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height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be.svg" width="117" height="12" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" aria-label="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Адмысловае:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be" class=""><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Асноўныя_звесткі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Асноўныя_звесткі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Асноўныя звесткі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Асноўныя_звесткі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Назва" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Назва"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Назва</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Назва-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Азначэнні" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Азначэнні"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Азначэнні</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Азначэнні-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гісторыя" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гісторыя"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Гісторыя</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гісторыя-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Раздзелы_матэматыкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Раздзелы_матэматыкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Раздзелы матэматыкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Раздзелы_матэматыкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Філасофія_матэматыкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Філасофія_матэматыкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Філасофія матэматыкі</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Філасофія_матэматыкі-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Філасофія матэматыкі</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Філасофія_матэматыкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Мэты_і_метады" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Мэты_і_метады"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Мэты і метады</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Мэты_і_метады-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Падставы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Падставы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Падставы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Падставы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Тэарэтыка-множны_падыход" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тэарэтыка-множны_падыход"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Тэарэтыка-множны падыход</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Тэарэтыка-множны_падыход-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лагіцызм" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лагіцызм"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Лагіцызм</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лагіцызм-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Фармалізм" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Фармалізм"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Фармалізм</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Фармалізм-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Інтуіцыянізм" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Інтуіцыянізм"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Інтуіцыянізм</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Інтуіцыянізм-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Канструктыўная_матэматыка" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Канструктыўная_матэматыка"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Канструктыўная матэматыка</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Канструктыўная_матэматыка-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Асноўныя_тэмы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Асноўныя_тэмы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Асноўныя тэмы</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Асноўныя_тэмы-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Асноўныя тэмы</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Асноўныя_тэмы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Лік_(колькасць)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лік_(колькасць)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Лік (колькасць)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лік_(колькасць)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ператварэнні" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ператварэнні"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ператварэнні</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ператварэнні-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Структуры" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Структуры"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Структуры</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Структуры-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Прасторавыя_адносіны" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Прасторавыя_адносіны"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Прасторавыя адносіны</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Прасторавыя_адносіны-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дыскрэтная_матэматыка" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дыскрэтная_матэматыка"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Дыскрэтная матэматыка</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дыскрэтная_матэматыка-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Анлайнавыя_сэрвісы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Анлайнавыя_сэрвісы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Анлайнавыя сэрвісы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Анлайнавыя_сэрвісы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Праграмнае_забеспячэнне" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Праграмнае_забеспячэнне"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Праграмнае забеспячэнне</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Праграмнае_забеспячэнне-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гл._таксама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гл._таксама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Гл. таксама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гл._таксама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Зноскі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Зноскі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Зноскі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Зноскі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Матэматыка</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 254 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">254 мовы</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – афрыкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="афрыкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – швейцарская нямецкая" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарская нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5" title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ – амхарская" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas – арагонская" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABmcr%C3%A6ft" title="Rīmcræft – стараанглійская" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīmcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="стараанглійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – ангіка" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангіка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لماط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لماط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – асамская" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tiques" title="Matemátiques – астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matemátiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solokseropa" title="Solokseropa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Solokseropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – авадхі" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авадхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakhu" title="Jakhu – аймара" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakhu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyyat" title="Riyaziyyat – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riyaziyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – башкірская" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C4%97ka" title="Matematėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Matematėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikis" title="Matematikis – біслама" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Matematikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="біслама" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamatika" title="Matamatika – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Matamatika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiki" title="Matematiki – бамбара" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Matematiki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="бамбара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="རྩིས་རིག – тыбецкая" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩིས་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тыбецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – брэтонская" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="брэтонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – баснійская" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="баснійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ – бугіс" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="бугіс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тоогой ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тоогой ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tiques" title="Matemàtiques – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matemàtiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3-h%C5%8Fk" title="Só-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Só-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – чачэнская" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чачэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – себуана" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – чамора" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="чамора" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ماتماتیک – цэнтральнакурдская" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماتماتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="цэнтральнакурдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – карсіканская" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="карсіканская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyat" title="Riyaziyat – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Riyaziyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маѳиматїка – царкоўнаславянская" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Маѳиматїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="царкоўнаславянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathemateg" title="Mathemateg – валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mathemateg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="якасны артыкул"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laasabu_malibu" title="Laasabu malibu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laasabu malibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku%C3%ABnk%C3%A4%C5%8B" title="Akuënkäŋ – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Akuënkäŋ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – ніжнялужыцкая" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="ніжнялужыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%9F%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު – мальдыўская" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="мальдыўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Μαθηματικά – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαθηματικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A2tica" title="Matemâtica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Matemâtica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemaatika" title="Matemaatika – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Matemaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiikka" title="Matematiikka – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matematiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%B5maatiga" title="Matõmaatiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Matõmaatiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fika" title="Fika – фіджыйская" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Fika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фіджыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8ddfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Støddfrøði – фарэрская" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Støddfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарэрская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mathématiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8matiques" title="Matèmatiques – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Matèmatiques" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiik" title="Matematiik – паўночнафрызская" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Matematiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="паўночнафрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiche" title="Matematiche – фрыульская" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Matematiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фрыульская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – заходняя фрызская" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="заходняя фрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamaitic" title="Matamaitic – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Matamaitic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matik" title="Matématik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Matématik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamataig" title="Matamataig – шатландская гэльская" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Matamataig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шатландская гэльская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papapykuaa" title="Papapykuaa – гуарані" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papapykuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарані" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಣಿತ್ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ಗಣಿತ್" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – гарантала" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="гарантала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4" title="ગણિત – гуджараці" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગણિત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджараці" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddaght" title="Maddaght – мэнская" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Maddaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissafi" title="Lissafi – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lissafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Su-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Su-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makemakika" title="Makemakika – гавайская" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makemakika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="гавайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מתמטיקה – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתמטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – гаіцянская крэольская" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаіцянская крэольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մաթեմատիկա – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաթեմատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica – інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – ібан" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ібан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – інтэрлінгвэ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгвэ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%C3%BAm%C3%BA-%C3%B3n%C3%BA%E1%BB%8Dg%E1%BB%A5g%E1%BB%A5" title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ – ігба" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ігба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – ілакана" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ілакана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – інгушская" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="інгушская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko – іда" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="іда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stærðfræði – ісландская" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stærðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matimatix" title="Matimatix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Matimatix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cmaci" title="cmaci – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cmaci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matika" title="Matématika – яванская" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Matématika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა – грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt – кабільская" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikki" title="Matematikki – грэнландская" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Matematikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="грэнландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គណិតវិទ្យា – кхмерская" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណិតវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ – канада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="канада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="수학 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – карачай-балкарская" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачай-балкарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A0%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛؠندُت – кашмірская" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛؠندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C3%AEk" title="Matematîk – курдская" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Matematîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awgrym" title="Awgrym – корнская" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Awgrym" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – ладына" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладына" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – люксембургская" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – лезгінская" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekibalangulo" title="Ekibalangulo – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekibalangulo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematiek" title="Mathematiek – лімбургская" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mathematiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лімбургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematega" title="Matematega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Matematega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຄະນິດສາດ – лаоская" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄະນິດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C4%81tika" title="Matemātika – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matemātika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – мадурская" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадурская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – майтхілі" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – малагасійская" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Математике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Математике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – мінангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="мінангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഗണിതം – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – мангольская" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="мангольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ – мейтэй" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="мейтэй" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သၚ်္ချာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သၚ်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – маратхі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – мальтыйская" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальтыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática – мірандыйская" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мірандыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ – бірманская" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бірманская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – эрзянская" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="эрзянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85" title="رقم – мазандэранская" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رقم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандэранская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C5%8Dhualmatiliztli" title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – ніжненямецкая" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ніжненямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – ніжнесаксонская" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="ніжнесаксонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – непальская" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याःज्या – неўары" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्याःज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неўары" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – ніас" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="ніас" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltchul" title="Caltchul – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Caltchul" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82hii%CA%BCn%C3%ADn%C3%A1%CA%BCiidz%C3%B3%C3%B3h" title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh – наваха" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="наваха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas – аксітанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiekku" title="Matematiekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Matematiekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrega" title="Herrega – арома" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Herrega" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="арома" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4" title="ଗଣିତ – орыя" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗଣିତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="орыя" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Математикæ – асецінская" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Математикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="асецінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਣਿਤ – панджабі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਣਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiks" title="Matematiks – пангасінан" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Matematiks" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="пангасінан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – пап’яменту" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="пап’яменту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matikes" title="Matématikes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Matématikes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82" title="गणितं – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="गणितं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maethamatiks" title="Maethamatiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Maethamatiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematyka" title="Matematyka – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matematyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="شمېرپوهنه – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمېرپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupay_yachay" title="Yupay yachay – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yupay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matematică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematic%C3%A2" title="Mathematicâ – арумунская" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mathematicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумунская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Математіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गणितम् – санскрыт" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गणितम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – якуцкая" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="якуцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ – санталі" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="санталі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica – сардзінская" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардзінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matim%C3%A0tica" title="Matimàtica – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Matimàtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – шатландская" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шатландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="رياضي – сіндхі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياضي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="сіндхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt – ташэльхіт" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташэльхіт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ගණිතය – сінгальская" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගණිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сінгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – самоа" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="самоа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masvomhu" title="Masvomhu – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Masvomhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiromaal" title="Tiromaal – самалі" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tiromaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="самалі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – албанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_Teri" title="Sabi fu Teri – сранан-тонга" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu Teri" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="сранан-тонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekubala" title="Tekubala – суаці" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tekubala" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="суаці" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – сунда" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisabati" title="Hisabati – суахілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hisabati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matymatyka" title="Matymatyka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Matymatyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கணிதம் – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%B3" title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="గణితం – тэлугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గణితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – тэтум" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="тэтум" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Риёзиёт – таджыкская" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Риёзиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджыкская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คณิตศาสตร์ – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณิตศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – туркменская" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркменская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijozijot" title="Rijozijot – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rijozijot" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipalo" title="Dipalo – тсвана" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Dipalo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="тсвана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_matematik" title="Ol matematik – ток-пісін" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol matematik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток-пісін" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo – тсонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="тсонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – удмурцкая" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмурцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tega" title="Matemàtega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Matemàtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A1n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Toán học – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toán học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat" title="Matemat – валапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Matemat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="валапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike – валонская" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayma" title="Xayma – валоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xayma" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="валоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – калмыцкая" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="калмыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mathematics" title="I-Mathematics – коса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Mathematics" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="коса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מאטעמאטיק – ідыш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטעמאטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ідыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathim%C3%A1t%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Mathimátíkì – ёруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mathimátíkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ёруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqyoz" title="Soqyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Soqyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ – стандартная мараканская тамазіхт" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="стандартная мараканская тамазіхт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2%CD%98-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sò͘-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sò͘-ha̍k" 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энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><p><b>Матэма́тыка</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">μᾰθημᾰτικά</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> < <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">μάθημα</span> — вывучэнне, навука) — <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Дакладныя навукі">дакладная</a> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Формальные науки"><span title="Формальные науки — версія артыкула «Фармальныя навукі» на рускай мове">фармальная</span></a><span class="noprint" style="font-style:normal; font-weight:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span style="display:inline-block; font-size:80%; position:relative;"><span style="font-size:117.6%; margin-left:-0.23em; position:relative; top:0.28em;"> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="рускай мовай">(руск.)</span></span><span class="link-be metadata" style="margin-left:-0.43em; position:absolute; left:0; z-index:1; margin-top:-0.35em;"><span style="visibility:hidden; margin-right:0.099em;"> (</span><span data-interwiki-lang="ru" data-interwiki-article="Формальные науки"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фармальныя навукі (няма такой старонкі)">бел.</a></span></span></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навука">навука</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, якая першапачаткова вывучала колькасныя адносіны і прасторавыя формы рэчаіснага свету<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Традыцыйна матэматыка лічыцца асаблівай у сваім родзе навукай. </p><p>Пачаткі матэматыкі з’явіліся ў глыбокай старажытнасці. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Асноўныя_звесткі"><span id=".D0.90.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.9E.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Асноўныя звесткі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Асноўныя звесткі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Асноўныя звесткі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ідэалізаваныя ўласцівасці доследных аб’ектаў альбо фармулююцца ў выглядзе <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аксіёма">аксіём</a>, альбо пералічваюцца ў азначэнні адпаведных матэматычных аб’ектаў. Затым па строгіх правілах лагічнага вываду з гэтых уласцівасцей выводзяцца іншыя праўдзівыя ўласцівасці (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тэарэма">тэарэмы</a>). Гэтая <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тэорыя">тэорыя</a> ў сукупнасці ўтварае <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычная мадэль (няма такой старонкі)">матэматычную мадэль</a> доследнага аб’екта. Такім чынам, першапачаткова, зыходзячы з прасторавых і колькасных суадносін, матэматыка атрымлівае больш абстрактныя суадносіны, вывучэнне якіх таксама з’яўляецца прадметам сучаснай матэматыкі<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Традыцыйна матэматыка дзеліцца на тэарэтычную, якая выконвае паглыблены аналіз унутрыматэматычных структур, і прыкладную, якая прадстаўляе свае мадэлі іншым навукам і інжынерным дысцыплінам, прычым некаторыя з іх займаюць пагранічнае з матэматыкай становішча. У прыватнасці, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фармальная логіка">фармальная логіка</a> можа разглядацца і як частка <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філасофія">філасофскіх навук</a>, і як частка матэматычных навук; <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механіка">механіка</a> — і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка">фізіка</a>, і матэматыка; <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Інфарматыка">інфарматыка</a>, камп’ютарныя тэхналогіі і алгарытміка адносяцца як да <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Інжынерная справа">інжынерыі</a>, так і да матэматычных навук і г. д. У літаратуры было прапанавана шмат розных азначэнняў матэматыкі. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Назва"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Назва</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Назва" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Назва"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Слова «матэматыка» пайшло ад <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">μάθημα</span>, што азначае <i>вывучэнне</i>, <i>веды</i>, <i>навука</i>, і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">μαθηματικός</span>, якое першапачаткова азначала <i>ўспрыімлівы, паспяваючы</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, пазней <i>звязаны з вывучэннем</i>, пасля <i>звязаны з матэматыкай</i>. Між іншым, <span lang="grc" class="polytonic" style="font-family: 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Greek', Athena, 'EB Garamond 12', 'Foulis Greek', Cardo, 'Gentium Plus', Gentium, Garamond, 'Palatino Linotype', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', FreeSerif, FreeSans, 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', Code2000, sans-serif;">μαθηματικὴ τέχνη</span>, на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лацінская мова">латыні</a> <i>ars mathematica</i>, азначае <i>мастацтва матэматыкі</i>. Тэрмін <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова">стар.-грэч.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;" lang="grc">μᾰθημᾰτικά</span> у сучасным значэнні «матэматыка» сустракаецца ўжо ў працах <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арыстоцель">Арыстоцеля</a> (IV ст. да н. э.). </p><p>У <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Беларуская мова">беларускую мову</a> слова прыйшло праз лацінскую (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лацінская мова">лац.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="la">mathematica</span>) і старапольскую (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Польская мова">польск.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="pl">matematyka</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. У помніках на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старабеларуская мова">старабеларускай мове</a> слова «математикъ», ці «математыкъ» сустракаецца ўжо ў канцы XVI — першай палавіне XVII ст.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Падобным шляхам слова «матэматыка» трапіла і ў <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Руская мова">рускую мову</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. У тэкстах на рускай мове слова «математика», ці «маѳематика» сустракаецца прынамсі з XVII стагоддзя, напрыклад, у <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мікалай Гаўрылавіч Спафарый (няма такой старонкі)">Мікалая Спафарыя</a> ў «Книге избранной вкратце о девяти мусах и о седмих свободных художествах» (1672 год)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Азначэнні"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.87.D1.8D.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.96"></span>Азначэнні</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: Азначэнні" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Азначэнні"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Адно з першых азначэнняў прадмета матэматыкі даў <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рэнэ Дэкарт">Дэкарт</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <blockquote style="float:none; padding: 3px 15px 3px 15px; border:thin solid #e0e0e0;"> <div> <p>К вобласці матэматыкі адносяцца толькі тыя навукі, у якіх разглядаецца альбо парадак, альбо мера, і зусім не істотна, ці будуць гэта лікі, фігуры, зоркі, гукі ці нешта іншае, у чым адшукваецца гэтая мера. Такім чынам, павінна існаваць нейкая агульная навука, якая тлумачыць усё што адносіцца да парадку і меры, не ўваходзячы ў даследаванне ніякіх асобных прадметаў, і гэтая навука павінна называцца не замежным, але старым, ужывальным імем Усеагульнай матэматыкі. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>У савецкі час класічным лічылася азначэнне з <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вялікая савецкая энцыклапедыя">ВСЭ</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, дадзенае <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Андрэй Мікалаевіч Калмагораў">А. М. Калмагоравым</a>: </p> <blockquote style="float:none; padding: 3px 15px 3px 15px; border:thin solid #e0e0e0;"> <div> <p>Матэматыка… навука аб колькасных адносінах і прасторавых формах сапраўднага свету. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Гэта азначэнне <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Фрыдрых Энгельс">Энгельса</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; праўда, далей Калмагораў тлумачыць, што ўсе выкарыстаныя тэрміны трэба разумець у самым шырокім і абстрактным сэнсе. </p><p>Фармулёўка <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Нікаля Бурбакі">Бурбакі</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <blockquote style="float:none; padding: 3px 15px 3px 15px; border:thin solid #e0e0e0;"> <div> <p>Сутнасць матэматыкі… ўяўляецца цяпер як вучэнне аб адносінах паміж аб'ектамі, аб якіх нічога не вядома, акрамя якія апісваюць іх некаторых уласцівасцей, — іменна тых, якія ў якасці аксіём пакладзены ў падмурак тэорыі… Матэматыка ёсць набор абстрактных форм — матэматычных структур. </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Герман Вейль">Герман Вейль</a> песімістычна ацаніў магчымасць даць агульнапрынятае азначэнне прадмета матэматыкі: </p> <blockquote style="float:none; padding: 3px 15px 3px 15px; border:thin solid #e0e0e0;"> <div> <p>Пытанне аб асновах матэматыкі і аб тым, што ўяўляе сабой у канчатковым выніку матэматыка, застаецца адкрытым. Мы не ведаем нейкага напрамку, які дазволіць, у рэшце рэшт, знайсці канчатковы адказ на гэтае пытанне, і ці можна наогул чакаць, што падобны «канчатковы» адказ будзе калі-небудзь атрыманы і прызнаны ўсімі матэматыкамі. </p><p>«Матэматызаванне» можа застацца адным з праяўленняў творчай дзейнасці чалавека, падобна музіцыраванню або літаратурнай творчасці, яркім і самабытным, але прагназаванне яго гістарычнага лёсу не паддаецца рацыяналізацыі і не можа быць аб'ектыўным<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гісторыя"><span id=".D0.93.D1.96.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.8F"></span>Гісторыя</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Гісторыя" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гісторыя"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гісторыя матэматыкі (няма такой старонкі)">Гісторыя матэматыкі</a></b></div> <p>Паводле акадэміка <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Андрэй Мікалаевіч Калмагораў">А. М. Калмагорова</a> гісторыя матэматыкі дзеліцца на наступныя перыяды: </p> <ol><li>Перыяд зараджэння матэматыкі, на працягу якога назбіраўся дастаткова вялікі фактычны матэрыял;</li> <li>Перыяд элементарнай матэматыкі, які пачынаецца ў VI—V стст. да н. э. і завяршаецца ў канцы XVI ст. («Запас паняццяў, з якімі мела справу матэматыка да пачатку XVII ст., складае і да цяперашняга часу аснову „элементарнай матэматыкі“, якая выкладаецца ў пачатковай і сярэдняй школе»);</li> <li>Перыяд матэматыкі пераменных велічынь, які ахоплівае XVII—XVIII стст., «які можна ўмоўна назваць таксама перыядам „вышэйшай матэматыкі“»;</li> <li>Перыяд сучаснай матэматыкі — матэматыкі XIX—XX стст., у ходзе якога матэматыкам прыйшлося «аднесціся да працэса пашырэння прадмета матэматычных даследаванняў свядома, паставіўшы перад сабою задачу сістэматычнага вывучэння з дастаткова агульнага пункта погляду магчымых тыпаў колькасных адносін і прасторавых форм».</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Maya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/220px-Maya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/330px-Maya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/440px-Maya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Лічбы мая</figcaption></figure> <p>Развіццё матэматыкі пачалося разам з тым, як чалавек стаў выкарыстоўваць <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Абстракцыя">абстракцыі</a> колькі-небудзь высокага ўзроўню. Простая абстракцыя — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Лік">лікі</a>; асэнсаванне таго, што два яблыкі і два апельсіны, нягледзячы на ўсе іх адрозненні, маюць нешта агульнае, а іменна займаюць абедзве рукі аднаго чалавека, — якаснае дасягненне мыслення чалавека. Акрамя таго, што старажытныя людзі даведаліся, як лічыць канкрэтныя аб’екты, яны таксама зразумелі, як вылічаць і абстрактныя колькасці, такія, як <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час">час</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Дзень">дні</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Поры года">поры года</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Год">гады</a>. З элементарнага лічэння натуральным чынам пачала развівацца <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка">арыфметыка</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Складанне">складанне</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Адніманне">адніманне</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Множанне">множанне</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дзяленне">дзяленне</a> лікаў. </p><p>Развіццё матэматыкі абапіраецца на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Пісьменнасць">пісьменнасць</a> і ўменне запісваць лікі. Напэўна, старажытныя людзі спачатку запісвалі колькасць шляхам малявання рысачак на зямлі ці выдрапвалі іх на драўніне. Старажытныя <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Інкі">інкі</a>, не маючы іншай сістэмы пісьменнасці, прадстаўлялі і захоўвалі лікавыя дадзеныя, выкарыстоўваючы складаную сістэму вяровачных вузлоў, так званыя <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Кіпу">кіпу</a>. Існавала мноства розных <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Сістэма злічэння">сістэм злічэння</a>. Першыя вядомыя запісы лікаў былі знойдзены ў <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Папірус Ахмеса (няма такой старонкі)">папірусе Ахмеса</a>, створаным <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Старажытны Егіпет">егіпцянамі</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Сярэдняе царства (Егіпет)">Сярэдняга царства</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індская цывілізацыя">Індская цывілізацыя</a> распрацавала сучасную <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дзесятковая сістэма злічэння">дзесятковую сістэму злічэння</a>, якая ўключае паняцце <a href="/wiki/0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="0 (лік)">нуля</a>. </p><p>Гістарычна асноўныя матэматычныя дысцыпліны з’явіліся з-за неабходнасці весці разлікі ў камерцыйнай сферы, пры вымярэнні зямель і для прадказання <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія">астранамічных</a> з’яў і, пазней, для рашэння новых фізічных задач. Кожная з гэтых абласцей адыграла вялікую ролю ў шырокім развіцці матэматыкі, якое заключаецца ў вывучэнні <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычная структура (няма такой старонкі)">структур</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Прастора">прастор</a> і змен. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Раздзелы_матэматыкі"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B7.D0.B5.D0.BB.D1.8B_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8D.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Раздзелы матэматыкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Правіць раздзел: Раздзелы матэматыкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Раздзелы матэматыкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Раздзелы матэматыкі">Раздзелы матэматыкі</a></b></div> <p>1. Матэматыка як <i>навучальная дысцыпліна</i> дзеліцца на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Элементарная матэматыка (няма такой старонкі)">элементарную матэматыку</a>, вывучаную ў сярэдняй школе і ўтвораную дысцыплінамі: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка">арыфметыка</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Элементарная алгебра">элементарная алгебра</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Элементарная геаметрыя">элементарная геаметрыя</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Планіметрыя">планіметрыя</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Стэрэаметрыя">стэрэаметрыя</a></li> <li>тэорыя элементарных функцый і элементы аналізу</li></ul> <p>і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вышэйшая матэматыка (няма такой старонкі)">вышэйшую матэматыку</a>, вывучаную на нематэматычных спецыяльнасцях ВНУ. Дысцыпліны, што ўваходзяць у склад вышэйшай матэматыкі, вар’іруюцца ў залежнасці ад спецыяльнасці. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Філасофія_матэматыкі"><span id=".D0.A4.D1.96.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.BE.D1.84.D1.96.D1.8F_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8D.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Філасофія матэматыкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Правіць раздзел: Філасофія матэматыкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Філасофія матэматыкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Філасофія матэматыкі (няма такой старонкі)">Філасофія матэматыкі</a></b></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Мэты_і_метады"><span id=".D0.9C.D1.8D.D1.82.D1.8B_.D1.96_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.8B"></span>Мэты і метады</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Правіць раздзел: Мэты і метады" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Мэты і метады"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Матэматыка вывучае ўяўныя, ідэальныя аб’екты і суадносіны паміж імі, выкарыстоўваючы фармальную мову. У агульным выпадку матэматычныя паняцці і тэарэмы не абавязкова маюць адпаведнасць чаму-небудзь у фізічным свеце. Галоўнае заданне ўжытковага раздзела матэматыкі — стварыць <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычная мадэль (няма такой старонкі)">матэматычную мадэль</a>, досыць адэкватную доследнаму рэальнаму аб’екту. Заданне матэматыка-тэарэтыка — забяспечыць дастатковы набор зручных сродкаў для дасягнення гэтай мэты. </p><p>Утрыманне матэматыкі можна вызначыць як сістэму матэматычных мадэляў і прылад для іх стварэння. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мадэль (няма такой старонкі)">Мадэль</a> аб’екта ўлічвае не ўсе яго рысы, а толькі самыя патрэбныя для мэт вывучэння (ідэалізаваныя). Прыкладам, вывучаючы фізічныя ўласцівасці апельсіна, мы можам абстрагавацца ад яго колеру і густу і ўявіць яго (хай не ідэальна дакладнае) шарам. Калі ж нам трэба зразумець, колькі апельсінаў атрымаецца, калі мы складзём разам два і тры, — то можна абстрагавацца і ад формы, пакінуўшы ля мадэлі толькі адну характарыстыку — колькасць. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Абстракцыя">Абстракцыя</a> і ўсталяванне сувязяў паміж аб’ектамі ў самым агульным выглядзе — адзін з галоўных кірункаў матэматычнай творчасці. </p><p>Іншы кірунак, разам з абстрагаваннем — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Абагульненне (няма такой старонкі)">абагульненне</a>. Прыкладам, абагульняючы паняцце «<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Прастора">прастора</a>» да прасторы n-вымярэнняў. «<i>Прастора <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c510b63578322050121fe966f2e5770bea43308d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.897ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}"></span>, пры <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n>3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>></mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n>3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/257030caae597fd034c2cbcff2cff9dfc4272d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n>3}"></span> з’яўляецца матэматычнай выдумкай. Зрэшты, вельмі геніяльнай выдумкай, якая дапамагае матэматычна разбірацца ў складаных з’явах</i>»<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Вывучэнне ўнутрыматэматычных аб’ектаў, зазвычай, адбываецца пры дапамозе <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аксіяматычны метад (няма такой старонкі)">аксіяматычнага метаду</a>: спачатку для доследных аб’ектаў фармулююцца спіс асноўных паняццяў і <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аксіёма">аксіём</a>, а потым з аксіём з дапамогай <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэдукцыйная тэорыя (няма такой старонкі)">правіл высновы</a> атрымліваюць змястоўныя <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тэарэма">тэарэмы</a>, у сукупнасці ўтваральныя матэматычную мадэль. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Падставы"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.8B"></span>Падставы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Правіць раздзел: Падставы" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Падставы"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Пытанне існасці і падстаў матэматыкі абмяркоўвалася з часоў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Платанізм">Платона</a>. Пачынаючы з <a href="/wiki/XX_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XX стагоддзе">XX стагоддзя</a> назіраецца параўнальная згода ў пытанні, што належыць лічыць строгім <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычны довад (няма такой старонкі)">матэматычным довадам</a>, аднак адсутнічае згода ў разуменні таго, што ў матэматыцы лічыць спрадвечна праўдзівым. Адсюль выцякаюць нязгоды як у пытаннях <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аксіёма">аксіёматыкі</a> і ўзаемасувязі галін матэматыкі, гэтак і ў выбары <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фармальная логіка">лагічных сістэм</a>, якімі варта пры довадах карыстацца. </p><p>Апроч скептычнага, вядомыя ніжэйпералічаныя падыходы да дадзенага пытання. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Тэарэтыка-множны_падыход"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.8D.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8D.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BA.D0.B0-.D0.BC.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B6.D0.BD.D1.8B_.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.8B.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.B4"></span>Тэарэтыка-множны падыход</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Правіць раздзел: Тэарэтыка-множны падыход" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Тэарэтыка-множны падыход"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя мностваў">Тэорыя мностваў</a></b></div> <p>Прапануецца разглядаць усе матэматычныя аб’екты ў рамках тэорыі мностваў, найчасцей з <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аксіяматыка тэорыі мностваў (няма такой старонкі)">аксіяматыкай Цэрмела — Фрэнкеля</a> (хоць існуе мноства іншых, раўназначных ёй). Дадзены падыход лічыцца з сярэдзіны XX стагоддзя пераважным, аднак у рэчаіснасці большасць матэматычных прац не ставяць заданняў перавесці свае сцверджанні строга на мову тэорыі мностваў, а аперуюць паняццямі і фактамі, усталяванымі ў некаторых абласцях матэматыкі. Такім чынам, калі ў тэорыі мностваў будзе выяўлена супярэчнасць, гэта не пацягне за сабой абясцэньванне большасці вынікаў. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Лагіцызм"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B0.D0.B3.D1.96.D1.86.D1.8B.D0.B7.D0.BC"></span>Лагіцызм</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Правіць раздзел: Лагіцызм" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Лагіцызм"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лагіцызм (няма такой старонкі)">Лагіцызм</a></b></div> <p>Дадзены падыход мяркуе строгую <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя тыпаў (няма такой старонкі)">тыпізацыю</a> матэматычных аб’ектаў. Многія парадоксы, якіх унікаюць у тэорыі мностваў толькі шляхам адмысловых хітрыкаў, аказваюцца немагчымымі ў прынцыпе. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Фармалізм"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.96.D0.B7.D0.BC"></span>Фармалізм</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Правіць раздзел: Фармалізм" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Фармалізм"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фармалізм (матэматыка) (няма такой старонкі)">Фармалізм (матэматыка)</a></b></div> <p>Дадзены падыход мяркуе вывучэнне фармальных сістэм на глебе <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класічная логіка">класічнай логікі</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Інтуіцыянізм"><span id=".D0.86.D0.BD.D1.82.D1.83.D1.96.D1.86.D1.8B.D1.8F.D0.BD.D1.96.D0.B7.D0.BC"></span>Інтуіцыянізм</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Правіць раздзел: Інтуіцыянізм" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Інтуіцыянізм"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Інтуіцыянізм (няма такой старонкі)">Інтуіцыянізм</a></b></div> <p>Інтуіцыянізм мяркуе ў падставе матэматыкі <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Інтуіцыйнае злічэнне выказаў (няма такой старонкі)">інтуіцыйную логіку</a>, больш абмежаваную ў сродках доваду (але, як лічыцца, і больш надзейную). Інтуіцыянізм адпрэчвае <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Довад ад адваротнага (няма такой старонкі)">довад ад адваротнага</a>, многія неканструктыўныя довады робяцца немагчымымі, а многія праблемы тэорыі мностваў — бессэнсоўнымі (нефармалізоўнымі). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Канструктыўная_матэматыка"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.8B.D1.9E.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.8F_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8D.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Канструктыўная матэматыка</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Правіць раздзел: Канструктыўная матэматыка" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=13" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Канструктыўная матэматыка"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Канструктыўная матэматыка (няма такой старонкі)">Канструктыўная матэматыка</a></b></div> <p>Канструктыўная матэматыка — блізкая да інтуіцыянізму плынь у матэматыцы, што вывучае канструктыўныя пабудовы. Паводле крытэрыю канструктыўнасці — «<i>існаваць — значыць быць пабудаваным</i>»<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Крытэрый канструктыўнасці — мацнейшае патрабаванне, чым крытэрый несупярэчнасці<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Асноўныя_тэмы"><span id=".D0.90.D1.81.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.9E.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D1.82.D1.8D.D0.BC.D1.8B"></span>Асноўныя тэмы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Правіць раздзел: Асноўныя тэмы" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=14" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Асноўныя тэмы"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Лік_(колькасць)"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D0.BA_.28.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.86.D1.8C.29"></span>Лік (колькасць)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Правіць раздзел: Лік (колькасць)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=15" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Лік (колькасць)"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Асноўны артыкул: <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Лік">Лік</a></b></div> <p>Асноўны раздзел, які разглядае абстракцыю колькасці — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алгебра">алгебра</a>. Паняцце «лік» спачатку зарадзілася з <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка">арыфметычных</a> уяўленняў і адносілася да <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Натуральныя лікі">натуральных лікаў</a>. Надалей яно, з дапамогай алгебры, было паступова пашырана на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Цэлыя лікі">цэлыя</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Рацыянальныя лікі">рацыянальныя</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Рэчаісныя лікі">рэчаісныя</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Камплексныя лікі">комплексныя</a> і іншыя лікі. </p> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="70%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;2,\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;2,\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7126646837b811eedc258bff8a99f5bcd62480af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.406ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;2,\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Натуральны лік">Натуральныя лікі</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0,\;1,\;-1,\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0,\;1,\;-1,\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9248fe8fa1bebdfe6c154cc8a3d17144182f8af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.056ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0,\;1,\;-1,\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Цэлы лік">Цэлыя лікі</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;{\frac {2}{3}},\;0{,}12,\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;{\frac {2}{3}},\;0{,}12,\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/659eb45e85f30861f199f00fd4756bcfee3f5753" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.383ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;{\frac {2}{3}},\;0{,}12,\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рацыянальны лік">Рацыянальныя лікі</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;{\sqrt {2}},\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>π</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;{\sqrt {2}},\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b4935336105102553578c5d49adf099913fcb13" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.494ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;{\sqrt {2}},\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рэчаісны лік">Рэчаісныя лікі</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;3i+2,\;e^{i\pi /3},\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>π</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>3</mn> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;3i+2,\;e^{i\pi /3},\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b927ec0d4b4cc42f519b686524a8ad52ff4647a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:33.67ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;3i+2,\;e^{i\pi /3},\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;i,\;j,\;k,\;\pi j-{\frac {1}{2}}k,\;\dots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>π</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;i,\;j,\;k,\;\pi j-{\frac {1}{2}}k,\;\dots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4e5c64ccf605090807a4fb7127b7ffbb69e39ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.593ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;i,\;j,\;k,\;\pi j-{\frac {1}{2}}k,\;\dots }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Камплексны лік">Камплексныя лікі</a></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кватэрніён (няма такой старонкі)">Кватэрніёны</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Лік">Лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Натуральны лік">Натуральныя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Цэлы лік">Цэлыя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рацыянальны лік">Рацыянальныя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ірацыянальны лік">Ірацыянальныя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Алгебраічны лік">Алгебраічныя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Трансцэндэнтны лік">Трансцэндэнтныя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Рэчаісны лік">Рэчаісныя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Камплексны лік">Камплексныя лікі</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гіперкомплексны лік (няма такой старонкі)">Гіперкамплексныя лікі</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кватэрніён (няма такой старонкі)">Кватэрніёны</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Актаніён (няма такой старонкі)">Актаніёны</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Седэніён (няма такой старонкі)">Седэніёны</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гіперрэальны лік (няма такой старонкі)">Гіперрэальныя лікі</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сюррэальныя лікі (няма такой старонкі)">Сюррэальныя лікі</a> — <a href="/wiki/P-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="P-адычны лік"><b>p</b>-адычныя лікі</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычная канстанта (няма такой старонкі)">Матэматычныя сталыя</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Назвы лікаў (няма такой старонкі)">Назвы лікаў</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Бясконцасць">Бясконцасць</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="База (матэматыка) (няма такой старонкі)">Базы</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ператварэнні"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8D.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.96"></span>Ператварэнні</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Правіць раздзел: Ператварэнні" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=16" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Ператварэнні"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 36\div 9=4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>36</mn> <mo>÷</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 36\div 9=4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1927f3750bbea89721de9e0987bb661fd30aa145" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.589ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 36\div 9=4}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/96px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/144px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/192px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vector_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/96px-Vector_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/144px-Vector_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/192px-Vector_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int 1_{S}\,d\mu =\mu (S)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∫</mo> <msub> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int 1_{S}\,d\mu =\mu (S)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fc8d8706127b633b714b3a3d7d0a41ffd6f06fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.849ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int 1_{S}\,d\mu =\mu (S)}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка">Арыфметыка</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дыферэнцыяльнае злічэнне">Дыферэнцыяльнае</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Інтэгральнае злічэнне">інтэгральнае злічэнне</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вектарны аналіз (няма такой старонкі)">Вектарны аналіз</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Матэматычны аналіз">Аналіз</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}y={\frac {d}{dx}}y+c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}y={\frac {d}{dx}}y+c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c39a795b688a10a2c5099c73f9c087979cc90e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.074ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}y={\frac {d}{dx}}y+c}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Limitcycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/96px-Limitcycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/144px-Limitcycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/192px-Limitcycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:LorenzAttractor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/LorenzAttractor.png/96px-LorenzAttractor.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/LorenzAttractor.png/144px-LorenzAttractor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/LorenzAttractor.png/192px-LorenzAttractor.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="199" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дыферэнцыяльнае ўраўненне">Дыферэнцыяльныя ўраўненні</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дынамічная сістэма (няма такой старонкі)">Дынамічныя сістэмы</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя хаосу (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя хаосу</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка">Арыфметыка</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вектарны аналіз (няма такой старонкі)">Вектарны аналіз</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Матэматычны аналіз">Аналіз</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Тэорыя меры">Тэорыя меры</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дыферэнцыяльнае ўраўненне">Дыферэнцыяльныя ўраўненні</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дынамічная сістэма (няма такой старонкі)">Дынамічныя сістэмы</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя хаосу (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя хаосу</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Структуры"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Структуры</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Правіць раздзел: Структуры" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=17" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Структуры"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя мностваў">Тэорыя мностваў</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лінейная алгебра">Лінейная алгебра</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Агульная алгебра">Агульная алгебра</a> (улучае, у прыватнасці, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Тэорыя груп">тэорыю груп</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Універсальная алгебра (няма такой старонкі)">універсальную алгебру</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя катэгорый (няма такой старонкі)">тэорыю катэгорый</a>) — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Алгебраічная геаметрыя">Алгебраічная геаметрыя</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя лікаў">Тэорыя лікаў</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тапалогія">Тапалогія</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Прасторавыя_адносіны"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.96.D0.BD.D1.8B"></span>Прасторавыя адносіны</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Правіць раздзел: Прасторавыя адносіны" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=18" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Прасторавыя адносіны"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Pythagorean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/128px-Pythagorean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/192px-Pythagorean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/256px-Pythagorean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/100px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/150px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/200px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Hyperbolic_triangle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/128px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/192px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/256px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Torus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torus.jpg/128px-Torus.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torus.jpg/192px-Torus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torus.jpg/256px-Torus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/128px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/192px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/256px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Measure_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/80px-Measure_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/120px-Measure_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/160px-Measure_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Геаметрыя">Геаметрыя</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Трыганаметрыя">Трыганаметрыя</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дыферэнцыяльная геаметрыя">Дыферэнцыяльная геаметрыя</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тапалогія">Тапалогія</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Фрактал">Фракталы</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Тэорыя меры">Тэорыя меры</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Геаметрыя">Геаметрыя</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Трыганаметрыя">Трыганаметрыя</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Алгебраічная геаметрыя">Алгебраічная геаметрыя</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тапалогія">Тапалогія</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дыферэнцыяльная геаметрыя">Дыферэнцыяльная геаметрыя</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алгебраічная тапалогія (няма такой старонкі)">Алгебраічная тапалогія</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Лінейная алгебра">Лінейная алгебра</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Фрактал">Фракталы</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Тэорыя меры">Тэорыя меры</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Дыскрэтная_матэматыка"><span id=".D0.94.D1.8B.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.80.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.8F_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8D.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Дыскрэтная матэматыка</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Правіць раздзел: Дыскрэтная матэматыка" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=19" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Дыскрэтная матэматыка"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дыскрэтная матэматыка">Дыскрэтная матэматыка</a> улучае сродкі даследавання аб’ектаў, здольных прымаць толькі асобныя (дыскрэтныя) значэнні (то бок аб’ектаў, не здольных змяняцца плыўна).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall x(P(x)\Rightarrow P(x'))}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall x(P(x)\Rightarrow P(x'))}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a25e9b305115fc6798afea27ecba3b84d6f39ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.499ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall x(P(x)\Rightarrow P(x'))}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:DFAexample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/128px-DFAexample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/192px-DFAexample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/256px-DFAexample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Caesar3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/128px-Caesar3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/192px-Caesar3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/256px-Caesar3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:6n-graf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/128px-6n-graf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/192px-6n-graf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/256px-6n-graf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматычная логіка">Матэматычная логіка</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя вылічальнасці (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя вылічальнасці</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Крыптаграфія">Крыптаграфія</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя графаў">Тэорыя графаў</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Камбінаторыка">Камбінаторыка</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя мностваў">Тэорыя мностваў</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рашотка (тэорыя мностваў) (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя рашотак</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматычная логіка">Матэматычная логіка</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя вылічальнасці (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя вылічальнасці</a>— <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Крыптаграфія">Крыптаграфія</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC_(%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя функцыянальных сістэм (дыскрэтная матэматыка) (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя функцыянальных сістэм</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя графаў">Тэорыя графаў</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя алгарытмаў (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя алгарытмаў</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лагічнае злічэнне (няма такой старонкі)">Лагічныя злічэнні</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Інфарматыка">Інфарматыка</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Анлайнавыя_сэрвісы"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.8B.D1.8F_.D1.81.D1.8D.D1.80.D0.B2.D1.96.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Анлайнавыя сэрвісы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Правіць раздзел: Анлайнавыя сэрвісы" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=20" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Анлайнавыя сэрвісы"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Існуе вялікі лік сайтаў, што падаюць сэрвіс для матэматычных разлікаў. Большасць з іх англамоўныя. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Праграмнае_забеспячэнне"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B5_.D0.B7.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BF.D1.8F.D1.87.D1.8D.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Праграмнае забеспячэнне</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Правіць раздзел: Праграмнае забеспячэнне" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=21" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Праграмнае забеспячэнне"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Матэматычнае праграмнае забеспячэнне — шматграннае: </p> <ul><li>Пакеты, арыентаваныя на набор матэматычных тэкстаў і на іх наступную вёрстку (<a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>).</li> <li>Пакеты, арыентаваныя на рашэнне матэматычных заданняў, лікавае мадэляванне і пабудову графікаў (<a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_Octave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU Octave (няма такой старонкі)">GNU Octave</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maple (няма такой старонкі)">Maple</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathcad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathcad (няма такой старонкі)">Mathcad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MATLAB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MATLAB (няма такой старонкі)">MATLAB</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scilab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scilab (няма такой старонкі)">Scilab</a>).</li> <li>Асобныя праграмы ці пакеты праграм, якія актыўна выкарыстоўваюць матэматычныя метады (калькулятары, архіватары, пратаколы шыфравання/дэшыфраванні, сістэмы распазнання выяў, кадаванне аўдыя і відэа).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гл._таксама"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BB._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Гл. таксама</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Правіць раздзел: Гл. таксама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=22" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гл. таксама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Матэматыка ў Беларусі">Матэматыка ў Беларусі</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычныя алімпіяды (няма такой старонкі)">Матэматычныя алімпіяды</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Зноскі"><span id=".D0.97.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Зноскі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Правіць раздзел: Зноскі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=23" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Зноскі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingvowiki.info/w/Книги/Древнегреческо-русский_словарь_Дворецкого/79#.CE.9C">Древнегреческо-русский словарь Дворецкого «μᾰθημᾰτικά»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="en"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/mathematics">mathematics | Definition, History, & Importance | Britannica</a></span> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="англійскай мовай">(англ.)</span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"></span>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103013933/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mathematics">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 3 студзеня 2018.</small> <small>Праверана 13 студзеня 2022.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Беларуская энцыклапедыя ў 18 т. Т. 10. С. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Панов В. Ф.</i> Математика древняя и юная. — Изд. 2-е, исправленное. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: МГТУ им. Баумана, 2006. — С. 581—582. — 648 с. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/5703828902" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-7038-2890-2</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovarus.info/grk.php">Большой древнегреческий словарь (αω)</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131222613/http://www.slovarus.info/grk.php">Архівавана</a> 31 студзеня 2013.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы. Т. 6. С. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы. Т. 17. С. 277—278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fasmer-dictionary.info/Этимологический_словарь_Фасмера/7888/Математика">Этимологический словарь Фасмера «Математика»</a><span class="ref-info" style="margin-left:0.2em">(недаступная спасылка)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343">Словарь русского языка XI—XVII вв. Выпуск 9 / Гл. ред. Ф. П. Филин. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>., 1982. — С. 41.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Декарт Р.</i> Правила для руководства ума. М.-Л.: Соцэкгиз, 1936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">См.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00046/12000.htm">Математика</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605132638/https://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00046/12000.htm">Архівавана</a> 5 чэрвеня 2016.</span></small> // БСЭ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Маркс К., Энгельс Ф.</i> Сочинения. 2-е изд. Т. 20. С. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Бурбаки Н.</i> Архитектура математики. Очерки по истории математики / Перевод И. Г. Башмаковой под ред. К. А. Рыбникова. М.: ИЛ, 1963. С. 32, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Герман Вейль</i> // <span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Клайн М.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://djvu.504.com1.ru:8019/WWW/673fd31efac2253c4781be62fb9ba2fc.djvu">Математика. Утрата определённости</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: Мир, 1984. — С. 16. <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212044129/http://djvu.504.com1.ru:8019/WWW/673fd31efac2253c4781be62fb9ba2fc.djvu">Архівавана</a> 12 лютага 2007.</span></small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Я. С. Бугров, С. М. Никольский. Элементы линейной алгебры и аналитической геометрии. М.: Наука, 1988. С. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Н. И. Кондаков. Логический словарь-справочник. М.: Наука, 1975. С. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Г. И. Рузавин.</i> О природе математического знания. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>., 1968.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation mathworld" id="Reference-Mathworld-Discrete_Mathematics"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFCITEREFWeisstein"><i>Renze, John; Weisstein, Eric W.</i>. <span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DiscreteMathematics.html">Discrete Mathematics</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>. <i>MathWorld</i>.</span></span> </span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=24" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFБелЭн2000"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Іван Васільевіч Гайшун">Гайшун І. В.</a></i> Матэматыка // <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Беларуская энцыклапедыя">Беларуская энцыклапедыя</a>: У 18 т. Т. 10: Малайзія — Мугаджары / Рэдкал.: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Генадзь Пятровіч Пашкоў">Г. П. Пашкоў</a> і інш. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Мінск">Мн.</span> : <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Беларуская Энцыклапедыя імя Петруся Броўкі">БелЭн</a>, 2000. — Т. 10. — С. 211. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">10 000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851100358" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0035-8</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851101699" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0169-9</a> (т. 10).</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFБеларусь1995"><i><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Васіль Іванавіч Бернік">Бернік В. І.</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аляксей Адамавіч Гусак">Гусак А. А.</a></i> <span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248">Матэма́тыка</span> // Беларусь: энцыклапедычны даведнік / Рэдкал. <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Барыс Іванавіч Сачанка">Б. І. Сачанка</a> (гал. рэд.) і інш.; Маст. М. В. Драко, А. М. Хількевіч. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Мінск">Мн.</span>: <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Беларуская Энцыклапедыя імя Петруся Броўкі">БелЭн</a>, 1995. — С. 470. — 800 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">5 000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851100269" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0026-9</a>.</span></li> <li>Матэматычная энцыклапедыя. — Мн.: Тэхналогія, 2001.</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFЭСБЭ1890—1907"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Математика">Математика</a></span> // <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Энцыклапедычны слоўнік Бракгаўза і Эфрона">Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона</a>: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.) <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="рускай мовай">(руск.)</span>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Санкт-Пецярбург">СПб.</span>, 1890—1907.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFЭСБЭ1890—1907"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Россия/Русская наука/Математика">Россия/Русская наука/Математика</a></span> // <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Энцыклапедычны слоўнік Бракгаўза і Эфрона">Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона</a>: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.) <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="рускай мовай">(руск.)</span>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Санкт-Пецярбург">СПб.</span>, 1890—1907.</span></li> <li>Математическая энциклопедия (в 5-ти томах), 1980-е гг. // <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/ru/library/mathematics/handbooks.htm">Общие и специальные справочники по математике на EqWorld</a></li> <li><a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mathematics" class="extiw" title="s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mathematics">Mathematics</a> // Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 17, 1911.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Кнігі</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Клайн М.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://djvu.504.com1.ru:8019/WWW/673fd31efac2253c4781be62fb9ba2fc.djvu">Математика. Утрата определённости</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: Мир, 1984. <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212044129/http://djvu.504.com1.ru:8019/WWW/673fd31efac2253c4781be62fb9ba2fc.djvu">Архівавана</a> 12 лютага 2007.</span></small></span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFКлайн_М._Математика._Поиск_истины1988"><i>Клайн М.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.117.mhost.ru/books/science/matem_poisk_istini.zip">Математика. Поиск истины</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: Мир, 1988. — 295 с.</span><span class="ref-info" style="margin-left:0.2em">(недаступная спасылка)</span></li> <li><i>Клейн Ф.</i> Элементарная математика с точки зрения высшей.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilib.mccme.ru/djvu/klejn-1.htm">Том I. Арифметика. Алгебра. Анализ</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016185021/http://ilib.mccme.ru/djvu/klejn-1.htm">Архівавана</a> 16 кастрычніка 2015.</span></small> М.: Наука, 1987. 432 с.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilib.mccme.ru/djvu/klejn-2.htm">Том II. Геометрия</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016185026/http://ilib.mccme.ru/djvu/klejn-2.htm">Архівавана</a> 16 кастрычніка 2015.</span></small> М.: Наука, 1987. 416 с.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Курант Р., Г. Роббинс.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccme.ru/free-books/pdf/kurant.htm">Что такое математика?</a> 3-e изд., испр. и доп. — М.: 2001. 568 с.</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Писаревский Б. М., Харин В. Т.</i> О математике, математиках и не только. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: Бином. Лаборатория знаний, 2012. — 302 с.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спасылкі"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Правіць раздзел: Спасылкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=25" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Спасылкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks navigation-box bewikiWikimediaNavigation" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; padding:1ex; font-size:90%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics" title="commons:Category:Mathematics"><img alt="commons:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikicommons-ref"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics?uselang=be">Матэматыка</a></span> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вікісховішча">Вікісховішчы</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.niu.edu/~rusin/known-math/">The Mathematical Atlas - A Gateway to Modern Mathematics</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930233008/http://www.math.niu.edu/~rusin/known-math/">Архівавана</a> 30 верасня 2005.</span></small> <span style="" lang="en"></span></li> <li>В. А. Успенский: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.russ.ru/novyi_mi/2007/11/us10.html">Апология математики</a> (+<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazines.russ.ru/novyi_mi/2007/12/us9.html">окончание</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/matematika/MATEMATIKI_ISTORIYA.html">МАТЕМАТИКИ ИСТОРИЯ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathhelpplanet.com">Математический форум Math Help Planet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univertv.ru/video/matematika/istoriya_matematiki/istoriya_matematiki/?mark=all">История математики</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919070045/http://univertv.ru/video/matematika/istoriya_matematiki/istoriya_matematiki/?mark=all">Архівавана</a> 19 верасня 2017.</span></small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Трыганаметрыя">Трыганаметрыя</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тапалогія">Тапалогія</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Агульная тапалогія (няма такой старонкі)">Агульная тапалогія</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алгебраічная тапалогія (няма такой старонкі)">Алгебраічная тапалогія</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дыферэнцыяльная тапалогія (няма такой старонкі)">Дыферэнцыяльная тапалогія</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Дыскрэтная_матэматыка" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дыскрэтная матэматыка">Дыскрэтная матэматыка</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Камбінаторыка">Камбінаторыка</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя графаў">Тэорыя графаў</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Булева алгебра (няма такой старонкі)">Булева алгебра</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Прыкладная_матэматыка" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прыкладная матэматыка">Прыкладная матэматыка</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматычная фізіка">Матэматычная фізіка</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычная хімія (няма такой старонкі)">Матэматычная хімія</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматычная статыстыка">Матэматычная статыстыка</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Матэматычнае мадэляванне (няма такой старонкі)">Матэматычнае мадэляванне</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэорыя алгарытмаў (няма такой старонкі)">Тэорыя алгарытмаў</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Лікавыя метады">Лікавыя метады</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматычная эканоміка">Матэматычная эканоміка</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фінансавая матэматыка (няма такой старонкі)">Фінансавая матэматыка</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Тэорыя імавернасцей">Тэорыя імавернасцей</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Даследаванне аперацый (няма такой старонкі)">Даследаванне аперацый</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматычная логіка">Матэматычная логіка</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алгебра логікі (няма такой старонкі)">алгебра логікі</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Тэорыя лікаў">Тэорыя лікаў</a> (<span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Добры артыкул"><img alt="✰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blue_star_unboxed.svg/13px-Blue_star_unboxed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blue_star_unboxed.svg/20px-Blue_star_unboxed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blue_star_unboxed.svg/26px-Blue_star_unboxed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="13" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арыфметыка">арыфметыка</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Партал:Навука">Партал «Навука»</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Партал:Матэматыка (няма такой старонкі)">Партал «Матэматыка»</a> | <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Катэгорыя:Матэматыка">Катэгорыя «Матэматыка»</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4785216"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Навука" data-name="Навука" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="navbox-gear" style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⛭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></span><div id="Навука" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навука">Навука</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Навуковыя_кірункі" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навука">Навуковыя кірункі</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Гуманітарныя навукі">Гуманітарныя</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Прыродазнаўчыя навукі">Натуральныя</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Грамадскія навукі">Грамадскія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Прыкладныя даследаванні">Прыкладныя</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Тэхнічныя навукі">Тэхнічныя</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Дакладныя навукі">Дакладныя</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія">Астраномія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біялогія">Біялогія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геаграфія">Геаграфія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геалогія">Геалогія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Інфарматыка">Інфарматыка</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гісторыя">Гісторыя</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мовазнаўства">Мовазнаўства</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Матэматыка</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Медыцына">Медыцына</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Псіхалогія">Псіхалогія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паліталогія">Паліталогія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялогія">Сацыялогія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка">Фізіка</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філалогія">Філалогія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія">Хімія</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эканоміка">Эканоміка</a><span style="font-weight:bold"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Юрыспрудэнцыя">Юрыспрудэнцыя</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:xx-small; border-top: 1px dotted #ccc;"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Спіс акадэмічных дысцыплін (няма такой старонкі)">Спіс акадэмічных дысцыплін</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4785216"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Навігацыйны шаблон" data-name="External links" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist toCollapsibleCount navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><div style="padding: 0px 18px 0px 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="float: left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks nowrap" style="font-size:85%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⚙️" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span> </span></div>  Слоўнікі і энцыклапедыі</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/matematikk">Вялікая нарвежская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/matematika-16b45f">Вялікая расійская (навукова-адукацыйны партал)</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:БСЭ1/Математика">Вялікая савецкая (1 выд.)</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСБЕ/Математика">Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%95%D0%AD%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЕЭБЕ/Математика">Яўрэйская Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mathematics/">Канадская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/matematika/MATEMATIKA.html">Кругасвет</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9C%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:МЭСБЕ/Математика">Малы Бракгаўза і Эфрона</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%94/Mathematica" class="extiw" title="s:ru:РСКД/Mathematica">Рэальны слоўнік класічных старажытнасцей</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%942/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ТСД2/Математика">У. Даля</a> · <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mathematics" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mathematics">Britannica (11-th)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/mathematics">Britannica (онлайн)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/mathematik-20">Brockhaus</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/matematica">Treccani</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/mathematique/">Universalis</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=66923">Сучаснай Украіны</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F008274.php">Швейцарскі гістарычны</a> · <a href="https://be.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%93/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ru:ЭСГ/Математика">Гранат</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3748793">.mw-parser-output .ts-navbox-plaintitle{font-size:100%!important;margin:0 6em!important}</style></div><table class="nowraplinks authoritycontrol collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Нарматыўны_кантроль" class="ts-navbox-plaintitle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нарматыўны кантроль">Нарматыўны кантроль</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Іспаніі">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576260">XX4576260</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Францыі">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932434c">11932434c</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4037944-9">4037944-9</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кантрольны нумар Бібліятэкі Кангрэса">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85082139">sh85082139</a> · <span title="Microsoft Academic" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">Microsoft</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/33923547">33923547</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная парламенцкая бібліятэка Японіі">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571521">00571521</a> · <span title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Чэхіі" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">NKC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph117231">ph117231</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з "<a dir="ltr" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Матэматыка&oldid=4737114">https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Матэматыка&oldid=4737114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Categories" title="Адмысловае:Categories">Катэгорыі</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Катэгорыя:Матэматыка">Матэматыка</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96" 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