CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: evacuation simulation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: evacuation simulation"> <meta name="keywords" content="evacuation simulation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="evacuation simulation" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="evacuation simulation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 5066</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: evacuation simulation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5066</span> A Study for the Effect of Fire Initiated Location on Evacuation Success Rate </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20A%20Ryu">Jin A Ryu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Sun%20Kim"> Hee Sun Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the number of fire accidents is gradually raising, many studies have been reported on evacuation. Previous studies have mostly focused on evaluating the safety of evacuation and the risk of fire in particular buildings. However, studies on effects of various parameters on evacuation have not been nearly done. Therefore, this paper aims at observing evacuation time under the effect of fire initiated location. In this study, evacuation simulations are performed on a 5-floor building located in Seoul, South Korea using the commercial program, Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation (FDS+EVAC). Only the fourth and fifth floors are modeled with an assumption that fire starts in a room located on the fourth floor. The parameter for evacuation simulations is location of fire initiation to observe the evacuation time and safety. Results show that the location of fire initiation is closer to exit, the more time is taken to evacuate. The case having the nearest location of fire initiation to exit has the lowest ratio of successful occupants to the total occupants. In addition, for safety evaluation, the evacuation time calculated from computer simulation model is compared with the tolerable evacuation time according to code in Japan. As a result, all cases are completed within the tolerable evacuation time. This study allows predicting evacuation time under various conditions of fire and can be used to evaluate evacuation appropriateness and fire safety of building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20simulation" title="fire simulation">fire simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation" title=" evacuation simulation"> evacuation simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20safety" title=" evacuation safety"> evacuation safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36360/a-study-for-the-effect-of-fire-initiated-location-on-evacuation-success-rate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5065</span> Simulation of the Evacuation of Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods from Tsunami</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshinori%20Matsuura">Yoshinori Matsuura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saori%20Iwanaga"> Saori Iwanaga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred at 14:46 on Friday, March 11, 2011. It was the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan. The earthquake triggered extremely destructive tsunami waves of up to 40.5 meters in height. We focus on the ship’s evacuation from tsunami. Then we analyze about ships evacuation from tsunami using multi-agent simulation and we want to prepare for a coming earthquake. We developed a simulation model of ships that set sail from the port in order to evacuate from the tsunami considering the ship carrying dangerous goods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ship%E2%80%99s%20evacuation" title="Ship’s evacuation">Ship’s evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-agent%20simulation" title=" multi-agent simulation"> multi-agent simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tsunami" title=" tsunami"> tsunami</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11743/simulation-of-the-evacuation-of-ships-carrying-dangerous-goods-from-tsunami" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5064</span> Developing Integrated Model for Building Design and Evacuation Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao-Hsi%20Tseng">Hao-Hsi Tseng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsin-Yun%20Lee"> Hsin-Yun Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the process of building design, the designers have to complete the spatial design and consider the evacuation performance at the same time. It is usually difficult to combine the two planning processes and it results in the gap between spatial design and evacuation performance. Then the designers cannot complete an integrated optimal design solution. In addition, the evacuation routing models proposed by previous researchers is different from the practical evacuation decisions in the real field. On the other hand, more and more building design projects are executed by Building Information Modeling (BIM) in which the design content is formed by the object-oriented framework. Thus, the integration of BIM and evacuation simulation can make a significant contribution for designers. Therefore, this research plan will establish a model that integrates spatial design and evacuation planning. The proposed model will provide the support for the spatial design modifications and optimize the evacuation planning. The designers can complete the integrated design solution in BIM. Besides, this research plan improves the evacuation routing method to make the simulation results more practical. The proposed model will be applied in a building design project for evaluation and validation when it will provide the near-optimal design suggestion. By applying the proposed model, the integration and efficiency of the design process are improved and the evacuation plan is more useful. The quality of building spatial design will be better. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20information%20modeling" title="building information modeling">building information modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design" title=" design"> design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floor%20plan" title=" floor plan"> floor plan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64492/developing-integrated-model-for-building-design-and-evacuation-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64492.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5063</span> Dynamic Reroute Modeling for Emergency Evacuation: Case Study of Brunswick City, Germany </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Pang%20Fl%C3%B6tter%C3%B6d">Yun-Pang Flötteröd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakob%20Erdmann"> Jakob Erdmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The human behaviors during evacuations are quite complex. One of the critical behaviors which affect the efficiency of evacuation is route choice. Therefore, the respective simulation modeling work needs to function properly. In this paper, Simulation of Urban Mobility’s (SUMO) current dynamic route modeling during evacuation, i.e. the rerouting functions, is examined with a real case study. The result consistency of the simulation and the reality is checked as well. Four influence factors (1) time to get information, (2) probability to cancel a trip, (3) probability to use navigation equipment, and (4) rerouting and information updating period are considered to analyze possible traffic impacts during the evacuation and to examine the rerouting functions in SUMO. Furthermore, some behavioral characters of the case study are analyzed with use of the corresponding detector data and applied in the simulation. The experiment results show that the dynamic route modeling in SUMO can deal with the proposed scenarios properly. Some issues and function needs related to route choice are discussed and further improvements are suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title="evacuation">evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20traffic%20simulation" title=" microscopic traffic simulation"> microscopic traffic simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rerouting" title=" rerouting"> rerouting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SUMO" title=" SUMO"> SUMO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85228/dynamic-reroute-modeling-for-emergency-evacuation-case-study-of-brunswick-city-germany" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85228.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5062</span> Automated Building Internal Layout Design Incorporating Post-Earthquake Evacuation Considerations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajjad%20Hassanpour">Sajjad Hassanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vicente%20A.%20Gonz%C3%A1lez"> Vicente A. González</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang%20Zou"> Yang Zou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiamou%20Liu"> Jiamou Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Earthquakes pose a significant threat to both structural and non-structural elements in buildings, putting human lives at risk. Effective post-earthquake evacuation is critical for ensuring the safety of building occupants. However, current design practices often neglect the integration of post-earthquake evacuation considerations into the early-stage architectural design process. To address this gap, this paper presents a novel automated internal architectural layout generation tool that optimizes post-earthquake evacuation performance. The tool takes an initial plain floor plan as input, along with specific requirements from the user/architect, such as minimum room dimensions, corridor width, and exit lengths. Based on these inputs, firstly, the tool randomly generates different architectural layouts. Secondly, the human post-earthquake evacuation behaviour will be thoroughly assessed for each generated layout using the advanced Agent-Based Building Earthquake Evacuation Simulation (AB2E2S) model. The AB2E2S prototype is a post-earthquake evacuation simulation tool that incorporates variables related to earthquake intensity, architectural layout, and human factors. It leverages a hierarchical agent-based simulation approach, incorporating reinforcement learning to mimic human behaviour during evacuation. The model evaluates different layout options and provides feedback on evacuation flow, time, and possible casualties due to earthquake non-structural damage. By integrating the AB2E2S model into the automated layout generation tool, architects and designers can obtain optimized architectural layouts that prioritize post-earthquake evacuation performance. Through the use of the tool, architects and designers can explore various design alternatives, considering different minimum room requirements, corridor widths, and exit lengths. This approach ensures that evacuation considerations are embedded in the early stages of the design process. In conclusion, this research presents an innovative automated internal architectural layout generation tool that integrates post-earthquake evacuation simulation. By incorporating evacuation considerations into the early-stage design process, architects and designers can optimize building layouts for improved post-earthquake evacuation performance. This tool empowers professionals to create resilient designs that prioritize the safety of building occupants in the face of seismic events. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent-based%20simulation" title="agent-based simulation">agent-based simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation%20in%20design" title=" automation in design"> automation in design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20layout" title=" architectural layout"> architectural layout</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-earthquake%20evacuation%20behavior" title=" post-earthquake evacuation behavior"> post-earthquake evacuation behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172028/automated-building-internal-layout-design-incorporating-post-earthquake-evacuation-considerations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5061</span> Statistical Analysis to Select Evacuation Route</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaky%20Musyarof">Zaky Musyarof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dwi%20Yono%20Sutarto"> Dwi Yono Sutarto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dwima%20Rindy%20Atika"> Dwima Rindy Atika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20B.%20Fajriya%20Hakim"> R. B. Fajriya Hakim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Each country should be responsible for the safety of people, especially responsible for the safety of people living in disaster-prone areas. One of those services is provides evacuation route for them. But all this time, the selection of evacuation route is seem doesn’t well organized, it could be seen that when a disaster happen, there will be many accumulation of people on the steps of evacuation route. That condition is dangerous to people because hampers evacuation process. By some methods in Statistical analysis, author tries to give a suggestion how to prepare evacuation route which is organized and based on people habit. Those methods are association rules, sequential pattern mining, hierarchical cluster analysis and fuzzy logic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rules" title="association rules">association rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequential%20pattern%20mining" title=" sequential pattern mining"> sequential pattern mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster%20analysis" title=" cluster analysis"> cluster analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20route" title=" evacuation route"> evacuation route</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21873/statistical-analysis-to-select-evacuation-route" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21873.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">504</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5060</span> SOM Map vs Hopfield Neural Network: A Comparative Study in Microscopic Evacuation Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zouhour%20Neji%20Ben%20Salem">Zouhour Neji Ben Salem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microscopic evacuation focuses on the evacuee behavior and way of search of safety place in an egress situation. In recent years, several models handled microscopic evacuation problem. Among them, we have proposed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as an alternative to mathematical models that can deal with such problem. In this paper, we present two ANN models: SOM map and Hopfield Network used to predict the evacuee behavior in a disaster situation. These models are tested in a real case, the second floor of Tunisian children hospital evacuation in case of fire. The two models are studied and compared in order to evaluate their performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20networks" title="artificial neural networks">artificial neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-organization%20map" title=" self-organization map"> self-organization map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hopfield%20network" title=" hopfield network"> hopfield network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20evacuation" title=" microscopic evacuation"> microscopic evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20building%20evacuation" title=" fire building evacuation"> fire building evacuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27689/som-map-vs-hopfield-neural-network-a-comparative-study-in-microscopic-evacuation-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5059</span> Tabu Search to Draw Evacuation Plans in Emergency Situations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Nasri">S. Nasri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Bouziri"> H. Bouziri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Disasters are quite experienced in our days. They are caused by floods, landslides, and building fires that is the main objective of this study. To cope with these unexpected events, precautions must be taken to protect human lives. The emphasis on disposal work focuses on the resolution of the evacuation problem in case of no-notice disaster. The problem of evacuation is listed as a dynamic network flow problem. Particularly, we model the evacuation problem as an earliest arrival flow problem with load dependent transit time. This problem is classified as NP-Hard. Our challenge here is to propose a metaheuristic solution for solving the evacuation problem. We define our objective as the maximization of evacuees during earliest periods of a time horizon T. The objective provides the evacuation of persons as soon as possible. We performed an experimental study on emergency evacuation from the tunisian children’s hospital. This work prompts us to look for evacuation plans corresponding to several situations where the network dynamically changes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20network%20flow" title="dynamic network flow">dynamic network flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20dependent%20transit%20time" title=" load dependent transit time"> load dependent transit time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20strategy" title=" evacuation strategy"> evacuation strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earliest%20arrival%20flow%20problem" title=" earliest arrival flow problem"> earliest arrival flow problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tabu%20search%20metaheuristic" title=" tabu search metaheuristic"> tabu search metaheuristic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12984/tabu-search-to-draw-evacuation-plans-in-emergency-situations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12984.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5058</span> Fires in Historic Buildings: Assessment of Evacuation of People by Computational Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20R.%20Moser">Ivana R. Moser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joao%20C.%20Souza"> Joao C. Souza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Building fires are random phenomena that can be extremely violent, and safe evacuation of people is the most guaranteed tactic in saving lives. The correct evacuation of buildings, and other spaces occupied by people, means leaving the place in a short time and by the appropriate way. It depends on the perception of spaces by the individual, the architectural layout and the presence of appropriate routing systems. As historical buildings were constructed in other times, when, as in general, the current security requirements were not available yet, it is necessary to adapt these spaces to make them safe. Computer models of evacuation simulation are widely used tools for assessing the safety of people in a building or agglomeration sites and these are associated with the analysis of human behaviour, makes the results of emergency evacuation more correct and conclusive. The objective of this research is the performance evaluation of historical interest buildings, regarding the safe evacuation of people, through computer simulation, using PTV Viswalk software. The buildings objects of study are the Colégio Catarinense, centennial building, located in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina / Brazil. The software used uses the variables of human behaviour, such as: avoid collision with other pedestrians and avoid obstacles. Scenarios were run on the three-dimensional models and the contribution to safety in risk situations was verified as an alternative measure, especially in the impossibility of applying those measures foreseen by the current fire safety codes in Brazil. The simulations verified the evacuation time in situations of normality and emergency situations, as well as indicate the bottlenecks and critical points of the studied buildings, to seek solutions to prevent and correct these undesirable events. It is understood that adopting an advanced computational performance-based approach promotes greater knowledge of the building and how people behave in these specific environments, in emergency situations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20simulation" title="computer simulation">computer simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=escape%20routes" title=" escape routes"> escape routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety" title=" fire safety"> fire safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historic%20buildings" title=" historic buildings"> historic buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20behavior" title=" human behavior"> human behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93439/fires-in-historic-buildings-assessment-of-evacuation-of-people-by-computational-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5057</span> Hospital Evacuation: Best Practice Recommendations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronald%20Blough">Ronald Blough</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hospitals, clinics, and medical facilities are the core of the Health Services sector providing 24/7 medical care to those in need. Any disruption of these important medical services highlights the vulnerabilities in the medical system. An internal or external event can create a catastrophic incident paralyzing the medical services causing the facility to shift into emergency operations with the possibility of evacuation. The hospital administrator and government officials must decide in a very short amount of time whether to shelter in place or evacuate. This presentation will identify best practice recommendations regarding the hospital evacuation decision and response analyzing previous hospital evacuations to encourage hospitals in the region to review or develop their own emergency evacuation plans. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20preparedness" title="disaster preparedness">disaster preparedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospital%20evacuation" title=" hospital evacuation"> hospital evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shelter-in-place" title=" shelter-in-place"> shelter-in-place</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incident%20containment" title=" incident containment"> incident containment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20services%20vulnerability" title=" health services vulnerability"> health services vulnerability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospital%20resources" title=" hospital resources"> hospital resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11331/hospital-evacuation-best-practice-recommendations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5056</span> The Development of an Agent-Based Model to Support a Science-Based Evacuation and Shelter-in-Place Planning Process within the United States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyle%20%20Burke%20Pfeiffer">Kyle Burke Pfeiffer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carmella%20Burdi"> Carmella Burdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20Marsh"> Karen Marsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The evacuation and shelter-in-place planning process employed by most jurisdictions within the United States is not informed by a scientifically-derived framework that is inclusive of the behavioral and policy-related indicators of public compliance with evacuation orders. While a significant body of work exists to define these indicators, the research findings have not been well-integrated nor translated into useable planning factors for public safety officials. Additionally, refinement of the planning factors alone is insufficient to support science-based evacuation planning as the behavioral elements of evacuees—even with consideration of policy-related indicators—must be examined in the context of specific regional transportation and shelter networks. To address this problem, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and Argonne National Laboratory developed an agent-based model to support regional analysis of zone-based evacuation in southeastern Georgia. In particular, this model allows public safety officials to analyze the consequences that a range of hazards may have upon a community, assess evacuation and shelter-in-place decisions in the context of specified evacuation and response plans, and predict outcomes based on community compliance with orders and the capacity of the regional (to include extra-jurisdictional) transportation and shelter networks. The intention is to use this model to aid evacuation planning and decision-making. Applications for the model include developing a science-driven risk communication strategy and, ultimately, in the case of evacuation, the shortest possible travel distance and clearance times for evacuees within the regional boundary conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent-based%20modeling%20for%20evacuation" title="agent-based modeling for evacuation">agent-based modeling for evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision-support%20for%20evacuation%20planning" title=" decision-support for evacuation planning"> decision-support for evacuation planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20planning" title=" evacuation planning"> evacuation planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20behavior%20in%20evacuation" title=" human behavior in evacuation"> human behavior in evacuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77542/the-development-of-an-agent-based-model-to-support-a-science-based-evacuation-and-shelter-in-place-planning-process-within-the-united-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77542.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5055</span> Impact of an Onboard Fire for the Evacuation of a Rolling Stock</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillaume%20Craveur">Guillaume Craveur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study highlights the impact of an onboard fire for the evacuation of a rolling stock. Two fires models are achieved. The first one is a zone model realized with the CFAST software. Then, this fire is imported in a building EXODUS model in order to determine the evacuation time with effects of fire effluents (temperature, smoke opacity, smoke toxicity) on passengers. The second fire is achieved with Fire Dynamics Simulator software. The fire defined is directly imported in the FDS+Evac model which will permit to determine the evacuation time and effects of fire effluents on passengers. These effects will be compared with tenability criteria defined in some standards in order to see if the situation is acceptable. Different power of fire will be underlined to see from what power source the hazard become unacceptable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety%20engineering" title="fire safety engineering">fire safety engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20tools" title=" numerical tools"> numerical tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rolling%20stock" title=" rolling stock"> rolling stock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73910/impact-of-an-onboard-fire-for-the-evacuation-of-a-rolling-stock" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5054</span> Effect of Experience on Evacuation of Mice in Emergency Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teng%20Zhang">Teng Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shenshi%20Huang"> Shenshi Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gang%20Xu"> Gang Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuelin%20Zhang"> Xuelin Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shouxiang%20Lu"> Shouxiang Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the acceleration of urbanization and the increasing of the population in the city, the evacuation of pedestrians suffering from disaster environments such as fire in a room or other limited space becomes a vital issue in modern society. Mice have been used in experimental crowd evacuation in recent years for its good similarities to human in physical structure and stress reaction. In this study, the effect of experience or memory on the collective behavior of mice was explored. To help mice familiarize themselves with the design of the space and the stimulus caused by smoke, we trained them repeatedly for 2 days so that they can escape from the emergency conditions as soon as possible. The escape pattern, trajectories, walking speed, turning angle and mean individual escape time of mice in each training trail were analyzed. We found that mice can build memory quickly after the first trial on the first day. On the second day, the evacuation of mice was maintained in a stable and efficient state. Meanwhile, the group with size of 30 (G30) had a shorter mean individual escape time compared with G12. Furthermore, we tested the experience of evacuation skill of mice after several days. The results showed that the mice can hold the experience or memory over 3 weeks. We proposed the importance of experience of evacuation skill and the research of training methods in experimental evacuation of mice. The results can deepen our understanding of collective behavior of mice and conduce to the establishment of animal models in the study of pedestrian crowd dynamics in emergency conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experience" title="experience">experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mice" title=" mice"> mice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20size" title=" group size"> group size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior" title=" behavior"> behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100161/effect-of-experience-on-evacuation-of-mice-in-emergency-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100161.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5053</span> Analysis of Road Network Vulnerability Due to Merapi Volcano Eruption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imam%20Muthohar">Imam Muthohar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Budi%20Hartono"> Budi Hartono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sigit%20Priyanto"> Sigit Priyanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hardiansyah%20Hardiansyah"> Hardiansyah Hardiansyah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The eruption of Merapi Volcano in Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2010 caused many casualties due to minimum preparedness in facing disaster. Increasing population capacity and evacuating to safe places become very important to minimize casualties. Regional government through the Regional Disaster Management Agency has divided disaster-prone areas into three parts, namely ring 1 at a distance of 10 km, ring 2 at a distance of 15 km and ring 3 at a distance of 20 km from the center of Mount Merapi. The success of the evacuation is fully supported by road network infrastructure as a way to rescue in an emergency. This research attempts to model evacuation process based on the rise of refugees in ring 1, expanded to ring 2 and finally expanded to ring 3. The model was developed using SATURN (Simulation and Assignment of Traffic to Urban Road Networks) program version 11.3. 12W, involving 140 centroid, 449 buffer nodes, and 851 links across Yogyakarta Special Region, which was aimed at making a preliminary identification of road networks considered vulnerable to disaster. An assumption made to identify vulnerability was the improvement of road network performance in the form of flow and travel times on the coverage of ring 1, ring 2, ring 3, Sleman outside the ring, Yogyakarta City, Bantul, Kulon Progo, and Gunung Kidul. The research results indicated that the performance increase in the road networks existing in the area of ring 2, ring 3, and Sleman outside the ring. The road network in ring 1 started to increase when the evacuation was expanded to ring 2 and ring 3. Meanwhile, the performance of road networks in Yogyakarta City, Bantul, Kulon Progo, and Gunung Kidul during the evacuation period simultaneously decreased in when the evacuation areas were expanded. The results of preliminary identification of the vulnerability have determined that the road networks existing in ring 1, ring 2, ring 3 and Sleman outside the ring were considered vulnerable to the evacuation of Mount Merapi eruption. Therefore, it is necessary to pay a great deal of attention in order to face the disasters that potentially occur at anytime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model" title="model">model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SATURN" title=" SATURN"> SATURN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability" title=" vulnerability"> vulnerability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87176/analysis-of-road-network-vulnerability-due-to-merapi-volcano-eruption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5052</span> Influence of Various Disaster Scenarios Assumption to the Advance Creation of Wide-Area Evacuation Plan Confronting Natural Disasters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nemat%20Mohammadi">Nemat Mohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuki%20Nakayama"> Yuki Nakayama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> After occurring Great East Japan earthquake and as a consequence the invasion of an extremely large Tsunami to the city, obligated many local governments to take into account certainly these kinds of issues. Poor preparation of local governments to deal with such kinds of disasters at that time and consequently lack of assistance delivery for local residents caused thousands of civilian casualties as well as billion dollars of economic damages. Those local governments who are responsible for governing such coastal areas, have to consider some countermeasures to deal with these natural disasters, prepare a comprehensive evacuation plan and contrive some feasible emergency plans for the purpose of victims’ reduction as much as possible. Under this evacuation plan, the local government should contemplate more about the traffic congestion during wide-area evacuation operation and estimate the minimum essential time to evacuate the whole city completely. This challenge will become more complicated for the government when the people who are affected by disasters are not only limited to the normal informed citizens but also some pregnant women, physically handicapped persons, old age citizens and foreigners or tourists who are not familiar with that conditions as well as local language are involved. The important issue to deal with this challenge is that how to inform these people to take a proper action right away noticing the Tsunami is coming. After overcoming this problem, next significant challenge is even more considerable. Next challenge is to evacuate the whole residents in a short period of time from the threated area to the safer shelters. In fact, most of the citizens will use their own vehicles to evacuate to the designed shelters and some of them will use the shuttle buses which are provided by local governments. The problem will arise when all residents want to escape from the threated area simultaneously and consequently creating a traffic jam on evacuation routes which will cause to prolong the evacuation time. Hence, this research mostly aims to calculate the minimum essential time to evacuate each region inside the threated area and find the evacuation start point for each region separately. This result will help the local government to visualize the situations and conditions during disasters and assist them to reduce the possible traffic jam on evacuation routes and consequently suggesting a comprehensive wide-area evacuation plan during natural disasters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BPR%20formula" title="BPR formula">BPR formula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20scenarios" title=" disaster scenarios"> disaster scenarios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20completion%20time" title=" evacuation completion time"> evacuation completion time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wide-area%20evacuation" title=" wide-area evacuation"> wide-area evacuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85505/influence-of-various-disaster-scenarios-assumption-to-the-advance-creation-of-wide-area-evacuation-plan-confronting-natural-disasters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5051</span> Ensuring Safety in Fire Evacuation by Facilitating Way-Finding in Complex Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atefeh%20Omidkhah">Atefeh Omidkhah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadreza%20Bemanian"> Mohammadreza Bemanian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The issue of way-finding earmarks a wide range of literature in architecture and despite the 50 year background of way-finding studies, it still lacks a comprehensive theory for indoor settings. Way-finding has a notable role in emergency evacuation as well. People in the panic situation of a fire emergency need to find the safe egress route correctly and in as minimum time as possible. In this regard the parameters of an appropriate way-finding are mentioned in the evacuation related researches albeit scattered. This study reviews the fire safety related literature to extract a way-finding related framework for architectural purposes of the design of a safe evacuation route. In this regard a research trend review in addition with applied methodological approaches review is conducted. Then by analyzing eight original researches related to way-finding parameters in fire evacuation, main parameters that affect way-finding in emergency situation of a fire incident are extracted and a framework was developed based on them. Results show that the issues related to exit route and emergency evacuation can be chased in task oriented studies of way-finding. This research trend aims to access a high-level framework and in the best condition a theory that has an explanatory capability to define differences in way-finding in indoor/outdoor settings, complex/simple buildings and different building types or transitional spaces. The methodological advances demonstrate the evacuation way-finding researches in line with three approaches that the latter one is the most up-to-date and precise method to research this subject: real actors and hypothetical stimuli as in evacuation experiments, hypothetical actors and stimuli as in agent-based simulations and real actors and semi-real stimuli as in virtual reality environment by adding multi-sensory simulation. Findings on data-mining of 8 sample of original researches in way-finding in evacuation indicate that emergency way-finding design of a building should consider two level of space cognition problems in the time of emergency and performance consequences of them in the built environment. So four major classes of problems in way-finding which are visual information deficiency, confusing layout configuration, improper navigating signage and demographic issues had been defined and discussed as the main parameters that should be provided with solutions in design and interior of a building. In the design phase of complex buildings, which face more reported problem in way-finding, it is important to consider the interior components regarding to the building type of occupancy and behavior of its occupants and determine components that tend to become landmarks and set the architectural features of egress route in line with the directions that they navigate people. Research on topological cognition of environmental and its effect on way-finding task in emergency evacuation is proposed for future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20design" title="architectural design">architectural design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egress%20route" title=" egress route"> egress route</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=way-finding" title=" way-finding"> way-finding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety" title=" fire safety"> fire safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84844/ensuring-safety-in-fire-evacuation-by-facilitating-way-finding-in-complex-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84844.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5050</span> Use of Numerical Tools Dedicated to Fire Safety Engineering for the Rolling Stock</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillaume%20Craveur">Guillaume Craveur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study shows the opportunity to use numerical tools dedicated to Fire Safety Engineering for the Rolling Stock. Indeed, some lawful requirements can now be demonstrated by using numerical tools. The first part of this study presents the use of modelling evacuation tool to satisfy the criteria of evacuation time for the rolling stock. The buildingEXODUS software is used to model and simulate the evacuation of rolling stock. Firstly, in order to demonstrate the reliability of this tool to calculate the complete evacuation time, a comparative study was achieved between a real test and simulations done with buildingEXODUS. Multiple simulations are performed to capture the stochastic variations in egress times. Then, a new study is done to calculate the complete evacuation time of a train with the same geometry but with a different interior architecture. The second part of this study shows some applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics. This work presents the approach of a multi scales validation of numerical simulations of standardized tests with Fire Dynamics Simulations software developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This work highlights in first the cone calorimeter test, described in the standard ISO 5660, in order to characterize the fire reaction of materials. The aim of this process is to readjust measurement results from the cone calorimeter test in order to create a data set usable at the seat scale. In the second step, the modelisation concerns the fire seat test described in the standard EN 45545-2. The data set obtained thanks to the validation of the cone calorimeter test was set up in the fire seat test. To conclude with the third step, after controlled the data obtained for the seat from the cone calorimeter test, a larger scale simulation with a real part of train is achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety%20engineering" title="fire safety engineering">fire safety engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20tools" title=" numerical tools"> numerical tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rolling%20stock" title=" rolling stock"> rolling stock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-scales%20validation" title=" multi-scales validation"> multi-scales validation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72044/use-of-numerical-tools-dedicated-to-fire-safety-engineering-for-the-rolling-stock" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5049</span> Simulation Data Summarization Based on Spatial Histograms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Zhao">Jing Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshiharu%20Ishikawa"> Yoshiharu Ishikawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuan%20Xiao"> Chuan Xiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kento%20Sugiura"> Kento Sugiura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to analyze large-scale scientific data, research on data exploration and visualization has gained popularity. In this paper, we focus on the exploration and visualization of scientific simulation data, and define a spatial V-Optimal histogram for data summarization. We propose histogram construction algorithms based on a general binary hierarchical partitioning as well as a more specific one, the l-grid partitioning. For effective data summarization and efficient data visualization in scientific data analysis, we propose an optimal algorithm as well as a heuristic algorithm for histogram construction. To verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods, we conduct experiments on the massive evacuation simulation data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20data" title="simulation data">simulation data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20summarization" title=" data summarization"> data summarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20histograms" title=" spatial histograms"> spatial histograms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exploration" title=" exploration"> exploration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visualization" title=" visualization"> visualization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98571/simulation-data-summarization-based-on-spatial-histograms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98571.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5048</span> A Comparative Analysis of Evacuation Behavior in Case of Cyclone Sidr, Typhoon Yolanda and the Great East Japan Earthquake</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swarnali%20Chakma">Swarnali Chakma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akihiko%20Hokugo"> Akihiko Hokugo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research on three case studies reviewed here explains many aspects and complications of evacuation behavior during an emergency period. The scenario and phenomenon of the disaster were different, but the similarities are that after receiving the warning peoples does not take it seriously. Many individuals evacuated after taking some kind of action, for example; return to home, searching for family members, prepared valuable things etc. Based on a review of the literature, the data identified a number of factors that help explain evacuation behavior during the disaster. In the case of Japan, cultural inhibitors impact people’s behavior; for example, following the traffic rules, some people lost their time to skip because of the slow-moving car makes overcrowded traffic and some of them were washed away by the tsunami. In terms of Bangladeshi culture, women did not want to evacuate without men because staying men and women who do not know each other under the same roof together is not regular practice or comfortable. From these three case studies, it is observed that early warning plays an important role in cyclones, typhoons and earthquakes. A high level of trust from residents in the warning system is important to real evacuation. It is necessary to raise awareness of disaster and provide information on the vulnerability to cyclones, typhoons and earthquakes hazards at community levels. The local level may help decision makers and other stakeholders to make a better decision regarding an effective disaster management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20management" title="disaster management">disaster management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20period" title=" emergency period"> emergency period</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shelter" title=" shelter"> shelter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=typhoon" title=" typhoon"> typhoon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89398/a-comparative-analysis-of-evacuation-behavior-in-case-of-cyclone-sidr-typhoon-yolanda-and-the-great-east-japan-earthquake" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5047</span> Numerical Simulation of the Air Pollutants Dispersion Emitted by CPH Using ANSYS CFX</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oliver%20M%C4%83run%C5%A3%C4%83lu">Oliver Mărunţălu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gheorghe%20L%C4%83z%C4%83roiu"> Gheorghe Lăzăroiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Elisabeta%20Manea"> Elena Elisabeta Manea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dana%20Andreya%20Bondrea"> Dana Andreya Bondrea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%C4%83cr%C4%83mioara%20Diana%20Robescu"> Lăcrămioara Diana Robescu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the results obtained by numerical simulation of the pollutants dispersion in the atmosphere coming from the evacuation of combustion gases resulting from the fuel combustion used by electric thermal power plant using the software ANSYS CFX-CFD. The model uses the Navier-Stokes equation to simulate the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. We considered as important factors in elaboration of simulation the atmospheric conditions (pressure, temperature, wind speed, wind direction), the exhaust velocity of the combustion gases, chimney height and the obstacles (buildings). Using the air quality monitoring stations we have measured the concentrations of main pollutants (SO2, NOx and PM). The pollutants were monitored over a period of 3 months, after that we calculated the average concentration, which is used by the software. The concentrations are: 8.915 μg/m3 (NOx), 9.587 μg/m3 (SO2) and 42 μg/m3 (PM). A comparison of test data with simulation results demonstrated that CFX was able to describe the dispersion of the pollutant as well the concentration of this pollutants in the atmosphere. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20pollutants" title="air pollutants">air pollutants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title=" computational fluid dynamics"> computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion" title=" dispersion"> dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30889/numerical-simulation-of-the-air-pollutants-dispersion-emitted-by-cph-using-ansys-cfx" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5046</span> Behavior Analysis Based on Nine Degrees of Freedom Sensor for Emergency Rescue Evacuation Support System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maeng-Hwan%20Hyun">Maeng-Hwan Hyun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dae-Man%20Do"> Dae-Man Do</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Bok%20Choi"> Young-Bok Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Around the world, there are frequent incidents of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and snowstorms, as well as man made disasters such as fires, arsons, and acts of terror. These diverse and unpredictable adversities have resulted in a number of fatalities and injuries. If disaster occurrence can be assessed quickly and information such as the exact location of the disaster and evacuation routes can be provided, victims can promptly move to safe locations, minimizing losses. This paper proposes a behavior analysis method based on a nine degrees-of-freedom (9-DOF) sensor that is effective for the emergency rescue evacuation support system (ERESS), which is being researched with an objective of providing evacuation support during disasters. Based on experiments performed using the acceleration sensor and the gyroscope sensor in the 9-DOF sensor, data are analyzed for human behavior regarding stationary position, walking, running, and during emergency situation to suggest guidelines for system judgment. Using the results of the experiments performed to determine disaster occurrence, it was confirmed that the proposed method quickly determines whether a disaster has occurred. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior%20analysis" title="behavior analysis">behavior analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nine%20degrees%20of%20freedom%20sensor" title=" nine degrees of freedom sensor"> nine degrees of freedom sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20rescue" title=" emergency rescue"> emergency rescue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster" title=" disaster"> disaster</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4031/behavior-analysis-based-on-nine-degrees-of-freedom-sensor-for-emergency-rescue-evacuation-support-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5045</span> Passenger Movement Pattern during Ship Evacuation Considering the Combined Effect of Ship Heeling and Trim</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinlu%20Sun">Jinlu Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shouxiang%20Lu"> Shouxiang Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siuming%20Lo"> Siuming Lo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Large passenger ship, especially luxury cruise, is one of the most prevalent means of marine transportation and tourism nowadays. In case of an accident, an effective evacuation would be the ultimate way to minimize the consequence. Ship heeling and trim has a considerable influence on passenger walking speed and posture during ship evacuation. To investigate passenger movement pattern under the combined effect of ship heeling and trim, a ship corridor simulator was developed. Both fast and freely individual walking experiments by male and female experimental subjects under heeling and trim conditions were conducted and recorded therein. It is found that routes of experimental subjects would change due to the heeling and trim angles, although they always walk along the right side because of cultural factors. Experimental subjects would also change their posture to adapt the combined heeling and trim conditions, such as leaning forward, adopting larger arm swaying, shorter and more frequent steps. While for individual walking speed, the speed would decrease with the increasing heeling and trim angles. But the maximum individual walking speed is achieved at heeling angle of 0° with trim angle ranging from -15° to -5 °, instead of on level ground, which may be attributable to the effect of the gravitational acceleration. Female is approximately 10% slower than male due to the discrepancy in physical quality. Besides, individual walking speed shows similar trends in both fast and freely walking modes, and the speed value in freely walking mode is about 78% of that in fast walking mode under each experimental condition. Furthermore, to designate the movement pattern of passengers in heeling and trim conditions, a model of the walking speed reduction was proposed. This work would provide guidance on the development of evacuation models and the design of evacuation facilities on board. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title="evacuation">evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heeling" title=" heeling"> heeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=individual%20walking%20speed" title=" individual walking speed"> individual walking speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ship%20corridor%20simulator" title=" ship corridor simulator"> ship corridor simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trim" title=" trim"> trim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74724/passenger-movement-pattern-during-ship-evacuation-considering-the-combined-effect-of-ship-heeling-and-trim" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74724.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5044</span> Recognising and Managing Haematoma Following Thyroid Surgery: Simulation Teaching is Effective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emily%20Moore">Emily Moore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dora%20Amos"> Dora Amos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tracy%20Ellimah"> Tracy Ellimah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natasha%20Parrott"> Natasha Parrott</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Postoperative haematoma is a well-recognised complication of thyroid surgery with an incidence of 1-5%. Haematoma formation causes progressive airway obstruction, necessitating emergency bedside haematoma evacuation in up to ¼ of patients. ENT UK, BAETS and DAS have developed consensus guidelines to improve perioperative care, recommending that all healthcare staff interacting with patients undergoing thyroid surgery should be trained in managing post-thyroidectomy haematoma. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of a hybrid simulation model in improving clinician’s confidence in dealing with this surgical emergency. A hybrid simulation was designed, consisting of a standardised patient wearing a part-task trainer to mimic a post-thyroidectomy haematoma in a real patient. The part-task trainer was an adapted C-spine collar with layers of silicone representing the skin and strap muscles and thickened jelly representing the haematoma. Both the skin and strap muscle layers had to be opened in order to evacuate the haematoma. Boxes have been implemented into the appropriate post operative areas (recovery and surgical wards), which contain a printed algorithm designed to assist in remembering a sequence of steps for haematoma evacuation using the ‘SCOOP’ method (skin exposure, cut sutures, open skin, open muscles, pack wound) along with all the necessary equipment to open the front of the neck. Small-group teaching sessions were delivered by ENT and anaesthetic trainees to members of the multidisciplinary team normally involved in perioperative patient care, which included ENT surgeons, anaesthetists, recovery nurses, HCAs and ODPs. The DESATS acronym of signs and symptoms to recognise (difficulty swallowing, EWS score, swelling, anxiety, tachycardia, stridor) was highlighted. Then participants took part in the hybrid simulation in order to practice this ‘SCOOP’ method of haematoma evacuation. Participants were surveyed using a Likert scale to assess their level of confidence pre- and post teaching session. 30 clinicians took part. Confidence (agreed/strongly agreed) in recognition of post thyroidectomy haematoma improved from 58.6% to 96.5%. Confidence in management improved from 27.5% to 89.7%. All participants successfully decompressed the haematoma. All participants agreed/strongly agreed, that the sessions were useful for their learning. Multidisciplinary team simulation teaching is effective at significantly improving confidence in both the recognition and management of postoperative haematoma. Hybrid simulation sessions are useful and should be incorporated into training for clinicians. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thyroid%20surgery" title="thyroid surgery">thyroid surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haematoma" title=" haematoma"> haematoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching" title=" teaching"> teaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20simulation" title=" hybrid simulation"> hybrid simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157077/recognising-and-managing-haematoma-following-thyroid-surgery-simulation-teaching-is-effective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157077.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5043</span> Logistical Optimization of Nuclear Waste Flows during Decommissioning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Dottavio">G. Dottavio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20F.%20Andrade"> M. F. Andrade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Renard"> F. Renard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Cheutet"> V. Cheutet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.-L.%20Ladier"> A.-L. Ladier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Vercraene"> S. Vercraene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Hoang"> P. Hoang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Briet"> S. Briet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Dachicourt"> R. Dachicourt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Baizet"> Y. Baizet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An important number of technological equipment and high-skilled workers over long periods of time have to be mobilized during nuclear decommissioning processes. The related operations generate complex flows of waste and high inventory levels, associated to information flows of heterogeneous types. Taking into account that more than 10 decommissioning operations are on-going in France and about 50 are expected toward 2025: A big challenge is addressed today. The management of decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear installations represents an important part of the nuclear-based energy lifecycle, since it has an environmental impact as well as an important influence on the electricity cost and therefore the price for end-users. Bringing new technologies and new solutions into decommissioning methodologies is thus mandatory to improve the quality, cost and delay efficiency of these operations. The purpose of our project is to improve decommissioning management efficiency by developing a decision-support framework dedicated to plan nuclear facility decommissioning operations and to optimize waste evacuation by means of a logistic approach. The target is to create an easy-to-handle tool capable of i) predicting waste flows and proposing the best decommissioning logistics scenario and ii) managing information during all the steps of the process and following the progress: planning, resources, delays, authorizations, saturation zones, waste volume, etc. In this article we present our results from waste nuclear flows simulation during decommissioning process, including discrete-event simulation supported by FLEXSIM 3-D software. This approach was successfully tested and our works confirms its ability to improve this type of industrial process by identifying the critical points of the chain and optimizing it by identifying improvement actions. This type of simulation, executed before the start of the process operations on the basis of a first conception, allow ‘what-if’ process evaluation and help to ensure quality of the process in an uncertain context. The simulation of nuclear waste flows before evacuation from the site will help reducing the cost and duration of the decommissioning process by optimizing the planning and the use of resources, transitional storage and expensive radioactive waste containers. Additional benefits are expected for the governance system of the waste evacuation since it will enable a shared responsibility of the waste flows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20decommissioning" title="nuclear decommissioning">nuclear decommissioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistical%20optimization" title=" logistical optimization"> logistical optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision-support%20framework" title=" decision-support framework"> decision-support framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51625/logistical-optimization-of-nuclear-waste-flows-during-decommissioning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51625.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5042</span> Fire and Explosion Consequence Modeling Using Fire Dynamic Simulator: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iftekhar%20%20Hassan">Iftekhar Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sayedil%20Morsalin"> Sayedil Morsalin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Easir%20A%20Khan"> Easir A Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Accidents involving fire occur frequently in recent times and their causes showing a great deal of variety which require intervention methods and risk assessment strategies are unique in each case. On September 4, 2020, a fire and explosion occurred in a confined space caused by a methane gas leak from an underground pipeline in Baitus Salat Jame mosque during Night (Esha) prayer in Narayanganj District, Bangladesh that killed 34 people. In this research, this incident is simulated using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software to analyze and understand the nature of the accident and associated consequences. FDS is an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) system of fire-driven fluid flow which solves numerically a large eddy simulation form of the Navier–Stokes’s equations for simulation of the fire and smoke spread and prediction of thermal radiation, toxic substances concentrations and other relevant parameters of fire. This study focuses on understanding the nature of the fire and consequence evaluation due to thermal radiation caused by vapor cloud explosion. An evacuation modeling was constructed to visualize the effect of evacuation time and fractional effective dose (FED) for different types of agents. The results were presented by 3D animation, sliced pictures and graphical representation to understand fire hazards caused by thermal radiation or smoke due to vapor cloud explosion. This study will help to design and develop appropriate respond strategy for preventing similar accidents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consequence%20modeling" title="consequence modeling">consequence modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20and%20explosion" title=" fire and explosion"> fire and explosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20dynamics%20simulation%20%28FDS%29" title=" fire dynamics simulation (FDS)"> fire dynamics simulation (FDS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20radiation" title=" thermal radiation "> thermal radiation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136628/fire-and-explosion-consequence-modeling-using-fire-dynamic-simulator-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5041</span> Risk and Coping: Understanding Community Responses to Calls for Disaster Evacuation in Central Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soledad%20Natalia%20M.%20Dalisay">Soledad Natalia M. Dalisay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mylene%20De%20Guzman"> Mylene De Guzman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In archipelagic countries like the Philippines, many communities thrive along coastal areas. The sea is the community members’ main source of livelihood and the site of many cultural activities. For these communities, the sea is their life and livelihood. Nevertheless, the sea also poses a hazard during the rainy season when typhoons frequent their communities. Coastal communities often encounter threats from storm surges and flooding that are common when there are typhoons. During such periods, disaster evacuation programs are implemented. However, in many instances, evacuation has been the bane of local government officials implementing such programs in their communities as resistance from community members is often encountered. Such resistance is often viewed by program implementers as due to the fact that people were hard headed and ignorant of the potential impacts of living in hazard prone areas. This paper argues that it is not for these reasons that people refused to evacuate. Drawing from data collected from fieldwork done in three sites in Central Philippines affected by super typhoon Haiyan, this study aimed to provide a contextualized understanding of peoples’ refusal to heed disaster evacuation warnings. This study utilized the multi-sited ethnography approach with in-depth episodic interviews, focus group discussions, participatory risk mapping and key informant interviews in gathering data on peoples’ experiences and insights specifically on evacuation during typhoon Haiyan. This study showed that people have priorities and considerations vital in their social lives that they are protecting in their refusal to leave their homes for pre-emptive evacuation. It is not that they are not aware of the risks when the face the hazard. It is more that they had faith in the local knowledge and strategies that they have developed since the time of their ancestors as a result of living and engaging with hazards in their areas for as long as they could remember. The study also revealed that risk in encounters with hazards was gendered. Furthermore, previous engagement with local government officials and the manner in which the pre-emptive evacuation programs were implemented had cast doubt on the value of such programs in saving their lives. Life in the designated evacuation areas can be as dangerous if not more compared with living in their coastal homes. There seems to be the impression that in the evacuation program of the government, people were being moved from hazard zones to death zones. Thus, this paper ends with several recommendations that may contribute to building more responsive evacuation programs that aim to build people’s resilience while taking into consideration the local moral world in communities in identified hazard zones. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coastal%20communities" title="coastal communities">coastal communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20evacuation" title=" disaster evacuation"> disaster evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20risk%20perception" title=" disaster risk perception"> disaster risk perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20and%20cultural%20responses%20to%20hazards" title=" social and cultural responses to hazards"> social and cultural responses to hazards</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37904/risk-and-coping-understanding-community-responses-to-calls-for-disaster-evacuation-in-central-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5040</span> Collective Behavior of Mice Passing through a Middle-Exit or Corner-Exit under Panic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teng%20Zhang">Teng Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuelin%20Zhang"> Xuelin Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shouxiang%20Lu"> Shouxiang Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changhai%20Li"> Changhai Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The existence of animal groups and collective migration are common in nature, and collective behavior is attracting more and more attention of researchers. Previous results have shown that architectural design had an important effect on the process of crowd evacuation. In this paper, collective behavior of mice passing through a middle-exit or corner-exit under panic was investigated. Selfish behavior and herd behavior were easily observed in our video, which caused the congregation with high density near the exit. Triangle structure of congregation formed near the middle-exit while arch structure formed near the corner-exit. It is noteworthy that the exit located at the middle of the wall was more effective for evacuation than at the corner. Meanwhile, the escape sequence of mouse passing through the exit was investigated, and the result showed that the priority depends largely on its location in the congregation. With the level of stimulus increasing, these phenomena still exist. The frequency distributions of time intervals and the burst sizes were also analyzed in this study to explore the secret of collective behavior of mice. These results could provide evidence for the hypothesis or prediction about human behavior in crowd evacuation. However, it is not clear whether the simulated results from different species can correspond to reality or not. Broader comparison among different species about this topic will be eager to be conducted to deepen our understanding of collective behavior in nature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collective%20behavior" title="collective behavior">collective behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mice" title=" mice"> mice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exit%20location" title=" exit location"> exit location</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74873/collective-behavior-of-mice-passing-through-a-middle-exit-or-corner-exit-under-panic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74873.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5039</span> Downward Vertical Evacuation for Disabilities People from Tsunami Using Escape Bunker Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Febrian%20Tegar%20Wicaksana">Febrian Tegar Wicaksana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niqmatul%20Kurniati"> Niqmatul Kurniati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surya%20Nandika"> Surya Nandika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia is one of the countries that have great number of disaster occurrence and threat because it is located in not only between three tectonic plates such as Eurasia plates, Indo-Australia plates and Pacific plates, but also in the Ring of Fire path, like earthquake, Tsunami, volcanic eruption and many more. Recently, research shows that there are potential areas that will be devastated by Tsunami in southern coast of Java. Tsunami is a series of waves in a body of water caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean. When the waves enter shallow water, they may rise to several feet or, in rare cases, tens of feet, striking the coast with devastating force. The parameter for reference such as magnitude, the depth of epicentre, distance between epicentres with land, the depth of every points, when reached the shore and the growth of waves. Interaction between parameters will bring the big variance of Tsunami wave. Based on that, we can formulate preparation that needed for disaster mitigation strategies. The mitigation strategies will take the important role in an effort to reduce the number of victims and damage in the area. It will reduce the number of victim and casualties. Reducing is directed to the most difficult mobilization casualties in the tsunami disaster area like old people, sick people and disabilities people. Until now, the method that used for rescuing people from Tsunami is basic horizontal evacuation. This evacuation system is not optimal because it needs so long time and it cannot be used by people with disabilities. The writers propose to create a vertical evacuation model with an escape bunker system. This bunker system is chosen because the downward vertical evacuation is considered more efficient and faster. Especially in coastal areas without any highlands surround it. The downward evacuation system is better than upward evacuation because it can avoid the risk of erosion at the ground around the structure which can affect the building. The structure of the bunker and the evacuation process while, and even after, disaster are the main priority to be considered. The power of bunker has quake’s resistance, the durability from water stream, variety of interaction to the ground, and waterproof design. When the situation is back to normal, victim and casualties can go into the safer place. The bunker will be located near the hospital and public places, and will have wide entrance supported by large slide in it so it will ease the disabilities people. The technology of the escape bunker system is expected to reduce the number of victims who have low mobility in the Tsunami. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=escape%20bunker" title="escape bunker">escape bunker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tsunami" title=" tsunami"> tsunami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20evacuation" title=" vertical evacuation"> vertical evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitigation" title=" mitigation"> mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20management" title=" disaster management"> disaster management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29356/downward-vertical-evacuation-for-disabilities-people-from-tsunami-using-escape-bunker-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5038</span> Regional Analysis of Freight Movement by Vehicle Classification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katerina%20Koliou">Katerina Koliou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scott%20Parr"> Scott Parr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evangelos%20Kaisar"> Evangelos Kaisar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The surface transportation of freight is particularly vulnerable to storm and hurricane disasters, while at the same time, it is the primary transportation mode for delivering medical supplies, fuel, water, and other essential goods. To better plan for commercial vehicles during an evacuation, it is necessary to understand how these vehicles travel during an evacuation and determine if this travel is different from the general public. The research investigation used Florida's statewide continuous-count station traffic volumes, where then compared between years, to identify locations where traffic was moving differently during the evacuation. The data was then used to identify days on which traffic was significantly different between years. While the literature on auto-based evacuations is extensive, the consideration of freight travel is lacking. To better plan for commercial vehicles during an evacuation, it is necessary to understand how these vehicles travel during an evacuation and determine if this travel is different from the general public. The goal of this research was to investigate the movement of vehicles by classification, with an emphasis on freight during two major evacuation events: hurricanes Irma (2017) and Michael (2018). The methodology of the research was divided into three phases: data collection and management, spatial analysis, and temporal comparisons. Data collection and management obtained continuous-co station data from the state of Florida for both 2017 and 2018 by vehicle classification. The data was then processed into a manageable format. The second phase used geographic information systems (GIS) to display where and when traffic varied across the state. The third and final phase was a quantitative investigation into which vehicle classifications were statistically different and on which dates statewide. This phase used a two-sample, two-tailed t-test to compare sensor volume by classification on similar days between years. Overall, increases in freight movement between years prevented a more precise paired analysis. This research sought to identify where and when different classes of vehicles were traveling leading up to hurricane landfall and post-storm reentry. Of the more significant findings, the research results showed that commercial-use vehicles may have underutilized rest areas during the evacuation, or perhaps these rest areas were closed. This may suggest that truckers are driving longer distances and possibly longer hours before hurricanes. Another significant finding of this research was that changes in traffic patterns for commercial-use vehicles occurred earlier and lasted longer than changes for personal-use vehicles. This finding suggests that commercial vehicles are perhaps evacuating in a fashion different from personal use vehicles. This paper may serve as the foundation for future research into commercial travel during evacuations and explore additional factors that may influence freight movements during evacuations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title="evacuation">evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freight" title=" freight"> freight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20time" title=" travel time"> travel time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177546/regional-analysis-of-freight-movement-by-vehicle-classification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177546.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5037</span> Investigation of Arson Fire Incident in Textile Garment Building Using Fire Dynamic Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsin%20Ali%20Shaikh">Mohsin Ali Shaikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Song%20Weiguo"> Song Weiguo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Kashan%20Surahio"> Muhammad Kashan Surahio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20Shahid"> Usman Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rehmat%20Karim"> Rehmat Karim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated a catastrophic arson fire incident that occurred at a textile garment building in Karachi, Pakistan. Unfortunately, a catastrophic event led to the loss of 262 lives and caused 55 severe injuries. The primary objective is to analyze the aspects of the fire incident and understand the causes of arson fire disasters. The study utilized Fire Dynamic Simulation (F.D.S) was employed to simulate fire propagation, visibility, harmful gas concentration, fire temperature, and numerical results. The analysis report has determined the specific circumstances that created the unpleasant incident in the present study. The significance of the current findings lies in their potential to prevent arson fires, improve fire safety measures, and the development of safety plans in building design. The fire dynamic simulation findings can serve as a theoretical basis for the investigation of arson fires and evacuation planning in textile garment buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investigation" title="investigation">investigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20arson%20incident" title=" fire arson incident"> fire arson incident</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textile%20garment" title=" textile garment"> textile garment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20dynamic%20simulation%20%28FDS%29" title=" fire dynamic simulation (FDS)"> fire dynamic simulation (FDS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175170/investigation-of-arson-fire-incident-in-textile-garment-building-using-fire-dynamic-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=168">168</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=169">169</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>