <i>wap</i> (turtle and dugong harpoon shafts) for Papuan canoe hulls, <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowary bone-tipped</a> arrows and bamboo for various purposes, such as carrying water and making knives for beheading enemies (<i>upi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824–25_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824–25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kaurareg had close links with the tribes of northern Cape York, which was home to a number of Aboriginal groups. These were the <a href="/wiki/Djagaraga" title="Djagaraga">Gudang</a> whose territory extended from <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a> to Fly Point; the <a href="/wiki/Gumakudin" title="Gumakudin">Gumakudin</a> whose land was to the southwest of Cape York; the <a href="/wiki/Unduyamo" title="Unduyamo">Unduyamo</a> who were in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Newcastle_Bay)" title="Turtle Island (Newcastle Bay)">Newcastle Bay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yadhaigana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadhaigana">Yadhaigana</a> whose country went from <a href="/wiki/Jackey_Jackey_Creek" title="Jackey Jackey Creek">Jackey Jackey Creek</a> to Escape River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20112_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">A.C.Haddon</a>, surveying the field reports of the ethnography to date, esp. the narratives collected by <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Landtman" title="Gunnar Landtman">Gunnar Landtman</a>, classified the Kaurareg as descendants of the ancient Hiamu people of the island of <a href="/wiki/Daru" title="Daru">Daru</a> off the southern Papuan coast. These Hiamu in turn, according to folk history, had come from <a href="/wiki/Yam_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yam Island (Queensland)">Iama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bourke_Isles" title="Bourke Isles">Bourke Isles</a>. The Hiamu, it was said, were repeatedly worsted in encounters with Kiwai invaders, and abandoned Daru and moved to Muralag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaddon201150–51_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaddon201150–51-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal20088_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal20088-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_contact_with_westerners">History of contact with westerners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of contact with westerners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kaurareg people were extensively documented before their decimation and the destruction of their traditional life, by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Walters_Brierly" title="Oswald Walters Brierly">O. W. Brierly</a>, an artist who took part in an <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> survey of the York Peninsula by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Rattlesnake_(1822)" title="HMS Rattlesnake (1822)">HMS <i>Rattlesnake</i></a>. He estimated the number of Kaurareg on <a href="/wiki/Muralag" class="mw-redirect" title="Muralag">Muralag</a> (Prince of Wales Island) alone as around 100, though they were also spread over another 10 islands and islets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199229_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199229-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular he took many notes based on interviews with <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Thompson_(castaway)" title="Barbara Thompson (castaway)">Barbara Thompson</a>, a castaway who, the lone survivor of a shipwreck off <a href="/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Ngurupai (Horn Island)</a> in 1844, was cared for by the Kaurareg, who treated her as the <i>markai</i> ("ancestral spirit" ) of an elder (Peaqui)'s deceased daughter (Giom) for 5 years until <a href="/wiki/Owen_Stanley" title="Owen Stanley">Owen Stanley</a>'s expedition retrieved her at Evans Bay on 16 October 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore19798–9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore19798–9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace20114–7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace20114–7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also the object of extensive research undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a> in 1888, and again in 1898 when he led the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Strait. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century:_Fresh_water_source">18th century: Fresh water source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century: Fresh water source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muralag had been noted as a source of fresh water since the days of early British expeditions. In 1791, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Edwards (Royal Navy officer)">Captain E. Edwards</a> and the crew of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pandora_(1779)" title="HMS Pandora (1779)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> arrived in four boats on the island, seeking fresh water after the <i>Pandora</i> was wrecked on a reef.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992105,_109_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1992105,_109-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1869:_Sperwer_incident_and_reprisals">1869: <i>Sperwer</i> incident and reprisals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1869: Sperwer incident and reprisals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-April 1869 a schooner, the <i>Sperwer</i>, while trading and trawling for <a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">trepang</a> off Muralag, was attacked and its captain, James Gascoyne, and his crew of two whites and five <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a> were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll196940_n21_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll196940_n21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident occurred at Wednesday <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a> between Wednesday Island and <a href="/wiki/Hammond_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond Island, Queensland">Hammond Island</a>, an area where, it was later reported, the Indigenous peoples "had constantly maintained friendly intercourse"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll196937_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll196937-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Europeans. </p><p>Three Kaurareg men were captured, found guilty and executed by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">native police</a> led by police magistrate in <a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Queensland" title="Somerset, Queensland">Somerset</a> at that time, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chester" title="Henry Chester">Henry Chester</a>. His successor, pastoralist <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lascelles_Jardine" title="Francis Lascelles Jardine">Frank Jardine</a>, set out on a punitive expedition seconded by a Captain McAusland of the <i>Melanie</i> and his crew of <a href="/wiki/Kanakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakas">kanakas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Native_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Native police">native police</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). According to Jardine's son, the armed kanakas ran amok, and a great slaughter of Kaurareg on Muralag is thought to have taken place, though accounts differ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199229_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199229-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jardine, led additional attacks against the Kaurareg people on the island during the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Hammond2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Hammond2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Thursday_Is.2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Thursday_Is.2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jardine soon afterwards went on leave, and Chester, who took over as the resident government administrator, took further measures against them. Misinformed that Gascoyne's wife and child were living with the Kaurareg, he had kidnapped a Kaurareg elder, Passiwapod, as a pawn to ransom in exchange for the Gascoynes. The elder was released when the information proved to be false; the Gascoynes were in Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199271–72_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199271–72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1870 Chester again set forth in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Blanche_(1867)" title="HMS Blanche (1867)">HMS <i>Blanche</i></a> with 25 <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">royal marines</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/Australian_native_police" title="Australian native police">Australian native police</a>, five of whom were recently released from <a href="/wiki/St_Helena_Island_National_Park" title="St Helena Island National Park">St Helena's prison</a> where they had served time for rape and armed robbery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199271–72_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199271–72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site of the Muralag massacre was examined, 20 other islanders taken prisoners, one severely wounded, and all but two of their canoes burnt. This time the men turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Sue_Islet_(Queensland)" title="Sue Islet (Queensland)">Kulkalaig</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ernest_Island,_Torres_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Ernest Island, Torres Strait">Nagir</a>. Cape York <a href="/wiki/Djagaraga" title="Djagaraga">Gudang</a> aboriginals with Chester identified three Kulkalaig men as the culprits behind the Sperwer incident, and, on learning this, Chester had the three summarily executed. It is widely thought that the Kaurareg were indeed uninvolved, though the reprisal visited on them for it was responsible for their decimation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowenBowen2002149_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowenBowen2002149-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne200911_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne200911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore197912–13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore197912–13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880s–20th_century:_survival"><span id="1880s.E2.80.9320th_century:_survival"></span>1880s–20th century: survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1880s–20th century: survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaurareg survivors were encountered in the 1880s at Yata (Port Lihou) and at Kiwain (Blue Fish Point) opposite <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, and at the close of the century their numbers were reduced to a hundred or so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992109_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1992109-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnants of the Kaurareg were then shifted to <a href="/wiki/Hammond_Island_(Queensland)" title="Hammond Island (Queensland)">Kiriri/Hammond Island</a>, and later to <a href="/wiki/Moa_Island_(Queensland)" title="Moa Island (Queensland)">Moa Island (Adam)</a> in the 1920s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Queensland)" title="Coconut Island (Queensland)">Puruma/Coconut Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992109–110_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1992109–110-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglican Reverend Canon John Done, who had arrived as a missionary in 1915 and was much impressed by the Torres Islanders spirituality, noted in 1919 the 80 remaining Kauraregs' desperate situation – the worst of all the Islanders – and by 1920 they had been reduced to 67, after <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">influenza swept the area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992109–110_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1992109–110-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1922<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Kaurareg were again moved at gunpoint to <a href="/wiki/Moa_Island_(Queensland)" title="Moa Island (Queensland)">Moa Island</a>, where they remained until 1947. In 1947 the elder Elikiam Tom insisted on returning to Kiriri, but, denied residence by the Catholic Mission because he refused to convert, he went over to <a href="/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn Island</a> (Narupai) where, together with Kaurareg elders from Moa, the returnees built what became Wasaga village. The Department of Native Affairs tried to shift them to Red Island Point on the mainland, but they managed to resist further displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthonElders2014352_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthonElders2014352-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large population of Kaurareg people still lives on Horn Island,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian elder">Elders</a> have continued to fight for connection to the remaining islands within what they consider as their homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_lands">Traditional lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traditional lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the enactment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993" title="Native Title Act 1993">Native Title Act 1993</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 1996, the Kaurareg people lodged five <a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">native title claims</a> with the <a href="/wiki/National_Native_Title_Tribunal" title="National Native Title Tribunal">National Native Title Tribunal</a> over parts of the following islands:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENNTT2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENNTT2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Muralag (<a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Prince of Wales Island</a>)</li> <li>Nurupai (<a href="/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn Island</a>)</li> <li>Tarilag (Packe Island)</li> <li>Damaralag (Dumuralug Islet)</li> <li>Mipa (Pipa Islet, also known as Turtle Island)</li> <li>Yeta (<a href="/wiki/Port_Lihou_Island" title="Port Lihou Island">Port Lihou Island</a>)</li> <li>Zuna (Entrance Island)</li></ul> <p>In 2001 a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">federal court</a> ruled to return the seven islands to Kaurareg control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administered by the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Commission" title="Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission</a> (ATSIC) and the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a> (TSRA), the Kaurareg declared their independence from Australia in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABC2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEABC2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after regaining native title over their ancestral land. They call their lands the United Isles of Kaiwalagal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical records indicate that the Kaurareg Aboriginal people are the traditional owners for Thursday Island; however there are (as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) no active native title claims over this area. The Kaurareg people refer to Thursday Island as "Waibene". For thousands of years the Kaurareg followed traditional patterns of hunting, fishing and agriculture and maintained close cultural and trading ties with the Aboriginal groups of the Northern Peninsula Area of <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_(Queensland)" title="Cape York (Queensland)">Cape York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoQ2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoQ2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity_and_recognition">Identity and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identity and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Karuareg and Torres Strait communities have always lived alongside each other, and have close inter-familial and cultural ties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kaurareg people reported feeling neglected by ATSIC and TSRA, and "caught in the middle of a power struggle". This led to questions of identity among the people, who mostly do not view themselves as Torres Strait Islanders but as Aboriginal Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A 2012 community forum identified that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kaurareg Aboriginal people have suffered cultural prejudice from the wider community but also within the local community. Historically they are a nation of people dispossessed of their traditional lands, culture and language. There has been little acknowledgement of the Kaurareg Aboriginal people from the people who settled on their traditional lands. This has caused immense tension, anger and hurt and people feel they are still fighting for the appropriate recognition.</p></blockquote> <p>The forum found that community fragmentation, followed by loss of culture and identity, disempowerment and government systems, were the things affecting the Kaurareg people negatively the most.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_practices">Traditional practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traditional practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kaurareg distinguish at least six kinds of <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a>. Knowing where to hunt and fish, and in which kinds of currents, allows the Kaurareg access to a wide range of seafood. A strong ethic of sustainability means that over-hunting is punished. Kaurareg marine lore teaches "one can fish successfully only when one is hungry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMESA2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMESA2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of these people was featured in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> <a href="/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="SBS (Australian TV channel)">television</a> program <i>Living Black</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaurareg men were long-haired and went naked, save for as belt, while the women, apart from periods of mourning when it was removed, and replaced by a <i>soger</i> (long fringed skirt)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200823_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200823-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wore a leaf petticoat (<i>zazi</i>), and had closely cropped hair. Both <a href="/wiki/Nose_piercing" title="Nose piercing">septum piercing</a> and wooden lobe plugs were customary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal20089_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal20089-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Death rites among the Kaurareg were apparently the same as those prevailing among the Mua and other Islanders. Once the deceased's <i>mari</i> (spirit) left the body, the latter was laid on a <i>sara</i> (mortuary bier raised on four legs) and left until decomposition stripped the flesh from the bones, and the latter were rubbed with red, gathered within a bark sheath and buried in a sand mound surrounded by shells, skulls and dugong bones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200823_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200823-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a>, NBA basketball player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Needs checking – Aboriginal or Islander people?</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDousset2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDousset2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDousset2005">Dousset 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAUSLANG2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAUSLANG2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAUSLANG2012">AUSLANG 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200123–24-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200123–24_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnukal2001">Shnukal 2001</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnukal2008">Shnukal 2008</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824–25-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200824–25_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnukal2008">Shnukal 2008</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20112-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry20112_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry2011">Greer, McIntyre-Tamwoy & Henry 2011</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaddon201150–51-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaddon201150–51_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaddon2011">Haddon 2011</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal20088-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal20088_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnukal2008">Shnukal 2008</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199229-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199229_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199229_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharp1992">Sharp 1992</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore19798–9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore19798–9_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1979">Moore 1979</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace20114–7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace20114–7_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2011">Wallace 2011</a>, pp. 4–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1992105,_109-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992105,_109_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharp1992">Sharp 1992</a>, pp. 105, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll196940_n21-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll196940_n21_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll1969">Carroll 1969</a>, p. 40 n21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll196937-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll196937_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll1969">Carroll 1969</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Hammond2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Hammond2014_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQueensland_Govt:_Hammond2014">Queensland Govt: Hammond 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Thursday_Is.2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueensland_Govt:_Thursday_Is.2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQueensland_Govt:_Thursday_Is.2014">Queensland Govt: Thursday Is. 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp199271–72-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199271–72_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp199271–72_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharp1992">Sharp 1992</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowenBowen2002149-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowenBowen2002149_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowenBowen2002">Bowen & Bowen 2002</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne200911-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne200911_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsborne2009">Osborne 2009</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore197912–13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore197912–13_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1979">Moore 1979</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1992109-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992109_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharp1992">Sharp 1992</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural_Survival2002_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCultural_Survival2002">Cultural Survival 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp1992109–110-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992109–110_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp1992109–110_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharp1992">Sharp 1992</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealing_Foundation2012_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHealing_Foundation2012">Healing Foundation 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthonElders2014352-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthonElders2014352_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthonElders2014">Southon & Elders 2014</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENNTT2001-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENNTT2001_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNNTT2001">NNTT 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEABC2012-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEABC2012_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFABC2012">ABC 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoQ2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoQ2018_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoQ2018">GoQ 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMESA2013-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMESA2013_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMESA2013">MESA 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2012-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2012_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2012">Clarke 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal200823-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200823_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal200823_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnukal2008">Shnukal 2008</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnukal20089-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnukal20089_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnukal2008">Shnukal 2008</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBowenBowen2002" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, James; Bowen, Margarita (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywV16n6mOUUC&pg=PA262-IA153"><i>The Great Barrier Reef</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44064-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44064-6"><bdi>978-1-139-44064-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Barrier+Reef&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44064-6&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Margarita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DywV16n6mOUUC%26pg%3DPA262-IA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1969" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, J.M., ed. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:246236/Qld_heritage_v2_no1_1969_p35_p42.pdf">"Journey Into Torres Straits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Queensland Heritage</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 35–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Heritage&rft.atitle=Journey+Into+Torres+Straits&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-42&rft.date=1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A246236%2FQld_heritage_v2_no1_1969_p35_p42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2012" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Allan (24 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhpKCpw1fIQ#t=63">"Kaurareg"</a>. <i>Living Black</i>. <a href="/wiki/SBS_One" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS One">SBS Television</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Black&rft.atitle=Kaurareg&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAhpKCpw1fIQ%23t%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMESA2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesa.edu.au/cams/module14/resources01.htm">"Customary law and lore of the coast"</a>. <i>Coastal and Marine Studies in Australia – Module 14</i>. Marine Education Society of Australasia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coastal+and+Marine+Studies+in+Australia+%E2%80%93+Module+14&rft.atitle=Customary+law+and+lore+of+the+coast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesa.edu.au%2Fcams%2Fmodule14%2Fresources01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon" title="Robert M. W. Dixon">Dixon, Robert M. W.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR31"><i>Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47378-1"><bdi>978-0-521-47378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Languages%3A+Their+Nature+and+Development&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47378-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSqIBNJtG0AC%26pg%3DPR31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDousset2005" class="citation web cs1">Dousset, Laurent (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=220">"Kaurareg"</a>. <i>AusAnthrop Australian Aboriginal tribal database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AusAnthrop+Australian+Aboriginal+tribal+database&rft.atitle=Kaurareg&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dousset&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausanthrop.net%2Fresources%2Fausanthrop_db%2Fdetail.php%3Fid_search%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreerMcIntyre-TamwoyHenry2011" class="citation conference cs1">Greer, Shelley; McIntyre-Tamwoy, Susan; Henry, Rosita (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031025841/http://sicri-network.org/ISIC7/d.%20ISIC7P%20Greer%20et%20al.pdf"><i>Sentinel Sites in a cosmo-political seascape</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 7th International Small Islands Conference, Airlie Beach, Whitsundays. pp. 2–10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sicri-network.org/ISIC7/d.%20ISIC7P%20Greer%20et%20al.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Sentinel+Sites+in+a+cosmo-political+seascape&rft.pages=2-10&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft.au=McIntyre-Tamwoy%2C+Susan&rft.au=Henry%2C+Rosita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsicri-network.org%2FISIC7%2Fd.%2520ISIC7P%2520Greer%2520et%2520al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddon2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Haddon, A. C.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpMczQt7_BgC&pg=PA50"><i>General Ethnography</i></a>. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17986-7"><bdi>978-0-521-17986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Ethnography&rft.series=Reports+of+the+Cambridge+Anthropological+Expedition+to+Torres+Straits&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17986-7&rft.aulast=Haddon&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpMczQt7_BgC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueensland_Govt:_Hammond2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/atsi/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-e-i/community-histories-hammond">"Hammond"</a>. Queensland Government. 26 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hammond&rft.pub=Queensland+Government&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Fatsi%2Fcultural-awareness-heritage-arts%2Fcommunity-histories%2Fcommunity-histories-e-i%2Fcommunity-histories-hammond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCultural_Survival2002" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/kaurareg-people-declare-independence-australia">"Kaurareg People Declare Independence from Australia"</a>. Cultural Survival. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kaurareg+People+Declare+Independence+from+Australia&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fnews%2Fkaurareg-people-declare-independence-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNNTT2001" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912211952/http://www.nntt.gov.au/metacard/files/kaurareg/Kaurareg_Q_A_final.pdf"><i>The Kaurareg People's native title determinations: Questions and answers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Native Title Tribunal. 2001. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-26208-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-26208-X"><bdi>0-642-26208-X</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaurareg+People%27s+native+title+determinations%3A+Questions+and+answers&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=National+Native+Title+Tribunal&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-642-26208-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nntt.gov.au%2Fmetacard%2Ffiles%2Fkaurareg%2FKaurareg_Q_A_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealing_Foundation2012" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healingfoundation.org.au/app/uploads/2017/02/HF-Kaurareg-full-report-singles.pdf">Kaurareg Report</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Healing Foundation. November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Kaurareg+Report&rft.pub=Healing+Foundation&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealingfoundation.org.au%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F02%2FHF-Kaurareg-full-report-singles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahn2003" class="citation book cs1">Lahn, Julie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024429/http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/1128/1/01front.pdf"><i>Past Visions, Present Lives: and sociality and locaslity in a Torres Strait community</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/1128/1/01front.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Visions%2C+Present+Lives%3A+and+sociality+and+locaslity+in+a+Torres+Strait+community&rft.pub=James+Cook+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lahn&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.jcu.edu.au%2F1128%2F1%2F01front.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAUSLANG2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code=Y1">"Language information: Kala Lagaw Ya"</a>. <i>Australian Indigenous Languages Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a>. 26 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Indigenous+Languages+Database&rft.atitle=Language+information%3A+Kala+Lagaw+Ya&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustlang.aiatsis.gov.au%2Fmain.php%3Fcode%3DY1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceLawrence2004" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David; Lawrence, Helen Reeves (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpeGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">"Torres Strait: the region and its people"</a>. In Davis, Richard (ed.). <i>Woven Histories, Dancing Lives: Torres Strait Islander Identity, Culture and History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Studies_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Studies Press">Aboriginal Studies Press</a>. pp. 15–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75432-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75432-7"><bdi>978-0-855-75432-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait%3A+the+region+and+its+people&rft.btitle=Woven+Histories%2C+Dancing+Lives%3A+Torres+Strait+Islander+Identity%2C+Culture+and+History&rft.pages=15-29&rft.pub=Aboriginal+Studies+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-855-75432-7&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Helen+Reeves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRpeGAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemmott2007" class="citation book cs1">Memmott, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNhsTkT6MZ8C&pg=PA68"><i>Gunyah, Goondie + Wurley: The Aboriginal Architecture of Australia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Press" title="University of Queensland Press">University of Queensland Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-702-23245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-702-23245-9"><bdi>978-0-702-23245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunyah%2C+Goondie+%2B+Wurley%3A+The+Aboriginal+Architecture+of+Australia&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-702-23245-9&rft.aulast=Memmott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNhsTkT6MZ8C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1979" class="citation book cs1">Moore, David R. (1979). <i>Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75082-4"><bdi>978-0-855-75082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islanders+and+Aborigines+at+Cape+York&rft.pub=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+Studies&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-855-75082-4&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins1995" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Steve (1995). <i>Torres Strait: A History of Colonial Occupation and Culture Contact 1864-1897</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Queensland University Press">Central Queensland University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908-14095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908-14095-4"><bdi>978-0-908-14095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torres+Strait%3A+A+History+of+Colonial+Occupation+and+Culture+Contact+1864-1897&rft.pub=Central+Queensland+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-908-14095-4&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2009" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Elizabeth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_XI4Ms62iMC&pg=PA11"><i>Throwing Off the Cloak: Reclaiming Self-reliance in Torres Strait</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Studies_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Studies Press">Aboriginal Studies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75662-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75662-8"><bdi>978-0-855-75662-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Throwing+Off+the+Cloak%3A+Reclaiming+Self-reliance+in+Torres+Strait&rft.pub=Aboriginal+Studies+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-855-75662-8&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_XI4Ms62iMC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŌshima1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6%E8%A5%84%E4%BA%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:大島襄二">Ōshima, Jōji</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (1983). Ōshima, Jōji (ed.). <i>Torres kaikyo no hitobito</i> <bdi lang="ja">トレス海峡の人々―その地理学的・民族学的研究</bdi>. 古今書院. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-772-21191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-772-21191-8"><bdi>978-4-772-21191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torres+kaikyo+no+hitobito+%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%85%E2%80%95%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E3%83%BB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E6%9B%B8%E9%99%A2&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-4-772-21191-8&rft.aulast=%C5%8Cshima&rft.aufirst=J%C5%8Dji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2002-11-01/separatist-moves-in-torres-strait/598454">"Separatist moves in Torres Strait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 26 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Separatist+moves+in+Torres+Strait&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioaustralia.net.au%2Finternational%2F2002-11-01%2Fseparatist-moves-in-torres-strait%2F598454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1992" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Nonie (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqdhSYPN9gQC&pg=PA71"><i>Footprints Along the Cape York Sandbeaches</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Studies_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Studies Press">Aboriginal Studies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75230-9"><bdi>978-0-855-75230-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprints+Along+the+Cape+York+Sandbeaches&rft.pub=Aboriginal+Studies+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-855-75230-9&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Nonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqdhSYPN9gQC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShnukal2001" class="citation book cs1">Shnukal, Anna (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/shnukal_torres_strait.pdf">"Torres Strait Islanders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Brandle, Maximilian (ed.). <i>Multicultural Queensland 2001</i>. Department of Premier and Cabinet, State of Queensland. pp. 21–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-743-32389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-743-32389-2"><bdi>978-1-743-32389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Queensland+2001&rft.pages=21-35&rft.pub=Department+of+Premier+and+Cabinet%2C+State+of+Queensland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-743-32389-2&rft.aulast=Shnukal&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au%2Fdoc%2Fshnukal_torres_strait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShnukal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shnukal, Anna (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:246236/Qld_heritage_v2_no1_1969_p35_p42.pdf">"Traditional Mua"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Memoirs of the Queensland Museum</i>. Cultural Heritage Series. <b>4</b> (2): 7–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum&rft.atitle=Traditional+Mua&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-33&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shnukal&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A246236%2FQld_heritage_v2_no1_1969_p35_p42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthonElders2014" class="citation book cs1">Southon, Michael; Elders, Kaurareg Tribal (2014) [First published 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yr-6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA351">"The Sea of Waubin: The Kaurareg and their marine environment"</a>. 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Queensland Government. 26 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thursday+Island+%28Waiben%29&rft.pub=Queensland+Government&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Fatsi%2Fcultural-awareness-heritage-arts%2Fcommunity-histories%2Fcommunity-histories-s-t%2Fcommunity-histories-thursday-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoQ2018" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qld.gov.au/firstnations/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-s-t/community-histories-thursday-island">"Thursday Island (Waiben)"</a>. Government of Queensland. 20 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thursday+Island+%28Waiben%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Queensland&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qld.gov.au%2Ffirstnations%2Fcultural-awareness-heritage-arts%2Fcommunity-histories%2Fcommunity-histories-s-t%2Fcommunity-histories-thursday-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text has been copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a> licence.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2011" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Lennie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EijQLnsH2MC&pg=PA4"><i>Cape York Peninsula</i></a>. Boolarong Press. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921-92067-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921-92067-7"><bdi>978-1-921-92067-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cape+York+Peninsula&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=Boolarong+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-921-92067-7&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Lennie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EijQLnsH2MC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaurareg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Aaron (26 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/25/asia/aboriginal-massacre-australia-intl/index.html">"The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27forgotten+people%27%3A+When+death+came+to+the+Torres+Strait&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F25%2Fasia%2Faboriginal-massacre-australia-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaurareg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Ankamuti">Ankamuti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Araba_people" title="Araba people">Araba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atjinuri" title="Atjinuri">Atjinuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ayabakan" title="Ayabakan">Ayabakan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ayapathu" title="Ayapathu">Ayapathu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Badjiri" title="Badjiri">Badjiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bakanambia" title="Bakanambia">Bakanambia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Barada people">Barada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Barna people">Barna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baru%C5%8Bgam" title="Baruŋgam">Baruŋgam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barungguan" title="Barungguan">Barungguan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bidia_people" title="Bidia people">Bidia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bigambul" title="Bigambul">Bigambul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bindal_people" title="Bindal people">Bindal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birri_Gubba" title="Birri Gubba">Birri Gubba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bidjara_(Bulloo_River)" title="Bidjara (Bulloo River)">Bidjara (Bulloo River)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bidjara_(Warrego_River)" title="Bidjara (Warrego River)">Bidjara (Warrego River)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biyaygiri" title="Biyaygiri">Biyaygiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bugulmara" title="Bugulmara">Bugulmara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buluwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Buluwai">Buluwai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Butchulla" title="Butchulla">Butchulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bwgcolman" title="Bwgcolman">Bwgcolman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dalla_people" title="Dalla people">Dalla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darumbal" title="Darumbal">Darumbal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djabugay" title="Djabugay">Djabugay/Tjapukai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djagaraga" title="Djagaraga">Djagaraga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djakunda" title="Djakunda">Djakunda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djankun" title="Djankun">Djankun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djindubari" title="Djindubari">Djindubari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_people" title="Dyirbal people">Dyirbal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djiru_people" title="Djiru people">Djiru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ewamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewamin">Ewamin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garrwa_people" title="Garrwa people">Garrwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geynyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geynyon">Geynyon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gia_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia tribe">Gia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giabal" title="Giabal">Giabal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Girramay" title="Girramay">Girramay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Goeng">Goeng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goreng_goreng" class="mw-redirect" title="Goreng goreng">Goreng goreng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubbi Gubbi people">Gubbi Gubbi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gudjal" title="Gudjal">Kutjala/Gudjal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gugu-Badhun" title="Gugu-Badhun">Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Rarmul" title="Gugu Rarmul">Gugu Rarmul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulngai" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulngai">Gulngai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gumakudin" title="Gumakudin">Gumakudin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gungganyji" title="Gungganyji">Gungganyji/Kongkandji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gunggari_people" title="Gunggari people">Gunggari/Kunggari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_people" title="Guugu Yimithirr people">Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iningai" title="Iningai">Iningai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Injilarija" title="Injilarija">Injilarija</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Injinoo" title="Injinoo">Injinoo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ithu" title="Ithu">Ithu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarowair" title="Jarowair">Jarowair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julaolinja" title="Julaolinja">Julaolinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jupangati" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupangati">Jupangati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juru_people" title="Juru people">Juru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaantju" title="Kaantju">Kaantju</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kabalbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabalbara">Kabalbara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaiabara" title="Kaiabara">Kaiabara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaiadilt" title="Kaiadilt">Kaiadilt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kairi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairi people">Kairi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalali people">Kalali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalibamu" title="Kalibamu">Kalibamu</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu" title="Kalkatungu">Kalkadoon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kambuwal" title="Kambuwal">Kambuwal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kangulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangulu">Kangulu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanolu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanolu">Kanolu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karanja_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Karanja people">Karanja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kareldi" title="Kareldi">Kareldi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karendala" class="mw-redirect" title="Karendala">Karendala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karingbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Karingbal">Karingbal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karuwali" title="Karuwali">Karuwali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaurareg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kawadji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawadji">Kawadji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koa_people" title="Koa people">Koa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koamu" title="Koamu">Koamu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koinjmal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinjmal tribe">Koinjmal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokangol" title="Kokangol">Kokangol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokobididji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokobididji">Kokobididji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokobujundji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokobujundji">Kokobujundji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokokulunggur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokokulunggur">Kokokulunggur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokomini" title="Kokomini">Kokomini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokonyekodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokonyekodi">Kokonyekodi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokopera" title="Kokopera">Kokopera</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokowalandja" title="Kokowalandja">Kokowalandja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokowara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokowara">Kokowara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kongabula" title="Kongabula">Kongabula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kooma" title="Kooma">Kooma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara" title="Kugu Nganhcara">Kugu Nganhcara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kukatja_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukatja (Queensland)">Kukatja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kuku_Nyungkal" title="Kuku Nyungkal">Kuku Nyungkal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kuku_Yalanji" title="Kuku Yalanji">Kuku Yalanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kulumali" title="Kulumali">Kulumali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kungadutji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kungadutji">Kungadutji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunggara">Kunggara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kungkalenja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kungkalenja">Kungkalenja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunja_people" title="Kunja people">Kunja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kutjal" title="Kutjal">Kutjal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kuungkari" title="Kuungkari">Kuungkari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laia_people" title="Laia people">Laia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lama_Lama_people" title="Lama Lama people">Lama Lama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanima_people" title="Lanima people">Lanima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lardil_people" title="Lardil people">Lardil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lotiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotiga">Lotiga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madjandji" title="Madjandji">Madjandji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maiawali" title="Maiawali">Maiawali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maijabi" title="Maijabi">Maijabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maikulan" title="Maikulan">Maikulan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maithakari" title="Maithakari">Maithakari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malintji" title="Malintji">Malintji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mamu_people" title="Mamu people">Mamu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manbarra" title="Manbarra">Manbarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandandanji" title="Mandandanji">Mandandanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maranganji" title="Maranganji">Maranganji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrago" title="Marrago">Marrago</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marulta" title="Marulta">Marulta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna" title="Mayi-Kutuna">Mayi-Kutuna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mbabaram_people" title="Mbabaram people">Mbabaram</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mbara_people" title="Mbara people">Mbara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mbewum" title="Mbewum">Mbewum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mimungkum" title="Mimungkum">Mimungkum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mingin_people" title="Mingin people">Mingin/Mingginda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mitaka_people" title="Mitaka people">Mitaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miyan_people" title="Miyan people">Miyan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muluridji" title="Muluridji">Muluridji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muragan" title="Muragan">Muragan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murri_people" title="Murri people">Murri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mutumui" title="Mutumui">Mutumui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngajanji" title="Ngajanji">Ngajanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngandangara" title="Ngandangara">Ngandangara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaro_people" title="Ngaro people">Ngaro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngathokudi" title="Ngathokudi">Ngathokudi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaun" title="Ngaun">Ngaun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaygungu_people" title="Ngaygungu people">Ngaygungu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nggamadi" title="Nggamadi">Nggamadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nguburinji" title="Nguburinji">Nguburinji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngulungbara" title="Ngulungbara">Ngulungbara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngundjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngundjan">Ngundjan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngurawola" title="Ngurawola">Ngurawola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nguri_people" title="Nguri people">Nguri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyawagyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyawagyi">Nyawagyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyuwathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyuwathai">Nyuwathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Olkola" class="mw-redirect" title="Olkola">Olkola</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otati" class="mw-redirect" title="Otati">Otati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pakadji" title="Pakadji">Pakadji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitapita" title="Pitapita">Pitapita</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pontunj" title="Pontunj">Pontunj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punthamara" title="Punthamara">Punthamara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quandamooka_people" title="Quandamooka people">Quandamooka</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Hordes: <a href="/wiki/Ngugi_people" title="Ngugi people">Ngugi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunukul" title="Nunukul">Nunukul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goenpul" title="Goenpul">Goenpul</a> </span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rakkaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakkaia">Rakkaia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ringaringa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringaringa">Ringaringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rungarungawa" title="Rungarungawa">Rungarungawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tagalag_people" title="Tagalag people">Tagalag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taribelang" title="Taribelang">Taribelang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tepiti" title="Tepiti">Tepiti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thaayorre" title="Thaayorre">Thaayorre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thereila" class="mw-redirect" title="Thereila">Thereila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjongkandji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjongkandji">Tjongkandji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Totj" title="Totj">Totj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tulua_people" title="Tulua people">Tulua</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turrbal" title="Turrbal">Turrbal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umpila" title="Umpila">Umpila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umpithamu" title="Umpithamu">Umpithamu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Undanbi" title="Undanbi">Undanbi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unduyamo" title="Unduyamo">Unduyamo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unjadi" title="Unjadi">Unjadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uw_Oykangand" title="Uw Oykangand">Uw Oykangand/Kwantari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waanyi" title="Waanyi">Waanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wadja_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadja people">Wadja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wadjabangai" title="Wadjabangai">Wadjabangai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wadjalang" title="Wadjalang">Wadjalang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wakabunga" title="Wakabunga">Wakabunga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wakaman" title="Wakaman">Wakaman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wakara_people" title="Wakara people">Wakara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wakka_Wakka" title="Wakka Wakka">Wakka Wakka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walangama" title="Walangama">Walangama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walmbaria" title="Walmbaria">Walmbaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waluwara" title="Waluwara">Waluwara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wanamara" title="Wanamara">Wanamara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wangan_people" title="Wangan people">Wangan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wanjuru" title="Wanjuru">Wanjuru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warakamai" class="mw-redirect" title="Warakamai">Warakamai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warrongo_people" title="Warrongo people">Warrongo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wik_peoples" title="Wik peoples">Wik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikampama" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikampama">Wikampama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikapatja" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikapatja">Wikapatja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikatinda" title="Wikatinda">Wikatinda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikepa">Wikepa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikianji" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikianji">Wikianji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikmean" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikmean">Wikmean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wik-Mungkan_people" title="Wik-Mungkan people">Wik-Mungkan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wiknatanja" title="Wiknatanja">Wiknatanja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winduwinda" title="Winduwinda">Winduwinda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wiri_people" title="Wiri people">Wiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wongkadjera" title="Wongkadjera">Wongkadjera</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wongkumara" class="mw-redirect" title="Wongkumara">Wongkumara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woppaburra" class="mw-redirect" title="Woppaburra">Woppaburra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wulgurukaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulgurukaba">Wulgurukaba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wulili" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulili">Wulili</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wulpura" title="Wulpura">Wulpura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wuthathi" title="Wuthathi">Wuthathi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yadhaykenu" title="Yadhaykenu">Yadhaykenu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yagalingu" title="Yagalingu">Yagalingu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yambina" title="Yambina">Yambina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yanda_people" title="Yanda people">Yanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yanga_people" title="Yanga people">Yanga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yangga" title="Yangga">Yangga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yanggal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanggal">Yanggal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yalarnnga" title="Yalarnnga">Yalarnnga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yetimarala" title="Yetimarala">Yetimarala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yetteneru" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetteneru">Yetteneru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_people" title="Yidiny people">Yidiny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yilba" title="Yilba">Yilba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yiman_people" title="Yiman people">Yiman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yintyingka" title="Yintyingka">Yintyingka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yinwum" title="Yinwum">Yinwum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yirandhali" title="Yirandhali">Yirandhali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yirrganydji" title="Yirrganydji">Yirrganydji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yir-Yoront" title="Yir-Yoront">Yir-Yoront</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh_people" title="Yugambeh people">Yugambeh</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Clans: <a href="/wiki/Gugingin_clan" title="Gugingin clan">Gugingin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanggeriburra_clan" title="Wanggeriburra clan">Wanggeriburra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kombumerri_clan" title="Kombumerri clan">Kombumerri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mununjali_clan" title="Mununjali clan">Mununjali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulgigin_clan" title="Tulgigin clan">Tulgigin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugara">Yugara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yuibera" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuibera">Yuibera</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yukulta" title="Yukulta">Yukulta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yungkurara" title="Yungkurara">Yungkurara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yurlayurlanya" title="Yurlayurlanya">Yurlayurlanya</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Badu_people" title="Badu people">Badu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaurareg‎</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mabuiag" title="Mabuiag">Mabuiag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meriam_people" title="Meriam people">Meriam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mua_people" title="Mua people">Mua</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-weight: bold;"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">By state or territory</span></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland">Queensland</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians">South Australia</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></span></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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